Abstract: of Volume 7 -- 1 Genetic Factors in Alcohol Abuse: Animal Models -- Animal Models in Alcohol Research -- A Quantitative Genetic Model -- Genetically Defined Populations in Alcohol Research -- Selective Breeding -- Summary -- References -- 2 Genetic Factors in Alcoholism -- Common Methodological Problems in Research on Genetic -- References -- 3 Acute Pharmacological Actions of Ethanol on the Central Nervous System -- Membranes -- Effects of Ethanol on Brain Calcium -- Membrane-dependent Neurotransmitter Activity -- Summary -- References -- 4 Ethanol and Brain Mechanisms of Reward -- Substrates of Brain Stimulation Reward -- Substrates of Drug Reward -- Interactions of Drugs of Abuse with Brain-Stimulation Reward -- Speculations -- References -- 5 Ethanol as a Reinforcer: Comparison with Other Drugs -- Intravenous Drugs as Reinforcers -- Intragastric Drug Self-administration -- Ethanol and Other Drugs as Reinforcers by the Oral Route -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 6 A Behavioral Analysis of the Reinforcing Properties of Alcohol and Other Drugs in Man -- Behavioral Effects of Alcohol and Drugs -- Control of Behavior by Aversive Consequences -- Substance Abuse: Similarities and Differences -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Neurochemical Aspects of Tolerance to and Physical Dependence on Alcohol -- Definitions of Functional Tolerance and Dependence -- Factors Modulating Ethanol Tolerance Development -- Effects of Ethanol Administration on Neurotransmitters -- Neurotransmitter Receptors -- Role of Neuronal Membranes in Development of Tolerance and Dependence -- Role of Condensation Products in Ethanol Tolerance and Dependence -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Metabolic Mechanisms in Tolerance and Physical Dependence on Alcohol -- Metabolic Tolerance -- Metabolism Mechanisms in Physical Dependence -- References -- 9 Endocrine Mechanisms in Tolerance to and Dependence on Alcohol -- Alcohol-Endocrine Interactions -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 The Relationship of Tolerance and Physical Dependence to Alcohol Abuse and Alcohol Problems -- A Consideration of the Regulation of Alcohol Consumption -- Tolerance -- Physical Dependence -- Implications for Prevention and Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Brain Dysfunction and Alcohol -- Structural Brain Damage -- Evoked Potentials -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 Cognitive Deficits in Alcoholics -- Short-term Effects of Alcohol Ingestion -- Long-term Effects of Alcohol Ingestion -- Theoretical Considerations -- References -- 13 Prenatal Effects of Alcohol Abuse in Humans and Laboratory Animals -- Historical Introduction to Alcohol Abuse in Pregnancy -- Intrauterine Effects of Maternal Alcohol Abuse in Humans -- Animal Models of Maternal Alcohol Use and Abuse -- The Importance of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome to Problems of Female Alcohol Abuse -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Amethystic Agents in the Treatment of Alcohol Intoxication -- Available Antagonists of Centrally Active Drugs -- Putative Alcohol Antagonists -- Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Study -- References.

Abstract: The previous volume, The Pathogenesis of Alcoholism: Psychosocial Factors, attempted to describe the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of alcoholism. The preface to that volume presented our particular view of the bio-. psycho-social interaction as a progressive process in which earlier developments produce new pathogenetic mechanisms, which in turn lead to still other cyclical feedback activities. Although influences from each of the three phenomenologic levels are at work during each stage of the clinical course, it would appear that social factors are most significant in the early phase, psychological factors at the intermediate level, and biological ones toward the end. These differences are only relative, however, for influences of all three types surely are operative during all stages of the syndrome. This appears to be particularly true for the biological parameters of activity. Don Goodwin (1976), who has supplied much of the data that support the role of hereditary factors in alcoholism, is wont to say that all living behavior is biological-by definition. The operational evidence for this is perhaps more evident in alcoholism than in other syndromes. For example, the general social indifference of many Asians to alcohol may reflect the presence of an atypical isoenzyme of alcohol dehydrogenase rather than some independently derived cultural norm.

Abstract: 1. The Composition and Structure of Milk Lipids -- 2. Influence of Nutritional Factors on the Yield, Composition and Physical Properties of Milk Fat -- 3. Origin of Milk Fat Globules and the Nature of the Milk Fat Globule Membrane -- 4. Physical Chemistry of Milk Fat Globules -- 5. Physical Properties and Modification of Milk Fat -- 6. Lipolytic Enzymes and Hydrolytic Rancidity in Milk and Milk Products -- 7. Lipid Oxidation -- 8. The Nutritional Significance of Lipids.

Abstract: Many of the desirable flavour and textural attributes of dairy products are due to their lipid components; consequently, milk lipids have, tradi­ tionally, been highly valued, in fact to the exclusion of other milk components in many cases. Today, milk is a major source of dietary lipids in western diets and although consumption of milk fat in the form of butter has declined in some countries, this has been offset in many cases by increasing consumption of cheese and fermented liquid dairy products. This text on milk lipids is the second in a series entitled Developments in Dairy Chemistry, the first being devoted to milk proteins. The series is produced as a co-ordinated treatise on dairy chemistry with the objective of providing an authoritative reference source for lecturers, researchers and advanced students. The biosynthesis, chemical, physical and nutritional properties of milk lipids have been reviewed in eight chapters by world experts. However, space does not permit consideration of the more product-related aspects of milk lipids which play major functional roles in several dairy products, especially cheese, dehydrated milks and butter.

Abstract: 1. An Outline of the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Vascular Responses to Injury -- Platelet Responses to Vessel Wall Injury -- The Coagulation System -- Morphology of the Hemostatic Plug -- The Fibrinolytic System -- References -- 2. Platelet Structure and Function -- Platelet Morphology and Structure -- Megakaryocytes -- The Regulation of Thrombopoiesis -- Platelet Heterogeneity -- Platelet Plasma Membrane -- Platelet Intracellular Membrane -- Platelet Prostaglandins -- Platelet Granules -- Platelet Calcium -- Platelet Cytoskeleton -- Contractile Apparatus of Platelets -- Platelet Activation -- References -- 3. The Coagulation System -- Contact Activation System -- Vitamin K -- Factor IX -- Factor VIII -- Factor X -- Interaction between Factors IXa, Villa and X -- Tissue Factor -- Factor VII -- Factor V -- Prothrombin -- Interaction between Factors Xa, Va and Prothrombin -- Thrombin -- Fibrinogen -- Factor XIII -- Coagulation Inhibitors -- Antithrombin III -- Alpha2-Macroglobulin -- Alphaj-Antitrypsin -- CI Inactivator -- Protein C -- Protein S -- Protein Z -- Lipoprotein Factor Xa Inhibitor -- Inhibition of Thrombin -- Inhibition of Factor Xa -- Inhibition of the Contact Activation System -- Anticoagulant Effect of Fibrinogen Degradation Products -- References -- 4. The Fibrinolytic Enzyme System -- Plasminogen -- Plasmin -- Plasminogen Activators -- Inhibitors of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System -- Plasma Antiplasmins -- Platelet Antiplasmins -- Plasma Antiactivators -- Platelet Antiactivators -- Tissue Inhibitors of Fibrinolysis -- Plasminogen-independent Fibrinolysis -- Mechanism of Physiological Thrombolysis -- References -- 5. Interactions Between the Hemostatic and Complement Systems -- Outline of the Complement System -- Complement and Platelets -- Complement and the Coagulation System -- Complement and the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System -- References -- 6. Hormonal Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Catecholamines -- Corticosteroids -- Thyroxine/Triiodothyronine -- Estrogens and Progestogens -- Androgens -- Pancreatic Hormones -- Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones -- References -- 7. Age, Sex, Circadian and Seasonal Variations in the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Influence of Age on Hemostatic Components -- Fetal Life -- Infancy -- Adult Life -- Influence of Sex on Hemostatic Components -- Circadian Variations in Hemostatic Components -- Seasonal Variations in Hemostatic Components -- References -- 8. Ethnic and Blood Group Variations in the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Ethnic Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Influence of Blood Group on Hemostatic Components -- References -- 9. Environmental Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Effect of Environmental Cold on Hemostasis -- Effect of Environmental Heat on Hemostasis -- Effect of Altitude on Hemostasis -- Effect of Compression-Decompression on Hemostasis -- References -- 10. Nutritional Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Plasma Lipids -- Effect of Lipids on Platelet Function -- Effect of Lipids on Coagulation -- Effect of Lipids on the Fibrinolytic System -- Effect of Carbohydrates on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Pyridoxal 5?-Phosphate and Hemostasis -- Vitamin B12 and Platelets -- Influence of Ascorbic Acid on the Hemostatic -- Mechanism -- Influence of Vitamin E on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Effect of Alcoholic Beverages on the Hemostatic -- Mechanism -- Effect of Onion and Garlic on Hemostatic Function -- Miscellaneous Ingestants and Hemostatic Function -- Influence of Obesity on Hemostatic Components -- Effect of Starvation on Hemostasis -- Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Hemostasis -- References -- 11. The Influence of Physical Activity, Mental Stress and Injury on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Physical Activity -- Mental Stress -- Injury -- References -- 12. The Hemostatic Mechanism in Pregnancy, Labor and the Puerperium -- Platelet Numbers and Function in Pregnancy, Labor and the Puerperium -- The Coagulation System in Pregnancy -- The Coagulation System in Labor and the Puerperium -- The Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Pregnancy -- The Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Labor, Parturition and the Puerperium -- Physiological Significance of the Hemostatic Changes in Pregnancy and the Puerperium -- References -- 13. Hemostasis and the Menstrual Cycle -- Hemostatic Components in Different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle -- The Fluidity of Menstrual Discharge -- Uterine Hemostasis at Menstruation -- References.

Abstract: The current widespread interest in the hemostatic mechanism stems largely from the probability that its inappropriate function may lead to thrombosis, but also for its relevance to the causation and manage­ ment of bleeding disorders. Our understanding of the pathological events leading to thrombus formation or abnormal bleeding depends on knowledge of the basic physiology of the hemostatic system. A number of excellent multiauthor texts are available on the general area of hemostasis and thrombosis, and many symposia proceedings on specific topics in hemostasis have been published. The present volume aims to cover the normal function of hemostasis and ex­ plicitly excludes consideration of disease states and therapy. In addition, it is concerned with human hemostasis only although reference is made to studies on other mammalian species when the information supplements that available on man. The book is divided broadly into two sections. The first covers the current knowledge of the principal components contributing to the hemostatic process; the second examines the changes in these com­ ponents induced by physiological events, and details an accumula­ tion of information not previously brought together in a single text. An introductory chapter, intended for the non-specialist, outlines the whole hemostatic process and provides an orientation for the later detailed information on individual components.

