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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (218)
  • English  (212)
  • German  (6)
  • OECD  (218)
  • Internationale Energieagentur
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (218)
  • Trade
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (218)
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Language
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.267
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Government support to producers of rolling stock is raising concerns about possible market distortions and unfair competition. This report aims to quantify both the scale of government support and to identify the various ways in which governments have been supporting local rolling-stock producers at the expense of foreign competitors. Over the period 2016-20, governments provided about USD 5 billion to the sector, much of it in the form of government grants and income tax concessions. While not quantified, discriminatory practices in government procurement and competition enforcement, forced technology transfers, as well as non-market export credits may have also distorted global competition in the rail-supply industry. Similar to earlier OECD studies of government support in the aluminium and semiconductor value chains, this report helps shed light on the magnitude and ways in which governments subsidise the producers of materials and equipment they view as strategic, with a view to informing efforts to revisit global trade rules.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264525313 , 9789264592292 , 9789264995352
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Armenien ; Aserbaidschan ; Georgien ; Moldawien ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Trade ; Armenia ; Azerbaijan ; Georgia ; Moldova, Republic of ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine is causing a humanitarian, social and economic crisis for the Ukrainian people. The consequences of this full-scale military invasion are disrupting the global supply of commodities, sharply increasing food and energy prices, and threating the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Countries with established commercial and financial ties with the economies of Russia and Ukraine appear to be particularly vulnerable. Assessing the Impact of Russia’s War against Ukraine on Eastern Partner Countries investigates the exposure of Eastern Partner countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine) to the economic shocks caused by the war, and in particular through the impact that the conflict is having on inflation, migration, remittances, investment and trade. This report is published as part of the multi-country project “EU4Business: From Policies to Action – phase 2”, implemented in the Eastern Partnership with the financial support of the European Union within the EU4Business initiative.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264429086 , 9789264944183 , 9789264581500
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Import ; Nachfrage ; Verbraucher ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Nationaleinkommen ; Altersstruktur ; Bildungsabschluss ; Internetnutzung ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report looks at the demand for counterfeit goods and identifies its key drivers. It discusses the specificity of the demand for counterfeit goods, including both deliberate and unintentional demand. Indeed, some consumers will deliberately buy counterfeit and pirated goods while others will be deceived into buying illicit products, thinking they are genuine. The report also examines the profiles of destination economies in the global trade of counterfeit and pirated goods. It uses quantitative analysis to study the economic characteristics of various economies, including the quantitative relationship between counterfeit intensity and certain observable socioeconomic factors. The identification of socio-economic factors, in particular, influencing the demand for counterfeit and pirated goods is crucial to help policymakers develop appropriate policies, including better targeting of consumer awareness campaigns.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.355
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Social Web ; Verbraucherschutz ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: Protecting consumers when they are most vulnerable has long been a core focus of consumer policy. This report first discusses the nature and scale of consumer vulnerability in the digital age, including its evolving conceptualisation, the role of emerging digital trends, and implications for consumer policy. It finds that in the digital age, vulnerability may be experienced not only by some consumers, but increasingly by most, if not all, consumers. Accordingly, it sets out several measures to address the vulnerability of specific consumer groups and all consumers, and concludes with avenues for more research on the topic.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264776869 , 9789264706255 , 9789264479456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD development pathways
    Keywords: Productive Capacities ; Structural Transformation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bangladesh ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Half a century after independence, Bangladesh has achieved impressive progress. The country has transformed from one of the poorest nations into a global textile manufacturing hub capable of meeting its medical needs almost entirely through domestic pharmaceutical production. The country will graduate from the least developed country (LDC) category in 2026 and aspires to be a high-income nation through industrialisation by 2041. Meeting this challenge requires accelerating economic transformation through diversification and innovation. This Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR), implemented with the support and collaboration of the European Union (EU), and in partnership with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), identifies concrete options for supporting Bangladesh's development. It calls for leveraging digitalisation to address persistent fragilities and it advocates for a new pact based on shared responsibilities between the national government, the private sector and international partners to shift to a new development phase and ensure sustainable, smooth and irreversible graduation.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264510807 , 9789264805835 , 9789264701915
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Entwicklung ; Azoren ; Environment ; Development ; Trade ; Portugal
    Abstract: Located in the mid-Atlantic, the archipelagos of the Azores is an autonomous region of Portugal and an European Union Outermost Region. Once central to global trade routes, the Azores are aspiring to regain a prominent international role by leveraging their unique geographical, natural and historical attributes. To that end, this Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) Spotlight identifies priority actions in several areas, including scientific research and collaborations, the ocean economy, agro-food and renewable-energy value chains. It shows the importance for EU Outermost Regions, as well as for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), of building resilient international ties. It benefited from an extensive peer review process involving public and private stakeholders from Brazil, Iceland and the United States.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264681606 , 9789264875579 , 9789264564671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Produktpiraterie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. This study looks at damages caused by illicit trade in counterfeits to small and medium-sized enterprises. The robust evidence on the magnitude, scope and trends of this risk informs policy makers about the need to include anti-counterfeiting elements in policy packages designed to support SMEs.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.268
    Keywords: Energy ; Trade
    Abstract: Government support for industrial firms can come in many different forms and through a range of channels, varying in complexity. A particularly challenging form of support is energy inputs offered to industrial producers at below-market prices. To improve understanding about the scope and scale of such support, this report examines an illustrative sample of 33 companies and their subsidiaries operating in energy-intensive industries, namely aluminium smelting, steelmaking, chemicals (including fertilisers), and cement. Most of the energy subsidies identified appear to concern the provision of natural gas and electricity at below-market rates, resulting in an average subsidy of USD 0.4-1.3 per million British thermal units and USD 0.02-0.03 per kWh, respectively, over the period 2010-20. In some cases, estimates indicate that subsidies are a multiple of firms’ energy costs, suggesting a sizable impact on firms’ profits and operating margins. The results have important policy implications for efforts to better discipline industrial subsidies in the WTO and elsewhere, notably in relation to how to ensure policy transparency in a context where large energy providers tend to be majority owned by governments.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.270
    Keywords: Subvention ; Industriepolitik ; Industrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Industrial subsidies take on a growing importance in trade discussions. Yet assessing the scope and scale of government interventions in manufacturing remains notoriously difficult due to a persistent lack of reliable and comparable data. With many governments failing to provide sufficient information, attention has increasingly turned to firm-level data as a possible alternative for measuring industrial subsidies. Using this approach, recent OECD work has identified and quantified government support across key industrial sectors and policy instruments. The results show that: (i) the type of support received by firms can differ greatly across sectors; (ii) state enterprises obtain relatively more support and can serve as providers of support to other firms; and (iii) the complexity of supply chains implies that it can be hard to identify the ultimate beneficiaries of government support. These findings have important policy implications in the context of discussions at the WTO and elsewhere as they provide indications as to the possible nature of gaps in trade rules.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.354
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Produktsicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: In October 2021, twenty-one OECD countries and partner economies participated in an online product safety sweep to identify the degree to which products were available for sale online despite (i) being banned or recalled, (ii) having inadequate labelling or (iii) not meeting voluntary or mandatory product safety standards. Results reveal that large volumes of unsafe products are readily traded across borders and a 79% average rate of non-compliance (or potential non-compliance) with product safety standards and laws. More needs to be done by online marketplaces and other retailers to identify and remove unsafe product listings and by consumer authorities to deter non-compliance.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264890510 , 9789264539907 , 9789264408913
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Industrialisierung ; Industriepolitik ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Ägypten ; AfCFTA-Staaten ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: At a time when global trade is under pressure and countries increasingly turn to regional integration to support their development, this Spotlight is a timely read for policy makers and business leaders in Africa and beyond. It shows how harnessing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) can support industrialisation in Egypt, and more widely in Africa, by tapping the full potential of regional supply chains, including renewable energies, pharmaceuticals, logistics and creative industries. This report builds on and enriches the Production Transformation Policy Review of Egypt: Embracing Change, Achieving Prosperity.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264436978
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (142 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Trade ; Azerbaijan ; Georgia ; Kazakhstan ; Türkiye
    Abstract: Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing sanctions greatly complicated overland freight transport between Europe and China via the so-called Northern Corridor, which runs through the Russian Federation. This has prompted renewed attention to the development of the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, a multimodal route running through Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Türkiye – the so-called “Middle Corridor”. The present report looks at the Middle Corridor’s potential and at the challenges that must be overcome to realise it, drawing on the perspective of relevant private-sector actors in the four Middle Corridor countries. Governments along the corridor have invested heavily to improve transport infrastructure, yet important bottlenecks remain due to the geography of the route, the number of border crossings and the lack of regional trade integration. This study, based on surveys from and interviews with the private sector, maps and sequences main reform priorities in relation to regional integration, infrastructure, trade facilitation and supra-national coordination. It suggests that the primary aim should be to develop the corridor not solely as a transit route for actors from outside the region but as an engine of integration and trade integration in Central Asia and the South Caucasus.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.277
