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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (16)
  • HeBIS
  • 2020-2024  (16)
  • Ruta, Michele  (16)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (16)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (16)
  • HeBIS
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Language
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Year
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Child Labor Standards in Regional Trade Agreements : Theory and Evidence (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abman, Ryan Child Labor Standards in Regional Trade Agreements: Theory and Evidence
    Keywords: Child Labor ; Child Labor Ban Microdata ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor Markets ; Poverty and Trade ; Regional Trace Agreements ; Trade Liberalization
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of child labor standards in regional trade agreements on a variety of child labor market outcomes, including employment, education, and household inequality. It develops a stylized general equilibrium model of child labor in an economy open to international trade and considers the impact of regional trade agreements with and without child labor bans. The paper empirically investigates the effects of these clauses in trade agreements in a broad international panel of 101 developing countries, using harmonized survey microdata. Exploiting quasi-experimental methods to obtain plausibly causal estimates, the analysis finds that regional trade agreements without child-labor bans lead to reductions in child employment and increases in school enrollment, particularly for older children aged 14-17 years. Child labor bans in regional trade agreements perversely increase employment of children aged 14-17 years and decrease school enrollment for both young and older children. These effects appear to decrease inter-household income inequality through increased child earnings. The findings are consistent with the theoretical predictions from the model and the literature on child labor bans
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10331
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deep Trade Agreements and Heterogeneous Firms Exports (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Neri-Laine, Matteo Deep Trade Agreements and Heterogeneous Firms Exports
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Deep Trade ; Deep Trade Agreements ; Developing Country Trade Agreements ; Export Competitiveness ; Export Performance ; Firms Heterogeneity ; Foreign Trade Promotion and Regulation ; Imported Inputs ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper studies the effect of regional trade agreements on firms' exports. Using detailed information on the content of trade agreements and firm-level exports for 31 developing countries between 2000 and 2020, the analysis shows that the depth of trade agreements matters for the export performance of firms. Moving from shallow to deep trade agreements boosts firms' exports, on average, by 3.6 percent. In line with models of trade with heterogeneous firms, the trade impact of deep trade agreements depends on firm's characteristics. The impact is stronger for large firms and firms involved in global value chains and is negative for small firms. Robustness tests and an Instrumental Variable strategy confirm the causal interpretation of the results. These heterogeneous impacts on firms' exports imply a selection effect of deep trade agreements with significant welfare consequences
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10277
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is US Trade Policy Reshaping Global Supply Chains? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Freund, Caroline Is US Trade Policy Reshaping Global Supply Chains?
    Keywords: 10-Digit Us Import Data ; Bilateral Trade Decoupling ; China Supply Chains ; Diversification ; Global Value Chains ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; International Economics and Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Reshoring ; Tariffs ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper examines the reshaping of supply chains using detailed US 10-digit import data (tariff-line level) between 2017 and 2022. The results show that while US-China decoupling in bilateral trade is real, supply chains remain intertwined with China. Over the period, China's share of US imports fell from 22 to 16 percent. The paper shows that the decline is due to US tariffs. US imports from China are being replaced with imports from large developing countries with revealed comparative advantage in a product. Countries replacing China tend to be deeply integrated into China's supply chains and are experiencing faster import growth from China, especially in strategic industries. Put differently, to displace China on the export side, countries must embrace China's supply chains. Within products, the reorientation of trade is consistent with a "China + 1" strategy, as opposed to diversified sourcing across multiple countries. There is some evidence of nearshoring, but it is exclusive to border nations, and there is no consistent evidence of reshoring. Despite the significant reshaping, China remained the top supplier of imported goods to the US in 2022
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10593
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade and Infrastructure Integration in Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fontagne, Lionel Trade and Infrastructure Integration in Africa
    Keywords: Economic Integration ; Export Transportation Infrastructure ; General Equilibrium ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; International Economics and Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreement ; Structure Gravity ; Transport Infrastructure Investment
    Abstract: Economic integration of the African continent rests on two pillars: the ratification of an ambitious trade agreement and massive investment in transportation infrastructure. Leveraging a newly created city-level database on African exporters' transport times, transport route optimization and general equilibrium modeling of international trade, the paper quantifies the impact of greater trade and transport integration in Africa. A pan-African agreement, such as the African Continental Free Trade Area, would increase African countries' exports by an average of 3.4 percent and increase gross domestic product by 0.6 percent. Complementing trade integration by reducing transportation time on roads, ports and border posts would increase exports by 11.5 percent and increase gross domestic product by 2 percent. Major transport investments are necessary to reap the full benefits of the African Continental Free Trade Area
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10609
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Policy and Exporters' Resilience : Evidence from Indonesia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cali, Massimiliano Trade Policy and Exporters' Resilience: Evidence from Indonesia