Abstract: 1 Origins And Development Of Small-Scale Steelmaking -- 1.1 The Mini-Steelworks—What is it? -- 1.2 Equipment for Mini-Steelworks—An Historical Perspective -- 1.3 Mini-Steelworks in the 1960s and Later -- 1.4 Technological Developments -- 1.5 Future Prospects -- References -- 2 Arc Furnace Feedstock -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Influence of Process Route and Other Factors on Scrap Availability -- 2.3 The Origins of Steel and Cast Iron Scrap -- 2.4 Scrap Preparation Plant and Associated Equipment -- 2.5 Technical Specification for Ferrous Scrap -- 2.6 Influence of Residuals on Steelmaking Practice -- 2.7 Other Sources of Iron -- 2.8 Other Materials -- References -- 3 Electric Arc Furnaces in Mini-Steelplants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Scope -- 3.3 Electrical Requirements -- 3.4 Furnace Design -- 3.5 Water-Cooled Panels -- 3.6 Computer Control of Electric Arc Melting Operations -- 3.7 Oxy-Fuel Burners -- 3.8 Scrap Preheating -- 3.9 Continuous Feeding -- 3.10 Foaming Slag -- 3.11 De-Oxidation Practice -- 3.12 Performance Criteria -- 3.13 Ladle Refining -- 3.14 Steels Produced in the Mini-Plant Arc Furnace -- 3.15 The Future of the Arc Furnace in the Mini-Steelplant -- References -- 4 Casting Methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Choice of Casting Route -- 4.3 The Ladle -- 4.4 Ingot Casting -- 4.5 Continuous Casting -- 4.6 In-Line Rolling -- 4.7 Horizontal Continuous Casting -- References -- 5 Rolling Mills for Mini-Steelplants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Product Classification -- 5.3 The Steel Stock -- 5.4 Heating of the Steel for Rolling -- 5.5 Mill Layouts for Small-Scale Steelmaking -- 5.6 Roller Tables, Cooling Beds and Coilers -- 5.7 Shears and Saws -- 5.8 Mill Rolls -- 5.9 Mill Guides -- 5.10 Pass Design -- 5.11 Mill Drives -- 5.12 High Reduction Mills -- References -- 6 Energy Requirements and Environmental Constraints -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overall Energy Requirements for Steelmaking -- 6.3 Steelmaking and the Environment -- References.

Abstract: The contents of this volume cover all the major activities associated with small-scale steelmaking in mini-steelworks (except Direct Reduction, on which two comprehensive volumes have recently appeared - see refs 11 & 12, Chapter 2). There is, of course, an immediate problem of agreeing on a suitable definition of mini-steelworks and the entrepreneurial nature of many businesses based on the mini-steelplant route compounds this problem. Nevertheless, as is shown by the lucid review in the opening chapter, it is quite possible to derive a working definition of a mini­ steelworks. The succeeding chapters deal with steelmaking in a linear fashion; a survey of raw materials supply being followed by independent analyses of arc furnace practice, casting and rolling. The volume is rounded off by a consideration of the important topics of energy costs and environmental factors. As anyone associated with iron and steelmaking well knows, the indus­ try is not the exclusive preserve of the metallurgist, although he plays a prominent role in its activities. For this reason, it is hoped that the level of treatment will commend the book to a wide readership. that includes non-metallurgical professionals in plant management and elsewhere, as well as industrial metallurgists. Lecturers in universities, polytechnics and colleges of further education should find this volume useful as a course reader for final year and postgraduate studies of steelmaking.

Abstract: 1. Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors -- 2. Central Chemoreceptors -- 3. Lung and Airway Receptors -- 4. Respiratory Reflexes -- 5. Tissue Oxygen Transport in Health and Disease -- 6. Studies of Respiratory Control in Man -- 7. Respiratory Oscillations in Health and Disease -- 8. Control of Respiration in the Fetus and Newborn -- 9. Initiation and Control of Ventilatory Adaptation to Chronic Hypoxia of High Altitude.

Abstract: The scientific literature has expanded dramatically in recent years, making entry into the structure of any given area extremely difficult; concurrent with this explosion more people are required to become acquainted with information outside their main line of expertise. For this reason there is a need for review articles which give an overall review of circumscribed areas. This volume reviews the subject of respiratory control mechanisms; the authors of each chapter are active research workers engaged in the area covered by their chapter. The first four chapters are concerned with the basic physiological mechanisms which sense changes in the respiratory system, in the standard physiology textbook parlance chemical and neural sensory receptors. The peripheral arterial chemoreceptors sense changes in arterial oxygen tension, carbon dioxide and pH. The first chapter describes the basic responses in the organ produced by changes in blood chemistry. Later chapters discuss changes in activity produced by exercise, chronic hypoxia and the possible role of the chemoreceptors in initiation of respiration in the new-born. In Chapter 1, a section considers the action of drugs on the peripheral chemoreceptors, and finally there is a discussion of the possible mechanisms whereby the organs sense changes in blood chemistry. This pattern is followed in subsequent chapters wherever possible; first a discussion of the basic physiological properties, followed by any clinical application and dis­ cussion of the mechanism whereby the receptor might operate. The remaining chapters are of a more applied nature.

Abstract: Puzzles -- 1 Hymn Numbers -- 2 Extra Homework -- 3 Crossnumber 1 -- 4 Phone Number -- 5 Maximum Capacity -- 6 The Gilberts and the Sullivans -- 7 Stamps -- 8 Perfect Squares -- 9 Dance Tickets -- 10 The Cube of the Aztecs -- 11 Sarah’s Number -- 12 Encyclopedia -- 13 Jim and Joe -- 14 Count Your Change -- 15 A Collection of Primes -- 16 Lucky Seven -- 17 Tables -- 18 The Professor’s Railway Ticket -- 19 Raise the Flag! -- 20 Diggett and Trowell -- 21 Jumbles -- 22 Keeping Up With the Joneses -- 23 Piggy Banks -- 24 Perfect Numbers -- 25 A Tale of Scheherezade -- 26 Memorial Day Picnic -- 27 Professor Hex in Los Angeles -- 28 Fudge -- 29 Crossnumber 2 -- 30 Round Trip -- 31 Jamie and His Calculator -- 32 Salaries -- 33 The Spy’s the Limit -- 34 An Odd Game -- 35 More Stamps -- 36 Marbles -- 37 Square Inches -- 38 Flight of the Bumblebee -- 39 Another Discovery -- 40 Mrs. Hex Goes to Market -- 41 The Monkey and the Coconuts -- 42 Two Families -- 43 Friendly Numbers -- 44 The Hexes Tour England -- 45 Lead Soldiers -- 46 Computer -- 47 Chuck-a-Luck -- 48 More Marbles -- 49 Cannon-Balls -- 50 Farmer Watkins and the Devil -- Programming Tips -- Programs -- Solutions.

Abstract: This volume, written by his friends, collaborators and students, is offered to the memory of Paul Tunin. Most of the papers they contributed discuss subjects related to his own fields of research. The wide range of topics reflects the versatility of his mathematical activity. His work has inspired many mathematicians in analytic number theory, theory of functions of a complex variable, interpolation and approximation theory, numerical algebra, differential equations, statistical group theory and theory of graphs. Beyond the influence of his deep and important results he had the exceptional ability to communicate to others his enthusiasm for mathematics. One of the strengths of Turan was to ask unusual questions that became starting points of many further results, sometimes opening up new fields of research. We hope that this volume will illustrate this aspect of his work adequately. Born in Budapest, on August 28, 1910, Paul Turan obtained his Ph. D. under L. Fejer in 1935. His love for mathematies enabled him to work even under inhuman circumstances during the darkest years of the Second World War. One of his major achievements, his power sum method originated in this period. After the war he was visiting professor in Denmark and in Princeton. In 1949 he became professor at the Eotvos Lorand University of Budapest, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and a leading figure of the Hungarian mathematical community.

Abstract: 1 The Concept of Machinability -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Definition of Machinability -- 2 Fundamental Aspects of the Machining Process -- 2.1. Mechanics of Metal Cutting -- 2.2. Tool Wear -- 2.3. Surface Finish -- 2.4. Chip Formers -- 2.5. The Action of Cutting Fluids -- References -- 3 The Assessment of Machinability -- 3.1. Types of Machinability Test -- 3.2. Short Machinability Tests -- 3.3. Non-Machining Tests -- 3.4. Machining Tests -- 3.5. Combination of Machining Parameters -- 3.6. Machinability Assessment for Processes Other than Single Point Turning -- 3.7. Machinability Assessment Relating One Process to Another -- 3.8. On-Line Assessment of Tool Wear -- References -- 4 Tool Materials -- 4.1. Historical Background -- 4.2. Requirements of Tool Materials -- 4.3. High-Speed Steels -- 4.4. Cemented Carbides -- 4.5. Cast Cobalt Alloys -- 4.6. Ceramic Cutting Tool Materials -- 4.7. Diamond -- References -- 5 Workpiece Materials -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Ferrous Materials -- 5.3. Titanium Alloys -- 5.4. Nickel-Based Alloys -- 5.5. Aluminium Alloys -- 5.6. Magnesium and its Alloys -- 5.7. Copper and its Alloys -- References -- 6 The ISO Machinability Test -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Reference Work pieces -- 6.3. Reference Tool Materials and Tool Geometries -- 6.4. Reference Cutting Fluids -- 6.5. Cutting Conditions -- 6.6. Tool Life Criteria and Tool Wear Measurements -- 6.7. Tool Wear Measurement -- 6.8. Equipment -- 6.9. Tool Life Test Procedure -- 6.10. Evaluation of Tool Life Data -- 7 The Effect of Machinability Data on Metal Removal Performance and Economics -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Criteria of Performance -- 7.3. Economics of Turning Operations -- 7.4. Machining for Minimum Cost -- 7.5. Machining for Maximum Production -- 7.6. Machining for Maximum Profit -- 7.7. Machinability Data Applied to Milling -- 7.8. Reliability of Machinability Data -- Reference -- Appendix 1 Analysis to Determine Cutting Temperatures in Single Point Metal Cutting -- Appendix 2 Analyses for Two Short Absolute Machinability Tests -- A2.1 The Variable-Rate Machining Test -- A2.2 The Step Turning Test.

Abstract: In the manufacturing industries, despite the development and improvement of metal forming processes, a great deal of reliance is still placed on metal cutting processes and this will continue into the foreseeable future. Thus, there will continue to be a requirement for the development of improved cutting tool materials, workpiece materials, cutting fluids and testing methods; collectively this activity can be described as improving machinability. Machinability is a parameter which in many ways is vague, sometimes qualitative and very often misunderstood. The purpose of this text is to give a broad understanding of the concept, methods of assessment and ways of improving machinability to the manufacturing engineer, the metallurgist and the materials scientist. The text should also be of interest to those engaged in research in manufacturing engineering and metal cutting. The text, of necessity, does not attempt to give detailed information about the machining characteristics of a wide range of tool and workpiece materials. It is felt that this is beyond the scope of the book and is best left to other sources, such as machinability data banks and the Machining Handbook*, whose main objective is to present this kind of information. It is hoped that the reader will be able to progress logically from the fundamental aspects of the metal cutting process to the sections on the more specific topics of machinability including machinability testing and the properties of tool and workpiece materials which affect their machining performance.

Abstract: 1. Physiological Mechanisms and Behaviour -- 2. Motivation and Decision-making -- 3. From Genes to Behaviour -- 4. Experience and Learning -- 5. Finding a Place to Live -- 6. Finding Food -- 7. Anti-predator Behaviour -- 8. The Ecology of Reproduction -- 9. The Ecology and Organisation of Social Behaviour -- 10. Communication -- 11. Evolution and Behaviour.

Abstract: The study of animal behaviour, particularly from evolutionary and ecological viewpoints, has been one of the major growing points in biology over the last 10 to 15 years. The degree of quantitative rigour in theoretical, observational and experimental approaches to behaviour has increased dramatically. As more of the rapidly growing research literature be comes a basic requirement for students reading animal behaviour at undergraduate level, there is a need for a readily comprehensible text, covering all major aspects of behaviour study, to accom­ pany their courses. This book, based on my first, second and third year under­ graduate lectures at the University of No ttingham , is designed to meet that requirement. The book begins with a discussion of the physiological and anatomical bases of behaviour: the relationship between nervous system structure and function and behaviour; hormonal effects on behaviour; biological c1ocks; perceptual mechanisms; and stimulus filtering. This leads to a consideration in Chapter 2 of how the animal integrates internal and external stimuli in making decisions about its behaviour and the way natural selection has shaped decision-making processes and the organisation of motivation. The first two chapters therefore deal with the instigation or causation of behaviour within the animal. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with developmental aspects of behaviour. Chapter 3 discusses behaviour genetics, inc1uding the relationship between specific genes and behaviour, the heritability of behaviour patterns, the site of gene action in the body and the evolutionary consequences of a genetic basis to behaviour.