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: In the midst of the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, trade and economic growth face new challenges as the Russian Federation’s large-scale war against Ukraine has increased uncertainty and tensions along supply chains and the People’s Republic of China’s trade performance has fallen short of expectations. Merchandise trade is recovering slowly and has been dampened by high and volatile commodity and energy prices, coupled with monetary tightening. Some durable goods, such as motor vehicles, have not regained their pre-pandemic share in global trade. Services trade has yet to recover losses incurred during the pandemic, with travel services in particular recovering slowly. Russia’s trade is adjusting as the war continues, with repercussions for commodities markets. This report uses detailed trade data to monitor recent developments in trade in goods and services and in commodity markets.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport ; Belarus ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine has had profound effects on the maritime sector. It directly disrupted maritime activities in the Black and Azov seas, causing the suspension of Ukrainian port operations and agricultural exports. Although an export corridor temporarily resumed activities, the termination of the agreement in July 2023 continues to affect Ukrainian shipping. International sanctions against Russia and Belarus have notably targeted shipowners and shipbuilders, restricting Russian ships' access to OECD ports. These sanctions have also halted orders for Russian ship owners in OECD countries, reducing new orders and vessel completions in Russian shipyards. While global seaborne trade and ship demand remain relatively unaffected, the war has prompted longer-term impacts such as altered trading routes, changes in energy demand and costs, potential implications for maritime decarbonisation, and an increase in "dark fleet" vessels.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264425194
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Упрощение процедур торговли в Центральной Азии
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Central Asia's trade performance has displayed remarkable resilience to recent economic shocks. Nevertheless, the region’s dependence on a limited number of export commodities and a narrow range of trading partners exposes it to significant risks. Central Asian governments are therefore prioritising improved connectivity to integrate better into global value chains, reduce geographical disadvantages, and increase imports and exports. Trade facilitation plays a pivotal role in achieving these goals by reducing trade costs and fostering integration. However, Central Asia still faces substantial challenges, and, despite significant improvements in recent years, it falls behind most of the regions covered by the OECD's Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFI). This report takes stock of TFI progress in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, presents preliminary results for Turkmenistan for the first time, and showcases areas of TFI improvement. It also evaluates remaining trade barriers and provides recommendations to for trade facilitation reforms, including the need to prioritise trade community feedback to streamline procedures, digitalise and harmonise standards, and implement systemic border agency co-operation mechanisms. A co-ordinated approach to improving trade facilitation across the region could reduce trade costs substantially, lifting both trade turnover and growth.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264389038
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Wirtschaftslage ; Kriegsfolgen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Zentralasien ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine and the international sanctions introduced against the former have had an unexpectedly mild impact on Central Asia, despite the region’s deep economic dependence on its northern neighbour. Notwithstanding high inflation, the five Central Asian states – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – have so far shown surprising resilience to the economic headwinds: remittances registered record-high figures in the first half of 2022, national currencies quickly rebounded to pre-war levels after an initial drop, and an influx of skilled workers boosted demand for services and hospitality. However, as the medium-term effects of the sanctions against Russia, the global cost-of-living crisis, and China’s economic slowdown start to unfold, Central Asia is faced with lingering uncertainty. This publication provides an assessment of the short-term effects of Russia’s war on Central Asian economies and the policy responses provided. It also analyses the challenges ahead and formulates policy recommendations to make Central Asian economies more resilient and diversified.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264370739 , 9789264609549 , 9789264477988
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Digitalisierung ; Informationstechnik ; Brasilien ; Trade ; Brazil
    Abstract: This Digital Trade Review of Brazil provides an overview of Brazil’s participation in digital trade and the related regulatory environment. It provides insights into how Brazil might ensure that the new challenges raised by the digital transformation for trade can be managed and the benefits shared more inclusively. While Brazil has embraced the digital transformation and has strong potential to benefit from digital trade, it will need to continue the ongoing process of regulatory reform. This includes reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade on ICT goods; reducing regulatory barriers to ICT services; increasing engagement in international discussions on digital trade; and continuing efforts to bridge digital divides.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.29
    Keywords: Kraftstoff ; Subvention ; Wirkungsanalyse ; APEC-Staaten ; Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: According to latest data from the OECD and the IEA, government support for the production and use of fossil fuels across 81 major economies totalled USD 351 billion in 2020, amounting to USD 183 billion across 50 OECD, G20, and Eastern Partnership economies. While the difficulty of reform is evident from the range and complexity of challenges confronting governments in the phasing-out of fossil-fuel subsidies, APEC economy-led fossil-fuel subsidy peer reviews play a key role in pointing out commonly faced challenges, and present options to tackle them more effectively. This report is the first comprehensive attempt to document “scalable” lessons and examples of good practice emerging from fossil-fuel subsidy peer reviews: taking stock of progress in their phase-out as reflected in the peer review reports, considering the role of the peer review process in promoting reform, and proposing potential ways to enhance the process. Eleven peer reviews are documented, seven of which were chaired by the OECD and four in which the IEA was a member of the review panel. Six of these peer reviews were conducted under the auspices of the G20, and four under APEC auspices, with the addition of the OECD-IEA review of the Netherlands, modelled on the G20 review process. The economies reviewed inventoried between three to thirty-nine measures, of an average self-declared value of USD 13 billion, for those reviews which quantified fossil fuel support measures. The “scalable” lessons drawn from the peer reviews can be used to further spur progress towards rationalising and phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies, thanks to the insights on the approaches and good practices for designing the reform process. These insights include the need to accommodate for differing contexts, objectives and definitions; to prioritise inter-ministerial co-ordination; to promote active government and stakeholder participation; and to engage a cross-sectional peer review panel.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264594708 , 9789264897212 , 9789264760202
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Risiko ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Sicherheit ; Produktqualität ; Welt ; Trade ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. At the same time, some counterfeits can be of low quality and create significant additional risks, including health risks (fake pharmaceuticals or food products), safety risks (counterfeit automotive spare parts, fake batteries) and environmental risks (fake chemicals or pesticides). This study presents detailed information on the value of counterfeit trade in such dangerous fake goods, analyses changes in the volumes and composition of the goods, and maps key trade routes. The evidence in this report can be used to raise awareness of the risks of this trade and its implications for health and environmental policy.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Évaluation de l’impact environnemental des mesures de la base de données de l’OCDE sur la relance verte
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Transport
    Abstract: This Policy Brief provides the key findings and policy insights from the April 2022 update of OECD Green Recovery Database, which tracks recovery measures with a clear environmental impact adopted by OECD member countries, the European Union and selected large economies. Since the previous update in September 2021, the budget allocated to environmentally positive measures increased from USD 677 billion to USD 1 090 billion, while recovery spending with ‘mixed’ impacts increased from USD 163 to 290 billion. The Brief also explores how well-designed green recovery plans can generate the double dividend of enhanced energy security and better environmental outcomes, in the face of energy security concerns triggered by the war in Ukraine.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264345263 , 9789264425934 , 9789264454996
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Politischer Konflikt ; MENA-Staaten ; Irak ; Libyen ; Syrien ; Jemen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Environment ; Governance ; Iraq ; Libya ; Syrian Arab Republic ; Yemen ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: To contribute to the existing pool of evidence on the dynamic interplay between illicit trade and armed conflicts, this report looks at illicit trade flows in four separate conflict-affected countries in the MENA region: Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen. For the case of Yemen, the report also presents a deep-dive analysis of illicit trade flows and the relevant governance environment. The findings highlight that illicit trade networks in these countries are dynamic, complex, and heavily integrated into regional and global networks.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’approvisionnement des matières premières critiques est compromis par l’offensive russe en Ukraine
    Keywords: Rohstoff ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Rohstoffmarkt ; Kriegsfolgen ; Exportbeschränkung ; Sanktion ; Russland ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Severe disruptions to global markets caused by Russia’s war on Ukraine have exposed vulnerabilities to the security of the supply of raw materials critical for industrial production and for the green transition. These supply chain vulnerabilities are the result of export restrictions, bilateral dependencies, a lack of transparency and persistent market asymmetries, including the concentration of production in just a few countries. A collective and co-ordinated approach among OECD countries can contribute to economic security, while preserving the benefits of open markets and a rules-based international trading system.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264676312 , 9789264326323 , 9789264674967
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Arbeitsmigranten ; Internationale Migration ; Binnenwanderung ; Regionalentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Trade ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: With many regions in OECD countries facing declining working age populations, the geographical dimension of migration has become crucial for regional development. Where migrants settle within countries and how much they contribute to the local economies are important questions for policy makers. This report aims to address these questions using two novel datasets that offer internationally comparable information on migration and migrants' labour market integration across cities, towns and rural areas in OECD countries. The report also analyses different dimensions of regional development and provides new evidence on how migrants contribute to regional income, innovation, international trade and labour markets.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9798400208409 , 9798400208386
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (viii, 43 Seiten)
    Keywords: Subvention ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; WTO-Recht ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Strategische Handelspolitik ; Welt ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Dealing constructively with subsidies in global commerce is central to G20 leaders’ goal of reforming and strengthening the multilateral trading system. The growing use of distortive subsidies alters trade and investment flows, detracts from the value of tariff bindings and other market access commitments, and undercuts public support for open trade. Sharp differences over subsidies are contributing to global trade tensions that are harming growth and living standards. This report seeks to highlight the potential benefits of closer cooperation and considers some areas where this might be pursued constructively by governments or other international organizations. This report aims to begin a discussion within the international community on how to develop and implement such an agenda.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade ; Science and Technology ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Japan ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: As data become an important resource for the global economy, it is important to strengthen trust to facilitate data sharing domestically and across borders. Significant momentum for related policies in the G7, and G20, has gone hand in hand with a wide range of – often complementary – national and international initiatives and the development of technological and organisational measures. Advancing a common understanding and dialogue among G7 countries and beyond is crucial to support coordinated and coherent progress in policy and regulatory approaches that leverage the full potential of data for global economic and social prosperity. This report takes stock of key policies and initiatives on cross-border data flows to inform and support G7 countries’ engagement on this policy agenda.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264575561 , 9789264505896 , 9789264861558