    Keywords: Access To Imported Inputs ; Demand Resilience ; Economic Shock ; Exchange Rate Shock ; Export Competitiveness ; Foreign Trade Promotion and Regulation ; General Manufacturing ; Global Value Chain ; Industry ; International Economics and Trade ; Market Access ; Market Adjustment ; Resilience ; Supply Chain Access ; Tariff ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: How does trade policy affect exporters' ability to respond to foreign demand shocks Faced with a sudden change in the demand for their goods, exporting firms must optimally change their inputs and/or input sources. This paper tests whether a country's own trade policy makes such adjustments harder for firms that rely on imported inputs. The analysis exploits new time-varying data on tariffs and non-tariff measures faced by Indonesian firms and focuses on the impact of exchange rate shocks on exports to Japan. In response to a depreciation of the yuan, which makes Chinese exports more competitive, the findings show that firms that face non-tariff measures on their inputs see a much larger drop in their export values compared to firms that do not face any non-tariff measures. That is not the case for import tariffs on inputs, which do not affect the export response to the shock. This difference is consistent with the (partial) fixed costs imposed by non-tariff measures on imports in contrast to the pure variable costs of tariffs. The magnitude of this effect depends on the type of non-tariff measure and on firms' characteristics, such as their participation in global value chains, size, and product quality
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10068
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deep Trade Agreements : anchoring global value chains in latin america and the caribbean (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464818240
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (pages cm)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region has untapped potential for trade and global value chains (GVCs) to grow in the wake of COVID-19. The gap between potential and actual GVC integration reflects LAC economic fundamentals such as geography, market size, institutions, and factor endowments. But policy choices matter as well. This report, based on new data and evidence, shows that 'deep' trade agreements can drive policy reforms and help the region overcome some of its disadvantageous fundamentals. Four priority areas of deep integration--trade facilitation, regulatory cooperation, services, and state support--can improve the GVC participation of LAC countries: (i) Trade facilitation can reduce border delays and ease problems stemming from the remoteness of LAC countries. (ii) Regulatory cooperation can help LAC countries access larger markets by reducing the costs of nontariff measures. (iii) Opening the service economy can compensate for factor endowment scarcity, facilitating access to skills and technology. (iv) Regulating competition and state support to state-owned enterprises can improve the quality of economic institutions. These reforms are all the more important as global trade tensions persist and economies recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. In these times of uncertainty and upheaval, policy commitments to deep trade agreements can create a more stable institutional environment for promoting the ability of LAC countries to integrate into global value chains--
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Scarcity Nationalism during COVID-19 : Identifying the Impact on Trade Costs (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Egger, Peter H Scarcity Nationalism during COVID-19: Identifying the Impact on Trade Costs
    Keywords: Critical Medical Goods ; Global Trade Alert ; Indirect Trade Costs ; International Economics and Trade ; Pandemic Medical Products ; Protectionism ; Trade ; Trade Cost ; Trade Policy ; Vaccine Trade Costs
    Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries used export and import policy as a tool to expand the availability of scarce critical medical products in the domestic market (scarcity nationalism). This paper assesses the direct and indirect (via trade in intermediates) increases in trade costs of critical medical goods resulting from these uncooperative policies. The results show that scarcity nationalism led to substantial increases in trade costs between February 2020 and December 2021 for most COVID-19 critical medical products, particularly garments (for example, face masks) and ventilators. The exception is vaccines, which saw a reduction in trade costs, which, however, was driven by the reduction in indirect trade costs for high-income countries, consistent with the view of a COVID-19 vaccine production club
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10237
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on Georgia's Exporters : A Firm-Level Analysis (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Neri-Laine, Matteo The Impact of Regional Trade Agreements on Georgia's Exporters: A Firm-Level Analysis
    Keywords: Deep Trade Agreement ; Export Competitiveness ; Firm Heterogeneity ; General Manufacturing ; Global Value Chain ; Global Value Chains and Business Clustering ; Industry ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Private Sector Development ; Regional Trade Agreement ; Trade and Investment ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade Barriers ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper assesses the trade impact of regional trade agreements signed by Georgia. Using information from the World Bank's Deep Trade Agreements database and the Exporters' Dynamics Database for Georgia for 2000-20, the paper tests the effect of regional trade agreements on the performance of Georgian exporters. The results show that the depth of regional trade agreements has a positive effect on the exports of firms, and the more so if trade agreements include legally enforceable provisions. Interestingly, the effect of regional trade agreements is not homogeneous across exporters with different characteristics. While large exporters and firms participating in global value chains benefit from deep trade agreements, small firms are negatively affected. Deep trade agreements have a positive effect on the probability of entry into the export market for large firms and firms in global value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9768
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Machine Learning in International Trade Research : Evaluating the Impact of Trade Agreements (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Breinlich, Holger Machine Learning in International Trade Research: Evaluating the Impact of Trade Agreements