Abstract: 1 Using the VIC Keyboard -- 2 Introduction to BASIC Programming -- 3 Bookkeeping in BASIC -- 4 The Basics of Editing -- 5 Printing with Color -- 6 Color and the POKE Command -- 7 Loops in Loops in Loops -- 8 Music 1 -- 9 Number Theory 1 -- 10 Music 2 -- 11 Microsurgery -- 12 Game Making -- 13 Moving Color -- 14 Number Theory 2 -- 15 Advanced Color -- 16 User Defined Characters -- Inde.

Abstract: This book is a basic BASIC programming text. Intended primarily for beginners, experienced programmers also will find a few things of in­ terest. The VIC-20 is a simple and easy to use computer that may be coupled with this book to provide perhaps the most user-friendly and least intimidating introduction to programming possible. This book is designed to complement, not replace, the USER'S GUIDE that is included in the VIC-20 package. The USER'S GUIDE is primarily an introduction to the VIC-20 while this book is primarily an introduction to programming. Many of the available computer manuals include dozens of long pro­ grams for the reader to type in and use, but those programs don't necessarily further one's understanding of programming. Although most of the programs in this book are short (to save unnecessary typing on your part), they are the foundation for a complete understanding of BASIC programming that will enable you to build long programs de­ signed to do exactly what you want them to do.

Abstract: 1 The Past, Present and Future of the Surface Coatings Industry -- 2 Introduction to Polymer Science -- 3 Vegetable Oils -- 4 Oleoresinous Media -- 5 Alkyd Resin Technology -- 6 Manufacture of Alkyd Resins -- 7 Applications of Alkyd Resins -- 8 Polyesters -- 9 Amino Resins -- 10 Phenolic Resins -- 11 Polyurethane Resins -- 12 Epoxy Resins -- 13 Water Dispersible Epoxy Coatings -- 14 Silicone Resins -- 15 Acrylic Solution Resins -- 16 Emulsion Polymerization Theory -- 17 Emulsion Properties 1: Effect of Monomer Composition -- 18 Emulsion Properties 2: Effect of Water Phase and Particle Size -- 19 Emulsion Properties 3: Film Formation -- 20 Emulsion Polymers: Manufacture and Testing -- 21 Applications of Emulsion Polymers -- 22 Water-Reducible Resins -- 23 Water-Soluble Polymers -- 24 Solvents -- 25 Inorganic Pigments -- 26 Titanium Dioxide Pigments -- 27 Organic Pigments -- 28 Extender Pigments -- 29 Paint Driers -- 30 Paint Additives -- Contributors and Reviewers.

Abstract: Arising from an examination in 1969 of the education and trammg opportumtles for paint industry technicians, it was recognized that the various courses available at that time did not fully serve their needs. While a few large companies had developed in-house training arrangements, the many medium and smaller fi.rms in the raw material supply, paint manufacturing or paint user industries, were unable to provide their own comprehensive training programs. With a view to improving this situation, an advisory committee comprising ofrepresentatives of the Australian Paint Manufacturers' Federation and the Oil and Colour Chemists' Association Australia was established to liaise directly with the New South Wales Department of Technical and Further Education. As a result plans were developed for the introduction of a Special Course in 'Surface Coatings Technology' in 1971, conducted by the Sydney Technical College. The scope of the course was designed to cover all aspects of surface coatings technology ranging from raw materials and formulations to the production, testing, evaluation, application and use of finished products. The course proved to be highly successful and in 1973 a similar syllabus was introduced by the Melboume School of Painting, Decorating and Signcrafts in Victoria. In 1980, New Zealand followed suit with a similar course conducted by the Auckland Technical Institute.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- The Front End 12; Image Processing 13; Pattern Recognition 13; Applications 14; Structure of the Book 16; Future Directions for Robot Vision 21 -- I: Techniques -- 2 Software or Hardware for Robot Vision? -- 3 Comparison of Five Methods for the Recognition of Industrial Parts -- 4 Syntactic Techniques in Scene Analysis -- II: Applications -- 5 Recognition of Overlapping Workpieces by Model-Directed Construction of Object Contours -- 6 Simple Assembly Under Visual Control -- 7 Visually Interactive Gripping of Engineering Parts from Random Orientation -- 8 An Interface Circuit for a Linear Photodiode Array Camera -- III: Adaptive Processing for Vision -- 9 Networks of Memory Elements: A Processor for Industrial Automation -- 10 Computer Vision Systems for Industry: Comparisons -- 11 Memory Networks for Practical Vision Systems: Design Calculations -- 12 Emergent Intelligence from Adaptive Processing Systems.

Abstract: I. ALEKSANDER Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics BruneI University, England The three key words that appear in the title of this book need some clarification. First, how far does the word robot reach in the context of indus­ trial automation? There is an argument maintaining that this range is not fixed, but increases with advancing technology. The most limited definition of the robot is also the earliest. The history is worth following because it provides a convincing backdrop to the central point of this book: vision is likely to epitomize the technolo­ gical advance, having the greatest effect in enlarging the definition and range of activity of robots. In the mid 1950s it was foreseen that a purely mechanical arm-like device could be used to move objects between two fixed locations. This was seen to be cost-effective only if the task was to remain fixed for some time. The need to change tasks and therefore the level of programmability of the robot was a key issue in the broadening of robot activities. Robots installed in industry in the early 1960s derived their programmability from a device called apinboard. Ver­ tical wires were energized sequentially in time, while horizontal wires, when energized, would trigger off elementary actions in the manipulator arm. The task of reprogramming was a huge one, as pins had to be reinserted in the board, connecting steps in time with robot actions.

Abstract: 1. Photosynthesis -- Role of Chlorophyll -- Chemistry of Photosynthesis -- Summary -- 2. Water and Solutions -- The Structure of Water -- Solutions -- Summary -- 3. Colloids -- What Are Colloids? -- Behavior of Colloids in an Electric Field -- Syneresis -- Imbibition -- Emulsions -- Breaking of Emulsions -- Foams -- Viscosity -- Summary -- 4. Carbohydrates -- Monosaccharides -- Structure of Carbohydrates -- Carbohydrate Reactions -- Oligosaccharides -- Polysaccharides -- Digestion of Carbohydrates -- Qualitative Tests -- Quantitative Tests -- Summary -- 5. Lipids -- Simple Lipids -- Composite Lipids -- Derived Lipids -- Oxidation of Lipids -- Summary -- 6. Proteins -- Amino Acids -- Classification of Proteins -- Structure of Proteins -- Properties of Proteins -- Protein Synthesis -- Proteins in Foods -- Summary -- 7. Enzymes -- Classification -- Enzyme Composition -- Properties of Enzymes -- Enzyme Reactions -- Some Enzyme Applications in Food -- Summary -- 8. The Vitamins -- The Water-Soluble Vitamins -- The Fat-Soluble Vitamins -- Vitamins and Malnutrition -- Summary -- 9. Minerals -- Occurrence of Minerals -- Anionic Minerals -- Minerals in Canned Foods -- Summary -- 10. Flavor -- The Basic Tastes -- Flavors and Volatiles -- Flavor Enhancement -- Flavor Restoration and Deterioration -- Summary -- 11. Natural Colors -- Chemistry of Natural Coloring Matters -- Caramels and Melanoidins -- Color Determination -- Summary -- 12. Browning Reactions -- Enzymatic Browning -- Non-enzymatic Browning -- The Formation of Brown Pigments -- Inhibition of Browning -- Summary -- 13. Food Colorings -- Color Safety and Regulations -- Colors Exempt from Certification -- Color Analysis and Desired Properties -- Summary -- 14. Alcoholic Fermentation -- Wine -- Beer and Brewing -- Distilled Products -- Vinegar -- Summary -- 15. Baked Products -- Flour -- Leavening -- Summary -- 16. Milk and Milk Products -- Milk Composition -- Rancidity and Off-Flavor in Milk -- Cheese and Cheese Chemistry -- Fermentation in Milk -- Milk Products Other than Cheese -- Determination of Fat in Dairy Products -- Total Solids Analysis -- Summary -- 17. Coffee -- Composition of the Green Coffee Bean -- Changes During Roasting -- Roasted Coffee -- Coffee Products -- Summary -- 18. Tea -- Methods of Preparation -- Chemical Components of Tea -- Amino Acids -- Chemistry of Tea Manufacture -- Tea Aroma -- Summary -- 19. Cocoa and Chocolate -- Manufacture of Cocoa and Chocolate -- Chemical Composition -- Changes During Manufacture of Cocoa and Chocolate -- Volatiles and Chocolate Flavor -- Chocolate and Cocoa Products -- Summary -- 20. Meat and Meat Products -- Muscle Composition -- Changes in Muscle After Slaughter and During Processing -- Effect of Ionizing Radiation -- Summary -- 21. Fruits and Vegetables -- Ripening and Post Harvest Changes -- Storage -- Chemistry Involved in the Texture of Fruits and Vegetables -- Summary.

Abstract: Food chemistry has grown considerably since its early foundations were laid. This has been brought about not only by research in this field, but also, and more importantly, bYiadvances in the basic sciences involved. In this second edition, the chapters dealing with fundamentals have been rewritten and strengthened. Three new chapters have been added, Water and Solutions, Colloids, and Minerals. The chapter on Fruits and Vegetables has been expanded to cover texture. Other chapters discuss flavor and colors, together with one on brown­ ing reactions. The last seven chapters give the student a background of the classes offood products and beverages encountered in everyday use. Each chapter includes a summary and a list of references and sug­ gested readings to assist the student in study and to obtain further information. Basic Food Chemistry is intended for college undergraduates and for use in food laboratories. The author wishes to express his appreciation to the following people, who reviewed the chapters on their respective specialties: Doctors L.R. Hackler, M. Keeney, B. Love, L.M. Massey, Jr., L.R. Mattick, W.B. Robinson, R.S. Shallenberger,D.F. Splittstoesser, E. Stotz, W.L. Sulz­ bacher, and J. Van Buren. In addition, the author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. H.O. Hultin and Dr. F.W. Knapp for their reviews of the entire original manuscript and for their helpful comments. The author welcomes notices of errors and omissions as well as sug­ gestions and constructive criticism.