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Coronavirus ; Messung ; Bibliometrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Education ; Economics ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report represents the second outcome of the collaboration between the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to improve the measurement and analysis of productivity developments across APO and OECD member economies. The report discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on productivity and examines the role of Multifactor Productivity (MFP) as a major driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. It then identifies the most important factors influencing MFP growth and describes the most important challenges affecting the measurement of each of these factors as well as the estimation of their impact on MFP. The report provides key recommendations to improve the reliability and interpretation of the empirical evidence for economic analysis.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Epidemie ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: International trade plunged in 2020 but recovered sharply in 2021. While total trade flows are now comfortably above pre-pandemic levels, trade impacts across specific goods, services and trade partners are highly diverse, creating pressures on specific sectors and supply chains. The changes in the trade structure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in a single year was of a similar magnitude to changes otherwise typically seen over 4-5 years. Substantial imbalances across trade partners and products remained at the end of 2021, and not all of the accumulated losses from the earlier steep declines were recuperated. The heterogeneity of trade impacts and changes in trade flows across products, sources and destinations signifies high uncertainty and adjustment costs, and implies additional incentives for consumers, firms and governments to adopt new — or to intensify existing — risk mitigation strategies.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe グローバル・サプライチェーンの活躍:COVID-19対策に活用された三大製品の物語
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Arzneimittel ; Medizinprodukt ; Lieferkette ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: The goods needed to vaccinate, protect and test during the COVID-19 pandemic are produced across many different countries. This brief tells the tale of three products ‒ vaccines, face masks and tests ‒ and highlights the role of trade in the fight against COVID-19. International markets and global supply chains played a pivotal role during the COVID-19 pandemic: first, by helping countries avail themselves of the goods needed to address the pandemic; second, by providing a means to ease temporary supply constraints; and third, by enabling access to key components to ramp up production to meet surging demand.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264713956 , 9789264849273 , 9789264467248
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Alkoholisches Getränk ; Alkohol ; Kriminalität ; Gesundheitswesen ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Trade in illicit alcohol products is an attractive target for organised crime, as both the market and potential profits are large, in some cases requiring little investment. The illicit alcohol trade not only fuels criminal networks, but also poses significant risks to public health and safety. This report structures and enhances existing evidence on illicit alcohol trade. It examines the nature and scope of illicit trade in the sector, assesses the impacts of illicit trade on socio-economic development, and identifies the factors driving illicit trade in the sector.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264786813 , 9789264545601 , 9789264651326
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Frauen ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Unternehmerinnen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Neuseeland ; Trade ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This Trade and Gender Review of New Zealand draws on both quantitative and qualitative insights to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of trade, and trade policies, on New Zealand women as workers, consumers, and business owners and leaders. This Review sets out policy recommendations to help tackle the barriers that women face in engaging in trade and ensure that they share in the benefits from trade. Key recommendations include ensuring market access for goods and services that women produce and consume; incorporating gender provisions in trade agreements; trade facilitation reforms that particularly benefit women entrepreneurs; export promotion of women-led businesses; and ensuring diversity in trade policymaking.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264647381 , 9789264438088 , 9789264498280
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Illicit trade
    Keywords: Containerverkehr ; Container ; Illegaler Handel ; Frachtschifffahrt ; Schifffahrt ; Governance ; Transport ; Trade ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report provides empirical evidence about the misuse of container ships in international trade in counterfeits. It also suggests the main routes of trade with containers polluted with illicit trade. Finally, the report also outlines the economic landscape for containerized maritime transport and investigates policy gaps that enable its misuse by criminals in illicit trade.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264573871 , 9789264595279 , 9789264763906
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 100 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Illicit trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Schweiz ; Governance ; Trade ; Switzerland ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Swiss economy is innovative and knowledge-intensive. Consequently, it relies heavily on intellectual property rights. Swiss industries are also export-oriented and solidly integrated in the global economy. At the same time, the threats of counterfeiting and piracy are growing, and Swiss industries are vulnerable. This report measures the direct economic effects of counterfeiting on Swiss industry and the Swiss government. It estimates the impact of the global trade in fake products that pose as “Swiss made” in terms of lost jobs, forgone profits and lower tax revenues.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Naturschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Finanzpolitik ; G7-Staaten ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Trade
    Abstract: Nature underpins all economic activities and human well-being. It is the world’s most important asset. Yet humanity is destroying biodiversity at an unprecedented rate, posing significant but often overlooked risks to the economy, the financial sector and the well-being of current and future generations. This report provides the latest findings and policy guidance for G7 and other countries in four key areas: measuring and mainstreaming biodiversity; aligning budgetary and fiscal policy with biodiversity; embedding biodiversity in the financial sector; and improving biodiversity outcomes linked to international trade. The report shows how Finance, Economic and Environment Ministries can drive the transformative changes required to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity. This Policy Paper was prepared as an input document for the United Kingdom Presidency of the G7 in 2021.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264506381 , 9789264317161 , 9789264402201
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (171 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Finnland ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Norway ; Sweden
    Abstract: The Impact of Regulation on International Investment in Finland examines what drives FDI into Finland and which domestic regulatory aspects may discourage foreign investment. The report analyses trends in FDI flows towards Finland and other Nordic-Baltic countries and discusses the benefits of foreign investment for the Finnish economy. It provides a comparative overview of the regulatory frameworks in force in Finland and its Nordic-Baltic peers, outlining both economy-wide and sector-specific findings, and explores how changes in these regulatory frameworks are linked to changes in FDI inflows in the region. Foreign investors’ views on Finland’s business environment complement these findings. The report underlines potential areas for reform and suggests policy actions that could further improve Finland’s investment climate and contribute to attracting and retaining more FDI, while also strengthening its positive impact.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Trade ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered necessary large scale emergency government support for businesses and industries. The design and implementation of this support is crucial in avoiding domestic and international market distortions in the medium- and long-term. This brief considers ways to ensure that short-term crisis responses do not result in unintended negative implications for competition and trade in the medium- and long-term. It highlights the competition and trade policy tools governments can use to effectively balance the needs of the COVID-19 pandemic response while ensuring that this response does not undermine efforts to maintain a level playing field, domestically and globally.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264821132 , 9789264588769 , 9789264527690
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Illegaler Handel ; Online-Handel ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Networks of illicit trade in counterfeits use many modern solutions, including e-commerce, a tool that offers numerous advantages for consumers and businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated both illicit trade and its misuse of the online environment. This report uses a tailored, statistical methodology to assess the misuse of e-commerce for trade in counterfeit goods. It also presents key government actions and industry initiatives to counter this risk.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264538146 , 9789264407442 , 9789264568297
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Electronic Commerce ; Illegaler Handel ; Produktpiraterie ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This study provides an overview of government- and industry-specific measures to address the abuse of online platforms by counterfeiters. In recent years, trading platforms have been instrumental in the growth in e-commerce, but at the same time, they can be abused by illicit trade networks. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these problems as people turned to e-commerce during lockdowns and shop closures. Governments and industries have recognised these problems and are addressing them in various ways, including providing more transparency, streamlining procedures, and facilitating co-operation.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264504622
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Integration ; EU-Staaten ; Mittelmeerraum ; Internationale Politik ; Mittelmeerpolitik ; Integration ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Fortschrittsbericht ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade ; Mittelmeerraum ; Naher Osten ; Mittlerer Osten ; Nordafrika
    Abstract: Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report monitors major trends and evolutions of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The Report examines five domains of regional integration, namely trade integration, financial integration, infrastructure integration, movement of people, as well as research and higher education. It presents an original analysis of the patterns and challenges of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region, which highlights the interdependence of the areas examined – e.g. how to increase regional trade without affordable transport connectivity? The Report offers new insights, based on specific quantitative and qualitative performance indicators that are monitored over time. Almost 100 graphs and tables in the report cover data for the 42 member countries of the Union for the Mediterranean and, when relevant, for partners of the region. The Report includes key takeaways and policy recommendations on how to foster regional integration in each of the five domains.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264732100 , 9789264712416 , 9789264813021
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Markenartikel ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Governance ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This report quantifies the magnitude, value, scope and trends of global trade in counterfeit and pirated goods, also known as fakes. Using a unique enforcement dataset and tailored methodology, it estimates the overall scale of this threat and outlines which industries are particularly at risk. It also gauges the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade, and the key directions of trade flows. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of modes of shipment and the evolution of trade routes.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264765504
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Politik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: The multidimensional and intergenerational nature of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for integrated policies. Progress made in a particular social, economic or environmental area or individual goal may generate synergies and trade-offs across dimensions (spillover effects), and steps taken in one country could have positive or negative impacts beyond national borders (transboundary effects). Assessing the multidimensional and cross-border effects of policies has become even more urgent in the context of COVID-19 containment measures. However, there are gaps in governance and analytical tools for identifying and managing spillover and transboundary effects, posing challenges for governments in designing and implementing sustainability strategies. This book, a collaborative effort by the OECD and the European Commission-Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) presents a set of new governance and analytical tools, lessons learned from country experiences, and good emerging practices for managing spillover and transboundary effects in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264890541 , 9789264731714 , 9789264868076
