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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (136)
  • OLC Ethnologie
  • 2010-2014  (136)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (136)
  • Leiden : Brill
  • Paris : OECD Publishing.
  • Energy  (136)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (136)
  • OLC Ethnologie
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
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    Energy Policy Highlights : In-Depth Energy Policy Reviews (IDRs) of 21st Century (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264200630
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energiepolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Energieforschung ; Welt ; Energy
    Kurzfassung: Energy Policy Highlights showcases what the 28 IEA member countries identified as key recent developments in their energy policies. Each country contribution covers a range of energy-related topics, with best practices and policy examples from their respective governments, including objectives, characteristics, challenges and successes, and shared lessons. Each contribution underscores the changing nature of both global and domestic energy challenges, as well as the commonality of energy concerns among member countries. For example, many of the policies highlighted identify an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a clear objective. Electricity, enhancing energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix in a cost effective manner are likewise areas of common focus. Overall, the energy concerns reflect key areas of focus for the IEA – energy security, environmental protection and economic development. On the end-user side, increasing public awareness of domestic energy policies through improved transparency and engagement is an important facet of policy support among IEA member countries. The successful implementation of policies and other initiatives benefitted from efforts to inform the public. The IEA hopes that Energy Policy Highlights will provide a useful point of reference and dialogue for the 2013 IEA Ministerial, and will help advance the Agency’s well-established practice of co-operation and worldwide engagement through the sharing of experiences, best practices and lessons learned, among IEA member countries and partner countries alike.
    Anmerkung: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264200630-en
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  • 2
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: European Union 2014 Review (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264190832
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; European Union
    Kurzfassung: In October 2014, the European Union (EU) set ambitious climate and energy targets for 2030, confirming its global leadership on climate change. But while the targets are in place, the legal framework to implement them is yet to be developed. Energy Policies of IEA Countries: European Union – 2014 provides recommendations on how the targets can be reached in a cost-effective and integrated way, while fostering the competitiveness and energy security of the European Union. The recommendations build on the lessons learned since the first IEA in-depth review of the European Union in 2008. Since then, EU energy policy has been driving energy market integration, cross-border trade and the implementation of energy and climate targets by 2020. The European Union is a global leader in transitioning towards a low-carbon economy: Europe’s unprecedented renewable energy boom, its action on energy efficiency and the economic downturn have all contributed to a drop in greenhouse gas emissions. However, energy security concerns have increased. Ageing nuclear and coal plants will be shut, and EU energy systems and markets must accommodate growing shares of variable renewable energy. The European Union seeks to foster access to diversified gas and oil supplies to reduce dependence on single suppliers. Making the most of its diversity, the European Union must strengthen the internal energy market to enhance both its energy security and the competitiveness of its industry. Yet, important interconnections are missing, and, despite the opening of the wholesale market and decreasing prices , concentrated and regulated retail markets do not deliver benefits to consumers. As member states adopt different decarbonisation pathways and energy policy choices, a strong “Energy Union” is needed with effective energy market rules and policies that support the development of low-carbon technologies, within the new energy and climate policy framework for 2030.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264190832-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
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    Energy Storage (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211872
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: This roadmap aims to increase understanding among a range of stakeholders of the applications that electricity and thermal energy storage technologies can be used for at different locations in the energy system. Emphasis is placed on storage technologies that are connected to a larger energy system (e.g. electricity grid), while a smaller portion of the discussion focuses on off-grid storage applications. This focus is complemented by a discussion of the existing technology, policy, and economic barriers that hinder energy storage deployment. Specific actions that can be taken to remove these obstacles are identified for key energy system stakeholder groups.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211872-en
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  • 4
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    Energy Efficiency Indicators : Essentials for Policy Making (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264215665
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Energy efficiency is widely recognised as the most cost-effective and readily available means to address numerous energy-related issues, including energy security, the social and economic impacts of high energy prices, and concerns about climate change. At the same time, energy efficiency increases competitiveness and promotes consumer welfare. In this context, it is important to develop and maintain well-founded indicators to better inform policy making and help decision makers formulate policies that are best suited to domestic and/or international objectives. This publication enables energy analysts and policy makers to identify priority areas for the development of energy efficiency indicators, define which sector(s) offer the greatest potential to further improve energy efficiency, select the data and indicators that best support policy development in these sectors, and develop a strategy to advance policy development through the improved use of indicators to track progress of energy efficiency policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264215665-en
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  • 5
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    Energy Efficiency Indicators : Fundamentals on Statistics (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264215672
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (384 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Energy efficiency is high on the political agenda as governments seek to reduce wasteful energy consumption, strengthen energy security and cut greenhouse gas emissions. However, the lack of data for developing proper indicators to measure energy efficiency often prevents countries from transforming declarations into actions. This manual identifies the main sectoral indicators and the data needed to develop these indicators; and to make surveying, metering and modeling practices existing all around the world available to all. It has been developed with a companion document, Energy Efficiency Indicators: Essentials for Policy Making, as a starting point towards enabling policymakers to understand where greater efficiency is needed, to implement appropriate policies and to measure their impact.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264215672-en
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  • 6
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    Planting the Foundations of a Post-2020 Land Sector Reporting and Accounting Framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/06
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Land management faces a series of daunting challenges in the 21st century. These include contributing to the global mitigation effort and adaptation needed to prevent dangerous climate change, while providing enough food for a population of 9 billion by 2050 as well as shelter and livelihoods for rural populations and various ecosystem services. The existing mitigation reporting and accounting arrangements for the land sector are complex, not applicable to all Parties, and provide limited scope for pursuing more costeffective accounting approaches that would enable developing countries to address conflicting policy objectives such as addressing climate change while increasing agricultural output. This paper has two aims. The first is to lay out possible elements of a long-term vision for the post-2020 reporting and accounting framework for emissions and removals from the land sector, building on existing experience with reporting and accounting as well as previous studies. The second is to identify possible steps that could be taken at COP 20 in 2014, COP 21 in 2015, and in 2016-2020 to put Parties on a pathway towards realising this vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qf2p7pzw-en
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  • 7
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    The Role of the 2015 Agreement in Mobilising Climate Finance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/07
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Shifting public and private investment from “brown” to “green” is an essential part of climate change. The post-2020 climate agreement to be agreed at COP 21 in December 2015 has the potential to play a significant role in signalling the importance of such a shift. This paper explores how the 2015 agreement could spur further mobilisation of climate finance by examining the current state of play regarding existing financing environments and mechanisms. These include examining the existing international institutional arrangements under the UNFCCC to see how balanced financing, co-ordination, streamlining and complementarity between institutions could be achieved. The paper also highlights the key role that in-country enabling environments can play in further mobilising public and private climate finance, and discusses how the 2015 agreement could enhance both “pull” and “push” factors for mobilisation. In addition, the paper also discusses how the agreement could facilitate the broad use of a spectrum of financial instruments and the further development of an enhanced system for measurement, reporting and verification of climate finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js03h9ztlbr-en
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  • 8
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    Secure and Efficient Electricity Supply : During the Transition to Low Carbon Power Systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264207639
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Electricity shortages can paralyse our modern economies. All governments fear rolling black-outs and their economic consequences, especially in economies increasingly based on digital technologies. Over the last two decades, the development of markets for power has produced cost reduction, technological innovation, increased cross border trade and assured a steady supply of electricity. Now, IEA countries face the challenge of maintaining security of electricity supply during the transition to low-carbon economies. Low-carbon policies are pushing electricity markets into novel territories at a time when most of the generation and network capacity will have to be replaced. Most notably, wind and solar generation, now an integral part of electricity markets, can present new operating and investment challenges for generation, networks and the regional integration of electricity markets. In addition, the resilience of power systems facing more frequent natural disasters is also of increasing concern. IEA ministers mandated the Secretariat to work on the Electricity Security Action Plan (ESAP), expanding to electricity the energy security mission of the IEA. This paper outlines the key conclusions and policy recommendations to "keep the lights on" while reducing CO 2 emissions and increasing the efficiency.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264207639-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
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    How2Guide for Wind Energy : Roadmap Development and Implementation (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264211759
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: This How2Guide for Wind Energy (Wind H2G) is designed to provide interested stakeholders from both government and industry with the necessary tools to plan and implement a roadmap for wind energy technology at the national or regional level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264211759-en
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  • 10
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    GHG or not GHG : Accounting for diverse mitigation contributions in the post-2020 climate framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/02
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: It is likely that a diverse range of nationally-determined mitigation contributions will be communicated by Parties under the 2015 climate change agreement. An effective post-2020 accounting framework to understand and track implementation of these mitigation contributions will therefore need to accommodate a range of contribution types and varying national capacities. With Parties now undertaking domestic preparations for developing intended mitigation contributions for the 2015 agreement, three key issues are: (i) what up-front information should be provided alongside intended mitigation contributions to facilitate understanding of the intended contributions and their expected impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions levels; (ii) what accounting rules or guidance for post-2020 mitigation contributions (if any) would it be helpful to agree or develop before 2020, to facilitate understanding of intended contributions and their expected impacts on GHG emissions levels; and (iii) the timing of key decisions on accounting issues, taking into account the agreed timetable for communication of intended mitigation contributions. This paper explores these questions in greater detail and highlights issues that Parties may wish to consider when preparing and communicating their mitigation contributions. Providing Parties with some structure for the framing of intended mitigation contributions could help simplify domestic preparations for these intended contributions, in particular for those Parties with lower institutional capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qf652kd3-en
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  • 11
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    Scaling up and replicating effective climate finance interventions (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/01
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: There is widespread recognition that climate finance needs to be scaled up from its current levels. However, there is no clear view on how developed countries can efficiently and effectively mobilise further climate finance to meet the needs of developing countries. Developed countries have committed to mobilise USD 100 bn per year of climate finance for developing countries by 2020 from a variety of sources. These include both public and private finance, thus the private sector is likely to play a significant role in the mobilisation of climate finance to meet this commitment. This paper explores how scale-up and replication of effective climate finance interventions efficiently mobilise private climate finance. The interventions examined in the paper have already been, or are being, scaled up or replicated. Scaling-up and replication of such climate finance interventions could be an efficient way to increase the private sector’s interest in mobilisation of climate finance, and thus to make progress towards the USD 100 bn per year goal by 2020. The paper draws lessons from selected mitigation and available adaptation case studies at project- and programme-levels as well as from experience with international climate funds. The paper examines three key aspects needed to scale up and replicate climate finance. The first is the institutional structures and decision-making framework of the climate finance source, its aims, the scale at which it operates and how barriers to scaling-up and replication have been addressed. Second, the paper explores how demonstrating effective low-carbon, climate-resilient technologies and systems can facilitate scale-up and replication. Third, the paper discusses the influence of policies to enhance domestic enabling environments for scaling-up and replication.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qffvmnhk-en
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  • 12
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    Built to Last : Designing a Flexible and Durable 2015 Climate Change Agreement (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/03
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this paper is to explore what a flexible and durable 2015 climate change agreement could look like and propose pragmatic options for the design of such an agreement. A durable 2015 climate change agreement would continue to be ambitious, fair and effective in 2020 and beyond. An agreement that is designed to be durable could also help to encourage widespread participation by governments, as well as improve the credibility of the agreement for investors. To achieve these objectives, a degree of flexibility could be included in the mitigation and other provisions of the 2015 agreement. If so, a balance may need to be struck between (i) providing enough flexibility for countries to feel comfortable participating in the agreement, (ii) providing predictability regarding the provisions of the agreement and the actions that governments intend to take, and (iii) the collective level of ambition of the agreement. Success will be needed on all fronts if the agreement is to be durable. Building some flexibility into the design of the 2015 agreement could make it more durable in the face of new scientific discoveries, external changes and shocks, as well as evolving country circumstances. The focus of this paper is on the mitigation part of the 2015 agreement. The paper outlines possible processes for consultations and updating of mitigation contributions. It also discusses the possible structure of the 2015 agreement and the implications of different mitigation contribution types for the flexibility and durability of the agreement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qf5cjnvd-en
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  • 13
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    Taking Stock of the UNFCCC Process and its Inter-linkages (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/04
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Governments are currently negotiating the elements of a new climate change agreement to be adopted at the forthcoming COP 21 conference in Paris in 2015. The aim of this paper is to take stock of existing UNFCCC institutions and arrangements and the inter-linkages between them in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage, means of implementation, and measurement, reporting and verification (MRV), with a view to informing discussions on the possible elements of a 2015 agreement. A pragmatic agreement would focus on using existing institutions and arrangements more effectively, before creating new ones. Some institutions and arrangements have been established only recently, and time is needed before their effectiveness can be fairly assessed.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qf553zf8-en