Abstract: History of Fish Farming -- Today’s Technology -- Goals and Organization -- Reference -- 1 United States of America -- Cold Freshwater Cultured Fish -- Warmwater Cultured Fish -- Marine Culture -- Restocking -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Canada -- Imports -- Marketing -- Nutrition -- Water Supplies and Use -- Research and Education -- Summary -- Reference -- 3 Norway -- Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Special Acknowledgments -- 4 Sweden -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)b01 -- Special Acknowledgment -- 5 Denmark -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Netherlands (Holland) -- Text -- Special Acknowledgments -- 7 Belgium and Luxembourg -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)b01 -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Tench (Tinca tinca) and Roach (Rutilus rutilus) -- Pike (Esox lucius) and Pike-Perch (Lucioperca lucioperca) -- European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) -- Recreation Fishing -- Total Supply -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio)b01 -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Tench (Tinca tinca) -- Common or Northern Pike (Esox lucius) -- Recreation Fishing -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Switzerland -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Other Cultured Fish -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Austria -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Other Cultured Fish -- Sports Fishing -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 11 Italy -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Black Bullhead (Ictalurus melas) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Brackish Water Culture -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 France -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) -- Crayfish (Astacus leptoctylus) -- Hydrologic Information -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Spain -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Other Freshwater Fish -- Marine Culture -- European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 14 Portugal -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Marine Culture -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 15 United Kingdom -- Rainbow Trout -- Salmon -- Dover Sole and Turbot -- Eels -- Crayfish -- Carp -- Other Species -- Outlook and Conclusions -- Some Government Research Laboratories -- References -- 16 Ireland -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 17 Poland -- Pond Fish Farming -- Lake Fish Farming -- Fishery Management of Rivers and Dam Reservoirs -- Other Forms of Fish Culture -- Some Remarks on the Economics of Fish Farming in Poland -- Outlook -- References -- 18 Czechoslovakia -- River Management -- Marketing, Home Consumption, and Exports of Fish -- Research and Technical Innovation -- Economic Aspects of Fish Culture -- Price of Fish -- Outlook -- References -- 19 European USSR -- Text -- 20 Hungary -- Pond Farming -- Trout Farming -- Fish Production in Water Reservoirs -- Utilization of Backwater Areas -- Fish Production in Cages -- Operational Economics -- Marketing -- References -- 21 Asian USSR -- Salmon -- References -- 22 Republic of Korea -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonicus) -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Others -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 23 Japan -- Freshwater Cultured Fish -- Marine Cultured Fish and Shrimp -- Restocking -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 24 People’s Republic of China -- The Area -- Freshwater Aquaculture -- Marine Aquaculture -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 25 Taiwan -- Milkfiish (Chanos chanos) -- Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) -- Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonicus) -- Gray Mullet (Mugil cephalus) -- Shrimp -- Carp -- Outlook -- Reference -- 26 Israel -- History -- Ponds -- Production Methods -- Propagation -- Feeding -- Fertilizing and Manuring -- Fish Stocked in Production Ponds -- Genetic Improvement -- Marketing -- Diseases and Parasites -- Equipment -- Extension Service -- Research -- Future Trends -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 27 Thailand -- History of Aquaculture -- Aquaculture Practices and Techniques -- Marketing System -- References -- 28 Philippines -- Milkfish (Chanos chanos) -- Tilapia (Sarotherodon and Tilapia sp.) -- Shrimp -- Other Cultured Species -- Potentials and Prospects -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 29 Indonesia -- Freshwater Aquaculture -- Brackish Water Aquaculture -- Marine Aquaculture -- References -- 30 Papua New Guinea -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Special Acknowledgments -- 31 Australia -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Native Fish -- Crayfish -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- Outlook -- Text -- References.

Abstract: Until the First Edition of World Fish Farming: Cultivation and Econom­ ics was published several years ago, there was little or no economic and technical information on commercial aquaculture either by countries or by species. I tried at that time to partially fill the gap in the literature. In this Second Edition, I have updated data originally presented and increased the scope by adding new countries. New trout data have been added for 10 western European countries; sections on cost of production of food-sized catfish and fingerlings in the USA; new and improved chapters for Japan, Hungary, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the United Kingdom; and com­ pletely new chapters pertaining to Poland, Thailand, and Czechoslovakia have all been added to this edition. The book now includes 31 countries, including all major producing ones. Between 5. 5 and 6. 0 million metric tons of finfish, shrimp, and crayfish cultured production are represented, which accounts for about 909c of the world's total. The People's Republic of China and the USSR, as well as countries on the continents of Europe, Asia, North America, and Oceania, are represented. Because of only minimal reported cultured fish production in Africa and South America, these continents have been omitted. Also, according to information received from New Zealand, there is no culturing offish in that country other than for restocking of public waters. More than 100 species of cultured fish, seven species of shrimp and prawns, and six species of crayfish are discussed.

Abstract: I Introduction -- 1 Vegetables and the World Food Supply -- 2 Origin and Evolution of Vegetables -- 3 Vegetable Classifications -- 4 Importance of Vegetables in Nutrition -- 5 Toxic Substances and Folk Medicinal Uses of Vegetables -- II Principles of Growing Vegetables -- 6 Environmental Factors Influencing the Growth of Vegetables -- 7 Devices and Means of Controlling Climate for Vegetable Production in Adverse Climates and During Off Seasons -- III World Vegetables -- 8 Global View of Vegetable Usage -- A Starchy Roots, Tubers and Fruits -- 9 White or Irish Potato -- 10 Sweet Potato -- 11 Cassava (Manioc) -- 12 Yam -- 13 Edible Aroids: Taro, Yautia, and Others -- 14 Other Starchy Underground Vegetables -- 15 Sweet Corn -- 16 Plantain (Starchy Banana) and Breadfruit -- B Succulent Roots, Bulbs, Tops, and Fruits -- 17 Alliums: Onion, Garlic, and Others -- 18 Composites -- 19 Crucifers -- 20 Umbellifers: Carrot, Celery, and Condiment Herbs -- 21 Vegetable Legumes -- 22 Solanaceous Fruits: Tomato, Eggplant, Peppers, and Others -- 23 Cucurbits -- 24 Chenopods -- 25 Other Succulent Vegetables.

Abstract: This text and reference book was written because of the urgings of my colleagues here and abroad and also by my students to fill the need for a comprehensive book describing vegetables important as food crops of the world. in this book was first used as outlines for the course on The material world vegetables taught by the staff of the Department of Vegetable Crops at the University of California at Davis. Over the course of the decade the author taught the course, new topics were added with each succeeding year. In 1978 the handouts were revised and compiled into a syllabus. In addition to the students taking the course, the syllabus was purchased and used by others as a reference book. Word ofits existence travelled far; the syllabus is presently used by one other university in the United States and by another in a foreign country. This edition has been extensively revised; many new materials and references have been added. Included are many photographs taken by the author in his travels abroad. The book has three parts. The first is introductory and background meant for students who are not familiar with vegetables as food crops.

Abstract: 1 Definitions and objectives -- Origin of the word ‘robot’ -- Robotics today -- What is a robot? -- Classification of robots -- Conclusions -- 2 Structure and specification of articulated robots -- Degrees of freedom of a solid -- Degrees of freedom of a robot -- Position of the vehicle and resulting redundancy of degrees of freedom -- How many degrees of freedom? -- False degrees of freedom -- Architecture of the arm -- Description of articulated mechanical systems -- Conclusions -- 3 Articulated mechanical systems: determination of kinematic elements -- Computation of the orientation of a chain relative to a set bound to an upper segment -- Computation of the orientation of a chain relative to a set bound to a lower segment -- Computation of the position of a point on a chain in relation to an upper segment -- Computation of the position of a point on a chain in relation to a lower segment -- Determination of the velocity vectors of rotation of different segments of a chain relative to a set of coordinate axes -- Determination of the velocity vectors of translation of different segments of a chain relative to a set of coordinate axes -- Conclusions -- 4 Calculation of robot articulation variables -- The absence of a solution -- An infinite number of solutions -- A limited number of solutions -- Practical choice of [Pi(R0), Sj(R0)] -- Mechanisms with six degrees of freedom -- Mechanisms with more than six degrees of freedom -- Conclusions -- 5 Positional control of articulated robots -- Reference and starting configurations -- The principles of positional control -- Balanced and initialization configurations -- The problems associated with positional control -- 6 Speed control of articulated robots -- The principles of speed control -- Problems arising from the use of equation (6-16) -- Methods of resolving redundant systems -- Conclusions -- 7 Articulated mechanical systems: the dynamic model -- A dynamic model for an open articulated chain of rigid segments, without backlash or friction -- Development of a dynamic equation for a system having three degrees of freedom -- Another type of model: the bond graph -- Difficulties with dynamic models -- A dynamic model of a belt drive -- Conclusions -- 8 Dynamic control of articulated robots -- Problems associated with real time and computation -- Simplification of the equation of the model -- Other methods of dynamic control -- The choice of the space used in computation -- Conclusions -- 9 Learning and trajectory generation -- Methods of recording trajectories -- Manual control used outside of training -- Improved controls -- Trajectory generation -- Conclusions -- 10 Tasks and performance of articulated robots -- Description of tasks -- The performance of articulated robots -- Conclusions -- References.

Abstract: This first volume in the series is based on part of a course that I taught in various state and private institutions during 1979 and 1980. It was concerned with the design and control of stationary, articulated robots operating as non-feedback systems. This book (which is devoted to the statement and understanding of problems rather than their solution) presents a review of some of the work, started in 1972, of the team involved with robotics and biomechanics at the Automation Laboratory at Montpellier, in association with the French National Centre for Scientific Research. I am greatly indebted to Professor A. Liegeois, the guiding light of the team, to A. Fournier, E. Dombre, W. Khalil, P. Molinier and P. Borrel who have contributed so much to the progress made in this field. The second volume will describe the present state of the knowledge of robotic systems which are able to perceive the environment, to a greater or lesser extent, and to react appropriately. Such robots will be able to perform the function required of them, in spite of unpredictable, limited changes in the environment. The third volume will deal with teleoperations, the branch of robotics characterized by the necessary and almost permanent presence of a human operator at the controls. The fourth volume will be concerned with technological components of robots and further volumes will discuss robotic languages and programming methods, decision autonomy and artificial intelligence and, finally, the computer-aided design of robots.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Food -- 2.1 Termites as decomposers -- 2.2 Wasps and ants as predators -- 2.3 Sugars as fuel save prey -- 2.4 Seed eaters -- 2.5 Leaf eaters -- 2.6 Pollen eaters -- 3 Foraging by individuals -- 3.1 Foraging strategy -- 3.2 Worker variability -- 4 Foraging in groups -- 4.1 Communication about food -- 4.2 Group slave-raiding -- 4.3 Tunnels and tracks -- 4.4 Nomadic foraging -- 5 Cavity nests and soil mounds -- 5.1 Cavities and burrows -- 5.2 Soil mounds -- 6 Nests of fibre, silk and wax -- 6.1 Mounds of vegetation and tree nests -- 6.2 Combs of cells -- 7 Microclimate -- 7.1 Environmental regulation -- 7.2 Metabolic regulation -- 8 Defence -- 8.1 Painful and paralysing injections -- 8.2 Toxic smears and repellants -- 9 Food processing -- 9.1 Mastication, extraction and regurgitation -- 9.2 Yolk food supplements -- 9.3 Head food glands -- 10 Early population growth -- 10.1 Food distribution -- 10.2 Colony foundation -- 10.3 The growth spurt -- 11 Maturation -- 11.1 Simple models of reproduction -- 11.2 Social control over caste -- 11.3 Males in social Hymenoptera -- 11.4 Maturation in general -- 12 Reproduction -- 12.1 Caste morphogenesis -- 12.2 Copulation and dispersal -- 12.3 Production -- 12.4 Summary -- 13 Evolution of insect societies -- 13.1 Theories of individual selection -- 13.2 Models of these theories -- 13.3 Group selection -- 13.4 Conclusions -- 14 Colonies -- 14.1 The colony barrier -- 14.2 Queen number and species ecology -- 14.3 Queen interaction and queen relatedness -- 15 Comparative ecology of congeneric species -- 15.1 Ant and termite races -- 15.2 Desert ants and termites -- 15.3 Ants and termites in grassland -- 15.4 Forest ants and termites -- 15.5 Wasps and bumblebees -- 15.6 Advanced bees -- 16 Communities -- 16.1 Temperate zone communities in grass and woodland -- 16.2 Desert communities -- 16.3 Tropical rain forest -- 16.4 Conclusions -- 17 Two themes -- 17.1 Plant mutualism -- 17.2 Social organization -- References -- Author index.

Abstract: Here is a guide to the ecology of social insects. It is intended for general ecologists and entomologists as well as for undergraduates and those about to start research on social insects; even the experienced investigator may find the comparison between different groups of social insects illuminating. Most technical terms are translated into common language as far as can be done without loss of accuracy but scientific names are unavoidable. Readers will become familiar with the name even though they cannot visualize the animal and could reflect that only a very few of the total species have been studied so far! References too are essential and with these it should be possible to travel more deeply into the vast research literature, still increasing monthly. When I have cited an author in another author's paper, this implies that I have not read the original and the second author must take responsi­ bility for accuracy! Many hands and heads have helped to make this book. I thank all my colleagues past and present for their enduring though critical support, and I thank with special pleasure: E. ]. M. Evesham who fashioned the diagrams; ]. Free, D. J. Stradling and]. P. E. C. Darlington who supplied photographs; D. Y. Brian and R. A. Weller who were meticulous on the linguistic side; and G. Frith and R. M. Jones who collated the references. List of plates 1. Fungus combs of Acromyrmex octospinosus and Macrotermes michaelseni. 13 2. Mouthparts of larval Myrmica.