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Industriepolitik ; Privatwirtschaft ; Welt ; Environment ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Canada ; Costa Rica ; France ; Germany ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; New Zealand
    Abstract: How can governments support the private sector’s contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? This book investigates the contribution of firms to the SDGs, particularly through their core business, taking into account inter-sectoral linkages and global value chains, using novel techniques and data sources. Despite the fact that the private sector has the potential to contribute to a wide range of SDGs, and that many firms find it economically viable to develop sustainable products and services, firms still face significant hurdles in their sustainability transition. Based on this new evidence, this book provides some recommendations on the design of industrial policies to enhance the contribution of businesses to the SDGs.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Abstract: The policy debate on whether the gains from international specialisation in global value chains (GVCs) outweigh the associated risks of transmission of shocks has intensified in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak and the resulting disruptions in supply chains of some manufacturing and medical products. Questions are even being asked whether governments should use policy tools to “re-localis” GVCs. This policy brief first identifies key potential sources of exposure to shocks in GVCs. Second, it uses the OECD’s global trade model to shed light on the consequences of a stylised re-localisation policy scenario, in terms of both economic efficiency and stability. In this scenario, countries are less exposed to foreign shocks, but they are also less efficient and less able to cushion shocks through trade. Quantitatively, the latter effect tends to dominate. The economic case for policy-induced reshoring of GVCs is therefore weak. There is nevertheless scope for international co-operation and governments to join efforts with businesses to improve risk preparedness.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264962392
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: This report draws on more than 1 300 government budgetary transfers and tax expenditures providing preferential treatment for the production and consumption of fossil fuels as documented in the 2020 OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels to track progress in reform of support. It sets out principal trends across 50 OECD, G20 and European Union (EU) Eastern Partnership (EaP) economies, including as resulting from the COVID-19 crisis and novel sectoral decomposition of Inventory data. It reports on developments in tracking and monitoring fossil fuel support in the context of the G20 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and with respect to enhancing the interpretation of tax expenditure data. Finally, the report offers a sequential framework to assist governments assess and address the effects of fossil-fuel support measures and their reform, given ongoing challenges in gaining traction for reform.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Außenhandelsfinanzierung ; Exportkredit ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Abstract: In response to the challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, governments are looking to their Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) to fill any financing gaps left by the private market and to mitigate the impact of the crisis by engaging in both short-term (ST) and medium- and long-term (MLT) trade finance. In the absence of comprehensive data on trade finance, this brief uses OECD surveys and other related indicators to attempt to identify emerging trends. These indicators suggest that ST trade finance is facing access problems (increased costs of ST financing for SMEs and higher rates of rejected applications) while MLT trade finance appears to be relatively resilient (decrease of 34% in volume and 15% in number of MLT export credit transaction). ECAs may therefore have a role to play in ST trade finance by acting on liquidity and increasing capacity. However for MLT trade finance, ECAs might have fewer levers for action, especially if the pandemic is affecting the demand side and reducing the pipeline of projects.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Internationaler Personenverkehr ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: COVID-19 disruptions to international mobility drove a collapse in services trade. In the medium term, the OECD estimates that closing borders to passengers could increase services trade costs by an average of 12% across sectors and countries. Restoring safe cross-border mobility through internationally co-ordinated border health protocols and mutual recognition agreements is therefore crucial to a strong economic recovery.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264874077
    Language: English
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: This new web format for Country Notes on Fossil Fuel Support provides interactive on-line access to the latest data from the OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels by country – identifying and estimating the value of support arising from policies that encourage the production or consumption of fossil fuels. The web version allows users to download, share and play with the data. Interactive graphics enable data visualisation, in national currency, by beneficiary and by energy product. These Country Notes provide, for each of the 50 economies covered in the Inventory, a snapshot of energy market structure, the current state of energy prices and taxes, and recent developments and trends in fossil fuel support. Data and country notes for the EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries have been collected and prepared as part of the GREEN Action Task Force.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Usar el comercio para combatir la COVID-19: Producción y distribución de vacunas
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Impfung ; Arzneimittel ; Produktion ; Logistik ; Außenhandel ; Lieferkette ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Abstract: All countries need vaccines but not all can produce them. Vaccine production is highly specialised, subject to comparative advantages, and concentrated in few countries, making trade a vital means to deploying vaccines broadly. Keeping markets open by reducing tariffs, streamlining trade-related processes at and behind the border while ensuring better co-ordination of logistical processes will be key to ensuring timely access to vaccines for all. This note discusses trade and trade policy considerations underpinning access to the final and intermediate goods needed to effectively produce, deliver and administer COVID-19 vaccines. It focuses on the international aspects of the vaccine supply chain, discussing the sourcing, production, distribution and need to expedite international border crossing and transportation (including in the context of the cold supply chain).
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.24
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Access to trade finance, i.e. financial instruments and means of payments for international transactions, can enable SME engagement in international activities through direct exporting and participation in global value chains, and ultimately foster inclusive economic growth and innovation. The study examines trade finance for SMEs in the context of digital advancements and investigates how policy approaches can support SMEs in reaping the benefits of digitalisation in this respect. It also takes into account recent developments related to the COVID-19 crisis.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (106 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.247
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The support that governments provide to their industrial producers has been a growing source of concern. Much of that support is provided by governments through the financial system, either in the form of below‑market borrowings or below-market equity. To better understand the nature and scale of this support, this report uses publicly available information for 306 of the largest manufacturing firms in 13 industrial sectors, covering the period 2005-19. It finds that below-market borrowings tend to be relatively large in heavy industries, including some that reportedly suffer from excess capacity, while below-market equity returns appear to be more common in high-tech industries such as aerospace and semiconductors. Below-market borrowings also appear to benefit firms with more than 25% government investment relatively more. These findings on below-market finance raise a number of important issues for trade rules, including in relation to transparency and the scope of subsidy disciplines.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264530409 , 9789264760615 , 9789264914780
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’impact de la croissance de l'économie du partage et à la demande sur la politique et l’administration de la TVA/TPS
    Keywords: Gig Economy ; Share Economy ; Umsatzsteuer ; Steuerpolitik ; Taxation ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: This report aims at assisting tax authorities in designing and implementing an effective Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax (VAT/GST) policy response to the growth of the sharing and gig economy. The rise of this phenomenon, powered by digital platforms, has transformed a number of industries within just a few short years. It involves large numbers of new economic operators (often private individuals), who monetise (often) underutilised goods and services by offering these, via digital platforms, for temporary (“shared”) use by primarily private consumers. Questions have been raised whether existing VAT/GST policy and administration frameworks are sufficiently capable of dealing with this new economic reality notably with a view to protecting VAT/GST revenue and minimising economic distortions. This report sets out the core components of a comprehensive VAT/GST policy strategy for tax authorities to consider in response. It analyses the key features of the sharing and gig economy and its main business models; identifies the associated VAT/GST challenges and opportunities; and presents a wide range of possible measures and approaches to support an effective policy response. This includes detailed guidance on the possible role of digital platforms in facilitating and enhancing VAT/GST compliance in the sharing and gig economy.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264579316 , 9789264355781 , 9789264593237
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (294 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurs have been hit hard during the COVID-19 crisis. Policy responses were quick and unprecedented, helping cushion the blow and maintain most SMEs and entrepreneurs afloat. Despite the magnitude of the shock, available data so far point to sustained start-ups creation, no wave of bankruptcies, and an impulse to innovation in most OECD countries. However, government support has been less effective at reaching the self-employed, smaller and younger firms, women, and entrepreneurs from minorities. Countries were not all even in their capacity to support SMEs either. As vaccine campaigns roll out and economic prospects brighten, governments have to take the turn of a crisis exit and create the conditions to build back better. The OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 brings new evidence on the impact of the crisis and policy responses on SMEs and entrepreneurs. It reflects on longer-term issues, such as SME indebtedness or SME role in more resilient supply chains or innovation diffusion. The report contains country profiles that benchmark impact, factors of vulnerability, and sources of resilience in OECD countries, and give a policy spotlight on liquidity support and recovery plans for SMEs.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Tourism Papers no.2020/03
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Atténuer l’impact du COVID-19 sur le tourisme et soutenir la reprise
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Tourism continues to be one of the sectors hardest hit by the coronavirus pandemic and, at the time of publishing this report, the outlook remains highly uncertain. OECD expects international tourism to fall by around 80% in 2020. Domestic tourism is helping to soften the blow, and governments have taken impressive immediate action to restore and re-activate the sector, while protecting jobs and businesses. Many countries are also now developing measures to build a more resilient tourism economy post COVID-19. These include preparing plans to support the sustainable recovery of tourism, promoting the digital transition and move to a greener tourism system, and rethinking tourism for the future. This report presents policy measures to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on tourism and support the recovery, and draws initial lessons from the crisis to build a more sustainable and resilient tourism economy for the future.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to affect agricultural markets over the next decade. OECD analysis highlights how slower economic growth could affect food security, farm livelihoods, greenhouse gas emissions, and trade. The size of these impacts depends, among other things, on the severity of the drop in global GDP. Based on two scenarios for economic growth recovery, this brief describes how the economic shock from the pandemic could reverberate through the agriculture sector over the next decade.The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to affect agricultural markets over the next decade. OECD analysis highlights how slower economic growth could affect food security, farm livelihoods, greenhouse gas emissions, and trade. The size of these impacts depends, among other things, on the severity of the drop in global GDP. Based on two scenarios for economic growth recovery, this brief describes how the economic shock from the pandemic could reverberate through the agriculture sector over the next decade.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Trade facilitation is critical in the current crisis to ensure the swift movement of essential medical, food and IT supplies. Implementing reforms in the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement can help.