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  • 14
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    Energy Supply Security 2014 : Emergency Response of IEA Countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264218420
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (604 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Ensuring energy security is a core responsibility of the International Energy Agency and a priority for its member countries. To this end, the ability to respond quickly and effectively in the event of a supply disruption is essential. Energy Supply Security 2014: The Emergency Response of IEA Countries provides an overview of the most recent oil and natural gas emergency policy reviews of the 29 IEA member countries as well as those of key partners such as Chile, China, India and ASEAN. The publication assesses each country’s emergency arrangements for security of supply of oil and gas, their stockholding structure, demand restraint measures and fuel switching capacity, and also provides a summary of energy security best practices among the IEA membership and beyond. Although the IEA was initially created to focus on oil supply security, energy markets have evolved, with other fuels playing increasingly important roles in the global energy mix. Thus, natural gas is highlighted in this publication, including assessments of measures to respond to and offset potential supply disruptions. Due to the increasing dependence of modern societies on reliable and secure electricity supplies, this publication also includes an overview of the electricity security assessment framework recently developed by the IEA for the purposes of strengthening countries’ electricity security.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264218420-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
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    Politiques énergétiques hors des pays de l'AIE : Maroc 2014 (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264223554
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries; Morocco 2014
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Morocco
    Kurzfassung: Cette publication analyse les défis de la politique énergétique auxquels le Maroc doit faire face et fournit des recommandations pour de nouvelles améliorations de cette politique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264223554-fr
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  • 16
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    Capturing the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency : A Guide to Quantifying the Value Added (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264220720
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Capturing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency
    DDC: 333.7916
    Schlagwort(e): Energieeinsparung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Energy
    Kurzfassung: The traditional focus on energy savings as the main goal of energy efficiency policy has, at times, led to an underestimation of the full value of energy efficiency in both national and global economies. Energy efficiency can bring multiple benefits, such as enhancing the sustainability of the energy system, supporting strategic objectives for economic and social development, promoting environmental goals and increasing prosperity. The aim of this book is two-fold: to build knowledge of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency, and to demonstrate how policy makers and other stakeholders can use existing tools to measure and maximise the benefits they seek. Five key benefits areas – macroeconomic development; public budgets; health and wellbeing; industrial productivity; and energy delivery – are investigated in-depth, showing compelling returns when the value of multiple benefits is calculated alongside traditional benefits of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Considering multiple benefits also has important implications for unravelling one of the persistent challenges in energy efficiency – the rebound effect – revealing that it often signals a positive outcome in terms of achieving broader social and economic goals. By identifying and quantifying a broader range of impacts of energy efficiency, the multiple benefits approach repositions energy efficiency as a mainstream tool for economic and social development, and has the potential to motivate higher uptake of energy efficiency opportunities in the market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264220720-en
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  • 17
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    Energy Sector Transformation : Issues and Options for the UNFCCC Negotiations (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/05
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: A key element in the success of limiting mean global surface temperature rise to below 2°C will be transformation of the energy sector globally. In addition to implementing already-available options for more efficient use of energy and low-emissions energy supply, action is needed now to put in place the conditions for longer-term structural change to low-emissions energy systems. This transformational change will involve linkages between actions, institutions, and processes, both inside and outside the UNFCCC framework. This paper explores how the 2015 climate agreement, along with the nationally-determined contributions that Parties make under it, could drive energy sector transformation in addition to tracking greenhouse gas outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js1qf33f5xq-en
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  • 18
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    Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels 2013 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187610
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (440 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Inventory of estimated budgetary support and tax expenditures for fossil fuels 2013
    RVK:
    MK 5215
    RVK:
    PP 8105
    RVK:
    QR 730
    Schlagwort(e): Fossile Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; OECD ; Energiepolitik ; Steuervergünstigung
    Kurzfassung: This Inventory is concerned with direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures that relate to fossil fuels, regardless of their impact or of the purpose for which the measures were first put in place. It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. For each of the 34 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. The transfers associated with these measures are reported for recent years using the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and Consumer Support Estimate (CSE) as organising frameworks. These frameworks have already been used extensively by the OECD, most notably in respect of agriculture. The Inventory covers a wide range of measures that provide a benefit or preference for a particular activity or a particular product, either in absolute terms or relative to other activities or products, against a specified baseline. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187610-en
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  • 19
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    Electricity in a Climate-Constrained World : Data and Analyses (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175556
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Electricity in a climate-constrained world
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Welt ; Energy
    Kurzfassung: Electricity use is growing worldwide, providing a range of energy services: lighting, heating and cooling, specific industrial uses, entertainment, information technologies, and mobility. Because its generation remains largely based on fossil fuels, electricity is also the largest and the fastest-growing source of energy-related CO2 emissions, the primary cause of human-induced climate change. Forecasts from the IEA and others show that “decarbonising” electricity and enhancing end-use efficiency can make major contributions to the fight against climate change. Global and regional trends on electricity supply and demand indicate the magnitude of the decarbonisation challenge ahead. As climate concerns become an essential component of energy policy-making, the generation and use of electricity will be subject to increasingly strong policy actions by governments to reduce their associated CO2 emissions. Despite these actions, and despite very rapid growth in renewable energy generation, significant technology and policy challenges remain if this unprecedented essential transition is to be achieved. This book provides an authoritative resource on progress to date in this area, with statistics related to CO2 and the electricity sector across ten regions of the world. It also presents topical analyses on meeting the challenge of rapidly curbing CO2 emissions from electricity, from both a policy and technology perspective.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175556-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 20
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    Politique énergétique et climatique : Infléchir la trajectoire technologique (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264200388
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (139 p.) , ill.
    Serie: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'innovation environnementale
    Serie: Études de l'OCDE sur l'innovation environnementale
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Energy and Climate Policy; Bending the Technological Trajectory
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Parce que l’innovation technologique peut permettre d’atteindre des objectifs environnementaux à moindre coût, il importe de comprendre en quoi l’élaboration des politiques de l’environnement et l’innovation technologique sont liées. Cela est particulièrement vrai dans le domaine du changement climatique, où les coûts estimés de la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l’avenir dépendent en grande partie de la trajectoire technologique empruntée par l’économie. Les politiques publiques ont sans doute le pouvoir d’accélérer le développement et la diffusion des technologies d’atténuation du changement climatique et d’adaptation à ce phénomène, mais nous disposons d’encore trop peu de données concrètes et empiriques sur le sujet. Ce rapport présente une série d’articles qui étudient dans quelle mesure l’innovation technologique peut réduire les coûts induits par la réalisation des objectifs en matière d'atténuation des changements climatiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264200388-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 21
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    Renewable Energies in the Middle East and North Africa : Policies to Support Private Investment (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264183704
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Competitiveness and Private Sector Development
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Renewable energies in the Middle East and North Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Investition ; MENA-Staaten ; Energiepolitik ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Investitionspolitik ; Private Investition ; Energy ; Employment ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Naher Osten ; Mittlerer Osten ; Nordafrika
    Kurzfassung: The combined effects of the economic crisis and the recent popular uprisings in parts of the Middle East and North Africa have brought social and economic challenges back to the centre of attention of policy makers. For governments searching to create jobs, to satisfy the growing energy demand of their populations and to diversify their economies, the appeal of renewable energies is strong. However, the right policy framework and support need to be put in place if the region wants to attract private investment in the sector and reap the benefits of its favourable resource endowment, especially as regards solar and wind energy. This report makes the case for a stronger deployment of renewables in the Middle East and North Africa and identifies the appropriate support policies required to stimulate the necessary private investment. An assessment of existing policy frameworks in the region and examples from OECD good practice are used as pointers to help guide policy makers in their choices. The analysis contained in this report suggests that support policies targeting the life cycle of renewable energy projects such as feed-in tariffs and power purchase agreements are more effective and less distortive than policies subsidising the initial investment, such as cost reductions. The optimal incentive scheme provides investors with stability through a guaranteed but declining minimum return while imposing enough market risk to foster technological progress.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264183704-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 22
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    Low-Carbon Technology for the Indian Cement Industry (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264197008
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; India
    Kurzfassung: This roadmap outlines emissions reduction potential from all technologies that can be implemented in the Indian cement industry. Taking into account the specificities of the Indian context, markets and opportunities, this roadmap outlines a possible transition path for the Indian cement industry to support the global goal of halving CO 2 emissions by 2050.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264197008-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 23
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Germany 2013 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264190764
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: Since the IEA last reviewed Germany’s energy policies in 2007, the country has taken two fundamental policy decisions that will guide its energy policy in coming decades. In September 2010, the federal government adopted the Energy Concept, a comprehensive new strategy for a long-term integrated energy pathway to 2050. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011, Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 starting with the immediate closure of the eight oldest plants. This decision resulted in the adoption of a new suite of policy measures, determined renewable energy as the cornerstone of future energy supply, a set of policy instruments commonly known as the Energiewende. In order to achieve the ambitious energy transformation set out in the Energiewende, by 2030 half of all electricity supply will come from renewable energy sources; Germany must continue to develop cost-effective market-based approaches which will support the forecast growth of variable renewable generation. Furthermore, the costs and benefits need to be allocated in a fair and transparent way among all market participants, especially households. Renewable energy capacity must expand alongside the timely development of the transmission and distribution networks. In addition, a stable regulatory system is necessary to ensure long-term finance to network operators. Furthermore, close monitoring of Germany’s ability to meet electricity demand at peak times should continue in the medium term. Energy policy decisions in Germany inevitably have an impact beyond the country’s borders and must be taken within the context of a broader European energy policy framework and in close consultation with its neighbours. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Germany and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264190764-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 24
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    Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries: Estonia 2013 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264190801
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p)
    Serie: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Estonia
    Kurzfassung: This review of Estonia’s energy policies analyses the energy policy challenges and opportunities facing Estonia, and provides critiques and recommendations for future policy improvements. It finds that Estonia is actively seeking to reduce the intensity of its energy system. Many of these efforts are focused on oil shale, which the country has been using for almost a century and which meets 70% of its energy demand. While it provides a large degree of energy security, oil shale is highly carbon-intensive. The government is seeking to lessen the negative environmental impact by phasing out old power plants and developing new technologies to reduce significantly CO2 emissions. The efforts on oil shale complement Estonia’s solid track record of modernising its overall energy system. Since restoring its independence in 1991, Estonia has fully liberalised its electricity and gas markets and attained most national energy policy targets and commitments for 2020. It has also started preparing its energy strategy to 2030, with an outlook to 2050. Estonia is also promoting energy market integration with neighbouring EU member states.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264190801-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 25
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    21st Century Coal : Advanced Technology and Global Energy Solution (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (122 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2013/01
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: In 2009, the term “21st Century Coal” was jointly coined by the governments of China and the United States to describe the importance of strategic international partnerships to advance development of near-zero emissions (NZE) technology enabling clean energy solutions from coal (OPS, 2009). Coal industry leaders have embraced the concept of “21st Century Coal”, viewing the term in an even broader context as a term which symbolises the future of coal in the world. This future rests on a foundation of several elements, including an uncompromising commitment to safety, modern cutting-edge mining techniques, world-class land restoration practices and a technology path to NZE.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8f6tt5f-en
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  • 26
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    Exploring Climate Finance Effectiveness (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2013/04
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Ensuring that climate finance is used effectively will help to maximise its impact. The effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an activity attains its stated aims. These aims can vary, depending on the source of climate finance and how it is channelled. There are therefore different views on what “effective” climate finance is, as well as on how this effectiveness can be assessed. This paper explores how different communities view climate finance effectiveness; the policies or institutional pre-conditions that facilitate effectiveness; and how effectiveness is currently monitored and evaluated. The paper concludes by discussing the conflicts and trade-offs encountered in assessing effectiveness and a possible way forward in balancing multiple views and priorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb44nmnbd2-en
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  • 27
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    Comparing Definitions and Methods to Estimate Mobilised Climate Finance (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2013/02