Abstract: 1. Corporate Planning: Case Study of Corporate Planning, Income Planning and Control -- 2. Organization -- 3. Management by Objectives -- 4. The Performance Appraisal Process -- 5. Education, Training and Development -- 6. Providing Management Information -- 7. Labour Standard Costing -- 8. Establishing Standards For Labour Cost Control -- 9. Using Standards For Labour Cost Control -- 10. Underground Incentive Bonus Systems -- 11. Maintenance Management -- 12. Materials Management -- 13. Compensation Management -- 14. Industrial Relations -- 15. Summary.

Abstract: This book had its start when Douglas A. Sloan and the late Ralph Davies first decided to share our firm's experience in mine manage­ ment consulting assignments by using this experience as the basis for a mine management and productivity course. Over the years with more and more assignments, the course text notes were continuously updated and improved. However, the notes only reached the relatively few persons in the mining industry who attended each year's courses. The purpose of this book is to make this experience and knowledge available to everyone who has an interest in systematic mine management. The book is based on nearly 500 mine management consulting assignments which over the years were carried out by too many consultants to begin to mention names. However, some of the international experts whose work was used or who directly contrib­ uted must be mentioned. First would be Col. 1. F. Urwick whose books, articles and personal guidance of the author have had a general influence on the whole book and a specific influence on the Organization chapter. Others are John Humble whose work in developing Management by Objectives (MBO) is reflected in that chapter and Patrick H. Irwin for his work in Corporate Planning, which he has written of in that chapter.

Abstract: The characteristics of living things -- The differences between animals and plants -- The cell -- Cell division -- Animal classification -- The origins and interrelationships of animals -- Animals and their environment -- Phylum Protozoa -- Amoeba: a protozoan of simple structure -- A general consideration of protozoan structure -- Euglena: a ‘plant-like’ protozoan -- Paramecium: a complex protozoan -- Monocystis and Plasmodium: parasitic Protozoa -- The classification of the Protozoa -- Protozoan diversity -- Synopsis of the Protozoa -- Phylum Porifera -- The Radiata -- Phylum Cnidaria -- Hydra: an example of a polyp -- Obelia: a representative hydrozoan -- Characteristics of the Cnidaria -- Class Scyphozoa -- A urelia: a representative scyphozoan -- Class Anthozoa -- Actinia: a representative anthozoan -- Cnidarian classification and diversity -- Synopsis of phylum Cnidaria -- Phylum Ctenophora -- The acoelomate bilateral phyla -- Phylum Platyhelminthes -- Class Turbellaria -- The planarians: examples of free-living platyhelminths -- Characteristics of the Platyhelminthes -- Class Trematoda -- Structure of a generalized trematode -- Trematode life cycles -- Order Monogenea: Polystomum -- Order Digenea: Fasciola -- Class Cestoda -- Subclass Eucestoda: Taenia -- Synopsis of phylum Platyhelminthes -- Phylum Nemertinea -- Phylum Mesozoa -- Phylum Gnathostomulida -- Animal body cavities -- The pseudocoelomate phyla -- Super phylum Aschelminthes -- Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris -- Minor pseudocoelomate phyla -- Phylum Rotifera -- Phylum Gastrotricha -- Phylum Kinorhyncha -- Phylum Nematomorpha -- Phylum Acanthocephala -- Phylum Annelida -- to the coelomate animals and metamerism -- Class Polychaeta: Nereis -- Arenicola marina -- Polychaete diversity -- Class Oligochaeta: Lumbricus terrestris -- Earthworms and the soil -- Class Hirudinea: Hirudo medicinalis -- Hirudinean diversity -- Synopsis of phylum Annelida -- Phylum Arthropode -- to the Arthropoda -- Synopsis of the phylum Arthropoda -- Subphylum Crustacea -- Astacus -- Crustacean diversity and classification -- Class Branchiopoda -- Class Ostracoda -- Class Copepoda -- Class Cirripedia -- Classes Mystacocarida and Branchiura -- Class Malacostraca -- Synopsis of the subphylum Crustacea -- Successful land arthropods -- Subphylum Uniramia -- Class Insecta -- Locusta: the locust -- Periplaneta: the cockroach -- Metamorphosis -- Insect diversity -- Insect social organization -- Synopsis of the main insect orders -- The myriapodous arthropoda -- Class Chilopoda: the centipedes -- Class Diplopoda: the millipedes -- Class Symphyla -- Class Pauropoda -- The chelicerate arthropods -- Class Merostomata: Limulus -- Class Arachnida: Araneus -- Arachnid diversity -- Class Pycnogonida -- Synopsis of subphylum Chelicerata -- Primitive arthropods -- Subphylum Trilobitomorpha -- Phylum Onychophora: Peripatus -- Phylum Mollusca -- The molluscan plan: a hypothetical ancestor -- Molluscan larvae -- Primitive living molluscs: Class Monoplacophora: Neopilina -- Class Polyplacophora -- The major mollusc classes -- Class Gastropoda: Helix -- Gastropod diversity -- Subclass Prosobranchia -- Subclass Opisthobranchia -- Subclass Pulmonata -- Synopsis of class Gastropoda -- Class Bivalvia: Mythus edulis -- Bivalve diversity -- Subclass Protobranchia -- Subclass Lamellibranchia -- Subclass Septibranchia -- Freshwater bivalves -- Synopsis of class Bivalvia -- Two minor mollusc classes -- Class Scaphopoda -- Class Aplacophora -- Class Cephalopoda: Sepia -- Cephalopod diversity -- Synopsis of class Cephalopoda -- Early embryonic development: the protostomes and deuterostomes -- The minor coelomate phyla -- to the minor coelomate phyla -- The minor protostome coelomates -- Phylum Priapuloidea -- Phylum Sipunculoidea -- Phylum Echiuroidea -- Phylum Pogonophora -- Phylum Tardigrada -- Phylum Pentastomida -- The lophophorate phyla -- Phylum Bryozoa (also known as Ectoprocta or Polyzoa) -- Bryozoan diversity -- Phylum Brachiopoda -- Phylum Entoprocta -- Phylum Phoronida -- The invertebrate deuterostomes -- Phylum Echinodermata -- Class Asteroidea: Asterias -- Echinoderm diversity -- Class Ophiuroidea: Ophiothrix -- Class Echinoidea: Echinus -- The minor echinoderm classes -- Class Holothuroidea -- Class Crinoidea -- Echinoderm relationships -- Synopsis of the Echinodermata -- The minor deuterostome phyla -- Phylum Chaetognatha -- Phylum Hemichordata -- Class Enteropneusta -- Class Pterobranchia -- Phylum Chordata -- to the phylum Chordata -- Subphylum Urochordata: Ciona -- Urochordate diversity -- Class Ascidiacea -- Class Thaliacea -- Class Larvacea -- Synopsis of subphylum Urochordata -- Subphylum Cephalochordata: Branchiostoma -- Synopsis of the phylum Chordata -- to the subphylum Vertebrata -- Animal body tissues -- Epithelial tissue -- Connective tissues -- Skeletal connective tissue -- Muscular tissue -- Nervous tissue -- Vertebrate organ systems -- The integumentary system -- The skeleto-muscular system -- The digestive system -- The respiratory system -- The circulatory system -- The urinogenital system -- The nervous system -- The endocrine system -- The early development of chordates -- The development of amphioxus -- Vertebrate development -- The development of the frog -- Amniote development -- The development of mammals -- Summary of chordate embryology -- Summary of the fate of the primary germ layers -- Vertebrate diversity -- Class Agnatha -- Lampetra -- Agnathan diversity -- The living Agnatha -- Fossil agnathans: the ostracoderms -- Synopsis of the class Agnatha -- to the gnathostomes -- Class Elasmobranchiomorphii -- Subclass Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinus -- Chondrichthyan diversity -- Living forms -- Fossil elasmobranchs -- Synopsis of Class Elasmobranchiomorphii -- Class Teleostomi (Osteichthyes) -- Salmo -- Telestome diversity -- The Actinopterygii -- Subclass Sarcopterygii -- Synopsis of the class Teleostomi -- to the tetrapods: the pentadactyl limb -- Class Amphibia -- Rana -- Amphibian diversity -- Order Urodela -- Order Anura -- Order Apoda -- The fossil Amphibia: Subclasses Labyrinthodontia and Lepospondyli -- Synopsis of the class Amphibia -- to the amniotes -- Class Reptilia -- Lacerta -- Reptile diversity -- Living reptiles -- Fossil reptiles -- Synopsis of the class Reptilia -- Class Aves -- Columba -- Bird diversity -- Synopsis of the class Aves -- Class Mammalia -- Rattus -- Mammalian diversity -- Subclass Prototheria (the monotremes) -- Subclass Theria -- Infraclass Metatheria: the marsupials -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Order Insectivora -- Order Chiroptera -- The carnivorous mammals -- The small herbivorous mammals -- The large herbivores -- The subungulates -- Some minor mammalian orders -- Order Primates -- Synopsis of the class Mammalia.

Abstract: This book has been written with two main purposes in mind, page. At the same time animals show immense variation the first being to give a general review of the entire animal and none is truly typical. Some idea of the immense variety kingdom, and the second to give more detailed functional of animals is given in the diversity sections, with a synopsis accounts of the anatomy of a representative of each major of the classification of each major phylum. animal group. It is intended to be used by those who are Zoology has a language of its own, which appears highly interested in animals and does not start with the assumption complicated but in most cases can, in fact, be derived simply of any great zoological knowledge. It is hoped that it will from either Latin or Greek. Translations and derivations prove particularly helpful to those studying biology or have been given of a selection of zoological terms; these zoology at 'A' level, or in the early stages of a university should be regarded as examples. The interested zoologist course. may find the use of a Greek and Latin dictionary rewarding.

Abstract: I: Physics and Technology -- Silicon Technology and Its Applications in Microelectronics -- Lectures on Localization -- Electron Microscope Studies of Irradiation Damage in Metals and Alloys -- An Overview of the Physics of Nuclear Fusion: Its Present Status and Future Prospects -- Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Low Temperature Physics -- II: Physics and the Frontiers of Knowledge -- The Shape of the Carbon Nucleus -- Gauge Theory and the Attempt at Grand Unification -- The First Year Mark of J: Physics with High Energy Electron-Positron Colliding Beams -- QCD in e+e? Annihilation: Theory and Practice -- Quantum Chromodynamics -- Towards a Grand Unified Theory of Four Generation -- A Revival of the De Sitter Universe -- Some Recent Developments in Astrophysics -- The Distribution and the Projected Density of Stars Around a Black Hole in the Centre of a Globular Cluster -- A Model for SS433 Involving Radiatively Driven Clouds -- Appendix I: List of Seminars -- Appendix II: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Fifth International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs from June 16-July 4, 1980 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organized by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theroetical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy. It also received a financial grant from the University Grants Commission (UGC) for the participation of physicists from various universities in Pakistan. The college was attended by 22 lecturers and invited seminar speakers, 150 participants from 30 countries, and consisted of 15 concentrated days of lectures, seminars and informal discussions. These proceedings contain only some of the regular lectures delivered at Nathiagali, but the seminars heldthere are listed in the Appendix. This year the main emphasis of the college was on the fron­ tiers of physics, particularly on the recent exciting development in high-energy physics and astrophysics. However, the lectures delivered at the college also covered a large sample of other aspects of physics ranging from low"-temperature physics to plasma physics of of fusion. The series of colleges of which the present college is the fifth, an attempt to remove the barrier of isolation for the physicists working in developing countries, far removed from active centres of research. It is hoped that these colleges are helping to fill the gap in communication between the physicists of developing and advanced countries.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Tissue Culture of Coniferous Trees -- 3. Tissue Culture of Hardwoods -- 4. Tissue Culture Propagation of Coconut, Date and Oil Palm -- 5. Culture of Ornamental Trees -- 6. Tissue Culture Propagation of Temperate Fruit Trees -- 7. Tissue Culture of Citrus -- 8. The Influence of Physical Factors on Xylem Differentiation In Vitro -- 9. The Use of Protoplast Technology in Tissue Culture of Trees -- 10. Tissue Culture Conservation of Woody Species -- 11. Conclusions -- Author Index.

