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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,691)
  • English  (1,691)
  • 2015-2019  (1,691)
  • 1965-1969
  • World Bank Group  (1,487)
  • Edward Elgar Publishing  (204)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing
    ISBN: 9781788119788
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The international library of critical writings in economics series 367
    Series Statement: [Edward Elgar books]
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Series Statement: [Elgaronline]
    Series Statement: The international library of critical writings in economics series
    Series Statement: The international library of critical writings in economics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The economics of agglomeration
    Keywords: Agglomerationseffekt ; Ballungsraum ; Mikrofundierung ; Innovation ; Wissenstransfer ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Wirtschaftsgeographie ; Agglomerationseffekt ; Ballungsraum ; Mikrofundierung ; Innovation ; Wissenstransfer ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Wirtschaftsgeographie ; Urban economics ; Megacities Economic aspects ; Electronic books ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Recommended readings (Machine generated): 1. Gilles Duranton and Henry G. Overman (2005), 'Testing for localization using micro-geographic data', Review of economic studies, 72 (4), December, 1077-106 -- 2. J. Vernon Henderson (2003), 'Marshall's scale economies', Journal of urban economics, 53 (1), January, 1-28 -- 3. Pierre-Philippe Combes, Gilles Duranton, and Laurent Gobillon (2008), 'Spatial wage disparities: sorting matters!', Journal of urban economics, 63 (2), March, 723-42 -- 4. Michael Greenstone, Richard Hornbeck and Enrico Moretti (2010), 'Identifying agglomeration spillovers: evidence from winners and losers of large plant openings', Journal of political economy, 118 (3), June, 536-98 -- 5. Pierre-Philippe Combes (2012), 'The productivity advantages of large cities: distinguishing agglomeration from firm selection', Econometrica, 80 (6), November, 2543-94 -- 6. Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange (2003), 'Geography, industrial organization, and agglomeration', Review of economics and statistics, 85 (2), May, 377-93 -- 7. Mohammad Arzaghi and J. Vernon Henderson (2008), 'Networking off Madison Avenue', Review of economic studies, 75 (4), October, 1011-38 -- 8. Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt, Stephen J. Redding, Daniel M. Strum and Nikolas Wolf (2015), 'The economics of density: evidence from the Berlin Wall', Econometrica, 86 (6), November, 2127-89 -- 9. Glenn Ellison, Edward L. Glaeser and William R. Kerr (2010), 'What causes industry agglomeration? Evidence from coagglomeration patterns', American economic review, 100 (3), June, 1195-213 -- 10. Stuart S. Rosenthal and William C. Strange (2001), 'The Determinants of Agglomeration', Journal of Urban Economics, 50 (2), September, 191-229 -- 11. Jordi Jofre-Monseny, Raquel Marín-López and Elisabet Viladecans-Marsal (2011), 'The mechanisms of agglomeration: evidence from the effect of inter-industry relations on the location of new firms', Journal of urban economics, 70 (2-3), September-November, 61-74 -- 12. Stephen B. Billings and Erik B. Johnson (2016), 'Agglomeration within an urban area', Journal of urban economics, 91, January, 13-25 -- 13. Giulia Faggio, Olmo Silva and William C. Strange (2017), 'Heterogeneous agglomeration', Review of economics and statistics, 99 (1), February, 80-94 -- 14. Gilles Duranton and Diego Puga (2001), 'Nursery cities: urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products', American economic review, 91 (5), December, 1454-77 -- 15. Jeffrey Lin (2011), 'Technological adaptation, cities, and new work', Review of economics and statistics, 93 (2), May, 554-74 -- 16. Donald R. Davis and David E. Weinstein (2002), 'Bones, bombs, and break points: the geography of economic activity', American economic review, 92 (5), December, 1269-89 -- 17. Ajay Agrawal, Devesh Kapur and John McHale (2008), 'How do spatial and social proximity influence knowledge flows? Evidence from patent data', Journal of urban economics, 64 (2), September, 258-69 -- 18. Edward L. Glaeser, Sari Pekkala Kerr and William R. Kerr (2015), 'Entrepreneurship and urban growth: an empirical assessment with historical mines', Review of economics and statistics, 97 (2), April, 498-520 -- 19. Bruce Fallick, Charles A. Fleischman and James B. Rebitzer (2006), 'Job-Hopping in Silicon Valley: some evidence concerning the microfoundations of a high-technology cluster', Review of economics and statistics, 88 (3), October, 472-81.
    Abstract: 20. Hoyt Bleakley and Jeffrey Lin (2012), 'Thick-market effects and churning in the labor market: evidence from US cities', Journal of urban economics, 72 (2-3), September-November, 87-103 -- 21. Jorge De La Roca and Diego Puga (2017), 'Learning by working in big cities', Review of economic studies, 84 (1), January, 106-42 -- 22. Nathaniel Baum-Snow and Ronni Pavan (2011), 'Understanding the city size wage gap', Review of economic studies, 79 (1), August, 88-127 -- 23. Rebecca Diamond (2016), 'The determinants and welfare implications of US workers' diverging location choices by skill: 1980-2000', American economic review, 106 (3), March, 479-524 -- 24. Marigee Bacolod, Bernardo S. Blum and William C. Strange (2016), 'Skills in the city', Journal of urban economics, 65 (2), March, 136-53 -- 25. Joseph Gyourko, Christopher Mayer, and Todd Sinai (2013), 'Superstar cities', American economic journal: economic policy, 5 (4), November, 167-99 -- 26. Gianmarco Ottaviano, Takatoshi Tabuchi and Jacques-François Thisse (2002), 'Agglomeration and trade revisited', International economic review, 43 (2), May, 409-35 -- 27. Treb Allen and Costas Arkolakis (2014), 'Trade and the topography of the spatial economy', Quarterly journal of economics, 129 (3), June, 1085-140 -- 28. Thomas J. Holmes (2011), 'The diffusion of Wal-Mart and economies of density', Econometrica, 79 (1), January, 253-302.
    Abstract: "This inspiring collection compiles the most essential papers encompassing agglomeration economies. Agglomeration economies are manifested in cities and industry clusters shaping the neighborhoods and the regions that contain them. The literature is unified around several themes: Improvements in econometric methods and data, geographic scales at which agglomeration economies operate, micro-neighborhoods and mega-regions. The volume also uncovers the forces driving the field including labor markets, input markets and dynamic phenomena such as innovation, technology change and growth. Prefaced by an original introduction from the editor, this collection promises to be a useful tool for scholars as well as a fascinating read to those interested in the subject area"--
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report, composed of ...
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bangladesh economic expansion continued in FY19, supported by rising exports and record remittances. Inflation remained within the 5.5 percent target, supported by bumper rice harvests. Broad money growth increased marginally. Private sector credit growth was weak and bank liquidity remains constrained. Non-performing loans continued to rise in the banking sector. The current account deficit declined with higher export and lower import growth. Bangladesh Bank interventions moderated the depreciation of the taka against the US dollar, but the real effective exchange rate appreciated. The fiscal deficit has reached 4.6 percent of GDP as expenditure increased and revenue collection remained below target. Recent tax policy adjustments are likely to constrain revenue growth in the near term, while additional subsidies will increase recurrent expenditure. Sustaining growth will require momentum on the reform agenda to address challenges in the business climate, public investment management, revenue mobilization, and the resolution of fragile banks. Economic transformation will require development of new skills in the workforce. Tertiary educational institutions can support this agenda if quality, relevance, and access challenges are addressed
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: With some 19 million US Dollars (1.6 percent of GDP) in unresolved arrears to official bilateral creditors, Grenada remains in external public debt distress. However, debt appears sustainable reflecting favorable projected debt dynamics from substantial fiscal surpluses that are supported by the Fiscal Responsibility Law (FRL). Total public debt has declined from 108 percent of GDP in 2013 to 63.5 percent of GDP in 2018, with external public debt amounting to 44.5 percent of GDP. This reduction was made possible through fiscal consolidation that has been anchored by the FRL, robust economic growth, and a restructuring of Grenada's public debt. Going forward, continued adherence to the FRL and regularization of arrears will be needed to upgrade the risk rating. Debt should be further reduced and kept at levels needed to withstand the existing vulnerabilities to external shocks and natural disasters
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The updated DSA suggests that the external risk of debt distress for Vanuatu remains moderate with limited space to absorb shocks. All external debt indicators remain below the relevant indicative thresholds under the baseline scenario, incorporating the average long-term effects of natural disasters on growth and the fiscal and current account balances. A tailored natural disaster shock, reflecting Vanuatu's vulnerability to disasters, would cause the present value (PV) of public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) external debt-to-GDP ratio to breach the threshold from 2024 onwards. The overall risk of debt distress is assessed as moderate. Although the PV of the public-debt-to-GDP ratio remains below the 55 percent benchmark under the baseline scenario, the public-debt-to-GDP ratio would breach the authorities' debt ceiling of 60 percent by 2025. Moreover, a tailored natural disaster shock would lead to a significant deterioration in debt sustainability, breaching the benchmark. The breach of the authorities' debt ceiling and of the benchmark indicates the need for rebuilding fiscal buffers and enhancing resilience against shocks, including from natural disasters. This requires both stronger revenue mobilization measures, including an introduction of the proposed income taxes, and expenditure rationalization in the medium term. When contracting new public infrastructure projects, the authorities are encouraged to seek grants or concessional loans as much as possible to contain its debt burden
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Guinea is at moderate risk of external debt distress with some space to absorb shocks. All external debt burden indicators under the baseline scenario lie below their policy-dependent thresholds. Stress tests suggest that debt vulnerabilities will increase if adverse shocks materialize. Under the most extreme stress tests, all solvency and liquidity indicators breach their thresholds for prolonged periods. The overall risk of public debt distress is also assessed to be moderate, with the application of judgement regarding a brief and marginal breach for the PV of total public debt to GDP ratio over 2019-20, reflecting the one-off impact of the recapitalization of the central bank. Guinea's external and public debt position at end-2018 improved compared to the December 2018 DSA, owing to upward revisions of growth estimates in 2016-17, lower-than-anticipated external loan disbursements in 2018, and a stable exchange rate in 2018. A prudent external borrowing strategy aimed at maximizing the concessionally of new debt, limiting non-concessional loans to programmed amounts and strengthening debt management will be key to preserving medium-term debt sustainability
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Lao P.D.R.'s risks of external and overall debt distress continue to be assessed as high. Under the revised low-income country debt sustainability framework (LIC DSF), its debt carrying capacity has deteriorated and most external and total public debt indicators breach their respective indicative thresholds and benchmarks under the baseline scenarios. External debt indicators are most vulnerable to shocks to exports and depreciation of the currency. Public and external debt indicators are most sensitive to the contingent liabilities shock, while recent natural disasters underscore the need for strengthening buffers. The low level of reserves adds to these vulnerabilities. Factors, such as the large share of electricity export earnings under long-term intergovernmental power purchase agreements, and a strong and growing electricity exports market help mitigate risks, keeping the debt outlook sustainable. Market access is being maintained, around 65 percent of external debt is concessional, and the stock of expenditure arrears is declining. Rebuilding fiscal space, adopting clear guidelines for sovereign debt issuance and guarantees, assessing risks from contingent liabilities, and improving debt management are immediate priorities. Assessing and targeting infrastructure projects with high growth and social returns and financing these with concessional financing would benefit debt sustainability. Strengthening the business environment and governance, would improve the investment outlook, help diversify and make growth more inclusive. Increasing the export base, continuing to maximize the proportion of concessional loans and improving primary deficits would help to keep the debt burden contained
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Based on the Joint Bank-Fund Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Analysis (LIC-DSA), Uzbekistan has a low risk of debt distress, with debt burden indicators below relevant thresholds in the baseline and all stress scenarios. Over the medium term, the public debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to increase moderately, while the total external debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to decline somewhat. In addition, large foreign exchange reserve buffers mitigate potential distress concerns. The debt sustainability analysis suggests that the most significant risks could result from worse-than-expected external flows (mostly lower remittances) and significantly lower exports. The government should carefully manage external borrowing to maintain Uzbekistan's strong external position
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Chad's risks of external and overall debt distress are high but have nonetheless declined in the past year. All but one external debt sustainability indicators are below their respective thresholds from 2019 onwards. The debt-to-revenue ratio moderately breaches its threshold under the baseline scenario. Overall, total public debt vulnerabilities are elevated although the present value (PV) of the public debt-to-GDP ratio remains on a downward trajectory. The debt sustainability analysis is based on projected continued fiscal prudence and an increase in non-oil revenues. Following the restructuring in 2018, the new Glencore debt contract has helped contain the impact of low oil prices on debt sustainability, as it allows for lower debt service when oil prices are lower
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) remains at high risk of debt distress under the Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF). Unless the compact agreement with the United States or parts of it are renewed, the FSM will face a fiscal cliff when the U.S. Compact grants amounting to 20 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) are expected to expire in FY2023. Under the baseline scenario without fiscal adjustments, the fiscal cliff would put debt on an upward trajectory starting in FY2024, with the external debt-to-GDP ratio reaching 30 percent in FY2029 and 57 percent in FY2039, and the public debt-to-GDP ratio reaching 43 percent in FY2029 and 67 percent in FY2039. As a result, the DSF thresholds on the present value of external debt-to-GDP and public debt-to-GDP ratios are projected to be breached within a 20-year horizon. While mechanical application of the DSF based on a 10-year forecast horizon would imply a moderate risk rating, the envisaged breach of the thresholds within a 20-year forecast horizon would warrant an assessment of high risk of external and overall debt distress. Lowering the risk of debt distress would require a fiscal adjustment and steadfast structural reforms to promote private sector growth. The FSM's vulnerability to climate change and weather-related natural disasters constitutes a major risk and calls for strategies to strengthen climate change resilience