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: At the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2010, developed countries formalised a collective climate finance commitment made previously in Copenhagen of “mobilising jointly USD 100 billion per year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries...from a wide variety of sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including alternative sources” (UNFCCC, 2010). However, there is currently no definition of which “climate” activities, flows, or other interventions could count towards the USD 100 billion; what “mobilising” means; or even which countries are covered by this commitment. The paper examines different definitions used by 24 key actors in climate finance to quantify the level of private climate finance mobilised by their interventions, as well as the methods used to track such private climate finance. Key findings are that i) methodologies to assess and estimate mobilisation vary widely, and ii) considerable risk of double-counting exists.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44wj0s6fq2-en
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  • 28
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    Made to Measure: Options for Emissions Accounting under the UNFCCC (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2013/01
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Mitigation pledges put forward by countries under the UNFCCC process are "made to measure" in that they are tailored to fit each country's individual circumstances. However, the pledges also need to be made to be measured so that we have a full understanding of how the various commitments add up to an aggregate global mitigation effort. The Kyoto Protocol provides the only existing international emissions accounting framework, but it applies only to developed countries with specific commitments. This paper assesses what would be required, in addition to existing reporting requirements, to build a robust emissions accounting framework under the UNFCCC applicable to a broad range of Parties. The paper first identifies necessary building blocks for an emissions accounting framework and assesses progress made in agreeing international reporting processes. It then looks in detail at the two most challenging areas for emissions accounting. The first area is accounting for flows of tradable units from market-based mechanisms, including international flows between linked domestic trading systems as well as from offset crediting mechanisms. The second area is accounting for emissions and removals from the forestry and land-use sectors, which have characteristics that make emissions accounting challenging: the need to distinguish anthropogenic emissions from natural variations, to deal with long time-frames and to measure sinks as well as sources of emissions. Finally, options are presented for how these issues might be taken forward in the negotiations, and how negotiators can build on recent progress made on reporting formats.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzbb2tp8ptg-en
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  • 29
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    Establishing and Understanding Post-2020 Climate Change Mitigation Commitments (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2013/03
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: A new international climate change agreement that will have legal force and be applicable to all countries is being negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The agreement is to be adopted by 2015 and come into effect from 2020. An effective agreement would include quantitative mitigation commitments from all major emitters and result in concrete actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while catalysing long-term transformations to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies. The aim of this paper is to explore what mitigation commitments put forward under the 2015 agreement might look like, what guidance might be agreed regarding the type of commitments proposed, and which “rules of the game” would need to be agreed before draft commitments for the post-2020 period are put forward. The paper outlines what ex-ante information would need to be provided in order to understand commitments, and explores whether guidance could take the form of “bounded flexibility” for the various dimensions describing mitigation commitments in order to provide a basis for post-2020 emissions accounting and tracking progress. It also describes possible stages of the process for establishing commitments for the 2015 agreement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb44qw9df7-en
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  • 30
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    Energy Provider‐Delivered Energy Efficiency : A Global Stock‐taking Based on Case Studies (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (145 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2013/02
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Energy providers will play a pivotal role over the coming decades in managing energy demand growth and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The IEA projects that the power sector will deliver up to two-thirds of cumulative emissions reductions under the climate-stabilizing 450 ppm scenario, by switching to less carbon-intensive generation, improving operational efficiency, and reducing demand (IEA 2011a). Reducing electricity end-use demand by itself is expected to account for 1/3 of the GHG emissions reductions through 2025 (See Figure 1).
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8f2dr36-en
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  • 31
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Finland 2013 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264190788
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: Finland’s economy is highly industrialised. Yet with over one-third of its territory located above the Arctic Circle, the country is largely rural and sparsely populated, except for its southern tip. With its energy-intensive industries and its cold climate, Finland’s energy consumption per capita is the highest in the IEA. Finland is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, and energy policy is at the heart of the government’s concerns. The government’s energy strategy aims to strengthen Finland’s energy security, to move progressively towards a decarbonised economy, and to deepen its integration in the wider European market. Finland has a very ambitious renewable energy programme, with a view to producing 38% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Finland is the most forested country in Europe; biomass will thus play a central role in meeting the target Finland is one of few IEA countries with plans to expand its nuclear capacity, and the Parliament has approved the construction of two more nuclear power plants. If all planned projects are completed, the share of electricity produced by nuclear could double by 2025, reaching around 60%. This would contribute to diversifying Finland’s energy security and meeting its low-carbon objectives. Also, Finland participates in the Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP), which aims to further regional integration through EU-supported infrastructure projects. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Finland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264190788-en
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  • 32
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    Resources to Reserves 2013 : Oil, Gas and Coal Technologies for the Energy Markets of the Future (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264090705
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Resources to reserves 2013
    Schlagwort(e): Energiereserven ; Fossile Energie ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle ; Energietechnik ; Welt ; Energy ; Welt ; Energievorrat ; Fossiler Brennstoff ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle
    Kurzfassung: The availability of oil and gas for future generations continues to provoke international debate. In 2005, the first edition of Resources to Reserves found that the known hydrocarbon resources were sufficient to sustain likely growth for the foreseeable future. Yet the book also predicted that developing oil and gas resources – and bringing them to market – would become more technically demanding. Resources to Reserves 2013 – a comprehensive update to the 2005 edition – confirms these earlier findings and investigates whether oil and gas resources can be produced at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner, while also protecting environmentally sensitive areas. Released amid a boom in shale gas and oil development in North America that is transforming the global energy landscape, the book surveys the cutting-edge technologies needed to find, produce and bring these reserves to the market, and it reviews the challenges on greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuel production. With renewed interest in coal as a potential source of liquid and gaseous fuels, it also looks at technology advances for this fossil fuel.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264090705-en
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  • 33
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    Transition to Sustainable Buildings : Strategies and Opportunities to 2050 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202955
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (284 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Internationale Energieagentur Transition to sustainable buildings
    RVK:
    ZH 3060
    Schlagwort(e): -2050 ; Nachhaltiges Bauen ; Prognose ; Welt ; Energy ; Energiebewusstes Bauen ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Kurzfassung: Buildings are the largest energy consuming sector in the world, and account for over one-third of total final energy consumption and an equally important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Achieving significant energy and emissions reduction in the buildings sector is a challenging but achievable policy goal. Transition to Sustainable Buildings presents detailed scenarios and strategies to 2050, and demonstrates how to reach deep energy and emissions reduction through a combination of best available technologies and intelligent public policy. This IEA study is an indispensible guide for decision makers, providing informative insights on: -Cost-effective options, key technologies and opportunities in the buildings sector; -Solutions for reducing electricity demand growth and flattening peak demand; -Effective energy efficiency policies and lessons learned from different countries; -Future trends and priorities for ASEAN, Brazil, China, the European Union, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and the United States; -Implementing a systems approach using innovative products in a cost effective manner; and -Pursuing whole-building (e.g. zero energy buildings) and advanced-component policies to initiate a fundamental shift in the way energy is consumed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202955-en
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  • 34
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    Energiepolitik der IEA-Länder : Deutschland Prüfung 2013 (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202139
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Energy Policies of IEA Countries; Germany 2013
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: Seit der letzten Prüfung der deutschen Energiepolitik durch die IEA im Jahr 2007 hat die Bundesrepublik zwei Grundsatzentscheidungen getroffen, die ihre Energiepolitik in den kommenden Jahrzehnten leiten werden. Im September 2010 hat die Bundesregierung das Energiekonzept verabschiedet, eine umfassende neue, langfristige und integrierte Strategie für die Entwicklung der Energieversorgung bis 2050. Nach dem Reaktorunfall von Fukushima Daiichi im März 2011 wurde dann der beschleunigte Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie bis 2022 beschlossen, wobei mit der sofortigen Stilllegung der acht ältesten Kraftwerke begonnen wurde. Diese Entscheidung führte zur Verabschiedung einer Reihe neuer Politikmaßnahmen zur Umsetzung der sog. Energiewende, mit der die erneuerbaren Energien zur tragenden Säule der künftigen Energieversorgung werden. Für diesen ehrgeizigen Umbau der Energieversorgung muss bis 2030 die Hälfte der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien stammen. Deutschland muss daher mit der Entwicklung kosteneffizienter marktorientierter Konzepte fortfahren, um die erwartete Expansion der dargebotsabhängigen erneuerbaren Energien zu begleiten. Außerdem müssen Kosten und Nutzen gerecht und transparent, unter besonderer Beachtung der privaten Haushalte, auf alle Markteilnehmer verteilt werden. Die Expansion der erneuerbaren Energien muss in Zukunft parallel zum zeitnahen Ausbau der Übertragungs- und Verteilungsnetze erfolgen. Zudem bedarf es eines stabilen Regulierungsrahmens, um langfristige Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten für die Netzbetreiber zu gewährleisten. Darüber hinaus gilt es, Deutschlands Kapazität zur Deckung des Spitzenlastbedarfs auf mittlere Sicht weiter genau zu beobachten. Deutschlands energiepolitische Entscheidungen haben zwangsläufig Auswirkungen über die Landesgrenzen hinaus und müssen im Kontext eines umfassenderen europäischen energiepolitischen Rahmens und in enger Fühlungnahme mit den Nachbarländern getroffen werden. Dieser Bericht analysiert die energiepolitischen Herausforderungen, vor denen die Bundesrepublik steht, und liefert Empfehlungen dazu, wie ihre Energiepolitik weiter verbessert werden kann. Er soll Deutschland Orientierungen auf dem Weg hin zu einer sichereren und nachhaltigeren Energieversorgung der Zukunft geben.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202139-de
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  • 35
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    Nuclear Energy Today (Second Edition) (2013)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264179233
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Ausgabe: Second Edition
    Serie: Nuclear Development
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Kurzfassung: Meeting the growing demand for energy, and electricity in particular, while addressing the need to curb greenhouse gas emissions and to ensure security of energy supply, is one of the most difficult challenges facing the world’s economies. No single technology can respond to this challenge, and the solution which policy-makers are seeking lies in the diversification of energy sources. Although nuclear energy currently provides over 20% of electricity in the OECD area and does not emit any carbon dioxide during production, it continues to be seen by many as a controversial technology. Public concern remains over its safety and the management of radioactive waste, and financing such a capital-intensive technology is a complex issue. The role that nuclear power will play in the future depends on the answers to these questions, several of which are provided in this up-to-date review of the status of nuclear energy, as well as on the outcome of research and development on the nuclear fuel cycle and reactor technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264179233-en
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  • 36
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    Energy and Climate Policy : Bending the Technological Trajectory (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174573
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (134 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Politique énergétique et climatique ; Infléchir la trajectoire technologique
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Energy and climate policy
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Energietechnik ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Energiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation ; Klimaschutz ; Umwelttechnik ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Innovation ; Energiewirtschaft ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Energy ; Environment ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Technological innovation can lower the cost of achieving environmental objectives, so it is important to understand how environmental policy design and technological innovation are linked. This is particularly true in the area of climate change where the estimated future costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions are affected greatly by the technological trajectory of the economy. While we suspect that public policy can play an important role in accelerating the development and diffusion of climate change mitigation and adaptation technologies, empirical evidence in this area remains scant. This book presents a series of papers that explore the extent to which technological innovation can lower the cost of achieving climate change mitigation objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174573-en
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  • 37
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Slovak Republic 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173507
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Slovak Republic
    Kurzfassung: The Slovak Republic imports virtually all of its natural gas and crude oil from a single supplier, the Russian Federation. Energy security is therefore an overarching concern and priority in the Slovak Republic'fs energy policy agenda. The government is taking steps to diversify supplies and build on lessons learned from the gas supply disruption in 2009. Enhancing regional co-operation, particularly in the development of gas and electricity interconnections, is an essential step towards meeting the dual policy objectives of enhancing energy security and market competition. The Slovak Republic has moved forward with coupling its electricity market with the Czech Republic's, and supports the construction of a North-South pipeline connection that would link planned LNG terminals in Croatia and Poland, including an interconnector to Hungary. Despite a sharp decline in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since 1990, the Slovak Republic remains a GHG-intensive economy by OECD standards, with energy-related CO2 emissions accounting for over 70% of total GHG emissions. The country must continue to implement policies that ease the transition to a low-carbon economy. Nuclear power and renewable energy can play crucial roles in the Slovak Republic'fs efforts to decarbonise its electricity production. Significant efforts can also be made to improve energy efficiency, especially in the transport and building sectors. District heating is a notable area with huge potential for reducing national GHG emissions. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing the Slovak Republic, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173507-en
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  • 38
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    A Policy Strategy for Carbon Capture and Storage (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/04
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Successful deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is critically dependent on comprehensive policy support. While policy plays an important role in the deployment of many low-carbon technologies, it is especially crucial for CCS. This is because, in contrast to renewable energy or applications of energy efficiency, CCS generates no revenue, nor other market benefits, so long as there is no price on CO2 emissions. It is both costly to install and, once in place, has increased operating costs. Effective, well-designed policy support is essential in overcoming these barriers and the subsequent deployment of CCS technology. This guide for policy makers aims to assist those involved in designing national and international policies around CCS. It covers development of CCS from its early stages through to wide-scale deployment of the technology. The focus is both on incentives for conventional fossil-fuel CCS and for bioenergy with CCS (BECCS).