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Welt ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: This report provides a broad and evidence-based analytical perspective of the debate around the possible role of a Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) to deal with climate change. The new context of divergent climate ambition has led to a resurgence of interest in BCAs. The paper provides an overview of different policy instruments that can limit carbon leakage, with a particular focus on the BCA option, and offers a technical review of the literature and of the legal specificities around BCA as well as of alternative instruments. The report also analyses the issue of fragmented climate policies in the broader perspective of the trade-climate nexus and discusses how other policy measures – especially those related to trade – can help support climate objectives (for example, reducing the existing barriers to trade in environmental goods, and removing environmentally harmful and trade distortive subsidies).
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Medizinprodukt ; Medizinprodukteindustrie ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: This note provides information on the global value chain for the production of surgical masks and N95 respirators in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. It analyses the causes of the current shortage of these key medical supplies needed to prevent the spread of coronavirus, and reviews some short-term and long-term policy options, with a focus on the role of trade and investment policy.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Internationaler Güterverkehr ; OECD-Staaten ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: This note updates Trade facilitation and the COVID-19 pandemic from April 2020 with insights into the evolution of new border protocols and trade facilitation measures impacting traders since COVID-19 and exploring what more can be done to prepare for the next stages of the pandemic as uncertainty persists. It highlights the importance of transparency and availability of timely trade-related information in mapping bottlenecks and risks, as well as the importance of trade facilitation measures in supporting business recovery and resilience across different goods sectors. Finally, it provides some preliminary insights for trade facilitation with respect to the distribution of vaccines.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Medizinprodukt ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Ensuring access to medical equipment and medicines is one of the most immediate issues arising from the COVID-19 crisis. Health services not only need these to fight the virus, but also to protect their workers and others from infection. Increasingly, workers employed in other critical sectors, and the wider public, are also relying on protective garments, such as plastic gloves or facemasks, to reduce transmission. This note looks at the trade links between countries in some of the products that matter for the fight against COVID-19 (referred to as COVID-19 goods). It uses a recently developed World Customs Organisation (WCO) list identifying COVID-19 critical products, which includes test-kits, protective garments, medical devices and disinfectants and trade data from the BACI database to identify trade in these products during the latest available year (2018). While slightly dated, this trade data can nonetheless help identify top suppliers and consumers of some of the products that matter for the fight against COVID-19.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: Antworten der OECD auf das Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 and international trade: Issues and actions
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 e comércio internacional: temas e ações
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Dem Handel kommt in der aktuellen weltweiten Gesundheitskrise eine wesentliche Rolle zu: Er hilft Leben retten und sichert Lebensgrundlagen. Voraussetzung für einen funktionierenden Handel ist internationale Zusammenarbeit. Angesichts der derzeit extrem hohen Unsicherheit können wir vier Dinge tun: 1. das Vertrauen in den Handel und die Weltmärkte stärken, indem wir handelspolitische Maßnahmen und handelspolitische Absichten transparenter machen, 2. für gut funktionierende Lieferketten sorgen, vor allem für wichtige Waren wie Medizinprodukte und Nahrungsmittel, 3. die Lage nicht durch unnötige Ausfuhrbeschränkungen und andere Handelshemmnisse verschlimmern und 4. auch mitten in der Krise über die unmittelbare Gegenwart hinaus­denken. Staatliche Unterstützung in diesem Bereich muss so ausgerichtet werden, dass sie nicht Einzelinteressen, sondern dem Interesse der Allgemeinheit dient und nicht zu neuen Marktverzerrungen führt. Die OECD arbeitet mit anderen internationalen Organisationen zusammen, um die Entscheidungsfindung der Regierungen durch zeitnahe und objektive Daten und Analysen zu unterstützen.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 und der internationale Handel: Herausforderungen und Massnahmen
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19 e comércio internacional: temas e ações
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Coronavirus ; Außenhandel ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: In an unprecedented global health crisis, trade is essential to save lives and livelihoods; and international co-operation is needed to keep trade flowing. In the midst of significant uncertainty, there are four things we can do: boost confidence in trade and global markets by improving transparency about trade-related policy actions and intentions, keep supply chains flowing, especially for essentials such as health supplies and food, avoid making things worse, through unnecessary export restrictions and other trade barriers and even in the midst of the crisis, think beyond the immediate. Government support today needs to be delivered in a way that ensures it serves the public interest, not vested interests, and avoids becoming tomorrow’s market distortions. OECD is working with other IOs to support governments through timely and objective evidence and analysis to inform policy choices.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Ernährungssicherung ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Early in the COVID-19 outbreak, there were concerns that the health crisis would develop into a large-scale food crisis similar to the 2007-08 food price crisis, when panic buying and counterproductive policies exacerbated initial supply disruptions. While food supply chains have seen disruptions, and there are future risks that require attention, a food price crisis has been avoided so far, in part thanks to improved transparency in global staple crop markets. Transparency on market conditions and policies is critical in helping reduce market uncertainty, exposing bottlenecks and highlighting risks, all of which help market participants and policy makers develop more effective responses in times of crisis. More broadly, transparency is essential for global markets to work and provide a resilient supply of affordable food. Yet, transparency is not automatic: it requires investments in gathering comparable information, monitoring market and policy developments, and communicating clearly about the findings. This note discusses the importance of transparency, and the investments it requires, using the example of the Agriculture Market Information System (AMIS), a G20 initiative created in response to the 2007-08 food price crisis. While AMIS focuses on major staple crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybeans), experience with AMIS can provide insights for the wider agriculture and food sector.
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  • 62
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264606975 , 9789264769465 , 9789264477896
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Governance ; Trade
    Abstract: This report, one in a series of studies by the OECD and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), enhances understanding of the issues and challenges facing governments, businesses and society posed by the trade in fake pharmaceutical products. Illicit markets for fake pharmaceuticals are attractive for counterfeiters, given the high profit margins, low risks of detection and prosecution, weak penalties, and the ease with which consumers can be deceived into believing that the counterfeit products are genuine. Counterfeit medicines not only cause economic damage for the sector, but are also a significant threat to public health, since fake medicines are often not properly formulated and may contain dangerous ingredients. Fake pharmaceuticals include antibiotics, lifestyle treatments, pain killers, anti-malarial drugs, diabetes treatments and central nervous system medicines.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Trade finance serves as the lifeblood of the day-to-day international trade in goods and services. Due to the significant impact of the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) on the world economy, concerns are growing with respect to the cost and availability of trade finance. In response to these concerns, governments are turning to their export credit agencies (ECAs)tostep-in and attempttofill the financing gaps,as they didinresponse tothe 2008-2009 financial crisis.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Ernährungsindustrie ; Ernährungssicherung ; Globalisierung ; Lebensmittel ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, global food systems were faced with a formidable “triple challenge” of simultaneously providing food security and nutrition to a growing global population, ensuring the livelihoods of millions of people working along the food chain from farm to fork, and ensuring the environmental sustainability of the sector. Yet policy efforts have not been moving in this direction, and global trade in agriculture and food remains highly distorted. COVID-19 is compelling policy makers to make urgent decisions to ensure food supply chains continue to function, but the fundamental task is to address these immediate disruptions while also investing in the long-term goal of a resilient, sustainable and productive global food system.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Distanzhandel ; Außenhandel ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Coronavirus ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: Cross-border trade in parcels has played a critical role in helping people and firms deal with issues stemming from physical distancing and confinement measures implemented during COVID-19. This note discusses that role and the policies that can help ensure parcel trade can continue to be leveraged to help promote an inclusive economic recovery from COVID-19.
