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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (14)
  • HBZ
  • Online Resource  (14)
  • Leiden : Brill
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank
  • Economics  (14)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Leiden : Brill | Berlin : Knowledge Unlatched
    ISBN: 9004330607 , 9789004330603
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 174 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Studies in Critical Social Sciences Volume 96
    Parallel Title: Print version China: Promise or Threat?, A Comparison of Culture
    DDC: 306.0951
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social conditions ; Religion ; Diplomatic relations ; Manners and customs ; Cultural policy ; China ; Gesellschaft ; Soziale Situation ; Kulturpolitik ; Familienbeziehung ; Religion
    Abstract: In China: Promise or Threat? Helle compares the cultures of China and the West through both private and public spheres. For China, the private sphere of family life is well developed while behaviour in public relating to matters of government and the law is less reliable. In contrast, the West operates in reverse. The book’s twelve chapters investigate the causes and effects of threats to the environment, military confrontations, religious differences, fundamentals of cultural history, and the countries’ orientations for finding solutions to societal problems, all informed by the Confucian impulse to recapture the lost splendour of a past versus faith in progress toward a blessed future. The West has promoted individualism while China is locked in its kinship society
    Abstract: Foreword: A Fascination with China, by David Fasenfest -- Preface -- Introduction: The Goal of this Book -- 1. Familism: A Threat to the Environment -- The “Public Sphere:” Rights without Obligations -- Two types of Personal Association -- Personalization of the Law -- 2. Exchanges of Threats: The Opium Wars -- International Relations: Britain -- Russia, Japan, and Germany -- The Chinese Experience: Threat and Disappointment -- Why Did China not Defend herself? -- 3. China and the US: A Balance of Power? -- Why follow Thucydides? -- Promises and Threats Based on Economic Interests -- Real and Imagined Military Threats -- 4. Religions: Core Components of Cultures -- The Task at Hand: What is a Religion? -- Shared Origins of Contemporary Religions -- Governmental Interference with Religious Affairs -- 5. Religious Vitality in Contemporary China -- Types of Atheism in Party Politics -- Ancestor Worship: The Religion of China -- 6. Max Weber’s View of Religion in China -- 7. Daoism: China’s Native Religion -- The Fundamentals of Daoism -- Nature and Life Everlasting in Daoism -- Daoism as seen by Confucians and Buddhists -- 8. Oracle-Bones: The Mandate of Heaven -- How to Change – forward or backward? -- The Splendid Age of the Oracle Bones -- 9. Confucius: Recapture the Lost Splendour -- The Heavenly Mandate Shared by Relatives -- Finding Options for the Future -- The Party or the Family as “Church” in China? -- 10. The West: Individualism at its Limits -- The Western Family as Tragedy -- Cultural Evolution of Kinship in the West -- 11. China: The Kinship Society -- Granet and the Analects: Evolution of Kinship in China -- Fei Xiaotong: Field Work on Types of Family Life -- Altruism and Selfishness: A precarious Balance -- 12. China: A Threatening Promise to the West -- Summaries of the Chapters -- Concluding Queries about Threats and Promises -- Bibliography -- Index
    Note: Foreword: a fascination with china , Preface -- ; Introduction: the goal of this book -- ; Familism : a threat to the environment -- ; Exchanges of threats : the opium wars -- ; China and the US : a balance of power? -- ; Religions: core components of cultures -- ; Religious vitality in contemporary China -- ; Max Weber's view of religion in China -- ; Daoism : China's native religion -- ; Oracle-bones : the mandate of heaven -- ; Confucius : recapture the lost splendor -- ; The West : individualism at its limits -- ; China : the kinship society -- ; China : a threatening promise to the West , eng
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9781464809705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (388 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development; Directions in Development - Public Sector Governance
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Public Sector Governance
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Cooper, Joel Transfer pricing and developing economies
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    Keywords: Verrechnungspreis ; Steuerpolitik ; Entwicklungsländer ; TP ; Transfer Pricing ; Transfer Mispricing ; Tax Revenue ; Transfer Pricing Regulation ; Tax Reform In Developing Countries ; Arm'S Length Principle ; Taxation Of Multinationals ; Financing For Development ; Beps ; Base Erosion And Profit Shifting ; Domestic Resource Mobiliization ; Verrechnungspreis
    Abstract: Recent years have seen unprecedented public scrutiny over the tax practices of Multinational Enterprise (MNE) groups. Tax policy and administration concerning international transactions, aggressive tax planning, and tax avoidance have become an issue of extensive national and international debate in developed and developing countries alike. Within this context, transfer pricing, historically a subject of limited specialist interest, has attained name recognition amongst a broader global audience that is concerned with equitable fiscal policy and sustainable development. Abusive transfer pricing practices are considered to pose major risk to the direct tax base of many countries and developing countries are particularly vulnerable because corporate tax tends to account for a larger share of their revenue. This handbook is part of the wider WBG engagement in supporting countries with Domestic Resource Mobilization (DRM) by protecting their tax base and aims to cover all relevant aspects that have to be considered when introducing or strengthening transfer pricing regimes. The handbook provides guidance on analytical steps that can be taken to understand a country's potential exposure to inappropriate transfer pricing (transfer mispricing) and outlines the main areas that require attention in the design and implementation of transfer pricing regimes. A discussion of relevant aspects of the legislative process, including the formulation of a transfer pricing policy, and the role and content of administrative guidance, is combined with the presentation of country examples on the practical application and implementation of the arm's length principle and on running an effective transfer pricing audit program. Recognizing the importance of transfer pricing regulation and administration for the business environment and investor confidence, this handbook aims to balance the general objective of protecting a country's tax base and raising additional revenue with investment climate considerations wherever appropriate
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789004351615
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIII, 409 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: African dynamics volume 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Entrepreneurship in Africa
    DDC: 338.040967
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    Keywords: Unternehmer ; Subsahara-Afrika ; Entrepreneurship ; Businesspeople ; Entrepreneurship Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Businesspeople Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Businesspeople ; Economic history ; Entrepreneurship ; Unternehmer ; Unternehmen ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Interesse ; Grundlage ; Kapitalbeschaffung ; Bedeutung ; Rolle ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions 21st century ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions ; 21st century ; Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Afrika ; Entrepreneurship ; Afrika ; Entrepreneurship
    Abstract: Historically, entrepreneurs have always played a central role in the development of nation states. Aside from rentier states, which depend extensively on the availability of mineral resource rents, most economically prosperous nations in the world have strong, innovative and competitive business enterprises and entrepreneurs as the bedrock of their economic development and prosperity. It was arguably because of the above historical fact that the World Bank in 1989 declared that entrepreneurs will play a central role in transforming African economies. Chapters in this book contribute to our understanding of the theory, structure and practice of entrepreneurship in diverse African countries. Case studies examined include: African multinational banks and businesses, female entrepreneurs, culture and entrepreneurship, finance and entrepreneurship and SMEs.
    Note: Enthält 17 Beiträge , Includes bibliographical references and index , Part 1. Examination of related theories and innovations ; Methodological challenges of entrepreneurship research in the least developed East African countries , Part 2. Entrepreneurship development, country studies ; An institutional analysis of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria , Part 3. Entrepreneurship and sectoral considerations or determinants ; Dangote Cement: the challenges of pan-African expansion , Indigenous banking enterprises: the rise of Nigerian multinational banks , Introduction , Africapitalism: a management idea for business in Africa? , Inclusive business in Africa: priorities, strategies and challenges , Innovation as a key to success? Case studies of innovative start-ups in Kenya and Nigeria , Innovation in manufacturing SMEs in Kenya, Ghana and Tanzania: a grounded view on the research and policy issues , Entrepreneurship development in Africa: insights from Nigeria's and Zimbabwe's telecoms , The development of entrepreneurship in Sudan , Challenges to entrepreneurship development in Tanzania , Institutional and contextual factors effects on entrepreneurship in Cameroon: the case of the transport sector , Culture as a facilitator and a barrier to entrepreneurship development in Uganda , African women large-scale entrepreneurs: cases from Angola, Nigeria and Ghana , Financial barriers and how to overcome them: the case of women entrepreneurs in Tanzania , Gentlemanly capitalism and entrepreneurial management: formation and rise of Nigeria's Guaranty Trust Bank, 1990-2002 , An institutional analysis of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria , Dangote Cement: the challenges of pan-African expansion , Methodological challenges of entrepreneurship research in the least developed East African countries , Indigenous banking enterprises: the rise of Nigerian multinational banks
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9781464803208
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (296 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Migration and remittances factbook 2016
    DDC: 325
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    Keywords: Brain drain ; Diaspora ; Emigration ; Immigration ; Migration ; Migration corridors ; Receiving countries ; Refugees ; Remittances ; Sending countries