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Watersheds are an appropriate and effective unit for managing ecological assets, given the interconnected nature of economic activities and their impacts within a watershed, locally and regionally, upstream and downstream. Watersheds are increasingly recognized as a critical form of green infrastructure that provides a flow of economic benefits. In mountainous countries like Nepal, watershed management can contribute to important development goals and increase resilience to climate change. Watershed management can refer to a wide variety of practices that fall under the umbrella of investment in green infrastructure, such as slope correction using terracing, planting hedgerows and cover crops, using crop residues, cover crops, and mulches, trenching and bunding, re- and afforestation, and revision of grazing practices. Minimizing the loss of soil and downstream sedimentation is one of the most visible and immediate benefits of watershed management, whose positive impact can be felt across many sectors of the economy, including agriculture, hydropower, and water. This study focuses on the watershed area that drains to the Kaligandaki, Nepal. The study presents a systematic approach to assess where, in what quantity, and through what processes sediment is being generated in the Kali Gandaki Basin, identify plausible interventions through investing in green infrastructure approaches for watershed management, and evaluate their impacts
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: After nearly a decade of strong growth fueled by the boom in commodity prices, Ghana's economy remains undiversified and vulnerable to external shocks.This report strives to analyze the main challenges for economic diversification from a productivity angle.In looking at a set of high-growth economies of the past, the Growth Report 2008 identified common characteristics of successfully applied growth models-the "ingredients of growth"-to inform policy formulation around the world.However, since independence in 1957, Ghana's long-term growth dynamics have been mixed and can be divided into three distinct periods.Drivers of the economic expansion of Ghana changed significantly over the years; currently, the service and natural resources sectors provide the main sources of growth.As a consequence of the change in input factors for growth, the contribution of total factor productivity to growth is on a declining path.The structural shift of the Ghanaian economy into services and natural resource sectors comes with two key economic management challenges. First , Ghana's shift to services sectors only marginally contributes to labor productivity growth.Second, concentration of economic activity in natural resources increase economic volatility and complicate macro-management.The provision of basic public services remains a challenge according to private sector executive surveys.Economic diversification is a key element of economic development in which a country moves to a more diverse production and trade structure
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Research shows that vehicle speed affects the severity of all road crashes. Higher speed crashes involve more kinetic energy: the more energy that is dispersed in a crash, the more severe that crash will be. Speed also affects the likelihood of a crash occurring in the first place. The likelihood of a serious or fatal crash increases significantly even with small increases in vehicle speed. Field studies demonstrate that a one percent increase in mean average speeds results in a roughly two percent increase in the frequency of crashes involving injury, a three percent increase in severe crashes, and a four percent increase in deaths. The safety of infrastructure is heavily influenced by traffic speed, to the extent that without a detailed understanding of speed limits and vehicle operating speeds, it is difficult to assess the safety performance of infrastructure at a given location. This report seeks to highlight the central role of speed management in the Safe System approach and how a simple speed variation can improve safety for all types of road user. At the core of this report lies the experience derived from iRAP assessments undertaken under the Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS) on 867 km of national roads in Thailand and 258 km of streets in Bangkok, between 2015 and 2019. This also involved capacity building activities with local partner, Chulalongkorn University, which led to almost 700 specialists being trained on road safety engineering during this period. The importance of speed in influencing road user risk is highlighted in two case studies on different road types in Thailand - the Outer Ring Road and Hathai Rat Road in Bangkok - to demonstrate the effects of different speeds on the iRAP Star Ratings. These ratings objectively quantify the likelihood of a crash, and its severity, whereby a person's risk of injury is highest on a 1-star road, and lowest on a 5-star road. Among a series of simulations and results, this report shows that enforcing a 10 kph speed limit reduction could prevent one in three fatal and serious injuries (FSIs) on both those roads
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Competitiveness in an increasingly globalized world requires a highly skilled and educated workforce. The Government of Indonesia recognizes that a highly educated and skilled workforce is critical to reducing inequality and poverty. To ensure schools are given adequate attention, the 2003 Law 20 on National Education System mandates that 20 percent of national and district government budgets is for education. This target was achieved in 2009 and has continued thereafter. Indonesia has made considerable progress in achieving universal enrollment at the primary and secondary school levels. The Government's attention to education through its policies as well as the two decades favorable economic growth has enabled gross enrollment at the primary school levels at about 100 percent, with gross enrollment at the secondary school levels increasing from 55 to more than 86 percent. Paradoxically, despite success in education enrollment, Indonesian students have low learning outcomes, particularly in rural and remote areas of the country. Findings show that years of education and enrollment figures do not correlate with the quality of education provided. In other words, "schooling ain't learning" (Pritchett 2013; World Bank 2018a). In all international assessments (such as the PISA, TIMSS, and PIRLS), Indonesian students rank bottom among all countries assessed (Hanushek and Woessmann 2007; OECD 2017; World Bank 2017). Over the past 20 years, Indonesian student learning outcomes have tended to remain flat (OECD 2017; Beatty and others 2018). In addition, studies show that primary and secondary schools located in rural and remote areas have substantially lower learning outcomes compared with their urban counterparts (Stern and Nordstrum 2014; BPS 2017; Beatty and others2018)
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report consolidates written outputs from the Technical Assistance to Support the Elaboration of Mindanao Human Resource Development (HRD) Strategy, which was requested by the Mindanao Development Authority (MinDA) and undertaken by the World Bank under the auspices of the Australia-World Bank Partnership Development Trust Fund. The task was to provide technical assistance and advice to MinDA and other government agencies with HRD related mandate, to develop a medium to long-term skills development strategy for Mindanao, as a critical imperative in securing jobs and enhancing productivity that will redound to poverty reduction in the island-region. Launched in 2017, the World Bank's Mindanao Jobs Report presented a comprehensive strategy for regional development in Mindanao that will support sustainable peace and development, including job creation. Based on extensive consultations with stakeholders in Mindanao, one of the core recommendations of the report is to boost human development, specifically by addressing the growing skills shortage and rising inequality. Building on these efforts, the World Bank has been working closely with MinDA to generate discussions and identify priority actions on HRD, which were not highlighted in the Mindanao 2020 Peace and Development framework. This report enumerates a set of priority actions to prepare the human resource needed for the development of Mindanao, across its different subregions' contexts and economic corridors. It can serve as both a blue print and a springboard for subsequent collaboration with various development partners to support interventions and long-term programs in Mindanao. On 13 June 2019, MinDA Undersecretary Janet M. Lopoz apprised the Department of Finance (DOF) about a potential partnership with the World Bank to support a long-term program on skills development and employment agenda in Mindanao
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: This diagnosis is part of the World Bank's technical assistance to the Haitian authorities regarding financial inclusion and financial sector development. The industrial development fund (FDI), a public instrument under the umbrella of the Bank of the Republic of Haiti (BRH), maintains advantages for agricultural financing in the country - subject to a clarification of its mandate and a strengthening of its capacities. The development and sustainability of an agricultural insurance program in Haiti faces many challenges. The World Bank Group supports the Haitian agricultural sector through numerous projects. In particular, these include the Resilient Productive Landscapes Project, which promotes sustainable land management, and the Strengthening Public Agricultural Services Project (RESEPAG II), which has established a co-financing mechanism for subprojects. It is called the co-financing fund for agricultural extension services (FSV) and includes a voucher system to acquire the agricultural goods and services needed for the adoption of technical packages from approved suppliers. On the basis of this diagnosis, recommendations aim to respond to the main constraints identified in order to promote sustainable financing of the agricultural sector by Haitian financial institutions. These recommendations focus on the supply of agricultural finance, while also recognizing the essential role of general agricultural support policies
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The 2008 crisis marked the beginning of a lost decade for many countries - and many people - in the European Union (EU). The crises of 2008 and 2012 halted, and in some countries undid, a decade of growth and economic convergence across the EU. This report argues that the economic shocks revealed large differences in the resilience of individual economies, associated with differences in the quality of country-level institutions that shaped the absorption and response to these shocks. The report is in two parts. Part one uses an inclusive growth framework that assesses the trends in economic growth, the sharing of that growth, and its resilience. Part two looks closer at a key aspect of resilience: what are the key institutions that affect an economy's resilience or capacity to respond to shocks. This report finds that in many European countries, growth was shared with low-income households; but these households were shielded less well during downturns. During the crises, the poorest fifth of households in both Central Europe and Southern Europe saw deeper drops in incomes and for longer periods than the median household. The report puts a special emphasis on a country's membership of the European Monetary Union (EMU) - the eurozone. The report finds that resilience of inclusive growth varied across EU countries, when faced with the global financial crisis of 2008 and the euro crisis of 2012, because of the quality of institutions. This report finds that boosting resilience of EU member states should start with improving the real exchange rate institutions. Resilience and flexible and coordinated real exchange rate adjustments are short-term measures to cushion shocks and support adjustment
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: In the last three years, household debt has risen by a third as disposable income declined. Declining interest rates, ease of access to credit for consumers and poorly regulated microfinance lending practices led to fast growth in consumer debt. Consumer lending in the banking and microfinance segments has been growing in double digits in 2017-2018, reaching a total of RUB 14,90 trillion (USD 230,8 million), or 14 percent of the Russian GDP. At the same time, real disposable income has been declining: as of 2018, it is 13 percent below 2014 levels. Accelerated consumer lending has been monitored by the Central Bank of Russia to adjust the supply side of consumer finance, but no in-depth assessment has been made on how this has been affecting households. To provide a demand-side assessment, the World Bank Group in cooperation with the Russian Consumer Protection Service (Rospotrebnadzor) and the International Confederation of Consumer Societies (CONFOP) conducted an over-indebtedness study in 2018-2019. The objective of the study was to take a deeper look at the increasing levels of indebtedness of` individuals in Russia, provide a demand-side view on the issue and assess potential social and economic implications. The results of the study afford a unique perspective on the issue of consumer over-indebtedness in Russia and provide Russian financial-sector regulator and consumer-protection authorities with additional context for reviewing and adjusting their existing policies in the area of consumer protection, responsible lending and related areas. The study was conducted in a form of a survey covering over 4,000 individuals in 16 Russian regions
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: Past economic success notwithstanding, this Country Partnership Framework (CPF) comes at a time when Kazakhstan faces growing challenges. Institutional and governance reforms have been identified by the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as the main constraint to achieving Kazakhstan's development goals. This CPF incorporates shifts in the World Bank Group (WBG) program that are intended to directly support Kazakhstan's development objectives and assist it in IBRD graduation. The CPF will also involve a high degree of selectivity to ensure that its programming is consistent with the WBG's value proposition to upper-middle-income countries as well as the IBRD graduation policy
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Public Sector Reform ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Croatia has made significant economic progress since independence, but the global financial crisis has exposed weaknesses in its economy and growth model. While growth has resumed in 2015, income convergence has been thrown back by the crisis and by the prolonged recession that followed and is currently proceeding only slowly. Low growth potential, deriving from low productivity growth, an ageing society, emigration, and a pace of capital accumulation lower than before the crisis, needs to be boosted for sustainable and reasonably rapid income convergence with the EU28. To this end, the export sector merits particular attention. Integration in global value chains and exposure to international competition would help to strengthen firm-level productivity, investment, and wages. Croatia has the smallest goods export sector among its peers in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and while exports of services are strong thanks to a vibrant tourism industry, the potential for productivity improvements there is limited. Fiscal policy will need to remain tight, as high public debt, to a significant extent denominated in foreign currency, needs to be reduced and fiscal space rebuilt. However, there is scope for using expenditure policies, for instance better targeting of social assistance, to increase incentives for labor force participation, which would help counter adverse demographic trends, reduce the need for fiscal transfers and increase the scope for raising public investment, and reduce inequality and poverty. Lastly, the effectiveness and efficiency of public sector service delivery across almost the entire public sector will need to be raised. This will also serve to make Croatia a more attractive destination for investments, which in turn would help boost output, reduce unemployment, and provide more revenue
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The global development co ...