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  • 66
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264832015 , 9789264641976 , 9789264608177
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic, though the fastest-growing economy in Latin America and the Caribbean since 2010, cannot afford complacency. The COVID-19 crisis may accelerate existing global trends that created the need for reforms addressing structural weaknesses that lurked beneath the surface well before the pandemic. The current situation demands an unpreceded policy effort to ensure a prompt and effective health response, and to guarantee short-term support for workers and firms. The enduring challenge will be updating the country’s development model through targeted reforms. The Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) of the Dominican Republic identifies priority reforms to update the national strategy, with perspectives on agro-food and nearshoring. It benefitted from peer review from the United States Reshoring Institute and the Ministry of Agriculture of Brazil.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Internationale Produktion ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: This note addresses questions related to the impact of COVID-19 on global value chains (GVCs), focussing on economic impacts and consequences for the organisation of production networks. It discusses policies that can help to promote security of supply and ensure a sustainable economic recovery.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: This brief explores the role of digital trade in helping to mitigate some of the consequences of COVID-19. It highlights how trade facilitates access to the goods and services that enable the digital transformation, and underscores the importance of digital trade and related policies in supporting economic activity and wellbeing during the crisis, as well as its role in sustaining economic recovery.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Ernährungssicherung ; Lebensmittelhandel ; Lieferkette ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade
    Abstract: While the impacts of COVID-19 are still unfolding, experience so far shows the importance of an open and predictable international trade environment to ensure food can move to where it is needed. The biggest risk for food security is not with food availability but with consumers’ access to food: safety nets are essential to avoid an increase in hunger and food insecurity.
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  • 70
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 121 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 218
    Keywords: Aluminium ; Wertschöpfung ; Metallmarkt ; Subvention ; Welt ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report builds on the OECD’s longstanding work measuring government support in agriculture, fossil fuels, and fisheries in order to estimate support and related market distortions in the aluminium value chain. Results show that non-market forces, and government support in particular, appear to explain some of the recent increases in aluminium-smelting capacity. While government support is commonly found throughout the aluminium value chain, it is especially heavy in the People’s Republic of China and countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Looking across the whole value chain also shows subsidies upstream to confer significant support to downstream activities, such as the production of semi-fabricated products of aluminium. Overall, market distortions appear to be a genuine concern in the aluminium industry, and one that has implications for global competition and the design of trade rules disciplining government support.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 111 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 234
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report builds on the OECD’s longstanding work measuring government support in agriculture, fossil fuels, fisheries, and more recently in the aluminium value chain in order to estimate producer support and related market distortions in the semiconductor value chain. Results for 21 large firms operating across the semiconductor value chain indicate that total government support has exceeded USD 50 billion over the period 2014-18. Government support provided in the form of below-market debt and equity appears to be particularly large in the context of the semiconductor industry and concentrated in one jurisdiction. Other types of support identified include support for R&D and investment incentives, which benefitted all firms studied in this report. The report also discusses the implications that these findings have for trade rules, and in particular for subsidy disciplines in a context of growing government involvement in semiconductor production and poor transparency of support measures.
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  • 72
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264880498 , 9789264958616 , 9789264376823
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Access to green finance for SMEs in Georgia
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Georgia ; Georgien ; Finanzwirtschaft
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in Georgia’s economy. SMEs provide more than 67% of employment and about 62% of gross value added. Although the environmental footprint of individual SMEs may be low, their aggregate impact in many respects exceeds that of large businesses. Commercial banks have an important role to play in providing access to green finance, particularly for SMEs. This report reviews the experience with green lending in the SME sector in Georgia. The analysis identifies the main challenges with lending to SMEs for green projects and discusses possible solutions. The report, in particular, looks at the role of the government and the policy instruments it can use to stimulate higher demand for green lending in the SME sector.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264699410 , 9789264627352 , 9789264483637
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tax revenue implications of decarbonising road transport
    Keywords: Straßenverkehr ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Steuereinnahmen ; Slowenien ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This report investigates how tax revenue from transport fuels could evolve over time as vehicles rely less on fossil fuels, with a focus on the case study of the Republic of Slovenia. Reducing the reliance on fossil fuels in the transport sector is a welcome development from the perspective of its climate and health impacts and of reduced energy dependence. However, under current settings, reduced fuel use will also lead to a loss of tax revenues, which may put stress on government budgets. Based on simulations for Slovenia, with a 2050 horizon, the report provides an in-depth assessment of the taxation of road transport and investigates how tax policy could adapt to declining fossil fuel use in the long term if the objective is to maintain revenues at current levels while taking fairness and efficiency considerations into account. It finds that gradual tax reforms, with an evolving mix of taxes, shifting from taxes on fuel to taxes on distances driven, can contribute to more sustainable tax policy over the long term.
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  • 74
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264784185 , 9789264689626 , 9789264963399
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (114 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Unpacking e-commerce
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Geschäftsmodell ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Electronic Shopping ; Online-Shop ; Geschäftsmodell
    Abstract: As digital transformation has accelerated, the e-commerce landscape has become increasingly dynamic. New players have emerged at the same time that established actors have taken on new roles; some barriers to e-commerce at the firm, individual and country levels have been overcome, while other barriers have emerged. Innovative business models have transformed buyer-seller relationships and pushed out the frontier of what is possible to buy and sell online. This report analyses new and emerging e-commerce business models, examines e-commerce trends along a range of dimensions, and offers new insights on the policies needed to exploit the opportunities and mitigate the challenges of unlocking the potential of e-commerce for all.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264312500 , 9789264721654 , 9789264832473
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trends in trade in counterfeit and pirated goods
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Außenhandel ; Governance ; Trade
    Abstract: This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264644472 , 9789264504639 , 9789264487659
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Förfalskning och piratkopiering och den svenska ekonomin: Säkerställande av att “Made in Sweden” alltid är det
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Counterfeiting and piracy and the Swedish economy
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Herkunftsbezeichnung ; Schweden ; Governance ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Sweden ; Schweden ; Herkunftsbezeichnung ; Produktpiraterie
    Abstract: The Swedish economy is innovative and rich in intellectual property (IP), with nearly every industry either producing or using IP. Swedish innovative industries are also export-dependent and very deeply integrated in the global economy, through active participation in global value chains. At the same time, the threats of counterfeiting and piracy are growing – and Sweden is vulnerable. This report measures the direct economic effects of counterfeiting on Swedish industry, government and consumers. It examines both the impact of the imports of fake products to Sweden and – more importantly – the impact of the global trade in fake products that infringe on the IP rights of Swedish innovative companies.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 214
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Markteintritt ; Agrarsubvention ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Einkommensverteilung ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelsabkommen ; CGE-Modell ; Asien ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What can further market integration contribute to growth and employment? A series of hypothetical trade reform scenarios explores what countries at different levels of development can expect to gain from reforming tariffs, non-tariff barriers, trade facilitation and domestic support to agriculture. Simulations of multilateral and regional trade agreements with the OECD METRO model show that positive effects are higher when more countries participate in trade integration because it broadens market opportunities, widens the range of products at lower prices, and reduces trade diversion. Smaller economies especially benefit. Firms in these economies can better specialise in international production networks as they have access to larger and more differentiated markets and also benefit from enhanced market access on the products they already produce. While trade integration boosts demand and lifts wages and factor returns, the required production adjustments also leads to reallocation of workers between sectors. The analysis highlights some of the distributional implications and emphasises the need for labour force adjustment policies to accompany trade integration.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 78
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264297968 , 9789264286061 , 9789264292017
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD companion to the inventory of support measures for fossil fuels 2018
    Keywords: Fossile Energie ; Subvention ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: This report is concerned with policies that directly support the production or consumption of fossil fuels in OECD countries and in a selection of partner economies. It provides a useful complement to the online OECD database that identifies and estimates direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures benefitting fossil fuels, and from which it derives summary results and indicators on support to fossil fuels, as well as policy recommendations. This report emphasises the problems that fossil-fuel subsidies cause in the context of broader policy efforts to mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions, and reviews the various reform initiatives that have already been taken at the international level (G-20, APEC, etc.). In addition, it presents methods for combining the IEA and OECD support estimates and for measuring the support element of government credit assistance.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264304529
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (648 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe 跨国企业与税务机关 转让定价指南 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Çok Uluslu İşletmeler ve Vergi İdareleri için OECD Transfer Fiyatlandırması Rehberi 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Principes de l'OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Směrnice OECD o převodních cenách pro nadnárodní podniky a daňové správy 2017
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Directrices de la OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia a empresas multinacionales y administraciones tributarias 2017
    Keywords: Taxation ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen und Steuerverwaltungen erörtern die Anwendung des Fremdvergleichsgrundsatzes, der den internationalen Konsens bei der Verrechnungspreisbestimmung darstellt, d.h. der Bewertung grenzüberschreitender Geschäftsvorfälle zwischen verbundenen Unternehmen für Steuerzwecke. Angesichts der entscheidenden Rolle, die multinationale Unternehmen in der Weltwirtschaft spielen, ist die Verrechnungspreisbestimmung sowohl für die Steuerverwaltungen als auch für die Steuerpflichtigen weiterhin von größter Bedeutung. Die Staaten müssen sicherstellen, dass die steuerpflichtigen Gewinne multinationaler Unternehmen nicht künstlich in andere Steuerhoheitsgebiete verlagert werden und dass die von multinationalen Unternehmen in ihrem Steuerhoheitsgebiet ausgewiesene Besteuerungsgrundlage der dort ausgeübten wirtschaftlichen Tätigkeit entspricht. Für die Steuerpflichtigen ist es entscheidend, die Risiken einer wirtschaftlichen Doppelbesteuerung zu begrenzen, die sich aus Uneinigkeiten zwischen zwei Staaten über die Bestimmung der fremdvergleichskonformen Vergütung für ihre grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftsvorfälle mit verbundenen Unternehmen ergeben können. Diese Ausgabe der OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien von 2017 enthält die umfassenden, 2016 erfolgten Überarbeitungen aufgrund der Klarstellungen und Änderungen, die in den 2015 verabschiedeten BEPS-Berichten zu den Aktionspunkten 8-10, Gewährleistung der Übereinstimmung zwischen Verrechnungspreisergebnissen und Wertschöpfung, und zu Aktionspunkt 13, Verrechnungspreisdokumentation und länderbezogene Berichterstattung, vereinbart wurden. Sie umfasst zudem die 2013 angenommenen überarbeiteten Leitlinien zu Safe-Harbour-Regelungen, die anerkennen, dass gut konzipierte Safe-Harbour-Regelungen Befolgungsaufwand verringern helfen und den Steuerpflichtigen mehr Sicherheit bieten können. Des Weiteren wurden im übrigen Text dieser Ausgabe der OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien Änderungen zur Verbesserung der Gesamtkohärenz vorgenommen. Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien wurden 1995 in ihrer ursprünglichen Fassung vom Rat der OECD angenommen.