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gshq1n29t-en
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  • 39
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    Online-Ressource
    The Global Value of Coal (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/03
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Public opinion related to the consumption of coal is directed primarily to its environmental impact in light of ongoing efforts to reduce CO2 emissions and tackle global climate change. Nevertheless, the benefits of coal as a widely available and relatively cheap source of energy underscores its important role in energy security, economic development and the alleviation of energy poverty worldwide. Further development and commercial availability of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies will harness the potential of coal and its contribution to sustainable and equal energy spaces.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gshqcdshl-en
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  • 40
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    Energy (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264115118
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Serie: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Energy
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Energiewirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; OECD ; Energiepolitik ; Globalisierung ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Green Growth Strategy aims to provide concrete recommendations and measurement tools, including indicators, to support countries’ efforts to achieve economic growth and development, while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which well-being relies. The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. This report was coordinated with the International Energy Agency (IEA). This report looks at the role of the energy sector in moving towards a green growth model and the policies to facilitate the transition. Together with innovation, going green can be a long-term driver for economic growth, through, for example, investing in renewable energy and improved efficiency in the use of energy and materials.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264115118-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 41
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Australia 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264170841
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Australia
    Kurzfassung: The IEA's 2012 review of Australia's energy policies and programmes finds that Australia enjoys the benefit of abundant and diverse energy resources; it is the world’s ninth-largest energy producer and is one of only three net energy exporters in the OECD. Its substantial conventional energy resource base includes coal, natural gas, oil and uranium. The country also enjoys extensive wind, solar and geothermal resources as well as large biomass and ocean energy potential. The energy sector is a significant contributor to the Australian economy. Exports have more than tripled over the past decade and surging economic and social expansion in relatively nearby emerging economies such as China and India has driven significant demand for Australian energy and mineral resources. This boom is widely forecast to continue in the coming decades. Late in 2011, the Australian government released a draft energy white paper, which sets out a comprehensive strategic policy framework to guide the development of the energy sector. Also in 2011, the Australian government announced a climate change plan including a wide-ranging package of clean-energy proposals and the introduction of a carbon price mechanism accompanied by significant levels of financial support for innovation in clean-energy technologies. The scale of Australia’s energy policy ambitions is enormous and very costly even for a resource-rich nation. Significant investments will be needed for the clean-energy transition and building the infrastructure necessary to expand the domestic resource base. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Australia and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264170841-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 42
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: United Kingdom 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264170988
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; United Kingdom
    Kurzfassung: The United Kingdom is preparing for a deep decarbonisation of its energy system. The country has decided to halve its greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2027 and to cut them by a total of 80% by 2050. For this to happen, significant private-sector investment in new energy infrastructure is needed. As it seeks concrete solutions to the low-carbon investment challenge, the United Kingdom is leading by example. The UK’s proposed Electricity Market Reform is a pioneering effort that will be closely observed by other countries. Ideally, this complex and ambitious reform would in the long run lead to a more liberalised marketplace in which low-carbon power generation technologies compete to deliver innovative and least-cost outcomes. Security of supply remains a key focus of energy policy. Fossil fuel production in the United Kingdom has peaked, and a fifth of the country’s ageing power generating capacity will have to be closed this decade. However, oil and gas imports are well diversified, and the government intends to promote various technologies to generate low-carbon electricity – renewable and nuclear energy and carbon capture and storage. More efficient energy use is essential to both decarbonisation and energy security. The Green Deal programme, which the UK plans to launch later this year, aims to improve energy efficiency in buildings and public spaces. The programme has the potential to help energy consumers overcome economic challenges, but for it to succeed, the general public must be sufficiently aware of its benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264170988-en
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  • 43
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    Technology Roadmap: China Wind Energy Development Roadmap 2050 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264166752
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: The report shows how China, already the world’s largest wind market, could reach 1,000 GW of wind power by the middle of the century, an achievement that would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.5 gigatonnes per year, or roughly equivalent to the combined CO2 emissions of Germany, France and Italy in 2009. The China Wind Energy Roadmap is the first national roadmap that has been developed by a country with IEA support, drawing from its global roadmap series.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264166752-en
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  • 44
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    The Boardroom Perspective: How Does Energy Efficiency Policy Influence Decision Making in Industry? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/02
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The rationale for an individual company making an investment that will reduce energy consumption varies considerably and depends on a range of factors. This report delves into the major factors or driving forces that decision makers within a large industrial company take into account when deciding to make new investments - the so-called "boardroom perspective". It explores the factors that influence companies to invest in energy savings and proposes a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of a country's energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation policies mix from this boardroom perspective
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h0wcn2tjg-en
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  • 45
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    The Impact of Wind Power on European Natural Gas Markets (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/01
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Due to its clean burning properties, low investment costs and flexibility in production, natural gas is often put forward as the ideal partner fuel for wind power and other renewable sources of electricity generation with strongly variable output. This working paper examines three vital questions associated with this premise: 1) Is natural gas indeed the best partner fuel for wind power? 2) If so, to what extent will an increasing market share of wind power in European electricity generation affect demand for natural gas in the power sector? and 3) Considering the existing European natural gas markets, is natural gas capable of fulfilling this role of partner for renewable sources of electricity?
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h0wcvd2bs-en
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  • 46
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Ireland 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264171473
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Ireland
    Kurzfassung: The IEA's 2012 review of Ireland's energy policies and programmes finds that Ireland has suffered a significant economic downturn, but remains committed to its ambitious energy targets to bring the country towards a low-carbon economy. Ireland’s location at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean ensures one of the best wind and ocean resources in Europe, and Ireland has set the ambitious target of producing 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Ireland is highly dependent on imported oil and gas. While the push to develop renewable energies is commendable, this will result in an increased reliance on natural gas, as gas-fired power plants will be required to provide flexibility in electricity supply when wind power is unavailable. With two-thirds of Ireland’s electricity already coming from gas-fired generation, this poses concerns with regard to gas security, particularly as 93% of its gas supplies come from a single transit point in Scotland. In order to meet Ireland’s ambitious renewable targets and improve the island’s level of energy security, the country must successfully develop a range of gas and electricity infrastructure projects and market solutions while continuing to integrate its energy markets with regional neighbours. Ireland also has a pro-active energy efficiency policy, including a detailed National Energy Efficiency Action Plan outlining 90 measures and actions to be implemented in order to achieve the target of 20% energy savings in 2020.This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing Ireland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for the further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264171473-en
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  • 47
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    Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264130661
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications shows that carbon capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from industrial applications by 4 gigatonnes in 2050. Such an amount is equal to roughly one-tenth of the total emission cuts needed to reduce emissions by 50% by the middle of the century. The roadmap focuses on five main industrial applications: high-purity CO2 sources, biomass conversion, cement, iron and steel and refineries. It sets out a vision of CCS in industrial applications up to 2050, including milestones that need to be achieved for technology, financing, policy and international collaboration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264130661-en
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  • 48
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    Fuel Economy of Road Vehicles (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264185029
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: This roadmap explores the potential improvement of existing technologies to enhance the average fuel economy of motorised vehicles; the roadmap’s vision is to achieve a 30% to 50% reduction in fuel use per kilometre from new road vehicles including 2-wheelers, LDV s and HDV s) around the world in 2030, and from the stock of all vehicles on the road by 2050. This achievement would contribute to significant reductions in GHG emissions and oil use, compared to a baseline projection. Different motorised modes are treated separately, with a focus on LDV s, HDV s and powered two-wheelers. A section on in-use fuel economy also addresses technical and nontechnical parameters that could allow fuel economy to drastically improve over the next decades. Technology cost analysis and payback time show that significant progress can be made with low or negative cost for fuel-efficient vehicles over their lifetime use. Even though the latest data analysed by the IEA for fuel economy between 2005 and 2008 showed that a gap exists in achieving the roadmap’s vision, cutting the average fuel economy of road motorised vehicles by 30% to 50% by 2030 is achievable, and the policies and technologies that could help meet this challenge are already deployed in many places around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264185029-en
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  • 49
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: The Republic of Korea 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264171497
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: Korea, the world’s thirteenth-largest economy and the seventh-largest exporter, is an energy-intensive nation. In 2008, the country adopted a long-term “green growth” strategy to foster economic development by means of low-carbon technologies and clean energy; since then, the government has implemented many policies to support these goals. In 2012, Korea announced an emissions-trading scheme -- the first of its kind in Asia -- which will be implemented in 2015. This represents a major step towards achieving its target of a 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Strong energy efficiency policies have been developed to complement the emissions-reduction target. Korea has made efforts to enhance energy security by taking measures to diversify energy sources, reduce the use of fossil fuels and foster the development of renewable energy alongside the expansion of its nuclear energy programme. Government expenditure on energy-related RD&D is among the highest in the OECD. Progress in some sectors has been slower, and the lack of a clear, long-term vision for its electricity and natural gas markets is one of the greatest energy-policy challenges facing the Korean government. Energy markets are dominated by incumbents and have been slow to open up to competition. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Korea and provides sector-based assessments and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264171497-en
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  • 50
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    Energy Efficiency Policy Developments (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/14
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this report is to highlight energy efficiency policy action and planning in IEA member and key non-member countries over the period from September 2011 to September 2012. The report provides an overview of energy efficiency policy developments across the seven sectors covered by the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations (25 EEPR) – Crosssectoral activities, Buildings, Appliances and Equipment, Lighting, Transport, Industry and Energy Providers.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8fffg20-en
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  • 51
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    Facing China's Coal Future : Prospects and Challenges for Carbon Capture and Storage (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/05
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This paper is the first IEA analysis that focuses on country-specific trends, opportunities and challenges for carbon capture and storage (CCS). It follows previous IEA publications on CCS and studies on cleaner coal and advanced coal technologies. The paper benefitted from significant contributions and support from the China Coal Information Institute (CCII) of the State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS), and The Climate Group China. According to IEA analysis, if there are no major policy changes, carbon-intensive coal and other fossil fuels will continue to play a significant role in meeting future energy needs, both in China and globally. CCS is one technological option available to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the use of fossil fuels. CCS offers the opportunity to meet climate change objectives while providing energy security, as part of a portfolio of options including energy efficiency, renewable energy, nuclear energy, more efficient coal technologies and fuel switching from coal to gas. To meet global energy challenges associated with CO2 emissions, development and deployment of all available technologies will be necessary to achieve a more sustainable future. This paper discusses the status of CCS in China, providing updates on past activities in research and development (R&D), on current projects underway, and an overview of potential and challenges for CCS development in China. By exploring China’s energy and emission trends and pathways, this paper analyses China’s current CCS-related activities and policies, and options for financing CCS. The paper also provides perspectives on CCS from various Chinese stakeholders, and examples of key CCS activities with details on specific projects, and information on the regulatory and policy environment, as well as international co-operation related to CCS in China.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9fdwthx630-en