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Papers
    Abstract: This paper examines interventions that seek to address firm-level capabilities and access to markets in an integrated fashion. Examples of such interventions include supplier development programs (linking domestic SMEs in developing countries with large buyers, such as foreign investors that are part of global or regional value chains) and export development efforts (which work with firms beyond purely funding activities to explore and pursue opportunities in foreign markets). These programs aim to assist firms with upgrading, targeted toward the specific market opportunities in the value chains in which they operate or aim to compete
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Procurement Assessment
    Abstract: Overall, commendable progress has been made in modernizing public procurement in Bulgaria since the procurement strategy was launched in 2014 and the landmark legislation was passed in 2016. This report provides an assessment of the public procurement system in Bulgaria, reviewing progress since the public procurement act was passed by Parliament in 2016, and providing a series of recommendations for further improvement. The government of Bulgaria should continue to co-ordinate relevant activities aimed at improving the public procurement system, including on the basis of the recommendations of this report
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The World Bank has been supporting the Ministry of Labor, Invalids, and Social Affairs (MOLISA) in their efforts to bring about reforms in the administration and efficient delivery of social security programs. Several countries have been using technological advances in banking as well as telecommunications to digitize and improve welfare delivery programs. Electronic payments have the potential to improve client experience and reduce program costs. Social protection (SP) and social assistance (SA), programs will benefit by moving from current models of cash disbursement to non-cash, direct-to-account electronic payment models. This report provides an assessment of the status of social protection payments in Vietnam, the legal and regulatory framework, and the technical infrastructure for electronic payments and discusses steps towards implementation of digital payment for social protection programs in Vietnam. After assessing payment infrastructure, regulatory framework, and program policies, some significant changes are proposed to enable a transition from cash to non-cash payments. There are also several next steps for MoLISA and VSS to take right away, in addition to actions needed by other key stakeholders
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A key focus of most countries is to stimulate growth in their small and medium enterprises (SME) population. There are various influences on SME competitiveness. Governments, development partners, non-profit entities, and private sector associations and firms intervene to aim to increase SME competitiveness by addressing market, coordination, and government failures that impact on these four areas. This paper examines interventions that seek to address firm-level capabilities and access to markets in some type of integrated fashion. A substantial body of SME interventions aim to address both capabilities and markets. The aim of this paper is to provide practical information to World Bank Group (WBG) task team leaders and other development practitioners on the design and implementation of SME support initiatives that incorporate an SME upgrading and market development element. It is structured as follows: section II describes the approach taken to identify relevant interventions; section III presents findings on types of interventions; section IV presents detailed case studies on four interventions; section V presents findings from the case studies and emerging practices within WBG, and section VI concludes with lessons learned and recommendations for WBG teams. A long list of programs is presented in Annex 1, and a literature review is presented in Annex 2
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Environment ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Food Security
    Abstract: Shifting consumer demand and accelerating climate change will further shape the agri-food sector in Croatia in the next decade. Consumers in high value markets in the EU and beyond are shifting their expenditures towards safe, healthy, sustainable, and convenient products. Recent EU market projections further confirm ongoing shifts in consumer demand. Agri-food producers and processors must increasingly differentiate and personalize their product offerings in response to shifting consumer demand and stricter regulations. The modern retail sector has been consolidating to better coordinate supply chains, comply with strict legal and regulatory requirements, and meet diverse consumer demands. Croatia has experienced a 'retail revolution' as food retailing shifts from small shops and grocery stores to supermarkets. Climate change impacts and risk will have a profound impact on the agricultural sector. Extreme weather events in Croatia such as droughts and hail have resulted in losses generated by the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector. Climate change impacts are expected to appear through a variety of vectors in the fisheries sector. For capture fisheries and marine aquaculture, climate change impacts primarily manifest themselves in rises in sea-levels, increases in sea temperature, acidification, changes in ocean current patterns, and extreme weather events. Leveraging the agri-food sector's multiple functions and cross-sector linkages could be a powerful driver for diversified rural and coastal economies. The linkages between the agri-food and tourism sectors are particularly relevant in the context of Croatia given that the tourism sector contributes significantly to the national economy. Sustainable and circular bio-economies offer numerous diversification opportunities to rural and coastal areas in Croatia. Future policies should aim to accelerate the structural transformation of Croatia's agri-food sector
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict ; Equity and Development ; Food Security ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The economy is estimated to have contracted by 3.5 percent during FY2017-2018, but a modest recovery is projected for FY2018-2019. Coupled with economic mismanagement, many years of conflict have eroded the productive capacity of South Sudan. Conflict persists across the country despite the peace agreement and is the major driver of the economic collapse. Oil production is expected to be the major driver of growth in the short and medium term. South Sudan remains in debt distress and the external position is weak, with depleted reserves estimated at less than one week of import cover. If the peace agreement is respected by all parties and conflict does not recur, the economy is projected to grow by 1.8 percent during FY2018-2019. However, a less positive outlook could emerge if the peace agreement falters, with growth barely reaching 0.3 percent in the absence of progress in the non-oil sectors
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The survey aims to comprehensively and comparatively analyze how regulators from both developing and developed economies are regulating and supervising online alternative finance activities. The current gap is between the demand for finance by small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) and existing matching supply is estimated to be approximately USD 5 trillion worldwide. Fortunately, access to formal financial services has expanded tremendously over the past few years, fueled by Fintech solutions. Not only have they increased financial inclusion, they have also increased competition, driving prices lower and improving the quality of services offered. This momentum -driving access to transaction accounts and electronic payments- is crucial for financial inclusion, but firms and individuals also need access to credit, insurance, long-term savings and pension products and investment capital. This report focuses on peer-to-peer lending, equity crowdfunding and initial coin offerings, which constitute a rapidly growing segment of fintech for meeting credit, savings and investment needs. Survey findings informing this report are based on responses from regulators in more than one hundred and ten jurisdictions across the world. The survey identified expanded access to finance for firms and individuals and strengthened competition as primary triggers for advancing the development of alternative finance
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This assessment of the implementation of the BCP by the BOT is part of the FSAP undertaken by the IMF and the World Bank. The assessment was performed October 25 through November 16, 2018 and is based on the regulatory and supervisory framework in place at the time of this visit. Compliance was measured against standards issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) in 2012.1 Since the previous assessment, conducted in 2008, the BCP standards have been revised and reflect the international consensus for minimum standards based on global experience. The view is that supervision should be based on a process involving well-defined requirements, supervisory onsite and offsite determination of compliance with requirements and risk assessments, and a strong program of enforcement and corrective action and sanctions. The 2012 revision placed increased emphasis on corporate governance, on supervisors conducting reviews to determine compliance with regulatory requirements, and on thoroughly understanding the risk profile of banks and the banking system. The assessors appreciated the high quality of cooperation received from the authorities. The mission extends its thanks to the staff of the BOT for its excellent cooperation and hospitality. The BOT provided a comprehensive and detailed self-assessment and granted access to supervisory manuals, onsite inspection reports, monitoring reports, and risk assessments
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: The Thai insurance sector is a relatively small but growing part of the country's financial services industry. Insurance sector assets have grown from 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006 to over 22 percent of GDP in 2016, constituting 9 percent of total financial industry assets. Similarly, between 2008 and 2017, gross premiums written have grown at an average annual rate of approximately 16.9 percent, substantially above nominal GDP growth of 9.9 percent during the same period. As a result, the insurance penetration ratio (the ratio of premiums written to GDP) has gradually increased from 3.63 percent in 2008 to 5.39 percent in 2017. This paper provides an assessment of significant regulatory and supervisory practices in the insurance sector of Thailand. The assessment was conducted by Charles Michael Grist, Financial Sector Consultant, the World Bank Group, and A. Thomas Finnell, Financial Sector Consultant to the International Monetary Fund, from February 6 until February 22, 2019. The last review of the Thai insurance sector was conducted as part of an April 2008 Financial Sector Assessment Program Review (FSAP), but this review did not include a detailed assessment against the ICPs issued by the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS)
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: The Pilot Auction Facility (PAF) is an auction-based pay-for-performance mechanism that was originally developed by the World Bank to attract investment to projects that reduce methane emissions. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the PAF climate auction model could be translated effectively to the residential new building sector. A qualitative review of six countries was carried out to inform the basic conditions that would need to be met for the climate auction mechanism to be successfully rolled out to the residential building sector. India was then selected as a case study to carry out a quantitative assessment of the potential impact of the mechanism
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: In 2018, after decades of conflicts, peace negotiations finally concluded with the creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), recently approved through the 2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite, which is envisioned to have greater autonomy, more resources, and larger territory than its predecessor. BARMM has faced serious challenges in both access and quality of basic education even while the Philippines as a whole has made remarkable progress in the basic education reform over past decades. In BARMM, only 1 out of every 10 students who began primary education completes junior high school (JHS) on time. Out-of-school youth and adults (OSYA) have thus accumulated over the generations. The share of OSYA in BARMM is double the national average. The figures point to a crisis in the delivery of basic education in the BARMM area - a crisis which needs to be addressed as a first priority to keep children in school and to provide better quality education to them. Complementary to the efforts in provide quality education for Filipino children, the Alternative Learning System (ALS) has been operated by the Department of Education (DepEd) offering second-chance learning programs for the past few decades throughout the country for OSYA who have limited skills and bleak employment prospects. The World Bank has undertaken a series of evaluations of ALS with the DepEd since 2013. The findings show significant and positive impacts on labor market outcomes among ALS learners who could pass the accreditation and equivalency (AandE) exam. The previous evaluations of ALS have not to date covered the BARMM area. This study fills that gap and aims to provide the new BARMM government essential evidence based on new data for designing and undertaking reform interventions to improve the program delivery for its beneficiaries