Abstract: 1 John H. Dodds The culture offragmen ts of plant tissue is not a particularly new science, in fact as long ago as 1893 Rechinger (1893) described the formation of callus on isolated fragments of stems and roots. The culture of plant tissues in vitro on a nutrient medium was performed by Haberlandt (1902), however, his attempts were unsuccessful because he chose too simple a medium that lacked critical growth factors. Over the last fifty years there has been a surge of development in plant tissue culture techniques and a host of techniques are now avail­ able (Dodds and Roberts, 1982). The major areas are as follows. Callus Culture Callus is a rather ill-dermed material. but is usually described as an un­ organised proliferating mass of tissue. Although callus cultures have a great deal of potential in the biotechnological aspects of tissue culture, i.e. secondary product formation, they are not very suitable for plant propagation. The key reason for their unsuitability is that genetic aber­ rations occur during mitotic divisions in callus growth (D'amato.l965). The aberrations can be of a major type, such as aneuploidy or endo­ reduplication. It follows therefore that the genetic status of the re­ generated plants is different from that of the parent type. In general terms this genetic instability is undesirable, but there are occasions when a callus stage can be purposely included to diversify the genetic base of the crop.

Abstract: 1 Some Principles Governing the Luminescence of Organic Molecules -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spontaneous Emission -- 3. Molecular Luminescence Characteristics -- 4. Principles of Luminescence Experiments Carried Out with Lasers -- 5. Coherent Interactions of Molecules and Light -- 6. Ultrafast Fluorescence Decay -- 7. The Effects of Inhomogeneous Distributions -- 8. Bibliography -- 2 Covalent Fluorescent Probes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Primary Considerations in Fluorescent Labeling of Biomolecules -- 3. Covalent Labeling of Biomolecules -- 4. Selective Modification Reactions -- 5. References -- 3 Nanosecond Pulse Fluorimetry of Proteins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Instrumentation and Data Analyses -- 3. Fluorescence Lifetime Studies -- 4. Fluorescence Quenching Studies -- 5. Fluorescence Energy Transfer for Distance Measurements in Proteins -- 5. Nanosecond Pulse Fluorimetry Studies of Muscle Contractile Proteins -- 7. References -- 4 The Use of Fluorescence Anisotropy Decay in the Study of Biological Macromolecules -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory -- 3. Experimental Procedures: Measurement of Anisotropy Decay -- 4. Applications of Fluorescence Anisotropy -- 5. References -- 5 Plasma Lipoproteins: Fluorescence as a Probe of Structure and Dynamics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structural Studies of Native Lipoproteins, Apoproteins, and Reassembled Lipoproteins, Using Intrinsic Protein Fluorescence and Covalently Attached Fluorescence Probes -- 3. Extrinsic Fluorescence Probes of Lipoprotein Structure and Function -- 4. Dynamics of Lipid Transfer -- 5. Summary and Perspectives -- 6. References -- 6 Fluorescent Dye—Nucleic Acid Complexes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intercalating and Nonintercalating Dyes -- 3. Nucleic Acid—Dye Binding Isotherms -- 4. Fluorescence Lifetimes and Quantum Yields -- 5. Decay of Fluorescence Anisotropy -- 6. Radiationless Energy Transfer -- 7. Cytological Applications -- 8. References.

Abstract: During the past decade, fluorescence techniques have come to occupy a position of central importance in biochemistry. Such areas as laser techniques, radiation­ less energy transfer, and nanosecond fluorometry have evolved from esoteric research specialties into standard procedures that are applied routinely to bio­ chemical problems. Indeed, discussion of the above three areas occupies the greater part of this book. Its level and approach are appropriate for the bio­ logical or physical scientist who is interested in applying fluorescence techniques, but is not necessarily an expert in this area. The coverage of the literature has, in general, been selective rather than exhaustive. It is likely that what is summarized here will prove resistant to the erosion of time and provide a basis for the future evolution of this rapidly developing area of science. Robert F. Steiner Catonsville, Maryland vii Contents Chapter 1 Some Principles Governing the Luminescence of Organic Molecules R. M Hochstrasser 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Spontaneous Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. 1. General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. 2. Luminescence from Nearby States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. 3. Multiple State Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Molecular Luminescence Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. 1. The Transition Dipole Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. 2. Determination of Transition-Moment Directions from Fluorescence . . . 8 3. 3. Polarization of Fluorescence from Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Principles of Luminescence Experiments Carried Out with Lasers. . . . . . . 12 4. 1. Nonlinear Processes and Optical Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Coherent Interactions of Molecules and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5. 1. The Distinctions between Fluorescence and Resonance Raman Effects 17 6. Ultrafast Fluorescence Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abstract: 1 Conditions for life -- 1.1 Radiant energy -- 1.2 The atmosphere -- 2 Radiation coupling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Plant responses to light -- 3 Coupling through boundary layers -- 3.1 Electrical analogues -- 3.2 Coupling through resistance chains -- 3.3 Physiologically-influenced resistances -- 3.4 Micrometeorological stomatal resistance -- 4 Heat and water exchange at plant surfaces -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy balance -- 4.3 Calculations -- 5 Field observations -- 5.1 Structure of vegetation -- 5.2 Vegetation height -- 5.3 Leaf survival and design -- Appendix 1 Specific heats -- Appendix 2 Physical constants -- Appendix 3 Thermocouple data -- Appendix 5 Saturated vapour pressure and black body radiation -- Appendix 6 Useful formulae -- Appendix 7 Symbols and abbreviations -- Appendix 8 Units -- Appendix 9 Metric multiples and submultiples -- References.

Abstract: In this small book I have tried to confine myself to the absolute necessities in a field which requires a knowledge of both biology and physics. It is meant as a primer for biological undergraduates. I hope it will lead some of them to further, more advanced, study. It has not been easy to present the subject in so few pages, and I am aware of many omissions. I hope readers will agree that it is best to concentrate on a small number of topics, which together constitute an essay on plant-atmosphere relationships. Advanced students will be able to take the subject further if they look up some of the references. Text books that I particularly recommend are those by Monteith [38] and Campbell [lOO]. If the reader intends to carry out research investigations he should also consult Fritschen and Lloyd [105] for an introduction to instrumentation in environmental biophysics.

Abstract: 1 Engineering Description of Rocks -- 1.1 Rock testing -- 1.2 Uniaxial or unconfined strength -- 1.3 Empirical field and laboratory tests -- 1.4 Porosity and permeability -- 1.5 Discontinuous rock -- 2 Stress and Strain -- 2.1 Stress at a point -- 2.2 Pore pressure and effective stress -- 2.3 Strain at a point -- 2.4 Representation of stress and strain -- 2.5 Relation between stress and strain -- 2.6 Geostatic stresses -- 2.7 Measurement of in situ stress -- 3 Rock Deformation -- 3.1 Rock tests in compression -- 3.2 Rock deformation in compression -- 3.3 Mechanics of microfracture -- 3.4 Rock macrofracture -- 3.5 The complete rock deformation curve -- 4 Rock Strength and Yield -- 4.1 Rock strength criteria -- 4.2 Yield criteria -- 4.3 The critical state concept -- 4.4 Triaxial testing -- 4.5 Axial and volumetric strain data -- 4.6 The Hvorslev surface in rocks -- 5 Time Dependency -- 5.1 Creep strain -- 5.2 Phenomenological models of creep -- 5.3 Time-dependent deformation -- 5.4 Time-dependent strength reduction -- 5.5 Cyclic loading -- 5.6 Rapid loading -- 6 Discontinuities in Rock Masses -- 6.1 Discontinuity measurement -- 6.2 Discontinuity orientation data -- 6.3 Shear resistance of a rock containing a discontinuity -- 6.4 Shear resistance of a discontinuity -- 6.5 A critical state model for rock discontinuity strength -- 6.6 Measurement of discontinuity shear resistance -- 7 Behaviour of Rock Masses -- 7.1 Discontinuity frequency -- 7.2 Rock mass classification systems -- 7.3 Rock mass strength criterion -- 7.4 The relevance of rock mass strength -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: The first edition of this book was received more kindly than it deserved by some, and with some scepticism by others. It set out to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehensive introduction to some of the theoretical and empirical criteria which may be used to define rock as a structural material. The objectives - reinforced by the change in title - remain the same, but the approach has been changed considerably and only one or two sections have been retained from the first edition. The particular aim in this edition is to provide a description of the mechanical behaviour of rocks, based firmly upon experimental data, which can be used to explain how rocks deform, fracture and yield, and to show how this knowledge can be used in design. The major emphasis is on the behaviour of rocks as materials, although in the later chapters the behaviour of discontinuities in rocks, and the way in which this can affect the behaviour of rock masses, is considered. If this edition is an improvement on the first edition it reflects the debt lowe to numerous people who have attempted to explain the rudiments of the subject to me. I should like to thank Peter Attewell and Roy Scott in particular. I should also like to thank Tony Price and Mike Gilbert whose work at Newcastle I have used shamelessly.

Abstract: A substantial amount of research on Boundary Elements has taken place since publication of the first Volume of this series. Most of the new work has concentrated on the solution of non-linear and time dependent problems and the development of numerical techniques to increase the efficiency of the method. Chapter 1 of this Volume deals with the solution of non-linear potential problems, for which the diffusivity coefficient is a function of the potential and the boundary conditions are also non-linear. The recent research reported here opens the way for the solution of a: large range of non-homogeneous problems by using a simple transformation which linearizes the governing equations and consequently does not require the use of internal cells. Chapter 2 summarizes the main integral equations for the solution of two-and three­ dimensional scalar wave propagation problems. This is a type of problem that is well suited to boundary elements but generally gives poor results when solved using finite elements. The problem of fracture mechanics is studied in Chapter 3, where the ad vantages of using boundary integral equations are demonstrated. One of the most interesting features of BEM i~ the possibility of describing the problem only as a function of the boundary unknowns, even in the presence of body, centrifugal and temperature induced forces. Chapter 4 explains how this can be done for two-and three-dimensional elastostatic problems.