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264305748 , 9789264306400 , 9789264306417
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (136 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Estudio de cooperación regulatoria internacional de México
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Review of international regulatory co-operation of Mexico
    Keywords: Regulierung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Mexiko ; Governance ; Trade ; Mexico
    Abstract: International regulatory co-operation (IRC) represents an important opportunity for countries, and in particular domestic regulators, to consider the impacts of their regulations beyond their borders, expand the evidence for decision-making, learn from the experience of their peers, and develop concerted approaches to challenges that transcend borders. This report provides the first OECD assessment of a country’s IRC framework and practices. Mexico’s active efforts to embrace globalisation are reflected in many aspects of its domestic policies, practices and institutions. On one hand, it has undertaken unilateral efforts to embed international considerations in its domestic rule-making through regulatory improvement disciplines and with the consideration of international standards in the drafting of technical regulations. On the other hand, the Mexican government and individual regulators also engage extensively in co-operative efforts on regulatory matters, at the bilateral, regional and multilateral level. Based on the overview of Mexico’s practices and comparison with other OECD countries, the review recommends three areas for improvement: designing a horizontal government-wide strategy for IRC, enhancing information about the tools and benefits of IRC, and offering the necessary tools to support systematic implementation of IRC.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264293137 , 9789264300637 , 9789264300644
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (188 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Productivity and jobs in a globalised world
    Keywords: Regionalpolitik ; Produktivität ; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt ; Globalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Trade
    Abstract: This report looks at how regional policies can support productivity growth and jobs. While there has been a remarkable decline in inequality in OECD countries, inequality among regions within certain countries has increased over the same time period. Regions that narrowed productivity gaps tended to benefit from economically vibrant tradable sectors and integration with well-functioning cities. This report considers in detail the role of the tradable sector as a driver of productivity growth and its relationship with employment. It addresses the possible risks of a growing tradable sector and how diversification is central to strengthening regional economic resilience. It considers how regions integrate global value chains and highlights the role of regional and policy links in fostering productivity growth and job creation. It asks what policies can help better anticipate or cushion shocks from trade in specific regions and, more generally, what strategies and framework conditions are conducive for regional productivity and employment growth.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264301016
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Improving markets for recycled plastics
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Kunststoff ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Umweltpolitik ; Welt ; Environment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Welt ; Kunststoff ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Recycling ; Umweltpolitik ; Welt ; Kunststoff ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Recycling ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Plastics have become one of the most prolific materials on the planet: in 2015 we produced about 380 million tonnes of plastics globally, up from 2 million tonnes in the 1950s. Yet today only 15% of this plastic waste is collected and recycled into secondary plastics globally each year. This report looks at why this is the case and what we can do about it, as the pervasiveness of plastics is becoming an urgent public health and planetary problem. Not only is the diffusion of waste plastics into the wider environment creating hugely negative impacts, but plastics production emits approximately 400 million tonnes of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions annually as a result of the energy used in their production, transport, and final waste treatment. Improved plastics collection and recycling represents a promising solution to these concerns.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264277571 , 9789264300323 , 9789264300316
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade facilitation and the global economy
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Globalisierung ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Schwellenländer ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: In a globalised world, where goods cross borders many times as intermediate and as final products, trade facilitation is essential to lowering overall trade costs and increasing economic welfare, in particular for developing and emerging economies. Facilitation efforts undertaken by various countries around the world also show that the benefits of such measures clearly compensate the costs and challenges posed by their implementation.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264303911 , 9789264304826 , 9789264304819
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (184 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Australian services trade in the global economy
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Australien ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade ; Australia
    Abstract: This book presents an in depth analysis of the contribution of services to the Australian economy, the regulatory environment of the services sector and its performance in an international context. The analysis highlights the importance of co-ordinated domestic policy action, priorities for promoting behind-the-border regulatory reforms in strategic international markets, and the benefits of an ambitious bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral trade policy agenda that contributes to rules-based certainty and predictability in services trade globally.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264304161 , 9789264306653 , 9789264306646
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: SME Policy Index
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا المتوسطية 2018: التقييم المرحلي للإصلاحات المتعلقة بالمشاريع الصغيرة والمتوسطة الحجم
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Politiques en faveur des PME : Moyen-Orient méditerranéen et Afrique du Nord 2018 : Évaluation intermédiaire des principales réformes en faveur des PME
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Mediterranean Middle East and North Africa 2018
    Keywords: 2018 ; KMU ; Mittelstandspolitik ; MENA-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; MENA-Region ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Reform
    Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of major reforms undertaken between 2014 and 2018 to promote micro, small and medium-sized enterprise development in Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority and Tunisia. The report focuses on five strategic areas for SME policy making: SME definitions, statistics and institutions; improving business environments for SMEs and entrepreneurs; fostering access to finance; nurturing start-ups and SME growth; and the development of entrepreneurial human capital. The report aims to showcase good practices and to point to areas where more efforts are needed. It provides valuable guidance for governments, private sector organisations, multilateral bodies and other stakeholders to intensify their efforts to support SMEs as essential vehicles for jobs and competitiveness. This is particularly relevant in a region striving to boost economic diversification, employment creation and the inclusion of youth and women in the economy. The report is the result of a process of close collaboration among governments, the OECD, the European Training Foundation and the European Commission.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264611344 , 9789264382022 , 9789264307858
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Misuse of small parcels for trade in counterfeit goods
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Außenhandel ; Postmarkt ; Welt ; Governance ; Trade ; Außenhandel
    Abstract: This study examines the potential for the misuse of small parcels for trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. It presents the legal and economic contexts of the operation of express and postal services. It also looks at the available data on volumes of small consignments, via postal and courier streams, in the context of seizures of counterfeit and pirated goods. Furthermore it analyses the links between the observed dynamics in markets for small parcels and the available information on misuse of this service by traffickers in counterfeit and pirated goods.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264291652
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Governance frameworks to counter illicit trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Regulierung ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Welt ; BRICS-Staaten ; Governance ; Trade ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Russian Federation ; South Africa ; Schwarzhandel ; Fälschung ; Marktregelung
    Abstract: This report examines governance frameworks to counter illicit trade. It looks at the adequacy and effectiveness of sanctions and penalties applicable, the steps parties engaged in illicit trade take to lower the risk of detection - for example through small shipments - and the use of free trade zones as hubs for managing trade in illicit products. It also identifies gaps in enforcement that may need to be addressed. The report provides an overview of selected enforcement issues in BRICS economies (Brazil, China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa).