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: In a rapidly urbanising world, Malawi remains one of the least urbanised countries in Africa. Approximately 16.7 percent of Malawi's population live in urban areas. Nevertheless, the country is urbanising at a moderate rate of approximately 3.7-3.9 percent per year. If growth continues at this rate, by 2030, approximately 20 percent of the population will be city dwellers, reaching 30 percent in 2050. This urban growth has the potential to improve economic opportunities and living conditions across Malawi. This is particularly significant given that approximately 69 percent of the population are living under the international poverty line of 1.9 US Dollars/day in purchasing power parity terms. However, challenges are also associated with this shift and concentration of population. With urbanisation comes a substantial amount of new construction. In Malawi, much of this new construction has occurred in cities and towns with limited capacity to ensure the structures in which people live, work and gather are safely sited and built to withstand chronic stresses (i.e. fire and spontaneous collapse) and disaster shocks (i.e. earthquakes and floods). In Lilongwe, for example, estimates indicate that 76 percent of residents live in informal settlements. These settlements are generally characterised by a lack of access to publicservices, tenure insecurity and inadequate housing. Malawi is impacted by a wide range of hazards, particularly droughts, floods, landslides, wildfires and earthquakes. Malawi is also vulnerable to recurrent and chronic risks. Large building fires in recent years include the LL and Mchinji Markets and the Mulanje Bus Depot in 2016 and the Area 13 and Zomba Market in 2018. In many ways, Malawi is at a crossroads: the regulatory decisions made now will significantly impact the longterm safety, productivity and resilience of the built environment in rural and urban areas. With its low base and moderate rate of urbanisation, Malawi is wellpositioned to formulate plans to maximise the benefits and to manage the challenges of urban agglomeration
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: The report, a joint effort between the World Bank's Social Development Global Practice and International Finance Corporation (IFC) advisory services, is based on the idea that local engagement, for example, through benefit sharing, is an important way for better risk management and creating a more enabling environment for renewable energy development. It finds that the underlying causes of the conflicts are diverse, complex, and dynamic: influencing factors include historical struggles over poverty and inequality, land ownership, mistrust in public and private institutions, a lack of free, prior and informed consultations (FPIC) before investment flows into the region and oftentimes a missing legal framework for benefit sharing. The study provides recommendations on how to improve the investment climate for renewable energy and wind energy, in particular, through benefit sharing, risk management, and local community engagement. Integrating communities through FPIC or benefit sharing mechanisms is costly - but the cost of not integrating communities and of failed projects is even higher
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Kenya continues to experience steady economic growth, with real GDP expanding on average by about 5.6 percent over the last five years (2014-2018). In 2019, however, economic activity has softened primarily due to lower agricultural output and weak private sector investment. As a result, the World Bank projects Kenya's growth at 5.8 percent for 2019 and settling at around 5.9 percent over the medium term. The weakening of private investment partly reflects crowding out from widening fiscal deficits and relatedly limited access to credit by the private sector (growing by about 6.3 percent in August 2019). Against this backdrop, it is my great pleasure to present the twentieth edition of the World Bank's Kenya Economic Update
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: Madagascar is characterized by an expanding economy and a peaceful transition of power, providing a solid basis for achieving a more productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth trajectory. Given the vast opportunities, but also substantial challenges, the objective of the Madagascar country economic memorandum is to inform the policy dialogue on how the country's inclusive growth potential can be harnessed. The country economic memorandum takes an evidence-based approach to informing policy on how opportunities for achieving productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth can be realized. Accelerating the current pace of growth requires further expanding the bright spots of the economy, which are focused on exports and investment related activities. The bright spots are creating jobs at the fastest pace, are resilient to shocks and have linkages with other sectors of the economy. Scaling success requires addressing constraints related to connectivity, human capital, and the business environment, while incentivizing the uptake of improved technologies to enable other sectors, such as agriculture, to realize their potential
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The international community is currently planning for a potential political settlement in Afghanistan. Negotiations may bring opportunities for significant reductions in violence. Government and development partners are considering how to support, consolidate, and sustain any reduction in violence following a potential political settlement, through humanitarian, development, and reintegration programming. This report provides an analysis of overall medium-term financing needs and identifies implications for ongoing grant support and post-settlement programming
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Following a two-year recession, economic activity is expected to recover in 2019. Public spending, which has traditionally been the key driver of economic growth, increased by 16 percent in the first half of 2019 when compared to the same period in 2018. Higher spending was predominantly focused on current expenditure, while capital spending was more subdued. Only a more dynamic private sector will enable the economy to grow faster and in a more sustainable way. Policy priorities for increasing firm performance include increasing firm access to finance, skills and affordable inputs, as well as easing firm entry and reducing regulatory uncertainty. Additional policy areas for reform may include the foreign direct investment (FDI) regime (affecting entry) and the insolvency and creditor rights system (affecting exit)
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) outlines the principles underlying the World Bank Group's engagement with Timor-Leste from FY2020 to FY2024. The CPF responds to Timor-Leste's strategic directions and its timeframe coincides with the expected tenure of the current parliament and government - the VIII Constitutional Government - and its Five-Year Implementation Plan (2018-2023) that supports Timor-Leste's Strategic Development Plan (SDP) 2011-2030. The CPF covers three focus areas: (i) strengthen the foundation for private sector-led growth and economic stability; (ii) invest in human capital, service delivery and promote gender equity; (iii) raise productivity through investments in connective infrastructure; and a cross-cutting theme on governance, focusing on strengthening institutional and implementation capacity in government
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Georgia's current tourism ...
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment is intended to enhance the effectiveness of West Bank and Gaza's (WB and G) PFM systems and to aid the Palestinian Authority to consolidate its ongoing and planned reforms. More specifically, the assessment has undertaken an independent review of the quality and performance of PFM systems in WB and G for the financial years 2015, 2016 and 2017, and of the medium-term budget for 2018-21. In doing so, it provides a diagnostic analysis that can be used as the basis for dialogue on PFM reforms that will inform future updates and design work on the PFM reform strategy and subsequent action plans. Additionally, this work will inform the Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and will enhance the dialogue between the WB and G and its Development Partners and other key stakeholders
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The ID4D-Findex data was collected as part of the 2017 round of the World Bank's Global Findex survey, carried out by Gallup, Incorporated as part of its Gallup World poll. The survey was conducted on representative samples of the non-institutionalized civilian population over age 15.8 The survey included three questions related to ID that were asked in 97 countries: (1) whether or not a person had their country's national ID or equivalent foundational ID credential; (2) for those with the ID, whether they had used it for specific purposes; and (3) for those without the ID, what their reasons were for not having one. In five economies with no ID system or very limited coverage, people were asked a single question on whether or not they had been unable to access certain services due to lack of identity documents (see Annex 2 for full text of questions). Combined with other individual-level indicators from the 2017 Global Findex, these data provide new insights into who has an ID, how they are used, and persistent barriers to access. At the same time, the data have some limitations. First, while the ID4D-Findex questions cover countries that represent close the three-quarters of the world's population, they do not cover all countries. For example, most high-income countries, some low- and middle-income countries, and some smaller economies are not included. In total, the countries included in the ID4D-Findex data account for a little over 80 percent of the population in low and lower-middle income countries. Second, the Findex survey is limited to people ages 15 and older, and therefore does not capture the identity gap or correlates of identification for the youngest people. Importantly, we have restricted the analysis in this paper to those respondents who are above the age when the ID is mandatory, using information from the ID4D Global Dataset. In countries where the mandatory ID age is greater than 15 years old, excluding these observations provides more conservative estimates of the gap in identification than if they were included, as young people may not have an ID simply because they are not yet eligible or required to have one
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Reducing unemployment and inactivity are urgent priorities for Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Limited job opportunities have fueled emigration, especially among the educated, skilled, and youth. Unlocking Bosnia and Herzegovina's economic potential requires rebalancing its growth model and boosting the contribution of the private sector to job creation.This report presents the findings of a multisectoral assessment and consultations with entity governments, civil society, and the private sector. Additionally, the report highlights the existing shortcomings in the monitoring of labor market trends and the evaluation of programs
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Abstract: This report contains an assessment of the approach that the Republic of Chad has adopted or plans to adopt to enhance the benefits generated by the exploitation of its petroleum resources, and to manage the economic and social impact of such exploitation in a sustainable and equitable manner. Its objective is to inform the extent and prioritization of petroleum sector reforms, which might be the object of technical assistance to be provided by the World Bank and other development partners. The report focuses on the upstream part of the petroleum sector (exploration and production), where the largest fiscal and governance gains can be achieved. The report is necessarily a high-level review of geological potential, laws and regulations, and institutional capacity and organization pertaining to the petroleum sector. As such, it is not a guide on how to secure private sector investment or implement reforms. It was prepared in a short period of time combining desk research and in-country stakeholders' consultation with the accumulated knowledge from several World Bank economic and sector studies and technical assistance operations and reflects the openness of the dialogue with the Government. Its findings are intended as background for discussion with the Authorities with the aim to identify a shared assessment of needs and priorities
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; E-Government ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Madagascar is an island nation located in the Indian Ocean off the south-eastern coast of Africa, and the fourth-largest island in the world. Despite the country's extensive economic opportunities and expansive natural resources, real GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world. This situation can largely be imparted to decades of political instability and recurring crises, which have severely thwarted development efforts. The time is opportune to leverage the potential of digital technology to support a responsive government and promote a vibrant digital economy. Digital transformation has been described as the fourth industrial revolution, and if harnessed strategically, it can help reduce inequalities, and promote economic growth and high value job creation. It can also improve access to public services and to information, thereby strengthening government accountability and trust in the State. Much remains to be done in Madagascar. Madagascar has already made remarkable progress in the digital economy. Preparation of this diagnostic involved desk research on the areas comprising the five digital economy pillars, as well as several in-country missions during which members of a core research team conducted broad consultations with counterparts, government, the private sector, and user representatives
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Over 70 percent of Lesoth ...