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  • 52
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    Tracking Climate Finance : What and How? (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2012/01
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Developed countries have committed under the international negotiations to jointly mobilising USD 100 billion per year by 2020 for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. Yet consistent and comprehensive data to track this commitment are currently lacking. Such data will also help governments and the private sector understand how much and what type of climate finance is flowing today, so as to be able to evaluate progress and effectiveness of international climate finance flows. Estimates based on available data are highly uncertain and incomplete, highlighting several challenges in establishing a robust tracking system. A more political question is what should be the internationally agreed definition of “climate finance” or, absent agreement on that, what types of flows or activities might count towards the USD 100 billion? On the more technical side, challenges include clearly defining flows and sources of international climate finance, determining the cause and effect of flows, and establishing the boundaries of finance flowing towards climate change action. This paper considers what data are currently available to track climate finance, and demonstrates the complex nature of financial flows through examples across international and domestic as well as public and private flows. The examples highlight questions on how to count and track climate finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44xwtk9tvk-en
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  • 53
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    Making Markets: Unpacking Design and Governance of Carbon Market Mechanisms (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2012/03
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Carbon market mechanisms such as emissions trading systems and crediting mechanisms can have multiple objectives. A key goal is to lower the cost of achieving greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Market mechanisms can also catalyse investment in low carbon technologies and practices, provide local environmental and health benefits, contribute to fostering innovation, provide a source of government revenue and facilitate more ambitious mitigation action in future. They can therefore play an important role in the diverse policy toolkit needed to address the global issue of climate change. This paper identifies the key design elements of market mechanisms and examines the governance structures and decision-making processes used to create tradable GHG units in existing systems both inside and outside of the UNFCCC. The analysis explores the potential involvement of international, national and sub-national regulatory bodies in the governance and decision-making processes and the possible role that internationally-agreed standards could play in providing confidence in the quality of GHG units.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nhks65xs-en
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  • 54
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    CCS Retrofit: Analysis of the Globally Installed Coal-Fired Power Plant Fleet (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/07
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Electricity generation from coal is still growing rapidly and energy scenarios from the IEA expect a possible increase from today's 1 600 GW of coal-fired power plants to over 2 600 GW until 2035. This trend will increase the lock-in of carbon intensive electricity sources, while IEA assessments show that two-thirds of total abatement from all sectors should come from the power sector alone to support a least-cost abatement strategy. Since coal-fired power plants have a fairly long lifetime, and in order to meet climate constraints, there is a need either to apply CCS retrofit to some of today's installed coal-fired power plants once the technology becomes available. Another option would be to retire some plants before the end of their lifetime. This working paper discusses criteria relevant to differentiating between the technical, cost-effective and realistic potential for CCS retrofit. The paper then discusses today's coal-fired power plant fleet from a statistical perspective, by looking at age, size and the expected performance of today's plant across several countries. The working paper also highlights the growing demand for applying CCS retrofitting to the coal-fired power plant fleet of the future.In doing so this paper aims at emphasising the need for policy makers, innovators and power plant operators to quickly complete the development of the CCS technology and to identify key countries where retrofit applications will have the biggest extent and impact.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9crztg40g1-en
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  • 55
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Switzerland 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264179684
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: This 2012 IEA review of Swiss energy policies finds that Switzerland has taken bold decisions to gradually phase out nuclear power and to reduce by a fifth its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 with domestic measures only. These are challenging objectives, and the country now needs to identify the most viable ways to meet them at least cost and minimum risk to energy security. In the absence of nuclear power, maintaining sufficient electricity capacity will require strong policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. Such measures have already been outlined, but they will likely not be enough. For baseload generation, gas-fired power plants would be the simplest option. Treating their CO2 emissions the same way as in the neighbouring countries would be a strong positive incentive for investors. Because Switzerland’s energy-related CO2 emissions come mostly from oil use in transport and space heating, action is most needed in these areas. Commendably, the country is making polluters pay by using a CO2 tax for financing decarbonisation efforts in space heating. Stronger efforts will be needed to reduce emissions from private car use, however. Since the 2007 IEA energy policy review, Switzerland has made clear progress in electricity market reform. Moving to a fully open market by 2015 would be a further positive step. The system of regulated end-user prices, however, is subsidising electricity consumption at a time when low-carbon power supply is becoming more constrained and expensive. It should be reconsidered. Switzerland should also continue to take an increasingly European approach to developing its electricity infrastructure, to its own benefit and to that of its neighbours.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264179684-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Solar Heating and Cooling (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180673
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: The solar heating and cooling (SHC) roadmap outlines a pathway for solar energy to supply almost one sixth (18 EJ) of the world’s total energy use for both heating and cooling by 2050. This would save some 800 megatonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year; more than the total CO2 emissions in Germany in 2009. While solar heating and cooling today makes a modest contribution to world energy demand, the roadmap envisages that if concerted action is taken by governments and industry, solar energy could annually produce more than 16% of total final energy use for low temperature heat and nearly 17% for cooling. Given that global energy demand for heat represents almost half of the world’s final energy use – more than the combined global demand for electricity and transport – solar heat can make a significant contribution in both tackling climate change and strengthening energy security.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180673-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Bioenergy for Heat and Power (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264123236
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The Technology Roadmap Bioenergy for Heat and Power highlights the importance of bioenergy in providing heat in the buildings sector and in industry, and shows what contribution it could make to meeting steadlily growing world electricity demand. The critical role of sustainability as well as the importance of international trade in meeting the projected demand for bioenergy, are highlighted in the roadmap, as well as the need for large-scale biomass plants in providing The roadmap identifies key actions by different stakeholders in the bioenergy sector, and sets out milestones for technology development in order to achieve a doubling of global bioenergy supply by 2050. It addresses the need for further R&D efforts, highlights measures to ensure sustainability of biomass production, and underlines the need for international collaboration to enhance the production and use of sustainable, modern bioenergy in different world regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264123236-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries: Ukraine Energy Policy Review 2012 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187450
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: Ukraine’s energy sector faces unprecedented challenges, from a heavy reliance on expensive fossil-fuel imports to inefficient infrastructure and markets. Yet there is also potential for Ukraine to experience an energy revolution, one that could boost employment, lift economic growth and enhance energy security. Modernisation of Ukraine’s energy-supply sectors has only begun and will require investment on a huge scale, complemented by a fundamental reform of the business environment. A strong dependency on oil and gas imports and often-inefficient energy production, transportation and supply sectors means that reducing energy demand must be a greater priority. The potential for energy efficiency gains in the residential, district heating and industrial sectors is large. Endowed with large conventional energy reserves, alongside sizeable renewable potential, Ukraine can build the capacity to significantly increase its resource production. Releasing this potential will require deep regulatory reform and full implementation of international treaty provisions. Effective competition, alongside a progressive move towards market prices, will also help Ukraine attract investment to develop the sector. A draft energy strategy, which sets out a series of supply-side measures, was published in 2012. Broadening and implementing a comprehensive energy strategy, one that takes greater account of demand-side policies, could significantly improve progress in the medium term. This review analyses the large energy-policy challenges facing Ukraine and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide policy makers in the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187450-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 59
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    Hydropower (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189201
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Hydropower could double its contribution by 2050, reaching 2 000 GW of global capacity and over 7 000 TWh. This achievement, driven primarily by the quest of clean electricity, could prevent annual emissions of up to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 from fossil-fuel plants. The bulk of this growth would come from large plants in emerging economies and developing countries. Hydroelectricity’s many advantages include reliability, proven technology, large storage capacity, and very low operating and maintenance costs. Hydropower is highly flexible, a precious asset for electricity network operators, especially given rapid expansion of variable generation from other renewable energy technologies such as wind power and photovoltaics. Many hydropower plants also provide flood control, irrigation, navigation and freshwater supply. The technology roadmap for Hydropower details action needed from policy makers to allow hydroelectric production to double, and addresses necessary conditions, including resolving environmental issues and gaining public acceptance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189201-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 60
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    Nuclear Energy and Renewables : System Effects in Low-carbon Electricity Systems (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188617
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (252 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Nuclear energy and renewables
    Schlagwort(e): Kernenergie ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energietechnik ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Energy ; Environment ; Nuclear Energy ; Kernenergie ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energietechnik ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft
    Kurzfassung: This report addresses the increasingly important interactions of variable renewables and dispatchable energy technologies, such as nuclear power, in terms of their effects on electricity systems. These effects add costs to the production of electricity, which are not usually transparent. The report recommends that decision-makers should take into account such system costs and internalise them according to a “generator pays” principle, which is currently not the case. Analysing data from six OECD/NEA countries, the study finds that including the system costs of variable renewables at the level of the electricity grid increases the total costs of electricity supply by up to one-third, depending on technology, country and penetration levels. In addition, it concludes that, unless the current market subsidies for renewables are altered, dispatchable technologies will increasingly not be replaced as they reach their end of life and consequently security of supply will suffer. This implies that significant changes in management and cost allocation will be needed to generate the flexibility required for an economically viable coexistence of nuclear energy and renewables in increasingly decarbonised electricity systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188617-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 61
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    Policies for Renewable Heat : An Integrated Approach (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/11
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The production of heat is responsible for a large share of final energy demand. In 2009, heat accounted for 47% of total energy used worldwide. Expanding the use of modern biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy and ambient energy to produce heat could contribute substantially to meeting energy security objectives and mitigating climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8gtfjhf-en
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  • 62
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    Inventory of Estimated Budgetary Support and Tax Expenditures for Fossil Fuels (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264128736
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (368 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Inventory of estimated budgetary support and tax expenditures for fossil fuels
    Schlagwort(e): Fossile Energie ; Energiepolitik ; Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; OECD ; Energiepolitik ; Steuervergünstigung
    Kurzfassung: This publication provides preliminary, quantitative estimates of direct budgetary support and tax expenditures supporting the production or consumption of fossil fuels in selected OECD member countries. The information has been compiled as part of the OECD’s programme of work to develop a better understanding of environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS). It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. It is also intended to inform the ongoing efforts of G20 nations to reform fossil-fuel subsidies. For each of the 24 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264128736-en
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    Linking Renewable Energy to Rural Development (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180444
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (348 p.)