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264306509
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strengthening governance and reducing corruption risks to tackle illegal wildlife trade
    Keywords: Wildtierschutz ; Illegaler Handel ; Anti-Korruption ; Südliches Afrika ; Ostafrika ; Governance ; Trade
    Abstract: In countries affected by the illegal wildlife trade, corruption is a key enabler and facilitator. Failure to address this corruption, and the institutional and governance gaps that allow it to take place, make tackling the illegal wildlife trade a significant challenge. This report provides a structured analysis of how corruption facilitates wildlife crime based on research in four source and transit countries in East and Southern Africa. It offers a series of specific recommendations targeted at national governments, donors, and intergovernmental organisations to address the issues of corruption and the illegal wildlife trade.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264303379 , 9789264303362 , 9789264302334
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (296 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agricultural policies in India
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Indien ; Agriculture and Food ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Trade ; India
    Abstract: This report assesses the performance of agricultural and food policy in India and calculates a set of policy indicators providing a comprehensive picture of agricultural support. These indicators, developed by the OECD, are already used regularly in the analysis of the agriculture and food sector in 51 OECD countries and emerging economies and are now available for India for the first time. Government intervention in India is found to provide both negative and positive support to agriculture, with market and trade interventions often depressing prices, while subsidies to fertilisers, water, power and other inputs incentivise their use. This reveals the inherent difficulty in attempting to secure remunerative prices and higher incomes for farmers, while at the same time keeping food prices low for consumers. The report also points to policy-induced pressures on natural resources such as water and soil. Detailed recommendations are offered which, if implemented, have the potential to improve farmers' welfare, reduce environmental damage, alleviate some of the pressure on scarce resources, better prepare the sector for climate change, improve food and nutrition security for the poor, improve domestic market functioning and position India to participate more fully in agro-food global value chains.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade ; Korea, Republic of
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264295988 , 9789264275232 , 9789264275270
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les politiques d'échanges de services dans une économie mondialisée
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Services trade policies and the global economy
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Trade ; Bericht ; Weltwirtschaft ; Dienstleistungssektor
    Abstract: This book synthesises recent work by the OECD analysing services trade policies and quantifying their impacts on imports and exports, the performance of manufacturing and services sectors, and how services trade restrictions influence the decisions and outcomes of firms engaged in international markets. Based on the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) - a unique, evidence-based tool that provides snapshots of regulations affecting trade in services in 22 sectors across 44 countries (representing over 80% of global trade in services) - the analysis highlights the magnitude, nature and impact of the costs entailed by restrictive services trade policies. The new evidence uncovered is meant to inform trade policy makers and the private sector about the likely effects of unilateral or concerted regulatory reforms and help prioritise policy action.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Trade ; Germany
    Abstract: People in many countries, especially advanced countries, are expressing growing discontent about globalisation. They feel that its benefits have accrued mostly to a small and already well-off segment of the population. In addition, many citizens are dissatisfied with the way economic integration has been advanced. They complain about too little transparency and too many conflicts of interests between policy makers and firms. Several of the negative effects feeding the discontent have more to do with technological change than with globalisation per se, but the two are closely intertwined. Moreover, the policies put in place to alleviate negative impacts of economic openness on some groups, industries and regions have not always worked as intended, and global rule-making has not kept up with reality. Given its many benefits, reversing economic integration is not a solution. Rather, we need to find ways to make it work for all. This report sets out what needs to be done to advance a fairer and more inclusive globalisation – at the global level, at the European level and within Germany.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264270848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trade in counterfeit ICT goods
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Informationstechnik ; Elektronisches Produkt ; Welt ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Falschgeld ; Zahlungsmittel
    Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a constant rise in the spread of ICT (information and communication technologies) infrastructure and a growing demand for ICT goods. The production of these goods is knowledge intensive and the industry relies extensively on intellectual property (IP) rights. This strong and growing demand for ICT goods, and their IP dependence, makes them an attractive target for counterfeiters. This study looks at the trade in counterfeit ICT goods, including the size of the trade, the main sources of fake goods, and the countries whose companies are most affected.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264275683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Small, medium, strong
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Betriebliches Umfeld ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Governance ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Gewerbepolitik
    Abstract: SMEs and entrepreneurs play a key role in national economies around the world, generating employment and income, contributing to innovation and knowledge diffusion, responding to new or niched demands and social needs, and enhancing social inclusion. However, SMEs are often more affected by business environment conditions and structural policies than larger firms. This report presents comparative evidence on SME performance and trends, and on a broad range of policy areas and business environment conditions that are important for small businesses. The analysis takes into account the multi-dimensionality of SME policy objectives and the significant heterogeneity of the SME population, within and across countries. Data and indicators on framework conditions are complemented with information on recent policy trends in OECD countries. This publication addresses a growing demand by governments for tools to monitor the business environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, and benchmark the effectiveness of policies in creating appropriate conditions for them to flourish and grow.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264278349
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mapping the real routes of trade in fake goods
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Internationaler Güterverkehr ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Governance ; Trade ; Produktpiraterie ; Welthandel
    Abstract: Trade in counterfeit and pirated goods is a vital threat for modern, innovation-driven economies, a worldwide phenomenon that grows in scope and magnitude. Counterfeiters ship infringing products via complex routes, with many intermediary points, which poses a substantial challenge to efficient enforcement. This study looks at the issue of the complex routes of trade in counterfeit pirated goods. Using a set of statistical filters, it identifies key producing economies and key transit points. The analysis is done for ten main sectors for which counterfeiting is the key threat. The results will facilitate tailoring policy responses to strengthen governance frameworks to tackle this risk, depending on the profile of a given economy that is known as a source of counterfeit goods in international trade.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264274662
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Trade ; Germany
    Abstract: In vielen Ländern und vor allem in den fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften äußern die Menschen wachsenden Unmut über die Globalisierung. Sie haben den Eindruck, dass von ihren Vorteilen vor allem ein kleiner, ohnehin besser gestellter Teil der Bevölkerung profitiert. Außerdem sind viele Bürgerinnen und Bürger unzufrieden darüber, wie die wirtschaftliche Integration vorangetrieben wurde. Sie beklagen einen Mangel an Transparenz und zu viele Interessenkonflikte zwischen Politik und Wirtschaft. Einige der negativen Effekte, die die Unzufriedenheit wachsen lassen, hängen stärker mit dem technologischen Wandel zusammen als mit der Globalisierung an sich, allerdings sind diese beiden Elemente eng miteinander verknüpft. Außerdem zeigten die Maßnahmen, die ergriffen wurden, um die negativen Effekte der wirtschaftlichen Öffnung für bestimmte Gruppen, Branchen und Regionen abzumildern, nicht immer die gewünschte Wirkung, und die weltweite Rechtsetzungstätigkeit konnte nicht mit der Realität Schritt halten. Die wirtschaftliche Integration rückgängig zu machen, ist angesichts ihrer zahlreichen Vorteile keine Lösung. Vielmehr müssen wir Wege finden, um zu gewährleisten, dass alle von dieser Integration profitieren können. Dieser Bericht legt dar, was getan werden muss – auf globaler Ebene, auf europäischer Ebene und in Deutschland –, um die Globalisierung gerechter und inklusiver zu gestalten.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264275164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: Better Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade ; India
    Abstract: India’s economy continues to grow at an impressive rate, with projected annual GDP growth of 7.5% in 2017-18. India will thus remain the fastest-growing G20 economy. Unprecedented growth in exports in services since the 1990s has made India a global leader in this sector. Inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) grew at three times the annual world average rate in the last decade, reflecting the success of efforts to attract international investment and gradually loosen restrictions to foreign investment. India’s economic successes are being translated into increased well-being for its population. As GDP per capita has more than doubled in ten years, extreme poverty has declined substantially. Access to education has steadily improved, and life expectancy has risen. Multiple opportunities present themselves for India, and the right mix of policies is needed to take advantage of them. India has made advances in integrating in global value chains and developing a competitive advantage in fields such as information and communication technology. Now is the time to secure continued progress by boosting competition and further lowering barriers to trade and investment. Looking to the future, it will be vital to fully tap into the potential offered by India´s young population. This means investing in the large numbers of young people entering the labour market. Likewise, the rapid pace of development must be matched with the upgrades to infrastructure necessary to support it.
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 190
    Keywords: 1995 - 2011 ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Qualifikation ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Außenhandel ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper contributes to a better understanding of the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on jobs and productivity by providing new evidence on employment embodied in value-added trade flows. Linking jobs data to the Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) indicators first highlights that a large share of employment in OECD and key partner countries relies on consumption taking place abroad and for most countries this share has increased between 1995 and 2011. There are differences across industries in the share of jobs embodied in exports but in all industries a majority of these jobs originates in the service sector. In almost all countries, the jobs embodied in exports are shifting towards high-skill and medium-skill occupations. Within GVCs, there is also a shift from employment in core manufacturing activities to employment in service support functions such as R&D, distribution, logistics, marketing, sales and customer services. The impact of GVCs on the number of people engaged in each industry is the combination of several factors but related to specialisation patterns and the evolution of productivity. In this assessment, it is important to look at the whole value chain and not to focus only on industries where GVCs are prevalent. Job creation in sectors less exposed to GVCs is the consequence of productivity gains in sectors the most integrated in GVCs.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264233294
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aligning policies for a low-carbon economy
    DDC: 333.7914
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Klimapolitik ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; OECD-Staaten ; Klimaänderung ; Treibhausgas ; Klimaschutz ; Anpassung ; Strategie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Transport ; Trade ; Erde ; Klimaschutz
    Abstract: This report produced in co-operation with the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Transport Forum (ITF) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) identifies the misalignments between climate change objectives and policy and regulatory frameworks across a range of policy domains (investment, taxation, innovation and skills, trade, and adaptation) and activities at the heart of climate policy (electricity, urban mobility and rural land use). Outside of countries’ core climate policies, many of the regulatory features of today’s economies have been built around the availability of fossil fuels and without any regard for the greenhouse gas emissions stemming from human activities. This report makes a diagnosis of these contradictions and points to means of solving them to support a more effective transition of all countries to a low-carbon economy.
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