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: This diagnostic study is prepared at the request of the Ministry of Finance (MoF), Government of Lesotho (GoL)and aims to identify options to strengthen the country's financial resilience to disasters. It includes a review of disaster response costs and the current disaster risk financing (DRF) arrangements of the GoL, including institutional and legal frameworks, and proposes some recommendations. Lesotho is prone to weather-related perils such as droughts, floods, and storms. Drought affects the largest number of people. For instance, a drought in 2015/16 affected almost half of the population. Over two-thirds of the population-71 percent-is involved in some form of agricultural activity. The majority of the rural population engages in subsistence agriculture, working on small rain-fed farms or are livestock producers. Disasters can severely impact agriculture, thus devastating livelihoods and increasing food insecurity in a country already characterized by low agricultural productivity and reliance on food imports. Natural disasters in Lesotho jeopardize efforts to eliminate extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity Poverty in the country is declining slowly, and as of 2017 remained high, at 49.7 percent (at the national poverty line). Disasters disproportionally impact poor and vulnerable households, pushing them back or further into poverty (Hallegatte and others 2017). According to the World Bank (forthcoming) Poverty Assessment, without the 2015/16 drought, poverty in Lesotho would have decreased twice as fast over the past 15 years. Natural disasters can also impact the macro-fiscal situation of the country. The average annual cost of disaster response is estimated at US
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Indonesia has seen tremendous progress in poverty reduction over the past couple of decades and, as a result, has made a successful transition from low-income to middle-income country status. As millions have moved out of poverty and extreme poverty, we have also witnessed the rise of Indonesia's middle class, which now accounts for 20 percent of the total population, or 52 million Indonesians. This group important for Indonesia's upward trajectory, but it still too small for the ambitions of Indonesia. Expanding the middle class will boost economic growth, strengthen an influential constituency for better governance, and widen and deepen the tax base. An expansion of the middle class, if accompanied by continued growth in the incomes of the poor and vulnerable, will also help to decrease inequality and prevent polarization of the country. One of the key development questions that Indonesia faces is how to expand the middle class. What will be required to bring the 115 million people who are no longer in poverty and vulnerability into the middle class? The future of Indonesia lies partly in the fate of this aspiring middle class, 45 percent of the population, so that they can both share in and help to drive the country's growing prosperity. Government policy can play an instrumental role in expanding the middle class. This can be done by increasing the level and quality of education, and the skills of the population, and making sure there are well-paid jobs waiting for those in the aspiring middle class. It also means ensuring access to social protection to help lift these aspirers into the middle class and keep them there once they arrive, as well as improving the quality of the public services upon which they currently depend. Resolve to expand the middle class will place greater stress on government budgets. The government will need increasingly rely on the middle class, whose income taxes will finance much of the investment that a growing Indonesia will need. This will require a new social contract with the current - and future - middle class so that they will embrace the policies that both benefit themselves while also helping to expand their ranks, rather than closing off opportunities for others, and creating political polarization-as has occurred in some countries in the region in recent years
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Abstract: Against the backdrop of increasing income inequality, this report uses spatial analysis to assesses whether disparities in access to basic infrastructure between Mozambique's lagging and leading regions are growing or declining and whether the public expenditure program is effective in addressing emerging disparities. The report finds that overall, the gap has been growing between rural and urban areas, especially in the rural parts of Mozambique's central and northern provinces - which are the poorest. It also found that Mozambique's public investment program has made limited progress in reducing access disparities, including during the investment boom years. Lower investment levels in underserved areas, combined with spending inefficiencies, contributed to increased gaps in access. The report concludes with recommendations for better targeting of public investments to reach underserved areas
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: The main purpose of the 2019 PEFA assessment is to provide the Government of Ukraine with an objective and up-to-date diagnostic of the national-level public financial management performance based on the latest internationally recognized PEFA methodology. The 2019 PEFA is an assessment of the quality of the Ukrainian PFM system and monitors the results achieved through PFM reforms undertaken since the 2015 PEFA assessment. More specifically, the PEFA assessment measures which processes and institutions contribute to the achievement of desirable budget outcomes, aggregate fiscal discipline, strategic allocation of resources, and efficient service. The assessment covers the central government. It also includes the Ministry of Economy as the authorized body for Procurement Service, State Audit Service, Budget Committee of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Parliament), State Fiscal Service of Ukraine (revenue administration), and Accounting Chamber of Ukraine (supreme audit body). It also assesses aspects of the three extra-budgetary funds and qualifying state-owned enterprises in terms of the relevant indicators. A substantial number of government officials participated in the assessment
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Gender ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Women-Owned Businesses
    Abstract: For all of our age's technological advances, service innovations, and instant connectivity, gender inequality stubbornly remains a defining characteristic of the structure of our economies and the opportunities for our citizens. This is especially true in many corners of the developing world, where women trail men in health and educational outcomes, access to jobs and assets, and their ability to voice their opinions and exercise agency over their lives. Urban transit systems that are mapped against job locations for women, designed to provide security, and operated to remove uncertainty of arrival times, are essential to balancing labor opportunities for female workers. In the various infrastructure sectors, the authors are pleased to report that best-practice examples have been mounting. Yet, for infrastructure-development professionals, particularly those focused on crowding in private financing and operations and preparing public-private partnerships (PPPs), knowing where to start integrating gender equality concerns into our work can be daunting. However daunting, the incorporation of gender considerations is uniquely important for PPPs, where private-service providers become the main interface with consumers. This report consolidates and draws from a wide spectrum of examples that cut across sectors to demonstrate how infrastructure, its development, and the policies and regulations governing its construction and operation, can play a role in closing gaps between women and men. It pinpoints approaches for ensuring that projects not only do no harm, but also serve as vehicles for empowerment, providing practical guidance that can be systematically integrated into PPP projects and frameworks. The primer points out that best practices at the intersection of gender equality and infrastructure PPPs are still evolving
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Regional integration and international connectivity via economic corridors play an essential role in reducing the isolation of West Africa's landlocked countries such as Burkina Faso. Burkina Faso's main international corridors are the Ouagadougou-Lome road corridor connecting it to Togo, the Ouagadougou-Tema (Ghana) road corridor, and the Ouagadougou-Niamey (Niger) road corridor, as well as the Ouagadougou-Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire) road and rail corridors. Each of the corridors plays a unique role in regional integration, national trade, and sub-national rural and urban development, by providing connectivity to consumption centers, economic production zones, and/or economically lagging areas. The national perspective suggests that the Ouagadougou-Lome corridor is very important for Burkina Faso's imports, serving as the artery for about 40 percent of all cargo entering the country, while the Ouagadougou-Abidjan road and rail corridors play an equally crucial role in allowing Burkina Faso's exports to reach global markets. The region's trunk road infrastructure is in fair-to-good condition on most sections, although large gaps remain on corridors such as the eastern link between Lome and Niamey. This study develops several scenarios of corridor interventions that address the inefficiencies to quantify the expected impacts in terms of real income growth and domestic market accessibility
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to present a snapshot of the welfare landscape in Djibouti that will help stakeholders understand poverty's determinants. Exploiting data from the 2017 household expenditure survey, as well as administrative and geospatial data, it provides a detailed analysis of poverty in the country, its strong link to labor market outcomes, and the differential access to opportunities between urban and rural areas. Djibouti has recently experienced a period of unprecedented economic development, allowing it to grow its economy by an average of 7 percent per year between 2013 and 2016. This report shows that over a fifth of the Djiboutian population continues to live in extreme poverty and that the country has high levels of inequality, ranking 71 out of 95 countries with information on Gini available circa 2015. The report also focuses on the nexus of (monetary) poverty and the labor market. With a dual labor market, divided between the public sector and informality, a large share of the population-especially those who are vulnerable-continue to face high risks, as they have neither the skills nor opportunities to lift themselves out of poverty. Djibouti needs to double its efforts in pursuing an inclusive growth strategy. This strategy will need to be sustained by a strong labor market that allows individuals to capitalize on recent investments in education and closes the gaps in human capital across all groups of the population
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Malawi's economic growth has historically been undermined by exogenous, climate-induced shocks, as well as economic policies and management that have often exacerbated the impact of shocks. Yet since 2017, Malawi has been enjoying a period of economic stability, with double-digit inflation tamed, and a stable exchange rate for the first time since 2011. This is the first module of a programmatic Public Expenditure Review
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Each of the chapters presented in this report is based on a series of 15 thematic reports. They provided the basis for the joint identification of key priority reforms by the World Bank and China that were bought together and published in an accompanying Synthesis Report. Topics included: (1) overview of water governance in China; (2) evaluation of China's water security status and issues; (3) advancing water quality markets in China; (4) macro-economic impacts of water scarcity and redlines in China; (5) re-examining the Three Red Lines Policy; (6) water rights verifications and transactions; (7) best practices in cost-benefit analysis for water investments; (8) water prices, taxes, and fees; (9) flood risk management and protection; (10) ecology compensation and governance; (11) legal reform for water governance; (12) China's water management administrative system and its reform; (13) technical innovation and development of an information platform in China; (14) Public Private Partnerships and water governance in China; (15) summary and overall design of China's water governance system. These discussions emphasized key issues for water governance in China, including the need for a stronger legislative foundation for water governance; enhanced basin-scale governance institutions; harmonization of existing policy tools, such as water permits and water rights; better information and data-sharing; and the need to promote ecosystem resilience. Based on these consultations and discussions, a final set of 15 key recommendations have been put forward. These recommendations form the core of the accompanying Synthesis Report. Each priority area is the subject of a separate chapter focusing on the rationale for each of the policy recommendations, drawing on research completed by each study team
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Uzbekistan has the second-most-energy-intensive economy in Europe and Central Asia as measured according to energy intensity per unit of gross domestic product. This study assesses the sex-disaggregated effect of access to energy across the country. The analysis focuses on three main factors: the challenges that female-headed households (FHHs) face in accessing reliable electricity and heating services; whether FHHs struggle more than male-headed households (MHHs) to pay for utilities; and how often FHHs use coping mechanisms such as reducing food, health care, and other purchases to meet basic needs. The analysis suggests that FHHs have similar access to energy as MHHs but find it harder to pay for utilities and basic needs. FHHs are more likely than MHHs to reduce their food consumption and borrow money to pay for basic needs. Poor FHHs with employed household members are more likely to reduce their food consumption than MHHs with no employed household members
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This evaluation was conducted by a World Bank (WB) cross-sectoral team and was undertaken jointly with GoA's Ministry of Treasury (MoT) and the Federal Council of Fiscal Responsibility (FCFR) to promote full ownership by the government through an iterative consultation and validation process, both at technical and political levels. The assessment was performed in coordination with relevant development partners the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the IMF. The French Development Agency (AFD) office in Argentina was informed of the evaluation. The assessment findings show that the performance of the PFM systems at the national level are reasonably aligned with international standards and good practices
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: This Report presents the findings of an analysis of selected organizational issues affecting commercial justice performance in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). It is the main deliverable under Component 1 of the BiH Commercial Justice Technical Assistance Project financed by the UK Good Governance and Investment Climate Reform Trust Fund. The Project aims to support justice institutions in implementing reforms that improve efficiency and access to commercial justice in BiH. The Report's primary focus is workload distribution among commercial courts and departments, and the effect of any imbalances within it on their performance. Other issues covered include: BiH's caselaw database; its judicial performance evaluation system; production quotas and other incentive systems; its backlog reduction program; and court organization and management. The mixed methodology used to address these topics combined analysis of case flow statistics provided by the BiH High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council (HJPC) with interviews, document review, observation, and comparative experiences
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Abstract: This Analytical Framework is a product of a World Bank initiative on Securing Forest Tenure Rights for Rural Development, which seeks to enhance the World Bank's capacity and effectiveness when dealing with land rights issues in forest areas. The initiative is core to 'Participation and Rights,' one of the three cross-cutting themes of the Bank's Forest Action Plan 2016-2020 (World Bank Group 2016). The overall objective of the initiative is to provide information and guidance, to client countries, indigenous peoples and local communities, World Bank managers and staff, and other donors, to strengthen forest tenure security in forest landscapes as a foundation for rural development. This framework consolidates a wide range of experience and evidence on both the relevance of community forest tenure security to rural development goals and the key elements that need to be in place for community forest tenure to be effectively secured. The Key elements encompass those that are important for achieving development goals and those that support the overall functioning of the tenure security system. The primary purpose of having distilled these elements is to provide a basis for the development of practical tools to understand and assess community forest tenure security in specific national contexts. By consolidating and presenting these elements together in a concise framework, this work can help establish a shared set of concepts and common language on community-based tenure security