    Abstract: Remittances remain a key source of funds for developing countries, far exceeding official development assistance and even foreign direct investment. Remittances have proved to be more stable than private debt and portfolio equity flows, and less volatile than official aid flows, and their annual flow can match or surpass foreign exchange reserves in many small countries. Even in large emerging markets, such as India, remittances are equivalent to at least a quarter of total foreign exchange reserves. India, China, Philippines and Mexico are the top recipients of migrant remittances. The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016 attempts to present numbers and facts behind the stories of international migration and remittances, drawing on authoritative, publicly available data. It provides a snapshot of statistics on immigration, emigration, skilled emigration, and remittance flows for 210 countries and 15 regional and income groups. The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016 updates the 2011 edition of the Factbook with additional data on bilateral migration and remittances and second generation diasporas, collected from various sources, including national censuses, labor force surveys, population registers, and other national sources
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789004330603
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 174 pages)
    Series Statement: Studies in critical social sciences Volume 96
    Series Statement: Knowledge Unlatched Frontlist Collection 2016
    Series Statement: Sociology
    Series Statement: Studies in critical social sciences
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Helle, Horst Jürgen, 1934 - China: promise or threat?
    DDC: 306.0951
    RVK:
    Keywords: Cultural policy ; Diplomatic relations ; Manners and customs ; Religion ; Social conditions ; China Social conditions ; China Cultural policy ; History ; China Social life and customs ; China Religion ; China Foreign relations ; China ; History
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9781464804892 , 9781464804908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Africa's demographic transition
    DDC: 304.620967
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    Keywords: Demografischer Übergang ; Subsahara-Afrika ; Age distribution (Demography) Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Demographic transition Economic aspects ; Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Demographic transition Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Economic development Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Demographic transition ; Age distribution (Demography) ; Demographic transition Economic aspects ; Economic development ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Fertilität ; Familienplanung ; Bildung ; Erziehung ; Schulbildung ; Frauenbildung ; Beschäftigung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Population ; Subsaharisches Afrika
    Abstract: Overview -- The state of demographics in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Speeding the demographic transition -- Selected social and economic effects of the demographic dividend -- Afterword
    Note: "October 23, 2014.". - Description based on print version record
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9781464803567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (248 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Latin America and the rising South
    DDC: 332.098
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftslage ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Weltwirtschaft ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Süden ; Emerging Market ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Außenhandel ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Investition ; domestic savings ; FDI ; Financial integration ; Foreign direct investment ; Global financial network ; Global trade network ; Global value chains ; Globalization ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor market dynamics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate dynamics ; Rise of the south ; Trade Integration ; Trade structure ; Erde ; Lateinamerika
    Abstract: The world economy is not what it used to be twenty years ago. For most of the 20th century, the world economy was characterized by developed (North) countries acting as 'center' to a 'periphery' of developing (South) countries. However, the recent rise of developing economies suggests the need to go beyond this North-South dichotomy. This tectonic re-configuration of the global landscape has brought about significant changes to countries in the Latin America and Caribean (LAC) region. The time is ripe for an in-depth analysis of the dynamics and nature of LAC's external connections.This latest volume in the World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies series will focus on the implications of these trends for the economic development of LAC countries. In particular, trade, financial, macroeconomic, and sectoral shifts, as well as labor-market aspects will be systematically analyzed
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9781464805011
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Deliberation and development
    DDC: 808.53
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Kollektives Handeln ; Demokratie ; Öffentliche Meinung ; Entwicklung ; Politische Partizipation ; Entwicklungsländer ; Debates and debating ; Discussion ; Kollektives Handeln ; Deliberative Demokratie ; Öffentlichkeit
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Description based on print version record
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank Group | Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464804229
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p)
    Edition: World Bank eLibrary
    RVK:
    Keywords: Westafrika ; Ebola-Virus ; Auswirkung ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: Beyond its terrible toll in human lives and suffering, the Ebola epidemic has inflicted a measurable economic impact on West Africa in terms of forgone output, higher fiscal deficits, rising prices, lower real household incomes, and greater poverty. This impact results partly from the health-care costs and forgone productivity associated with being infected, but it is driven principally by the efforts of the uninfected population to avoid exposure ('aversion behavior'). The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic: Short- and Medium-Term Estimates for West Africa provides a mixed methods analysis of the economic impact, combining theory on the channels of economic impact of the epidemic, economic indicators across sectors in the affected countries, and models of how these economies interact with each other and with the broader world. The result is a quantification of the potential overall magnitude of the economic impact for Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, as well as for West Africa as a whole. Ebola's short-term economic impact (2014) in the three core countries is on the order of US
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9781464801907 , 9781464801976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxvi, 295 pages) , illustrations, maps , 23 cm
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Africa development forum series
    DDC: 338.47916
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    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development Case studies ; Tourism ; Tourism Case studies ; Economic development ; Economic development Case studies ; Tourism ; Tourism Case studies ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Tourism ; Tourism
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Human Capital And The Changing Structure of The Indian Economy
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added
    Abstract: Using panel data for the fourteen major states of India over the 1980-2000 period, the authors estimate the effect of human capital endowment on the performance of the state economies. They find that greater availability of skilled workers had a positive and significant impact on output in the service sectors. They do not find any such effect for the manufacturing sectors. The paper shows that the differential effect on services and manufacturing arises because service sectors are more skill intensive
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (69 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym The Challenge of Reducing International Trade And Migration Barriers
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    Keywords: Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Agriculture ; Air pollution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic benefits ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Government subsidies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade policies ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: While barriers to trade in most goods and some services including capital flows have been reduced considerably over the past two decades, many remain. Such policies harm most the economies imposing them, but the worst of the merchandise barriers (in agriculture and textiles) are particularly harmful to the world's poorest people, as are barriers to worker migration across borders. This paper focuses on how costly those anti-poor trade policies are, and examines possible strategies to reduce remaining distortions. Two opportunities in particular are addressed: completing the Doha Development Agenda process at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and freeing up the international movement of workers. A review of the economic benefits and adjustment costs associated with these opportunities provides the foundation to undertake benefit/cost analysis required to rank this set of opportunities against those aimed at addressing the world's other key challenges as part of the Copenhagen Consensus project. The paper concludes with key caveats and suggests that taking up these opportunities could generate huge social benefit/cost ratios that are considerably higher than the direct economic ones quantified in this study, even without factoring in their contribution to alleviating several of the other challenges identified by that project, including malnutrition, disease, poor education and air pollution
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
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    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ural, Beyza P Indian Manufacturing
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    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Economics ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexible labor markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Labor market flexibility ; Labor mobility ; Labor productivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade liberalization
    Abstract: This paper investigates the determinants of productivity in Indian manufacturing industries during the period 1988-2000. Using two-digit industry level data for the Indian states, we find evidence of imperfect interindustry and interstate labor mobility as well as misallocation of resources across industries and states. Trade liberalization increases productivity in all industries across all states, and productivity is higher in the less protected industries. These effects of protection and trade liberalization are more pronounced in states that have relatively more flexible labor markets. Similar effects are also found in the case of employment, capital stock and investment. Furthermore, labor market flexibility, independent of other policies, has a positive effect on productivity. Importantly, per capita state development expenditure seems to be the strongest and the most robust predictor of productivity, employment, capital stock and investment. Industrial delicensing increases both labor productivity and employment but only in the states with flexible labor market institutions. Even after controlling for delicensing, the analysis shows that trade liberalization has a productivity-enhancing effect. Finally, trade liberalization benefits most the export-oriented industries located in states with flexible labor-market institutions
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