    Serie: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Linking renewable energy to rural development
    Schlagwort(e): Erneuerbare Energie ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Energiepolitik ; Energiequelle ; Energieträger ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalplanung ; Wirtschaftsgeografie ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; OECD ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Ländliche Entwicklung
    Kurzfassung: In many OECD countries, governments have invested large amounts of public money to support renewable energy (RE) development and are requiring significant quantities of it to be sold by energy providers. But what are the economic impacts of these policies on the rural regions where deployment takes place? How can RE bring the greatest benefit to host regions? These are some of the questions explored by this study. Drawing on case studies in 16 regions within 10 countries, the research finds that while RE indeed represents an opportunity for stimulating economic growth in rural communities, its development benefits are not automatic. Realising them requires a complex and flexible policy framework and a long-term strategy, as well as a realistic appreciation of the potential gains from RE deployment. Making a positive connection between RE development and local economic growth will require more coherent strategies, the right set of local conditions, and a place-based approach to deployment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180444-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Denmark 2011 (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098213
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (162 p.)
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Denmark
    Kurzfassung: Denmark is a leader among OECD member countries in terms of its well-designed policies for renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change. The country is a forthright voice in international fora for climate policy and a strong advocate of tougher climate-change mitigation measures. A long history of consensus-based policy making and political stability has been leveraged to develop Denmark's far-reaching and comprehensive energy policies, and also allowed a clear long-term vision to emerge. Denmark's long-term energy goal is to become completely independent of fossil fuels use by 2050. In 2011, the government published the Energy Strategy 2050, a detailed and ambitious policy document that sets out a series of new energy-policy initiatives. The strategy aims to transform Denmark into a low-carbon society with a stable and affordable energy supply. The first phase of the strategy focuses on a series of short-term initiatives that significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels by strengthening and expanding existing policies in energy efficiency and renewable energy. The second and third phases will involve development and implementation of long-term energy solutions including building a green transport sector and promotion of smart grids. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Denmark as it develops and implements the ambitious policies outlined in the Energy Strategy 2050, and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements in particular sectors. The intent of the review is to assist Danish policy makers as they move towards a sustainable, low-carbon energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098213-en
    URL: Volltext
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    nergie (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264168480
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Serie: tudes de l'OCDE sur la croissance verte
    Serie: Études de l'OCDE sur la croissance verte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Energy
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Energy
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Ce rapport met en évidence les défis auxquels doivent faire face les producteurs et les consommateurs d’énergie, et la manière dont ils peuvent les relever par le jeu des politiques de croissance verte. Dans la mesure où l’énergie sous-tend l’économie mondiale, les décisions prises aujourd’hui dans le secteur énergétique joueront un rôle crucial dans la mise en oeuvre d’une croissance plus verte. C’est l’occasion ou jamais d’établir un cadre d’action en faveur de la transformation de ce secteur, notamment en encourageant l’innovation technologique et l’émergence de nouveaux marchés et de nouvelles industries, afin de réduire l’intensité carbone du secteur et d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264168480-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 66
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    Toward a More Efficient and Innovative Electricity Sector in Russia (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/06
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Russian Federation
    Kurzfassung: Russia is in the process of one of the most ambitious electricity sector reforms ever undertaken, reflecting the importance of an efficient and reliable electricity sector for promoting economic activity, growth and community prosperity. However, the outcome remains uncertain at this stage. Electricity reform is entering a critical phase in Russia. Hence, the IEA is updating its original work [Russian Electricity Reform: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities, see http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/archives/russianelec.pdf]. The new study will outline trends and progress since 2005, and will examine the key remaining challenges drawing on the experience of IEA member countries to inform the analysis as appropriate. It is being undertaken in consultation with key Russian stakeholders to ensure the analysis reflects a sound, evidence-based understanding of the key issues. This paper outlines some key issues and preliminary views emerging from IEA analysis and consultations to date, and is provided to facilitate more effective consultation and dialogue with key stakeholders. The IEA would welcome comments on the issues and questions raised in this document, or any other observations stakeholders may wish to raise that may be of relevance to this study. Please forward any written comments in English or Russian to RERSiea.org. Comments would be gratefully received before close of business, Monday 30 April 2012. Any other questions in relation to this project should be directed to Douglas Cooke, Project Leader (doug.cooke@iea.org) or Isabel Murray, Russia Programme Manager (isabel.murray@iea.org).
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9cv8g6k1bx-en
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    Policy Options for Low‐Carbon Power Generation in China : Designing an Emissions Trading System for China's Electricity Sector (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/12
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: China faces the dynamic of rapid economic development that drives ever increasing energy use, primarily electricity, and consequently increasing CO2 emissions. It has taken a pledge to curb its emissions intensity, and is exploring various policy approaches to fulfil that aim, including emissions trading. This report explores the conditions needed for effective functioning of a CO2 emissions trading system in China’s electricity generation sector. It is based on extensive discussions with power generation stakeholders and observers of the electricity sector in China, as well as quantitative analyses of the impact of a CO2 emissions trading system (ETS) at plant, company and provincial levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8gl4l37-en
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    Progress Implementing the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations : 2011 Evaluation (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (130 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/09
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Concerns about energy security, climate change and rising energy costs make it imperative for all countries to significantly improve their energy efficiency. To assist them in doing so, the IEA has proposed 25 energy efficiency policy recommendations. These recommendations could, if implemented globally without delay, reduce global CO2 emissions by as much as 7.6 giga tonnes (Gt) CO2/year by 2030 - almost 1.5 times the current annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of the United States.Yet are IEA member countries doing enough to capture the full potential benefits from energy efficiency policy? This innovative report provides the second assessment of IEA member countries' progress with implementing energy efficiency policy. Using a rigorous evaluation process, it finds that there have been significant energy efficiency policy developments since the last evaluation conducted in 2009. In particular, IEA member countries have implemented many policies in the transport, appliance and lighting sectors that were only planned in 2009. Nevertheless, IEA member countries still have significant unexploited energy savings opportunities that could be achieved with additional energy efficiency policy implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bls0jr4wl-en
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  • 69
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    Spreading the Net: The Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency Improvements (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/08
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Improving energy efficiency has long been advocated as a way to increase the productivity and sustainability of society, primarily through the delivery of energy savings. The impact of energy efficiency measures can go far beyond energy savings, and energy efficiency improvements can be an important contributor to economic growth and social development.Benefits attributed to the implementation of energy efficiency measures range from localised benefits, such as energy affordability, improved health, wellbeing and social development, to sectoral benefits, such as industrial productivity, improved asset values and reduced environmental damage. Macroeconomic outcomes such as national competitiveness, jobs, consumer surplus and energy security, as well as poverty alleviation and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in both developed and developing countries, are further associated with energy efficiency measures. Significant evidence is emerging on the extent to which these outcomes stem from energy efficiency policies. At the same time, evaluation experts are beginning to explore ways to quantify them so that they can be more readily assessed alongside energy savings. Expanding evaluation to such matters could offer a new perspective on energy efficiency measures and, by improving the cost/benefit assessment of energy efficiency programs, could help decision-makers reconcile perceived trade-offs between supporting economic growth and reducing energy use. This paper makes a preliminary assessment of the scope of the most significant of the multiple benefits and discusses the potentially large implications for energy efficiency policy as part of a wider socioeconomic strategy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9crzjbpkkc-en
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    Securing Power during the Transition : Generation Investment and Operation Issues in Electricity Markets with Low‐Carbon Policies (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/13
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: At the October 2011 Governing Board Meeting at Ministerial Level, IEA member countries endorsed the IEA Electricity Security Action Plan (ESAP). The proposed electricity security work program reflects the challenge of maintaining electricity security while also seeking to rapidly reduce carbon dioxide emissions of the power systems. In particular, the large-scale deployment of renewables needed to meet low-carbon goals is technically feasible. However, it will lead to more volatile, real-time power flows, which will create new challenges for maintaining electricity security.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8fmsz6h-en
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    Projecting Emissions Baselines for National Climate Policy : Options for Guidance to Improve Transparency (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2012/04
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions baselines are reference emissions levels. This paper focuses on projected forward-looking baselines that can be used both to inform national climate policy and to set goals that are defined relative to a business-as-usual (BaU) scenario. As some developing countries have defined national mitigation goals for 2020 in this way, the underlying assumptions and methodologies used in setting these emissions baselines are relevant for assessing the magnitude of both the country's expected total emissions reductions and the global aggregate emissions mitigation effort. Currently, there is limited international guidance available on setting national GHG baselines. The resulting variance and lack of transparency makes it difficult to understand emissions pledges defined as relative to BaU, and difficult to compare emissions scenarios across countries. Moving towards international guidance on setting baselines could improve transparency, clarity and comparability, while still allowing countries to maintain diversity in approaches. This paper discusses good practice and presents options for how guidance might be developed for key elements of baseline setting. The options are presented as “tiers” that move from less detailed to more detailed guidance. The first tier describes guidance that would leave maximum flexibility for individual countries, whilst encouraging transparency. The second tier offers more detailed guidance for countries with greater domestic resources and capabilities. Countries could adhere to the tiers according to their capabilities, although they would be encouraged to follow the more detailed approach. The proposed tiers represent different levels of detail, rather than accuracy or data quality. More detailed guidance does not necessarily lead to “better” baselines, though it may help to improve understanding of different baselines.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3tpsz58wvc-en
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    Crossing the Threshold: Ambitious Baselines for the UNFCCC New Market-Based Mechanism (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2012/02
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: At COP 17 in Durban, countries defined a new market-based mechanism to promote cost-effective mitigation actions, guided by a set of principles previously agreed at COP 16. These principles include “stimulating mitigation across broad segments of the economy”, “ensuring a net decrease and/or avoidance of global greenhouse gas emissions” and “assisting developed countries to meet part of their mitigation targets”. This paper explores the use of ambitious crediting baselines for groups of emitters as the basis for a new market mechanism that meets the principles listed above. It focuses on how to define groups of emitters and explores different approaches for building ambition into baselines including using emissions projections and performance benchmarks. Potential elements of a process for setting baselines for subsequent international recognition are also presented. The paper builds on extensive previous analyses carried out on emissions baselines for market mechanisms, taking into account recent developments in the international negotiations.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44xg398s8v-en
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    Mobilising Investment in Energy Efficiency : Economic Instruments for Low‐energy Buildings (2012)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (156 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2012/10