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Dust storms are capable of transporting sediment over thousands of kilometers, but due to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region's proximity to the Sahara Desert, the region is one of the dustiest in the world. While natural sources such as the Sahara are the main contributors to dust storms in MENA, land-use changes and human-induced climate change has added anthropogenic sources as well. Like sources, drivers of sand and dust storms are also natural and anthropogenic, as both wind speed and land management can cause them. Dust deposition has wide-ranging health impacts, such as causing and aggravating asthma, bronchitis, respiratory diseases, and infections and lung cancer. Apart from devastating health impacts, dust also impacts the environment, agriculture, transport, and infrastructure. Globally, welfare losses from dust are approximately 3.6 trillion USD, where costs are about 150 billion USD and over 2.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on average in MENA. Besides investing in early warning systems, governments all over the world are designing policies to mitigate the impact of sand and dust storms, both at national and regional levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) launched a sand and dust storm warning system that aims to deliver reliable dust storm forecasts through a network of research organizations all over the world. It aims to improve the ability of countries to deliver quick and high-quality sand and dust storm forecasts and knowledge to users through an international partnership of research and operational organizations
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Many cities in Kosovo suffer from poor air quality, with ambient concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) significantly exceeding the national and European Union (EU) standards and global air quality guidelines for PM2.5 established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The air pollution in the capital city of Prishtina rivals that of big cities like Beijing, Mumbai, and New Delhi. Especially in winter, urban areas face severe smog episodes, caused by the increased demand for heat from the residential and commercial sector, which is mainly provided by burning solid fuels. Such levels of air pollution are unsafe for Kosovo's population of 1.9 million and cause significant deleterious health impacts. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management (AQM) in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia. It examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in Kosovo. It provides estimates of the health burden and the economic cost associated with the health impacts of AAP, that is, PM2.5, in Kosovo. It also analyzes of the roles of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in Kosovo at a national level. The institutional and policy framework for AQM in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting Kosovo in addressing air pollution. Furthermore, the report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in Kosovo
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: China's economy is slowing, reflecting cyclical factors and longer-term structural trends. Notwithstanding the recent conclusion of the phase one agreement between China and the United States, short-term risks remain tilted to the downside amid a fragile global outlook and the lingering impact of trade tensions, especially on confidence. Adverse demographics, tepid productivity growth, and the legacies of excessive borrowing and environmental pollution will continue to weigh on growth over the medium term. If downside risks lead to a sharp reduction in growth, the authorities have policy space to act, but this needs to be done in a way that is consistent with reducing financial and corporate sector risks and achieving the desired rebalancing of the economy toward consumption and private investment. The key medium-term priorities are to deepen structural reforms to strengthen productivity growth and private investment, while accelerating rebalancing toward consumption, services, and green growth. This would require addressing market distortions and mainstreaming environmental sustainability into China's medium-term development strategy. Implementation of these priorities would boost China's long-term growth prospects; it would also help move toward a more comprehensive and lasting resolution of remaining deep-seated disagreements on global trade and investment, and public goods agenda
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Despite higher levels of poverty and extreme poverty in rural areas, access to basic services outside the capital is limited in Guinea-Bissau. The state's weak presence beyond Bissau has meant that donors, working in partnership with local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have become an alternative service provider, leaving the country heavily dependent on development partners. Only 1 percent of its investment program is financed by domestic finances and there is little coordination of donors, leading to gaps and duplication. Despite decentralization efforts, local governments lack the capacity to provide basic services. Therefore, in the short term, the focus should be on creating a development partnership framework (DPF) to establish a system for planning, monitoring, and evaluating development efforts. This framework should be set up in an incremental fashion, starting with (i) establishing a transitory DPF while the government puts in place the enabling actions needed; (ii) establishing an Aid Coordination Unit within the office of the Prime Minister to support the overall implementation of the DPF; (iii) creating an Aid Management Information System to act as a single repository for all aid information; and (iv) institutional development and capacity building to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of development programs and ensure a transparent and accountable planning and budget process
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: 2019 was a year of political transition and conditions are in place for continuing stability in the country. Economic and financial crises in 2008 and 2014-16 have shown Kazakhstan's vulnerability to external shocks and altered its very strong growth path. This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) comes at a time when Kazakhstan faces growing challenges. Institutional and governance reforms have been identified by the Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) as the main constraint to achieving Kazakhstan's development goals. This CPF incorporates shifts in the World Bank Group (WBG) program that are intended to directly support Kazakhstan's development objectives and assist it in IBRD graduation
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: This handbook intends to be a resource for those interested in trade policy reform, in Pakistan and elsewhere. It arose from the Pakistan trade and investment policy program (PTIPP). The PTIPP was designed to work on trade, competitiveness, and gender in Pakistan. This handbook focuses on two pillars of the PTIPP: trade policy and trade facilitation. The objective of the trade policy pillar was to develop a comprehensive medium-term regional trade strategy underpinned by high-quality analysis, in line with international good practice. The objective of the trade facilitation pillar was to reduce the time, cost, and documentation required to process exports and imports through key border posts, leading to a substantial increase in the volume of goods traded. To achieve these objectives, the PTIPP engaged with policy-making institutions, the private sector, including female entrepreneurs, and government to promote international trade, investment, gender equality, and regional integration. The authors focused on producing a document that not only lists results and recommendations but also guides the reader through how the analysis was conducted and how the recommendations were reached. This handbook also provides a set of guidelines for analyzing competitiveness in any country and shows how the lessons learned in Pakistan can apply to other economies. It will therefore be useful for teams conducting competitiveness analyses in other countries and regions
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy continues to show resilience despite the global slowdown and domestic uncertainties. Its economy is estimated to have grown at 6.3 percent in 2018/191, marginally higher than 6.2 percent in 2017/18, supported by better performance in the manufacturing and services sectors. Macroeconomic volatility has increased since the June 2019 Myanmar Economic Monitor, with inflation reaching double digits in July 2019. Economic growth is expected to reach 6.4 percent in 2019/20, helped by growing investment in the transport and telecommunication sectors and government's planned infrastructure spending before the 2020 elections. Risks to the economic outlook are tilted to the downside due to slowing global and regional growth, and continued uncertainty about investor perceptions triggered by the Rakhine crisis and the pace of reforms prior to the 2020 general elections, although the pace has thus far been strong
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: South Africa remains a high-burden country for tuberculosis (TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) with an underlying generalised HIV epidemic. TB funding must therefore be allocated to interventions which provide high impact to prevent TB transmission, identify TB cases and treat them successfully. This report presents the findings from a pilot application of the Optima TB model in Gauteng Province, where many challenges remain to sustainably reduce TB. The modelling analysis focused on relevant intervention scenarios and optimal resource allocation to achieve the 2022 TB targets, using the mathematical optimisation feature of the tool. Findings suggest that further reductions in TB prevalence and deaths are possible through improved allocative efficiency. Several scenarios highlight opportunities especially in HIV negative populations by improving the TB care cascade with higher diagnosis rates, enhanced linkage to treatment and better MDR treatment outcomes using shorter drug regimens. The same budget allocated differently could, by 2022, reduce active TB infections by up to 40 and reduce TB deaths by up to 30 perent among HIV positive and HIV negative populations. The study provided valuable input into the refinement of the Optima TB model, especially for the HIV/TB co-epidemic setting. The model outputs support Gauteng's focus on improving the care cascade and innovating MDR-TB treatment
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Universal adoption and effective application of digital technologies are expected to characterize economies of the future, shaping their ability to succeed in the global marketplace and offer a better quality of life for their citizens. Disruptive technologies are already altering traditional business models and pathways to development, yielding significant gains, increased convenience, as well as supporting better access to services for consumers. In 2016, the digital economy was worth an estimated 11.5 trillion dollars worldwide, equivalent to 15.5 percent of global GDP. It is forecast to reach 25 percent in less than a decade, far outpacing the growth of the 'traditional' economy (Huawei and Oxford Economics 2016). Mobile money is driving financial inclusion, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the number of accounts doubling to 21 percent between 2014-17. African e-commerce is also rapidly growing, at an estimated annual rate of 40 percent. Over the past five years, there has been a tenfold increase across the region in the supply of new intermediaries such as incubators, accelerators, and technology hubs, amongst others, numbering more than 400 across Africa today. The digital economy in Africa is expected to grow to over 300 billion dollars by 2025 (McKinsey 2013). Ghana has made substantial progress on financial inclusion, due in large part to growth in DFS. According to the World Bank's Global Findex, the share of Ghanaian adults (over 15 years of age) with a formal financial account increased by 42 percent between 2014 and 2015. As a result, nearly 6 in 10 adults had formal access in 2017. With mobile account ownership increasing by nearly 200 percent between 2014 and 2017, mobile money has become the preferred payment alternative to cash when measured in terms of transaction volumes. In May 2018, the Bank of Ghana mandated that all mobile money providers connect to GHLink, with full interoperability between mobile money providers and banks introduced in December 2018
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The cost of desalination has been plummeting over the years. As a result, desalination has become a viable option for certain strategic uses. Today, over 20,000 desalination plants in more than 150 countries supply about 300 million people with freshwater every day. Initially a niche product for energy rich and water scarce cities, particularly in the Middle East, the continued decrease in cost and environmental viability of desalination has the potential to significantly expand its use - particularly for rapidly growing water scarce coastal cities. Desalination can be seen as one option in a portfolio water supply sources, including traditional surface water and groundwater sources as well as wastewater reuse, to meet growing water demand gap. Although still relatively expensive, desalination offers the potential to enhance system reliability. As renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar expand, and as advances in concentrate management techniques make discharges from desalination plants much cheaper and safer, the prospect of producing freshwater from the sea without increasing greenhouse gases and without significant damages to the local environment become more promising
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: Gender-based violence, or GBV, is one of the most oppressive forms of gender inequality, posing a fundamental barrier to the equal participation of women and men in social, economic, and political spheres. GBV includes intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual assault, female genital mutilation, sexual exploitation and abuse, child abuse, female infanticide, and child marriage. Such violence impedes gender equality and the achievement of a range of development outcomes. In Nigeria, like in other jurisdictions, GBV remains a challenge that significantly constrains women's autonomy and opportunities. Conflict in Nigeria's North East geopolitical zone has further contributed to a steep rise in violence targeted against women and children by Boko Haram. This report uses the social ecological model as the basis to analyze prevalent GBV risks in Nigeria. It first describes the legislative and policy level frameworks associated with violence against women and girls as well as their implementation at the national and subnational levels. It then provides a detailed analysis of specific social norms that have created acceptance for or at least a lack of condemnation of GBV at the community level. Finally, based on field research, it delves deeper into some of the interpersonal and individual drivers of various forms of GBV in the selected communities
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The Philippines has made remarkable progress in the last decades in improving its health outcomes. However, performance is still poor compared regionally and with similar economies. This report was developed with the aim of informing health policy during the political transition from the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) to the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). This transition began with the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) in January 2019. This report provides an overview of the current capacities and challenges facing the public primary health care system as the BARMM government enters into its new role. By providing a detailed look at the availability of inputs needed to deliver priority services, it highlights current strengths, and also indicates areas that need to be strengthened if the national and subnational health goals are to be realized. Historically, health outcomes have been far worse in BARMM than elsewhere in the country. While health outcomes are complex and multi-dimensional, weaknesses in health governance have exacerbated the geographic and socio-cultural challenges associated with health care delivery. While the authors recognize that the transition is likely to introduce some challenges, it is hoped that the findings documented in this report can guide health policy, including investments towards high-impact priorities and in this way, help lay the foundation for better health care, and better health for the people of BARMM
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The country brief provides and overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation in Ecuador. Ecuador has a strong tobacco control policy. A comprehensive tobacco control law was adopted and implemented. In 2017, Ecuador was awarded the World No Tobacco Day Prize of the World Health Organization (WHO) for its tobacco control efforts and implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Such policy was very beneficial to public health: according to the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), the prevalence of daily smoking among people aged 15 years and older was 9.5 percent in 1998, and in 2014 it reached 2.8 percent. Estimated annual cigarette consumption in Ecuador declined from about three billion cigarettes in 2007-2010 to about one billion cigarettes in 2017. The pricing policy of the tobacco industry also contributed to the reduction in cigarette affordability and cigarette sales in Ecuador. However, due to such pricing policy, the tobacco industry apparently increased its profits despite the sharp decline in cigarette sales in the country. These recommendations could bring both public health and fiscal benefits to Ecuador : specific excise rate for cigarettes should be annually increased by at least 20 percent to ensure the reduction in tobacco affordability and the increase in the excise revenues, tobacco use surveillance and monitoring should be further developed in Ecuador, including a regular collection of information on smoking prevalence, tobacco consumption, licit and illicit cigarette sales, prices, and other economic indicators, and effective policies to counteract tobacco smuggling and other kinds of illicit tobacco sales should be implemented in line with the provisions of the FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Serbia has rather high prevalence of smoking. According to the National Health Surveys, the prevalence of daily smoking among men in 2013 was 33 percent which was lower than in 2000 (41 percent), while among women it was almost as high as in 2000 (26 percent). Cigarette smoking among adolescents aged 13-15 years old decreased in 2013-2017; however, the use of electronic cigarettes and waterpipe is growing among young people. to overcome the tobacco epidemic, Serbia became a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control on May 9, 2006, and implemented some tobacco control policies. Tobacco taxation policy in Serbia in 2009-2013 was very successful from a public health perspective as it reduced tobacco consumption, in line with the FCTC obligations. Estimated tobacco consumption in the country declined by 33 percent in four years. The outflow of cigarettes taxed in Serbia to other countries also declined, while the volume of cigarettes, which were smoked but not taxed in Serbia, did not change much after the tax increases. This taxation policy also increased the tobacco excise revenue from 39 billion RSD in 2008 to 84 billion RSD in 2013 (by 44 percent in real terms). However, the tobacco industry managed to modify the impact of the tobacco taxes. In 2012-early 2014, it vastly increased its (net-of-tax) part of cigarette price, and this reinforced the taxation impact on tobacco sales as the final retail price increased more than expected. As the growth of the industry profit margins was disproportionately soaring, the industry increased its profits despite the decline of tobacco sales. The main factor behind the cigarette sales reduction in 2012-2014 was the industry pricing tactics, while the excise rate increases were rather moderate. The combined effect of government taxes and industry prices substantially reduced cigarette affordability, and the resulting sales decline exceeded the excise burden growth; so, the government excise revenue decreased. In late 2014, the tobacco industry decreased prices for some brands, and it also contributed to the excise revenue decline in 2014, as ad valorem part of cigarette excise was rather high in Serbia