Abstract: 1 Engineering Description of Rocks -- 1.1 Rock testing -- 1.2 Uniaxial or unconfined strength -- 1.3 Empirical field and laboratory tests -- 1.4 Porosity and permeability -- 1.5 Discontinuous rock -- 2 Stress and Strain -- 2.1 Stress at a point -- 2.2 Pore pressure and effective stress -- 2.3 Strain at a point -- 2.4 Representation of stress and strain -- 2.5 Relation between stress and strain -- 2.6 Geostatic stresses -- 2.7 Measurement of in situ stress -- 3 Rock Deformation -- 3.1 Rock tests in compression -- 3.2 Rock deformation in compression -- 3.3 Mechanics of microfracture -- 3.4 Rock macrofracture -- 3.5 The complete rock deformation curve -- 4 Rock Strength and Yield -- 4.1 Rock strength criteria -- 4.2 Yield criteria -- 4.3 The critical state concept -- 4.4 Triaxial testing -- 4.5 Axial and volumetric strain data -- 4.6 The Hvorslev surface in rocks -- 5 Time Dependency -- 5.1 Creep strain -- 5.2 Phenomenological models of creep -- 5.3 Time-dependent deformation -- 5.4 Time-dependent strength reduction -- 5.5 Cyclic loading -- 5.6 Rapid loading -- 6 Discontinuities in Rock Masses -- 6.1 Discontinuity measurement -- 6.2 Discontinuity orientation data -- 6.3 Shear resistance of a rock containing a discontinuity -- 6.4 Shear resistance of a discontinuity -- 6.5 A critical state model for rock discontinuity strength -- 6.6 Measurement of discontinuity shear resistance -- 7 Behaviour of Rock Masses -- 7.1 Discontinuity frequency -- 7.2 Rock mass classification systems -- 7.3 Rock mass strength criterion -- 7.4 The relevance of rock mass strength -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: The first edition of this book was received more kindly than it deserved by some, and with some scepticism by others. It set out to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehensive introduction to some of the theoretical and empirical criteria which may be used to define rock as a structural material. The objectives - reinforced by the change in title - remain the same, but the approach has been changed considerably and only one or two sections have been retained from the first edition. The particular aim in this edition is to provide a description of the mechanical behaviour of rocks, based firmly upon experimental data, which can be used to explain how rocks deform, fracture and yield, and to show how this knowledge can be used in design. The major emphasis is on the behaviour of rocks as materials, although in the later chapters the behaviour of discontinuities in rocks, and the way in of rock masses, is considered. which this can affect the behaviour If this edition is an improvement on the first edition it reflects the debt lowe to numerous people who have attempted to explain the rudiments of the subject to me. I should like to thank Peter Attewell and Roy Scott in particular. I should also like to thank Tony Price and Mike Gilbert whose work at Newcastle I have used shamelessly.

Abstract: 1 Mammalian Thermogenesis: An Introduction -- 2 Cellular Mechanisms of Heat Dissipation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The thermodynamics of heat dissipation -- 2.3 Extra-mitochondrial ATP-hydrolysing mechanisms: general considerations -- 2.4 The status of ATP-hydrolysing mechanisms in brown fat -- 2.5 Mitochondrial dissipatory mechanisms: general considerations -- 2.6 The proton short-circuit of brown-fat mitochondria -- 2.7 The molecular basis for the adaptive cold- and diet-induced increase in brown-fat thermogenic capacity -- 2.8 The acute regulation of the proton short-circuit in brown-fat mitochondria -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Brown Fat: An Energy Dissipating Tissue -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The survival value of an energy dissipator -- 3.3 Anatomy -- 3.4 The capacity for heat production -- 3.5 Evidence for a concerted regulation between substrate supply and respiration rate -- 3.6 Tissue blood flow -- 3.7 The adaptive response to cold exposure -- 3.8 The acute thermogenic response -- 3.9 Alpha- and beta-adrenergic mediated membrane potential changes and metabolism -- 3.10 Sodium pump and thermogenesis -- 3.11 Control of brown-fat thermogenesis -- References -- 4 Autonomic Regulation of Thermogenesis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cold exposure -- 4.3 Diet -- 4.4 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 5 Thyroid Hormones and Thermogenesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Role of thyroid hormones in thermogenesis -- 5.3 Summary -- References -- 6 Energetics of Maintenance and Growth -- 6.1 Measurement of energy exchange -- 6.2 The energy cost of maintenance and fattening -- 6.3 Food intake and heat production -- 6.4 Eating and rumination -- 6.5 Efficiency of utilization of absorbed nutrients -- 6.6 Regulatory dietary-induced thermogenesis -- 6.7 Body size and heat production -- 6.8 The energetics of growth -- 6.9 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Diet-Induced Thermogenesis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Force-feeding and diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.3 Voluntary hyperphagia and diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.4 Mechanism of diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.5 Other factors affecting diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.6 Reduced thermogenesis -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- 8 Thermogenesis and Obesity -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy balance in genetically obese rodents -- 8.3 Mechanisms of heat production -- 8.4 Thermogenesis in man -- 8.5 Concluding comments -- References -- 9 Hypermetabolism in Trauma -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Afferent mediators of metabolic alterations -- 9.3 Neuroendocrine responses -- 9.4 Metabolic responses -- 9.5 Cardiovascular responses -- 9.6 Thermoregulatory response -- 9.7 Treatment -- 9.8 Summary -- References -- 10 Thermogenesis and Fever -- 10.1 Temperature regulation as a reflex -- 10.2 The biology of fever -- 10.3 The biology of malignant hyperthermia -- References -- 11 Pharmacology of Thermogenesis -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Central control of thermogenesis -- 11.3 Neural control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis -- 11.4 Receptors mediating thermogenic responses in brown adipose tissue -- 11.5 Intracellular mediators of the acute, subacute and chronic effects of sympathetic stimulation -- 11.6 Impact of various pharmacological agents on thermogenesis -- 11.7 Hormonal control of thermogenesis -- 11.8 A rationale for selecting thermogenic agents -- References.

Abstract: an attempt to rationalize these terminological and conceptual difficulties we have considered the origins of mammalian heat production from two different points of view. The scheme depicted in Fig. 1. 1 illustrates the fate of energy in the body as seen by the nutritionist. After allowing for losses of energy in faeces and urine, the metabolizable energy obtained from food is utilized for main­ taining and increasing body energy content (maintenance, external work, growth and production). The transformation of metabolizable energy into these forms of net energy also involves inevitable energy losses in the form of heat - thermic energy. Similarly, maintaining homeothermy in cold en­ vironments involves shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and the energy costs of assimilating nutrients and retaining net energy results in obligatory heat losses due to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This obligatory DIT is mainly due to the energy cost of protein and fat synthesis but, in addition to this, there is an adaptive component of DIT that helps maintain body energy content (i. e. body weight) by dissipating the metabolizable energy consumed in excess of the requirements for maintenance, growth and production. In Fig. 1. 2, we have converted this nutritionist's scheme (A) into one that A B r-------. . . , I I Production, Growth I I External work I I I I Essential energy expenditure NET BASAL Obligatory 1 I ENERGY Maintenance HEAT heat I FASTING at (BMR) productlpn for t ROC thermoneutrallty homeothermia r.

Abstract: 1 Alcohol Use and Abuse: Historical Perspective and Present Trends -- 1. Alcohol Use in Historical Perspective -- 2. Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Problems -- 3. Development of the Concept(s) of Alcoholism -- 4. References -- 2 The Genetics of Alcoholism -- 1. Types of Studies Supporting a Genetic Influence in Alcoholism -- 2. Possible Biological Mechanisms for a Genetic Influence in Alcoholism -- 3. A Prospective Search for the Biological Determinants of Alcoholism -- 4. Summary -- 5. References -- 3 The Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism of Ethanol and Its Effects on Nutrition and Hepatic Function -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absorption and Distribution -- 3. Pharmacokinetics and Alcohol Elimination Rates -- 4. Processes and Organs Responsible for Ethanol Elimination -- 5. Significant Pathways of Ethanol Metabolism -- 6. Enzymes That Oxidize Ethanol to Acetaldehyde -- 7. Enzymes That Oxidize Acetaldehyde to Acetate -- 8. Control of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Metabolism in Liver -- 9. Effect of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion on Alcohol Elimination Rate -- 10. Chronic Ethanol Ingestion and Nutrition -- 11. Ethanol Oxidation and Hepatic Metabolism -- 12. References -- 4 Effects of Ethanol upon Organ Systems Other than the Central Nervous System -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ethanol and the Gastrointestinal Tract -- 3. Muscle Systems -- 4. The Hematologic System -- 5. Kidney Disease and Alcoholism -- 6. Pulmonary Disease and Alcoholism -- 7. The Endocrine System and Alcoholism -- 8. Effects of Ethanol on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- 9. Effects of Alcohol on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroidal Axis -- 10. The Effects of Alcohol on Growth Hormone and Prolactin -- 11. Effects of Alcohol on Vasopressin and Oxytocin -- 12. Biological Markers of Alcoholism -- 13. References -- 5 Ethanol and the Central Nervous System -- 1. Ethanol and Behavior -- 2. Ethanol and Membrane Structure and Function -- 3. Ethanol and Electrical Cellular Activity -- 4. Ethanol and Synaptic Transmission -- 5. Ethanol and Metabolism -- 6. Consequences of Long-term Ethanol Consumption -- 7. Summary -- 8. References -- 6 Neurologic Diseases Associated with Chronic Alcohol Abuse -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical Dependence -- 3. Chronic Diseases of the Central Nervous System -- 4. Peripheral Polyneuropathy -- 5. Nutritional Deficiencies -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. References -- 7 Biology of Tolerance and Dependence -- 1. Introduction to Tolerance and Dependence -- 2. Factors Contributing to Tolerance and Dependence -- 3. Classifications and Definitions of Tolerance -- 4. Biochemical Determinants of Ethanol Tolerance -- 5. Characteristics of Physical Dependence on Ethanol -- 6. Etiological Factors Contributing to the Development of Physical Dependence -- 7. Neurochemical Systems Determining Physical Dependence -- 8. Pharmacologic Management of the Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome -- 9. References -- 8 Alcohol Consumption and Prenatal Development -- 1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects -- 2. Alcohol as a Teratogen in Animals, 1973–1979 -- 3. Critical Discussion and General Conclusions -- 4. References -- 9 Interaction of Ethanol with Other Drugs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Centrally Acting Compounds -- 3. References -- 10 Psychological Correlates and Explantions of Alcohol Use and Abuse -- 1. Psychodynamic Models -- 2. The Disease Model -- 3. Behavioral and Social-Learning Approach -- 4. Future Directions -- 5. References -- 11 Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Patient Variables, Treatment Variables -- 1. Critical View of Treatment Outcome Evaluation -- 2. Treatment Variables -- 3. Patient Variables -- 4. Implications -- 5. References -- 12 Prevention of Alcohol Abuse -- 1. Approaches to Prevention -- 2. Alcohol Education -- 3. Mass Media -- 4. Alcohol Control Legislation -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. References.

Abstract: Alcohol use affects, either directly or indirectly, nearly all facets of Western civi­ lization. Eastern cultures are also not exempt from the influence of alcohol, and the present decade has been a time of increased alcohol use in all parts of the world. The problems of alcohol abuse and alcoholism are of concern to a variety of professionals in the biomedical and psychosocial health sciences, and-although the alcohol research literature contains much information on the relationships between alcohol ingestion and physiological, neurochemical, pharmacologic, genetic, environmental, and psychological effects in humans and in subhuman spe­ cies-there is at the present time no advanced textbook that integrates the avail­ able information for use by both students and professionals. The writing of Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse constitutes an attempt to create a scholarly reference and resource for students, researchers, prac­ ticing clinicians, and paraprofessionals who wish to understand the complex inter­ play of factors related to acute and chronic alcohol intoxication, the effects of alco­ hol on body functions, and treatment approaches to alcohol abusers and alcoholics.

Abstract: Section I: $$p\bar p/pp\;$$ Collisions -- Hard Scattering at ISR Energies -- Comparison of $$p\bar p/pp\;$$ Interactions at the ISR -- First Results of the UA1 Experiment -- Status and First Results from the UA2 Experiment -- Proton-Antiproton Elastic Scattering and Total Cross Section at the CERN Collider -- Results from the UA5 Experiment -- Section II: e+e? Collisions -- A Review of Two-Photon Physics -- Gluonium and QCD Effects in the J/? Region -- The Upsilon Resonances--Recent Results -- Electroweak Effects in e+e? Annihilations -- Section III: Jets -- Jets at PETRA -- Recent Results from the MAC and MARK II Detectors at PEP -- The Dynamics of a Fragmentation Model or a Possible Life after the Parton Stage -- Section IV: Structures in Hadronic Interaction and Heavy Flavors -- Event Structure in Collider and Cosmic Ray Experiments -- QCD and theSpace-Time Evolution of High-Energy e+e?, $$p\bar p$$, and Heavy Ion Collisions -- Hadronic Production of Heavy Flavours -- The Decay of Heavy Flavor States in e+e? Annihilations -- Section V: Overview -- Is There a Desert Beyond the Mountains? -- Participants.