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Taxes, loans and grants, trading schemes and white certificates, public procurement and investment in R&D or infrastructure: known collectively as “economic instruments”, these tools can be powerful means of mobilising the finances needed to achieve policy goals by implementing energy efficiency measures. The role of economic instruments is to kick-start the private financial markets and to motivate private investors to fund EE measures. They should reinforce and promote energy performance regulations.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wb8h0dg7h-en
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  • 74
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    Advantage Energy : Emerging Economies, Developing Countries and the Private-Public Sector Interface (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/12
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Increased focus has been placed on the issues of energy access and energy poverty over the last number of years, most notably indicated by the United Nations (UN) declaring 2012 as the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for All”. Although attention in these topics has increased, incorrect assumptions and misunderstandings still arise in both the literature and dialogues. Access to energy does not only include electricity, does not only include cook stoves, but must include access to all types of energy that form the overall energy system. This paper chooses to examine this energy system using a typology that breaks it into 3 primary energy subsystems: heat energy, electricity and transportation. Describing the global energy system using these three subsystems provides a way to articulate the differences and similarities for each system’s required investments needs by the private and public sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg51nfc1321-en
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  • 75
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    Empowering Customer Choice in Electricity Markets (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/13
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Timely and effective deployment of demand response could greatly increase power system flexibility, electricity security and market efficiency. Considerable progress has been made in recent years to harness demand response. However, most of this potential remains to be developed. The paper draws from IEA experience to identify barriers to demand response, and possible enablers that can encourage more timely and effective demand response including cost reflective pricing, retail market reform, and improved load control and metering equipment. Governments have a key role to play in developing and implementing the policy, legal, regulatory and market frameworks needed to empower customer choice and accelerate the development and deployment of cost-effective demand response.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3n27x4v41-en
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  • 76
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    Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 132 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/07
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: This paper is the first global analysis of the potential energy savings which could be found in electric motor- driven system (EMDS). EMDS currently accounts for more than 40% of global electricity consumption. Huge untapped energy efficiency potential was found in EMDS; around 25 % of EMDS electricity use could be saved cost-effectively, which would reduce total global electricity demand by about 10%. To date, energy efficiency opportunities with EMDS have been relatively neglected in comparison with other sustainable energy opportunities. It is crucial to scale up operations and resources committed to realizing the vast potential energy savings and this paper proposes a comprehensive package of policy recommendations to help governments achieve these significant energy savings in EMDS.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgg52gb9gjd-en
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  • 77
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    Deploying Renewables : Best and Future Policy Practice (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264124912
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Deploying renewables 2011
    Schlagwort(e): Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse ; Welt ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Energy ; Erde ; Erneuerbare Energien
    Kurzfassung: The global energy system faces urgent challenges. Concerns about energy security are growing, as highlighted by the recent political turmoil in Northern Africa and the nuclear incident in Fukushima. At the same time, the need to respond to climate change is more critical than ever. Against this background, many governments have increased efforts to promote deployment of renewable energy – low-carbon sources that can strengthen energy security. This has stimulated unprecedented rise in deployment, and renewables are now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix. This “coming of age” of renewable energy also brings challenges. Growth is focused on a few of the available technologies, and rapid deployment is confined to a relatively small number of countries. In more advanced markets, managing support costs and system integration of large shares of renewable energy in a time of economic weakness and budget austerity has sparked vigorous political debate. The IEA’s new report, Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice: · Provides a comprehensive review and analysis of renewable energy policy and market trends; · Analyses in detail the dynamics of deployment and provides best-practice policy principles for different stages of market maturity; · Assesses the impact and cost-effectiveness of support policies using new methodological tools and indicators; · Investigates the strategic reasons underpinning the pursuit of RE deployment by different countries and the prospects for globalisation of RE. This new book builds on and extends a 2008 IEA publication, drawing on recent policy and deployment experience world-wide. It provides guidance for policy makers and other stakeholders to avoid past mistakes, overcome new challenges and reap the benefits of deploying renewables – today and tomorrow.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264124912-en
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  • 78
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    IEA Scoreboard 2011 : Implementing Energy Efficiency Policy: Progress and challenges in IEA member countries (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264124653
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Implementing energy efficiency policy
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: On the occasion of its 35th Anniversary in 2009, the International Energy Agency published the first edition of the Scoreboard focusing on 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years. In parallel, the IEA published Implementing Energy Efficiency Policies: Are IEA Member Countries on Track?. Both publications found that although IEA member countries were making progress in implementing energy efficiency, more work was needed. In the 2011 edition of the Scoreboard, the IEA has decided to focus on energy efficiency. The publication combines analysis of energy efficiency policy implementation and recent indicator development. The resulting Scoreboard 2011 provides a fuller picture of the progress as well as the challenges with implementing energy efficiency policy in IEA member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264124653-en
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  • 79
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Poland 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264098190
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Poland
    Kurzfassung: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive 2011 review Poland's energy policies and programmes. The review finds that Poland has made commendable efforts to develop a solid energy policy framework over the last years. As energy security is a high policy priority, the country is enhancing gas supply security by building an LNG terminal, expanding underground storage capacity and increasing domestic gas production. Polish plans for developing electricity and gas cross-border links will also contribute to regional security of supply. In addition, the government has announced an ambitious nuclear programme by 2030, envisaging the first unit to enter operation by 2022. Other achievements include energy intensity improvements, an increased share of renewables and a stronger focus on energy research and development (R&D). Despite these positive developments, there is room for improving Poland's energy strategy. First, a more integrated energy and climate policy is needed to put Poland firmly on a low-carbon path while enhancing energy security. Second, energy policy could put more emphasis on promoting competition to make the energy markets more efficient. Decarbonising Poland's power sector will be a particularly significant challenge requiring huge investments. Coal accounts for 55% of Polish primary energy supply and 92% of electricity generation, raising significant climate change and environmental challenges. To this end, Poland's efforts to improve energy efficiency and to diversify the country's energy mix are praiseworthy and should be pursued. The government's attention to R&D on clean coal technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) is also encouraging. The government could put more focus on the positive role that gas can play in decarbonising the electricity mix, especially if Poland's potential resources of unconventional gas are confirmed. To tap these resources, it will be vital to put the necessary legal and regulatory framework in place. This in-depth review analyses the energy challenges facing Poland and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264098190-en
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  • 80
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: New Zealand 2010 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264094734
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (130 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; New Zealand
    Kurzfassung: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of New Zealand's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that New Zealand’s strong commitment to liberalised energy markets has delivered a relatively high level of energy security and economic prosperity for consumers. Since the previous IEA review in 2006, the government has built on the success of existing policy mechanisms and implemented a number of far-reaching changes in the electricity sector and environmental policy. But progress in some sectors, such as energy efficiency, has not been as strong as anticipated. In mid-2010, the government commenced a review of the New Zealand Energy Strategy. The result is the publication of a new energy strategy, which establishes clear long-term policy priorities and energy-savings goals. Implementing these strategies will bring many new challenges, including attainment of the government’s medium-term energy-savings targets. New Zealand enjoys the advantage of a diverse and balanced portfolio of renewable-energy resources, which contribute over 70% of electricity output – the third highest portion in IEA member countries. This resource base has the potential to deliver greater volumes of energy and the government aspires to increase this proportion to 90% of electricity generation by 2025. Meeting this target will bring many benefits but also tough challenges, such as maintaining a robust National Grid. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing New Zealand and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide New Zealand towards a more sustainable energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264094734-en
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  • 81
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Greece 2011 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264096431
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Greece
    Kurzfassung: This 2011 review of energy policy in Greece finds that increasing competition and reducing the role of the state in the energy sector should add efficiency and dynamism to the economy. This, in turn, should help generate self-sustained employment and prosperity for the country. Reforming the electricity and gas markets is an economic and political imperative. In particular, regulatory authorities must be given the necessary power and independence to reduce the market power of dominant firms. Commendably, Greece adopted a law to this end in August 2011. The envisaged reforms are fundamentally sound and can help the economy grow. The government's key focus should now be on implementing this law in full without delay. Greece has a large potential for wind and solar energy and is rightly determined to fulfill this potential. The renewable energy sector also provides opportunities for new industrial development, in particular if linked with R&D activities. To facilitate renewable energy projects, the government recently improved investment conditions significantly by increasing feed-in tariffs, shortening and simplifying the licensing procedures and introducing stronger incentives for local acceptance. Greece's oil and gas sources are already well diversified. Gas use is projected to increase, as the country moves to decarbonise its coal-dominated power sector. Experience from IEA member countries has shown that enhancing energy efficiency can help improve energy security in a cost-effective way. This, in turn, can help mitigate climate change and deliver economic benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264096431-en
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  • 82
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    Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 : Data and Analyses (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264111646
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Electricity use is growing worldwide, providing a range of energy services: lighting, heating and cooling, specific industrial uses, entertainment, information technologies, and mobility. Because its generation remains largely based on fossil fuels, electricity is also the largest and the fastest-growing source of energy-related CO2 emissions, the primary cause of human-induced climate change. Forecasts from the IEA and others show that “decarbonising” electricity and enhancing end-use efficiency can make major contributions to the fight against climate change. Global and regional trends on electricity supply and demand indicate the magnitude of the decarbonisation challenge ahead. As climate concerns become an essential component of energy policy-making, the generation and use of electricity will be subject to increasingly strong policy actions by governments to reduce their associated CO2 emissions. Despite these actions, and despite very rapid growth in renewable energy generation, significant technology and policy challenges remain if this unprecedented essential transition is to be achieved. The IEA Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 provides an authoritative resource on progress to date in this area, with statistics related to CO2 and the electricity sector across ten regions of the world. It also presents topical analyses on meeting the challenge of rapidly curbing CO2 emissions from electricity, from both a policy and technology perspective.
    Anmerkung: Gesehen am 16.08.2011
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111646-en
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  • 83
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    Harnessing Variable Renewables : A Guide to the Balancing Challenge (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264111394
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible? There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring co-ordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. And whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously. Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.