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: This report seeks to support the larger jobs study by examining how investment in South Sudan's food sector can not only address food security needs, it can generate income and lay the foundation for livelihood and job creation in the country. It argues that applying a value chain lens to investments in the sector can contribute to creating direct, indirect, and induced labor in the food system. The goal is to move the country from a dependency on humanitarian aid to building recovery and resilience in the short term in a way that can produce stable jobs over the medium to long term. More specifically, it looks at the potential technology and organizational arrangements that investment programs can start supporting now to stimulate value chain development for increased economic activity and job creation. The assumption is that significant donor support will still be necessary for the short to medium term to support investments in reconstruction and food security. As security spreads, public sector capacity to support development can grow, private actors can establish or expand their operations, and the donor community can begin to disengage, addressing only the neediest communities while development organizations continue to work with the public and private sector actors to support development and economic transformation
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Confronted with pervasive macroeconomic imbalances and microeconomic distortions, the Government of Egypt (GOE) started in 2016 to move forward with important reforms to stabilize the economy and restore confidence. At that time, Egypt was facing daunting economic and structural challenges, unsustainable fiscal and external imbalance and a deterring business environment. The severe foreign currency crunch that peaked in late 2016 motivated the GOE to introduce transformative economic reforms to alleviate the longstanding structural constraints to inclusive growth and macroeconomic stability. The flagship reforms of the economic program were (i) the liberalization of the exchange rate to eliminate the large currency overvaluation and foreign exchange shortages; (ii) a fiscal consolidation program that introduced a ale-added tax (VAT) and a gradual reduction in energy subsidies and the wage bill, and (iii) major energy sector terms to address power outages by public and private investment in generation and establish Egypt's potential as an oil and gas producer by reducing pricing distortions and arrears. These reforms were complemented by efforts to improve the business climate and attract private investment, starting with legislative reforms and the introduction of new laws on industrial licensing, investment, and insolvency. Macroeconomic indicators have reacted positively to the stabilization reforms. Most notable, economic growth has accelerated, the parallel market for foreign currency exchange has been contained, external deficits have narrowed, and international reserves have replenished. Public finances are progressing on a more sustainable path, with a frim containment of spending on price subsidies and a narrowing fiscal deficit. The improvement in macroeconomic conditions have also reflected positively on investors; perceptions, with credit rating agencies upgrading their ratings and outlook for Egypt
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The twelfth Zambia economic brief with a focus on how Zambia can harness its renewable resources to promote sustainable growth. This brief is part of a series of short economic updates produced twice a year by the World Bank
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Although Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, it has a relatively low number of natural hazards. However, its exposure to natural hazards has increased relative to other countries because of insufficient preventive actions in the past, resulting in more damage from natural hazards to both infrastructure and human lives than countries of comparable size would incur. Brazil faces an increasing risk of natural disasters, in particular floods and landslides. The objective of the study is to strengthen capacity of geohazard disaster resilience of federal highway infrastructure in Brazil through reviewing disaster risk management (DRM) capacity for federal road infrastructure and case studies of applying innovative methodologies for assessing disaster risk and evaluating economic benefits of resilience countermeasures. Although floods and landslides are the most recurrent natural disasters in Brazil, this report focuses on the latter, leaving floods for future studies. This report carefully describes how three innovative methodologies that, if properly applied, could improve the effectiveness of landslide risk management, thus reducing economic and human impacts. The report begins with diagnostics of the institutional capacities of geohazard risk management at the federal government level in Brazil. Chapters 1 and 2 include the backgrounds of natural disasters, road systems, and geohazards on roads in Brazil and a review of the road geohazard risk management with overviews of the following areas: institutional capacity and coordination, system planning, engineering designs, operation and maintenance, nonstructural measures, and contingency programming. Then, Chapters 3 and 4 describe the case study of application of the three innovative DRM assessment methodologies. Finally, Chapter 5 shows the suggestions and recommendations for the next steps
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: There is clear evidence on the need for cities to rapidly scale-up their investments in climate change mitigation programs and build strong foundations for climate-resilient communities. Investing in low carbon infrastructure and climate resilience can generate competitive returns and is crucial for preventing a reversal of the development gains made in low-income countries up until now. Overcoming the barriers in financing climate-smart infrastructure in cities means adjusting their currently unattractive and inadequate risk-return investment profile. Our analysis explains that well-targeted concessional funding can derisk the financing structure of a project and turn a typical non-bankable project to financial viable one. Additionally, it makes the case for results-based blended finance approaches that strengthen the accountability in project development by linking financing to the achievement of measurable, pre-agreed results. Addressing the lack of creditworthiness, the limited accountability and capacity in institutions and service delivery practices should be at the center of urban investment strategies. The report highlights the need for technical assistance and capacity building programs that will support cities bring order to their financing and accounting practices, support shadow credit ratings and help them become creditworthy. It is estimated that only 20 percent of the 500 largest cities in developing countries are considered creditworthy. Cities and development partners face a common challenge: Making the most effective use of available public finance instruments and disburse scarce public (concessional) funds in a way that maximally leverages private sector co-investments
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The Kenyan government remains committed to a planned fiscal consolidation pathway, which should help contain public debt stock at a sustainable level. Nonetheless, there are significant challenges stemming from a slowdown in revenue collection, a growing demand for transfers to county governments, and the need to fund the big four agenda. These issues raise the probability for fiscal slippages, requiring adequate mitigation to safeguard macroeconomic stability. This report provides an overview of the challenges in revenue mobilization, the size and composition of the national government expenditures, and the efficiency of this spending over the last five years. The analysis identifies options for supporting ongoing fiscal consolidation and creating fiscal space for the big four and broad public services delivery. There are three key messages: first, Kenya's tax revenue as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) has decreased and decoupled from the growth in the economy, suggesting some important constraints to enhancing revenue collection. Second, government spending is allocated well (to infrastructure and human capital) but there is scope to improve outcomes from the use of these resources. Third, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness of public spending is critical given tight fiscal space and the expenditure needs under the big four
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: Slavonia's economy is now amongst the poorest in the European Union (EU) and has been growing more slowly than comparable regions. Some Polish and Romanian counties were less advanced until 2013 but have now overtaken Slavonia. Achieving a turnaround is difficult: only 9 percent of lagging regions in the EU have managed to graduate. Part of the answer lies in smart use of EU funds, as demonstrated by Pomorskie region in Poland. Top priority actions to seize these opportunities can be taken by ministers, county prefects, and regional coordinators. Each opportunity is constrained by several issues: a lack of collaboration within Slavonia; a need for national reforms; and alignment of ministries around shared priorities. The decisions to unlock these constraints are outlined in the report
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: With the adoption of federalism through the 2015 Constitution, seven newly created provincial and 753 local governments are now placed at the frontline, tasked to manage substantial amount of public resources and deliver critical services to citizens. As result, Nepal is now in the middle of the transition to federalism, and it is understandable that the process will be a drawn-out one, which could take decades. This policy note has been prepared based on the findings, analyses and recommendations of the Federalism Capacity Needs Assessment (FCNA) study. The FCNA was conducted by the Georgia State University in 2018-2019 for the government of Nepal (GoN) with the joint support of the World Bank and UNDP. It has identified the gaps between the needs and the capacity in different levels of government. This note provides a synthesis of the FCNA findings as well as its forward-looking recommendations in terms of actions the government could take in the immediate, medium and long-terms towards a full realization of the benefits of federalism implementation in Nepal
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Cocoa is essential to Cote d'Ivoire. This sector mobilizes close to one million producers who provide income to five million persons (one-fifth of the country's population) in order to meet 40 percent of global supply. Cocoa is also the country's leading foreign exchange earner and is among the sectors making the biggest contribution to government revenue. In short, cocoa plays a central role in Ivorian society and in the lives of many families. However, despite its importance to the Ivorian economy and society, the cocoa sector is not fully playing its role as the engine of economic development. Some even go so far as to cite the curse of 'brown gold,' for at least three reasons. First, more than half of producers live below the poverty line-on less than CFAF 757 (roughly 1.2 US Dollar) a day. Second, the price paid for the expansion of cultivated areas in recent decades has been the destruction of virtually all the country's forests. Third, Cote d'Ivoire has not yet managed to increase its share (between 5 and 7 percent) of the profit made along the cocoa-chocolate global chain. Given this situation, it is not surprising that cocoa is at the center of a host of economic policy discussions in Cote d'Ivoire and that the Government has sped up its deliberations aimed at improving the performance of the sector, in particular through the Abidjan Declaration signed jointly in 2018 by the Presidents of Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, which seeks to harmonize their policies and thus maximize their profit (these two countries account for approximately 65 percent of global production). After analyzing the most recent trends in the Ivorian economy, this ninth economic update for Cote d'Ivoire therefore focuses on how the cocoa sector could support the structural transformation of the country and, in so doing, promote greater economic and social inclusion
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Somalia is on the path to political and security stabilization after more than two decades of civil war and conflict. Opportunities to ensure a development trajectory face many challenges since the country remains a fragile state subject to multiple shocks. Widespread poverty and food insecurity is a recurring developmental issue. Displacement is a key feature of modern Somali history linked to multiple drivers, including recurrent exposure to internal conflict and environmental hazards. Somalia is urbanizing rapidly due to large-scale forced displacement and economic migration that have driven large numbers of Somalis toward the urban areas. Remittances are central to the Somali economy and provide a lifeline to some segments of the population but not the most vulnerable. The World Bank implemented the second wave of the Somali high frequency survey (SHFS) in 2017-2018. This report is based on the most recent and first extensive household survey, wave 2 of the SHFS. The report is organized into six chapters. The first chapter presents an updated profile of monetary and nonmonetary dimensions of poverty for the Somali population, including the nomadic population. The second chapter explores in more detail spatial variation, with a focus on urbanization. The third chapter examines the impact of the 2016-2017 drought on livelihoods to identify the populations at risk and the factors that protected households against its negative effects. The fourth chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the internally displaced populations to identify displacement-related needs and to inform durable solutions. As a reaction to the analysis of poverty and vulnerabilities, the fifth chapter focuses on social protection as a means of promoting equity and building resilience against the effect of shocks on livelihoods. Similarly, the sixth chapter examines remittances and their role for livelihoods and resilience
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Hypertension is a major driver of pre-mature death and disability in Tajikistan, a low-income country in Central Asia. The high burden of disease also results in significant health care expenditure and lost labour productivity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to strengthen service delivery systems through early detection of high blood pressure, prompt diagnosis, sustained treatment maintenance, and the attainment of blood pressure control. The Ministry of Health and Social Protection and the World Bank undertook implementation research to identify effective and context-appropriate solutions for improving hypertension services. The assessment used the cascade framework to describe drop-offs along the continuum of care, collected patient and health care provider perspectives on the causes of discontinuities, used routine data from participating facilities in a Bank-supported operation, and drew on the international literature on chronic care interventions. The report presents feasible and cost-effective recommendations that, if adopted, can strengthen current programs and policies to address the growing burden of hypertension in Tajikistan
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The report has three main chapters. Chapter two examines the financing situation of the Kenyan higher education system, presents the results of a scenario-building exercise to explore the financial impact of various expansion paths, and proposes a strategy to achieve financial sustainability. Chapter three focuses on the quality and relevance of existing institutions and programs. It starts with an assessment of the present state of Kenyan higher education institutions. It continues with a review of options to strengthen the QA system at the national and institutional levels. Finally, it proposes a road map for developing a well-functioning Labor Market Observatory. Chapter four is a technical note focusing on international developments in the use of technology to increase access and improve quality in higher education. It makes concrete recommendations on how the Kenyan government and university leaders could harness technology in innovative ways