Abstract: The field of particle physics is developing very rapidly. During this past year, physicists added a new instrument to their arsenal for the study of quark-quark, quark-lepton, and lepton­ lepton interactions. This machine, the PROTON-ANTIPROTON COLLIDER, achieved the highest energy in the world. With its five detectors, it is beginning to explore hitherto inaccessible regions for new physics (Section I). Lepton-Iepto~ machines with detectors at full efficiency are producing copious data of the very highest precision. The possibility of glueballs and the detailing of the properties of the upsilon family have been of major importance this year (Section II). The particle jets which are believed to be direct manifesta­ tions of the quark structure of matter continue to provide valuable data against which we can test the ideas of QCD (Section III). With the advent of more and better data it is now possible to study in detail the formation evolution of hadronic states. Especially interesting are the properties of heavy quark states (Section IV). A far-seeing look into the future development of any fecund scienti­ fic field is rarely accurate, but is always stimulating (Section V). It is against this background of participating in the clarifi­ cation of the Physics in Collision that we continue this series.

Abstract: 1. Surface activity -- 1.1 Amphipathic molecules -- 1.2 Surface activity in aqueous solution -- 1.3 Adsorption at liquid surfaces -- 1.4 Adsorption at solid surfaces -- 1.5 The wettability of solid surfaces -- 1.6 Modification of the surface properties of solids by adsorbed surfactants -- References -- 2. Phase behaviour of surfactants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Liquid crystalline phases in binary surfactant systems -- 2.3 Liquid crystalline phases in ternary surfactant systems -- 2.4 Factors affecting phase behaviour -- 2.5 Quaternary phase systems -- References -- 3. Micellization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Micellar structure -- 3.3 Micellar shape -- 3.4 Polydispersity of micellar size -- 3.5 Factors affecting the CMC and micellar size -- 3.6 Thermodynamics of micelle formation -- 3.7 Kinetics of micelle formation -- 3.8 Non-micellar association -- 3.9 Micelle formation in non-aqueous solvents -- References -- 4. Surface activity and colloidal properties of drugs and naturally occurring substances -- 4.1 Colloidal properties of drugs -- 4.2 Some biological consequences of drug surface activity -- 4.3 Biological relevance of micelle formation by drug molecules -- 4.4 Naturally occurring micelle formers: the bile salts, phospholipids and related systems -- References -- 5. Solubilization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Experimental methods of studying solubilization -- 5.3 Mobility of solubilizate molecules -- 5.4 Factors influencing solubilization -- 5.5 Effect of solubilizate on micellar properties -- 5.6 Solubilization in non-aqueous solvents -- References -- 6. Pharmaceutical aspects of solubilization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solubilization of drugs -- 6.3 Pharmaceutical aspects of solubilization in non-aqueous systems -- 6.4 Solubilization with block co-polymeric surfactants -- 6.5 Polymer-surfactant interactions -- 6.6 Surfactant interactions with oppositely charged species -- 6.7 Hydrotropy in pharmaceutical systems -- References -- 7. Biological implications of surfactant presence in formulation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Effect of surfactants on dissolution of drugs -- 7.3 Effect of surfactants on membrane permeability -- 7.4 Effect of surfactants on drug absorption -- 7.5 Miscellaneous formulations and the influence of surfactants -- 7.6 Surfactants and antibacterial activity -- 7.7 Utilization of solubilization in drug delivery systems -- References -- 8. Emulsions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Aspects of emulsion stability -- 8.3 Multiple emulsions -- 8.4 Microemulsions -- 8.5 Viscosity and rheological characteristics of emulsions -- 8.6 Solute disposition in emulsion systems -- 8.7 Biopharmaceutical aspects of emulsions -- References -- 9. Surfactants in suspension systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Settling of suspended particles -- 9.3 Suspension stability -- 9.4 Effect of surfactants on the adsorptive capacity of suspensions -- 9.5 Rheological characteristics of suspensions -- 9.6 Crystal changes in suspensions -- 9.7 Bacterial and other cell suspensions -- References -- 10. Aspects of surfactant toxicity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Metabolism of surfactants -- 10.3 Interactions of surfactants with membranes and membrane components -- 10.4 Toxicology of surfactants -- 10.5 Surfactants and plant systems -- References -- 11. Reactivity in surfactant systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Chemistry at interfaces -- 11.3 Micellar reactions -- 11.4 Stability of drugs in surfactant systems -- 11.5 Stability of surfactant systems -- 11.6 Polymerization of surface-active molecules -- 11.7 Some analytical consequences of surfactant presence -- References.

Abstract: It is now twelve years since Solubilization by Surface-Active Agents appeared. Since the publication of that monograph the subject has expanded rapidly as the unique potential of surfactants has become known to a wider circle of scientists. In a recent review Menger (Accounts of Chemical Research, 12 (1979) 111) estimated that since 1970 there have been over 2800 publications on micelles and micellization alone. The topic of catalysis in micellar media was in an early stage of development in 1968 but the growth in this subject has given rise to an excellent textbook by Fendler and Fendler. We have felt for some time that a revision of Solubilization by Surface-Active Agents was overdue. The book has been out of print for some time. Owing to pressure of other work, Professor P. H. Elworthy and Dr C. B. Macfarlane were unable to undertake the work of revision but while working together on an undergraduate textbook the present authors decided to set to work, realizing both the impossibility of producing a comprehensive textbook and the need to alter the scope of the book. Micellar solubilization occurs over a relatively small surfactant concentration range; because of this and because the phenomenon is never observed in isolation, we have extended the text to include surface activity, emulsions and suspensions and, as our emphasis is on formulation of medicinal products, to the of the toxicology of surface-active agents.

Abstract: 1. Physiological Effects of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation on Bacteria -- 2. The Electronic Spectroscopy of Photoreceptors (Other Than Rhodopsin) -- 3. Photodynamic Agents as Tools for Cell Biology -- 4. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and Related Techniques Applied to Biological Materials -- 5. Photobiology and Radiobiology of Micrococcus (Deinococcus) radiodurans -- 6. Cherenkov Radiation: Its Properties, Occurrence, and Uses -- 7. Neurospora crassa: A Unique System for Studying Circadian Rhythms.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four cate­ gories: to develop (1) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and phys­ icists, because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multidisciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for the­ oretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in-depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger sci­ entists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate.

Abstract: 1 Earth structures and air photo interpretation -- 1.1 Earth materials: soils and rock -- 1.2 Basic information sources -- 1.3 Air photo interpretation -- 1.4 Rock landforms -- 1.5 Glacial landforms -- 1.6 Lacustrine, marine and alluvial landforms -- 1.7 Eolian and residual landforms -- 1.8 Uses of air photos in earth structures engineering -- 1.9 Other remote sensing and probing techniques -- 1.10 Problems on air photo interpretation -- 2 Earth mechanics in earth structures engineering -- 2.1 Strength and deformation of earth materials -- 2.2 Ground water and earth structures -- 2.3 Settlement of earth structures -- 3 Embankments and tunnels -- 3.1 Embankments on soft ground -- 3.2 Soft-ground tunneling -- 3.3 Problems on bearing capacity and tunnels -- 4 Slope stability -- 4.1 Types of slope movements -- 4.2 Slope stability analyses -- 4.3 Design charts for slopes in homogeneous materials -- 4.4 Crest loadings, dynamic loadings, submergence and drawdown -- 4.5 Recommended design factors of safety and procedures -- 4.6 Construction considerations and remedial measures -- 4.7 Permanent retaining walls -- 4.8 Problems on slope stability -- 5 Earth dams -- 5.1 Types of earth dams -- 5.2 Dam design considerations -- 5.3 Foundation treatments and efficiencies -- 5.4 Dam settlements and distortion -- 5.5 Earthquake and rapid drawdown design -- 5.6 Some special considerations in construction of earth dams -- 5.7 Monitoring, performance and maintenance of earth dams -- 5.8 Mine-tailings dams and process-water impoundments -- 5.9 Problems on earth dams -- 6 Ground subsidence and mine backfill -- 6.1 Ground control using backfill -- 6.2 Cemented tailings backfill design -- 6.3 Use of uncemented tailings backfill -- 6.4 Subsidence and surface effects -- 6.5 Problems on mine backfill and subsidence -- Appendix: units and symbols -- References -- Answers to problems.

Abstract: Earth structures engineering involves the analysis, design and construction of structures, such as slopes and dams, that are composed mainly of earth materials, and this is a growth area in geotechnical engineering practice. This growth is due largely to increased involvement in designing various types of earth structures for the resources industries (slopes, impoundment structures, offshore islands, mine backfills), to the development of increas­ ingly large hydroelectric projects, to the need for more freshwater storage and diversion schemes, and to the need for transportation, communications and other facilities in areas where the natural earth materials are occasionally subject to mass instabilities. Although geotechnical engineering transects traditional disciplinary boundaries of civil, geological and mining engineering, the majority of geotechnical engineers are graduates from civil engineering schools. Here the geotechnical instruction has been concentrated on soil mechanics and foundation engineering because foundation engineering has traditionally been the major component of geotechnical practice. Geotechnical special­ ists, however, generally have acquired considerable formal or informal training beyond their first engineering degree, and an advanced degree with considerable cross-discipline course content is still considered an advantage for a young engineer entering a career in geotechnical engineering. Practical job experience is, of course, a necessary part of professional development but is readily interpreted and assimilated only if the required background training has been obtained.

Abstract: 1 Fundamentals and management -- 1. Robot use in manufacturing -- 2. Robot anatomy -- 3. End effectors: hands, grippers, pickups and tools -- 4 Matching robots to the workplace -- 5. Reliability, maintenance and safety -- 6. Organizing to support robotics -- 7. Robot economics -- 8. Sociological impact of robots -- 9. Future capabilities -- II Application studies -- 10. Die casting applications -- 11. Spot welding applications -- 12. Arc welding applications -- 13. Investment casting applications -- 14. Forging applications -- 15. Press work applications -- 16. Spray painting applications -- 17. Plastic molding applications -- 18. Applications in foundry practice -- 19. Machine tool loading applications -- 20. Heat treatment applications -- 21. Applications for deburring metal parts -- 22. Palletizing applications -- 23. Applications in brick manufacture -- 24. Applications in glass manufacture -- Appendix: List of principal robot manufacturers.

Abstract: THE REAL THING by Isaac Asimov Back in 1939, when I was still a teenager, I began to write (and publish) a series of stories about robots which, for the first time in science fiction, were pictured as having been deliberately engineered to do their job safely. They were not intended to be creaky Gothic menaces, nor outlets for mawkish sentiment. They were simply well-designed machines. Beginning in 1942, I crystallized this notion in what I called 'The Three Laws of Robotics' and, in 1950, nine of my robot stories were collected into a book, I, Robot. I did not at that time seriously believe that I would live to see robots in action and robotics becoming a booming industry .... Yet here we are, better yet, I am alive to see it. But then, why shouldn't they be with us? Robots fulfil an important role in industry. They do simple and repetitive jobs more steadily, more reliably, and more uncomplainingly than a human being could - or should. Does a robot displace a human being? Certainly, but he does so at a job that, simply because a robot can do it, is beneath the dignity of a human being; a job that is no more than mindless drudgery. Better and more human jobs can be found for human beings - and should.