    Anmerkung: Gesehen am 16.08.2011
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264111394-en
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  • 84
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    Technology Roadmap: Energy-efficient Buildings : Heating and Cooling Equipment (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264118492
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Buildings account for almost a third of final energy consumption globally and are an equally important source of CO2 emissions. Currently, both space heating and cooling as well as hot water are estimated to account for roughly half of global energy consumption in buildings. Energy-efficient and low/zero-carbon heating and cooling technologies for buildings have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 2 gigatonnes (Gt) and save 710 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy by 2050. Most of these technologies – which include solar thermal, combined heat and power (CHP), heat pumps and thermal energy storage – are commercially available today. The Energy-Efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment Roadmap sets out a detailed pathway for the evolution and deployment of the key underlying technologies. It finds that urgent action is required if the building stock of the future is to consume less energy and result in lower CO2 emissions. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264118492-en
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  • 85
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    Combining Bioenergy with CCS : Reporting and Accounting for Negative Emissions under UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/16
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a carbon reduction technology that offers permanent net removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This has been termed 'negative carbon dioxide emissions', and offers a significant advantage over other mitigation alternatives, which only decrease the amount of emissions to the atmosphere. The benefits inherent within this technology are currently receiving increased attention from policy makers. To facilitate the development of appropriate policy incentives, this paper reviews the treatment of 'negative carbon dioxide emissions' under current and planned international carbon accounting frameworks. It finds that, while current frameworks provide limited guidance, proposed and revised guidelines could provide an environmentally sound reporting framework for BECCS. However, the paper also notes that, as they currently stand, new guidelines do not tackle a critical issue that has implications for all biomass energy systems, namely the overall carbon footprint of biomass production and use. It recommends that, to the best extent possible, all carbon impacts of BECCS are fully reflected in carbon reporting and accounting systems under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h0wd6407k-en
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  • 86
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    Gas Emergency Policy : Where do IEA Countries Stand? (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/10
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Natural gas is of increasing importance in the energy mix of IEA Member countries. And yet this growing reliance on natural gas has been coupled with an increased risk of gas disruptions in recent years. Gas security is now an important policy concern for many IEA Member countries, and the IEA has sought to develop its expertise and analysis in this field.This Working Paper looks at the possible remedies that are available for dealing with gas security concerns, and takes stock of developments in gas emergency policy in IEA Member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg9sr5q8pr1-en
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  • 87
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    Integration of Renewables : Status and Challenges in China (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/09
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This Working Paper gives an overview of the status and challenges of integrating an increasing share of variable renewables in China, with a focus on areas of generation, power transmission, demand-side management and policy. Some of these areas are intertwined with the nature and design of China’s electricity power market and pricing mechanism, which have an impact on the effectiveness of the country’s targets to accommodate larger shares of renewables.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg9sr5xm632-en
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  • 88
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    Interactions of Policies for Renewable Energy and Climate (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/06
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores the relationships between climate policy and renewable energy policy instruments. It shows that, even where CO2 emissions are duly priced, specific incentives for supporting the early deployment of renewable energy technologies are justified by the steep learning curves of nascent technologies. This early investment reduces costs in the longer term and makes renewable energy affordable when it needs to be deployed on a very large scale to fully contribute to climate change mitigation and energy security. The paper also reveals other noteworthy interaction effects of climate policy and renewable policy instruments on the wholesale electricity prices in deregulated markets, which open new areas for future research.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kggc12rmkzq-en
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  • 89
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    Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/11
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The IEA’s Smart Grids Technology Roadmap released on 4th April 2011, identified five global trends that could be effectively addressed by deploying smart grids. These are: increasing peak load (the maximum power that the grid delivers during peak hours), rising electricity consumption, electrification of transport, deployment of variable generation technologies (e.g. wind and solar PV) and ageing infrastructure. Along with this roadmap, a new working paper – Impact of Smart Grid Technologies on Peak Load to 2050 – develops a methodology to estimate the evolution of peak load until 2050. It also analyses the impact of smart grid technologies in reducing peak load for four key regions; OECD North America, OECD Europe, OECD Pacific and China. This working paper is a first IEA effort in an evolving modelling process of smart grids that is considering demand response in residential and commercial sectors as well as the integration of electric vehicles.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg5dlknt48s-en
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  • 90
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    Monitoring and Tracking Long-Term Finance to Support Climate Action (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2011/03
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Cancún Agreements formalise a collective commitment by developed countries to provide new and additional funding for action on climate change in developing countries both in the short- and longer-term. This collective financial commitment requires a system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the relevant financial flows across a variety of sources. However, the existing effort to track climate finance lacks transparency, comparability and comprehensiveness. The paper highlights the relevant information that needs to be tracked in order to build a comprehensive MRV system for climate finance, proposing both improvements to current reporting and tracking systems as well as new reporting approaches for a more robust and inclusive MRV system. The paper suggests tracking information along a multi-dimensional structure. This structure is aspirational, to be achieved and added to over time. Certain elements of it might not be feasible in the near term but could be developed with a targeted effort. For example, while not a priority in the near-term it is important to recognise the growing importance of South-South financial flows to support climate action and to anticipate adding reporting on this in future. Of course such a system must also be built up slowly, allowing reporting countries to build capacity to provide higher quality and more complete information over time. In particular, the paper outlines two strawman proposals for reporting on climate finance that integrate existing and new UNFCCC vehicles for reporting or recording information, (i.e. national communications and biennial reports, the registry) as well as drawing on other reporting systems. These are: (i) reporting through limited sources; or (ii) reporting through expanded sources, building on broader institutional collaboration and non-party reporting. Both ‘strawman’ proposals foresee an important oversight role from the UNFCCC to serve as recipient of all data, and to co-ordinate the verification and review and/or international consultation and analysis process. Both options advance a more comprehensive system for storing and accessing data on international climate finance and will facilitate comparison and integration of data across sources.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44zcqbbj42-en
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  • 91
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    Keeping Track: Options to Develop International Greenhouse Gas Unit Accounting after 2012 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2011/01
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines environmental and institutional implications of the use of tradable GHG units under different international accounting scenarios in the post-2012 international climate change policy framework. A range of possible scenarios is presented based on analysis on various building blocks for emissions accounting. On one side continuation of a Kyoto Protocol type accounting approach is considered with allocation of centrally-administered emissions allowances for Annex I countries. On the other side, a less centralised system is presented based on emission reduction pledges by countries. Aspects of these two scenarios are then combined to identify common elements in a middle ground scenario. The middle ground scenario presented would not use centrally-allocated emissions allowances but would retain some level of commonly-agreed accounting rules to ensure shared understanding of the content and scope of pledges, and to provide a stable platform for international use of offset units. The middle-ground scenario also envisages a role for UNFCCC bodies to set standards for new credit-based market mechanisms, and suggests that the existing International Transaction Log might be modified to track new unit types in addition to existing Kyoto Protocol units. Transparent tracking of units would help to minimize the risk of “double counting” of emissions reductions towards the emissions objective of more than one country.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k450qb83vq8-en
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  • 92
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    Online-Ressource
    Design Options for International Assessment and Review (IAR) and International Consultations and Analysis (ICA) (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2011/04
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: In 2010, the international community took steps to improve the system of reporting and verification under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Parties to the UNFCCC decided at the sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to enhance reporting for all countries and to conduct “international assessment and review” (IAR) of certain information from developed countries and “international consultations and analysis” (ICA) of biennial update reports from developing countries. This is a step change from the existing reporting and review system – particularly for developing countries, since information from these countries is currently reported on an infrequent basis and is not reviewed. Establishing a system that combines improved reporting with some form of international verification could improve the quality of information available internationally and increase confidence in the integrity of the information reported. This would help to build trust between countries and potentially also increase the level of ambition of mitigation actions. Further decisions need to be made by Parties in order to determine the scope, inputs, process, outputs and frequency of IAR and ICA, as the decisions agreed at COP 16 (known as the “Cancun Agreements”) provide limited guidance on these items. This paper outlines key questions to help guide such decisions and provides suggestions for the possible design and function of IAR and ICA. It outlines how they could build on existing review processes under the UNFCCC and draw on lessons from other multilateral review processes. The challenge for the international community will be to ensure that IAR and ICA are useful processes, both nationally and internationally, while minimising the resource requirements needed to implement them.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44zc5rx644-en
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Tracking and Trading: Expanding on Options for International Greenhouse Gas Unit Accounting after 2012 (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Serie: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2011/05
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: The use of tradable greenhouse gas (GHG) units to meet emissions reduction goals is likely to continue after 2012 as many countries have expressed support for using market mechanisms to promote and enhance the cost-effectiveness of mitigation. Most such mechanisms would use tradable GHG units but it is not yet clear how such units will be accounted for and recognised as contributions toward national pledges or targets. This paper examines the systems and processes that may be required to achieve effective use of tradable GHG units by first considering what international framework would be required to provide a reliable, functional platform for use of tradable GHG units. One effective system would be for national emissions to be reported using common inventory accounting rules, with subsequent additions and deductions according to net flows of tradable units. The paper then analyses more detailed options for two core aspects of GHG unit accounting: governance of international crediting mechanisms and systems for tracking international unit transactions. For crediting mechanisms, three options are presented for deciding which units may be eligible to count towards national emissions targets: i) only units issued from a centralised mechanism regulated by the UNFCCC would be eligible, ii) units issued from country-led systems would be eligible provided that they are verified to meet internationally-agreed eligibility criteria and iii) a transparency approach whereby all units would be accepted provided that countries meet minimum disclosure requirements. For unit tracking systems, three further options are presented: i) a continuation of the existing International Transaction Log (ITL) that performs both technical and policy-related checks, ii) a ITL or similar tool that performs only technical compatibility checks, and iii) a decentralised system with no central hub. Accounting issues related to domestic emissions trading system units are also explored, notably in cases where such units are traded internationally. The paper concludes that only certain combinations of the various options presented would lead to a viable system that is both practical and provides sufficient assurance of the environmental integrity of units.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44xwtzm1zw-en
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264115071
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The development of smart grids – which the IEA defines as an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users – is essential if the global community is to achieve shared goals for energy security, economic development and climate change mitigation. Unfortunately, existing misunderstandings of exactly what smart grids are and the physical and institutional complexity of electricity systems make it difficult to implement smart grids on the scale that is needed. This roadmap sets out specific steps needed over the coming years to achieve milestones that will allow smart grids to deliver a clean energy future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264115071-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Technology Roadmap: Geothermal Heat and Power (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264118485
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Serie: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The technology roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power offers a strategic plan to maximise deployment of these energy resources by 2050. It projects that 1 400 TWh of electricity per year could come from geothermal power by 2050, up from 67 TWh at present. Additionally, geothermal heat (not including ground-source heat pump technology) could contribute 5.8 EJ (1600 TWh) annually by 2050. In order to reach these targets, policy makers, local authorities and utilities need to be more aware of the variety of geothermal resources available and of their possible applications. This roadmap describes the technological, economic and non-economic barriers facing geothermal deployment, and the steps stakeholders must take to overcome them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264118485-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Technology Development Prospects for the Indian Power Sector (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/04
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; India
    Kurzfassung: The Indian power sector will face numerous challenges over the next four decades. More than one third of India's population currently do not have access to electricity. Urgent action is needed to overcome this problem of energy poverty. At the same time rapid economic growth is projected to increase electricity demand by fivefold to sixfold between now and 2050. Massive investments will be needed to meet this increased demand, but this will also create unique opportunities to transform the power sector towards a low-carbon future.This Information Paper presents in more detail the analysis for India published in Energy Technology Perspectives 2010. The paper investigates the best way of achieving deep CO2 emission cuts in the Indian power system while allowing the Indian economy to continue growing and meeting the challenge of alleviating energy poverty. It does so from a techno-economic perspective - building on detailed resource and technology data for India - and identifies the key power sector technologies needed for India to realise such a transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgglrw4n7s0-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Carbon Capture and Storage and the London Protocol : Options for Enabling Transboundary CO2 Transfer (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/15
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that 100 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects will be required by 2020 and over 3 000 by 2050 if CCS is to contribute fully to the least-cost technology portfolio for CO2 mitigation. For CCS to reach its emissions reduction potential, the 2009 IEA publication Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage recommends that international legal obstacles associated with global CCS deployment be removed by 2012 – including the prohibition on transboundary CO2 transfer under the London Protocol. The London Protocol was amended by contracting parties in 2009 to allow for cross-border transportation of CO2 for sub-seabed storage, but the amendment must be ratified by two-thirds of contracting parties to enter into force. It is unlikely that this will occur in the near term; this working paper therefore outlines options that may be available to contracting parties under international law to address the barrier to deployment presented by Article 6, pending formal entry into force of the 2009 amendment.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3n27pfv30-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Power Generation from Coal : Ongoing Developments and Outlook (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/14
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Coal is an important source of energy for the world, particularly for power generation. To meet the growth in demand for energy over the past decade, the contribution from coal has exceeded that of any other energy source. Additionally, coal has contributed almost half of total growth in electricity over the past decade. As a result, CO2 emissions from coal-fired power generation have increased markedly and continue to rise. More than 70% of CO2 emissions that arise from power generation are attributed to coal. To play its role in a sustainable energy future, its environmental footprint must be reduced; using coal more efficiently is an important first step. Beyond efficiency improvement, carbon capture and storage (CCS) must be deployed to make deep cuts in CO2 emissions. This report focuses mainly on developments to improve the performance of coal-based power generation technologies, which should be a priority – particularly if carbon capture and storage takes longer to become established than currently projected. A close look is taken of the major ongoing developments in process technology, plant equipment, instrumentation and control. The need for energy and the economics of producing and supplying it to the end-user are central considerations in power plant construction and operation. Economic and regulatory conditions must be made consistent with the ambition to achieve higher efficiencies and lower emissions. In essence, clean coal technologies must be more widely deployed.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3n27ts06b-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cost and Performance of Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Generation (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/05
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: This working paper evaluates cost and performance trends related to carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power generation, based on extensive analysis of data from major engineering studies published between 2006 and 2010. Since individual studies use different methodologies and boundary conditions, study estimates for over 50 CO2 capture installations are re-evaluated on a consistent basis and updated to current cost levels. The paper discusses the need for further standardisation of evaluation methodologies and additional data for specific CO2 capture routes. Further analysis for non-OECD countries is considered crucial for global energy scenario models, and for improving the skills and knowledge developing countries need to evaluate the role of CCS in their national energy contexts.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgggn8wk05l-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Walking the Torque: Proposed Work Plan for Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems (2011)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: IEA Energy Papers no.2011/08
    Schlagwort(e): Energy
    Kurzfassung: Electric motor-driven system (EMDS) accounts for more than 40% of global electricity consumption. This paper sets out an ambitious but achievable target with the global work plan to improve the energy efficiency of EMDS by 10% to 15% based on findings from the working paper ‘Energy Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven System (Waide et al., 2011)’. If governments commit to the proposed work plan immediately, and maintain resourcing levels, the target could be achieved by 2030 and would be equivalent to reducing total global electricity use by around 5%. The proposed work plan of this paper is to align regulatory settings within a globally applicable scheme. The IEA believes its target can only be achieved through global co-operation leading to aligned national policy settings.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kgg52g5bzmx-en
    URL: Volltext
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