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Ethiopia has made impressive strides along its developmental path. Job creation is now the critical development challenge, raising the importance of the private sector agenda. After more than a decade of sustained public sector-led growth, the government is revising its growth strategy to allow for a much greater role for the private sector in driving growth and job creation. Broadening the base for job creation beyond light manufacturing toward a wider range of high productivity agricultural and services activities will help to overcome the uneven spatial distribution of manufacturing jobs across the country. Ethiopia has a number of advantages that it can leverage to attract the investment needed for job creation. These include rapidly improving transport and energy infrastructure, low labor costs, a large and growing domestic market, cheap power, an ideal climate, and preferential market access to the European Union, the United States, and other major markets. The purpose of the Ethiopia country private sector diagnostic (CPSD) is to support the transition to a private sector- driven growth model that advances the country's development objectives and, in particular, delivers the necessary jobs. It identifies investment opportunities that can materialize in the short term, and the reforms that are needed to enable these opportunities to emerge. It also discusses how specific actions by the public sector, in collaboration with the private sector, in filling gaps in public investment, reforming business regulations and trade policy, addressing market failures, and enhancing the efficiency of key backbone services and sectors, while tackling gender inequalities, can fully unleash the potential of private sector investment
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: Morocco has steered significant resources towards large investments in economic sectors identified as strategic to growth, and for increased productivity and value addition. Despite Morocco's strikingly high investment rate, one of the highest in the world at an average of thirty-four percent of gross domestic product (GDP) annually since the mid-2000s, the returns in economic growth, job creation and productivity, have been disappointing. The Moroccan economy has performed particularly poorly in terms of job creation. A more vibrant private sector is needed to create more jobs. This CPSD identifies policy recommendations and investment opportunities that would foster job creation by the formal private sector and improve labor supply in skills that would anchor Morocco as an emerging economy, to continue its path of growth, and to move into higher value-added and innovative sectors
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Many emerging economies have skills shortages but fail to effectively deploy students andjob seekers towards filling those shortages. In emerging economies, new technologies,digitization, automation, and other trends like Industry 4.0 result in a constantly changing demandfor sophisticated skills. In this environment, there are often students and job seekers who couldpotentially fill skills gaps but face significant challenges in identifying job opportunities andthe skills needed to obtain them. The schools, training centers, and public service providers thatare responsible for preparing the workforce to fill skills gaps often face similar challenges in terms of deploying attention and resources towards filling those gaps. In Malaysia, the Critical Skills Monitoring Committee (CSC) is charged with producing a Critical Occupations List to serve as a platform for coordinating human capital development policies. The CSC is a specialized interagency body that was established as part of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan to monitor skills imbalances in Malaysia. To do so, the CSC created an annual Critical Occupations List (COL) of occupations that are middle- or highskilled, sought-after, and strategic. The COL has evolved during the last several years to become a best-practice tool for monitoring skills. The COL is updated regularly and improved continually, is based on rigorous evidence, and is widely circulated. The production of the list is undertaken by the CSC and incorporates a wide range of input from both the public and private sector
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Foreign Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Capital Flows Study
    Abstract: The internationalization of the Ecuadorian economy is necessary if the country is to successfully adopt a development model led by the private-sector. The Ecuadorian government is seeking to accelerate growth and sustain social progress by giving greater prominence to the private sector; it does at a time when external conditions are less favorable than at any time in the last decade. This report has three main objectives; to provide a systematic benchmark of Ecuador's connection to the global economy, to identify key bottlenecks, and to make recommendations for enhancing the competitiveness of the private sector. The assessment is broken down into two sections. First, there is a section about international competitiveness outcomes, which assess Ecuador's performance and identifies the challenges associated with connecting to international markets. The analysis looks at outcomes throughout the four competitiveness channels; that is, exports, imports, foreign direct investment (FDI), and global value chains (GVCs). The report's second main section contains a competitiveness diagnostic about the key drivers behind the previously identified challenges and provides actionable policy recommendations to overcome them. The determinants are grouped in four mutually exclusive groups: (i) the macro and fiscal framework; (ii) the institutional and regulatory framework governing trade and investment; (iii) supply-side factors; and (iv) demand-side factors
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: Cote d'Ivoire has a moderate risk of external debt distress, with limited space to absorb shocks. All liquidity and solvency external debt indicators lie below their thresholds under the baseline scenario. However, the ratios of external debt service to revenue and exports are projected to rise, diminishing room to maneuver, and an export shock would cause breaches of their relevant thresholds under the worst-case stress scenarios. This underscores the substantial downside risks originating from external shocks and the need to boost domestic revenue mobilization. The overall risk of public debt distress is also moderate, with public debt to GDP ratio expected to decrease gradually. A sustained compliance with the WAEMU fiscal deficit convergence criterion and a prudent external borrowing strategy balancing the costs and economic return of new loans will be crucial to preserve debt sustainability
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: Malawi currently faces an environmental cycle of decline and degradation. The challenges it faces are complex and interrelated, but there are two underlying drivers behind this decline. Population growth places huge demands on natural systems with more land being converted to agriculture and more forests being harvested for the wood fuel supply. Climate change magnifies these impacts by putting greater strain on land and forests due to increased incidents of natural disasters and extreme weather events. Proximate drivers of environmental degradation include weak land tenure security, unsustainable land management practices (driven in part by poorly designed and targeted agricultural subsidies), chronic shortages of public funding for environmental management, and weak institutions, particularly those at decentralized levels. The Malawi Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) compiles and reviews existing analyses on Malawi's environment and natural resources (ENR) and explores what this evidence means for poverty and economic development. The CEA also identifies 10 strategic recommendations to address the degradation of natural resources and the environment and to promote improved environmental management, investment, and expenditure practices
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the policies devoted to supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Czech Republic. It presents an original analysis of all national-level SME-related policy instruments, totaling 93 instruments operational from 2013 to 2017 and disbursing 108.5 billion CZK (4.71 billion USD), using an analytical framework that compares the SME policy mix to the country needs (see Annex 1 for framework and methodology). The analysis integrates three interrelated segments: 1) A country needs assessment to determine the national needs for SME policies. The needs assessment included a macro-level analysis of the Czech Republic's performance in productivity and trade; an analysis of national- and firm-level innovation performance; a firm-level analysis of productivity across firm sizes, sectors, and regions (leveraging original data from the Czech statistics office); and an analysis of market and institutional conditions that influence resource allocation and firm productivity. 2) A policy mix analysis to determine if the Czech Republic's SME policy mix matches the needs identified in the country needs assessment. The policy mix analysis included a review of relevant SME policy stakeholders, institutions, and governance; a review of national-level strategies; identification of the characteristics of SME policies instruments (administering agency, mechanism of support, beneficiaries, etc).; and a cluster analysis to evaluate the internal consistency of the policy mix and identify overlaps. 3) Recommended areas for policy action were developed using the needs assessment and policy mix analysis to improve the effectiveness of the policy mix and the business environment
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: After a weak performance in the first half of 2019, helped by monetary easing, faster public spending and some one-off effects, economic growth in Russia picked up in the third quarter at 1.7 percent, y/y. Consequently, our 2019 forecast has been revised upwards to 1.2 percent (from its previous reading of 1 percent). Globally, growth has weakened substantially in 2019, reflecting a broad-based slowdown in industrial activity and global trade. Slowing external demand and the OPEC agreement weighed on Russia's exports performance. Crude oil prices fell 14 percent in January-September 2019, y/y, reflecting a downturn in the world economy
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The Cubango-Okavango River Basin is one of the world's most unique, near pristine free-flowing rivers, and central to sustainable economic development within the arid landscapes of southern Africa. The complex flood pulse cycle provides important services for local communities while supporting a rich and unique biodiversity that makes it a wetland of international importance and World Heritage site. However, the commitments to peace and prosperity among the three countries-Angola, Botswana, and Namibia-and the broader efforts of the Southern African Development Community to facilitate greater regional integration provide prospects for increased and improved development. The Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis is part of a systematic strategy by the Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission, a body established in 1994 by Angola, Botswana, and Namibia, to promote coordinated and sustainable water resources management, while addressing the legitimate social and economic needs of the member states. The environmental integrity and long-term protection of the basin depends on addressing the underlying drivers of poverty. Accelerated environmental changes in the basin are largely driven by four factors-population dynamics, land use change, poverty, and climate change-leading to deterioration in water quality, changes in the flood pulse and diminishing biota. As a result, the risks associated with persistent poverty threaten the long-term sustainability of the basin
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: The insurance industry in Albania is relatively new. Prior to 1991, there were no insurance companies operating in the country. The insurance industry has been undergoing critical changes during the last decade. The life market in Albania is small, and still dominated by credit life insurance. Life insurance was introduced only in 1997 and made up about seven percent of gross written premiums. Risk based supervision was rolled out in 2016, starting with comprehensive on-site inspections in three non-life insurance companies using the risk-focused methodology. The RBS method led to a market database that helps evaluate the risk profile of each insurance company, as well as the risk level of the insurance market as a whole. The country's good economic development in the last two decades has contributed to the insurance market's development, but so have good policy choices informed by technical assistance projects and other interventions by the World Bank Group and the FIRST trust fund. Without aspiring to the impossible task of attributing causal relationships between these interventions and specific market developments, this report will nonetheless suggest what role these interventions may have played in developing Albania's insurance market, so as to guide the way forward in this country and future developmental strategies of other countries
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report presents the results of a diagnostic study on the targeting of social protection programs in Uzbekistan with a specific focus on low-income family allowances. The objective is to determine the extent to which current programs are reaching the poor and can reduce poverty, and consequently to identify ways to improve the current design features and implementation processes. The study is part of the collaboration between the Government of Uzbekistan and the World Bank in improving the effectiveness of social protection. Targeting is the overall process that enables the administration to inform potential beneficiaries through outreach activities, facilitate application procedures, and assess needs and eligibility to finally enroll beneficiaries. Therefore, targeting involves the delicate process of identifying and selecting beneficiaries. Key findings are that: 1) no common standards exist for outreach activities, and 2) there is a need to better define who belongs to the same household and for procedures to impute income, as well as to standardize the way living conditions are assessed and verified. Moreover, one of the main reasons for exclusion errors is the use of caps in budgeting and in the number of beneficiaries at the local level
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Papers
    Abstract: Due to their size and lack of scale, SMEs face many challenges to their growth, and governments on occasion choose to intervene to directly support firms. These interventions can be grouped into four broad areas - capabilities, markets, finance, and environment. This paper describes each type of intervention and the relevant needs and types of firms for each intervention
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Commodities Study
    Abstract: Agriculture continues to play a very important role in Myanmar's economy. For many years, understanding the dynamics and performance of Myanmar's agriculture has been difficult due to the absence of reliable, up-to-date data, at sectoral, sub-sectoral, or microeconomic level. During the past five years, significant changes have occurred in Myanmar's demographics, economy, and public spending and in its integration into world and regional markets for agro-food products. While Myanmar's agriculture has experienced some considerable diversification over the past decade, rice, and bean or pulses remain core elements of the sector. Rice remains an important crop and commodity for the economy and welfare of Myanmar. Myanmar's paddy production has realized modest gains, yet it continues to under-perform, relative to peers and to its potential. One positive development at the production level has been a significant increase in labor productivity. One potentially disturbing trend has been a significant increase in agro-chemicals use in paddy production. Elsewhere in the rice value chain, many functions are characterized by low levels of operational efficiency and/or inadequate quality management. Myanmar is the world's third largest producer of pulses, after India and Canada. Myanmar is also a major exporter of pulses globally and the largest in the ASEAN region. After several years of promising trade results, the pulses sub-sector experienced major problems in 2017 following India's imposition of import restrictions on back gram, chick peas and other commodities. While the trade restrictions have exposed the vulnerability of the pulses sector due to its heavy reliance on a single market for some products, there are additional challenges faced by the sector. Elsewhere in the pulses value chain, there has been limited investment or value addition
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Abstract: The report discusses the ...
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Providing universal coverage and barrier-free access to ID systems is one of the three pillars of the Principles on Identification for Sustainable Development and is vital to achieving Target 16.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to "provide legal identity for all" by 2030. Large-scale registration campaigns can help achieve this objective by making identification accessible to large segments of the population within a short timeframe and by often being able to reach individuals and population groups who, for various reasons, face difficulties in obtaining IDs in the absence of concerted outreach efforts. Without sufficient planning, coordination, and the adoption of appropriate policies and measures for inclusion and building trust in the system, however, registration drives may be unable to boost the coverage of the system to achieve a critical mass and can thus became a waste of (public) resources, while exacerbating exclusion. This note aims to help practitioners learn from past efforts, promote the adoption of good practices, and reduce the risk of failure
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