    Abstract: Modern trade agreements contain a large number of provisions in addition to tariff reductions, in areas as diverse as services trade, competition policy, trade-related investment measures, or public procurement. Existing research has struggled with overfitting and severe multicollinearity problems when trying to estimate the effects of these provisions on trade flows. Building on recent developments in the machine learning and variable selection literature, this paper proposes data-driven methods for selecting the most important provisions and quantifying their impact on trade flows, without the need of making ad hoc assumptions on how to aggregate individual provisions. The analysis finds that provisions related to antidumping, competition policy, technical barriers to trade, and trade facilitation are associated with enhancing the trade-increasing effect of trade agreements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9629
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Facilitation Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements : Impact on Peru's Exporters (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lee, Woori Trade Facilitation Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Impact on Peru's Exporters
    Abstract: Trade facilitation measures that simplify, modernize, and harmonize export and import processes are particularly important in a world of global value chains where goods cross borders multiple times. At the firm level, trade facilitation commitments in preferential trade agreements can generate larger gains for firms participating in global value chains, as these firms can benefit both from efficiency enhancement at their own border (when importing inputs) and at the partner countries' borders (when exporting). This paper uses Peruvian customs data to investigate the heterogeneous impact of trade facilitation provisions across firms, depending on their global value chain linkages. The results show that trade facilitation provisions in preferential trade agreements promote the export performance of global value chain firms, especially when they import inputs from the preferential trade agreement partner country. In the case of Peru, the main benefit of trade facilitation provisions results from efficiency enhancements at its own border, allowing global value chain firms to import inputs in a more timely and predictable manner
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9674
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Effectiveness of Environmental Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Abman, Ryan The Effectiveness of Environmental Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements
    Abstract: Trade liberalization can spur environmental degradation. Concerns over these adverse impacts have led to a debate over the need for environmental provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs), however the effectiveness of such provisions is unknown. This paper provides new causal evidence that environmental provisions are effective in limiting deforestation following the entry into force of RTAs. It exploits high-resolution, satellite-derived estimates of deforestation and identify the content of RTAs using a new dataset with detailed information on individual provisions. Accounting for the potential endogeneity of environmental provisions in RTAs, the paper finds that the inclusion of specific provisions aimed at protecting forests and/or biodiversity entirely offsets the net increases in forest loss observed in similar RTAs without such provisions. The inclusion of these provisions limits agricultural land expansion, but does not completely offset increases in total agricultural production. The effects are concentrated in tropical, developing countries with greater biodiversity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9601
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Natural Disasters and the Reshaping of Global Value Chains (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Freund, Caroline Natural Disasters and the Reshaping of Global Value Chains
    Abstract: To understand the longer term consequences of natural disasters for global value chains, this paper examines trade in the automobile and electronic sectors after the 2011 earthquake in Japan. Contrary to widespread expectations, the analysis shows that the shock did not lead to reshoring, nearshoring, or diversification; and trade in intermediate products was disrupted less than trade in final goods. Imports did shift to new suppliers, especially where dependence on Japan was greater. But production relocated to developing countries rather than to other top exporters. Despite important differences, the observed pattern of switching may be relevant to disasters like the COVID-19 pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9719
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Covid-19 Vaccine Production Club : Will Value Chains Temper Nationalism? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Evenett, Simon J The Covid-19 Vaccine Production Club: Will Value Chains Temper Nationalism?
    Abstract: In the first two months of 2021, the production of COVID-19 vaccines has suffered setbacks delaying the implementation of national inoculation strategies. These delays have revealed the concentration of vaccine manufacture in a small club of producer nations, which in turn has implications for the degree to which cross-border value chains can deter more aggressive forms of Vaccine Nationalism, such as export curbs. This paper documents the existence of this club, taking account of not just the production of final vaccines but also the ingredients of and items needed to manufacture and distribute COVID-19 vaccines. During 2017-19, vaccine producing nations sourced 88 percent of their key vaccine ingredients from other vaccine producing trading partners. Combined with the growing number of mutations of COVID-19 and the realization that this coronavirus is likely to become a permanent endemic global health threat, this finding calls for a rethink of the policy calculus towards ramping up the production and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, its ingredients, and the various items needed to deliver them. The more approved vaccines that are safely produced, the smaller will be the temptation to succumb to zero-sum Vaccine Nationalism
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9565
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A General Equilibrium Assessment of the Economic Impact of Deep Trade Agreements (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Fontagne, Lionel A General Equilibrium Assessment of the Economic Impact of Deep Trade Agreements
    Abstract: This paper explores the economic impacts of preferential trade agreements, focusing on the provisions they contain, beyond phasing out tariffs. Clustering 278 preferential trade agreements based on 906 provisions grouped into 18 policy areas, three clusters are obtained for which a trade elasticity to preferential trade agreement is estimated using structural gravity. A series of full general equilibrium counterfactual situations for endowment economies is simulated, revealing the economic impacts of deepening existing trade agreements and signing new ones-that is, the intensive and extensive margins of preferential trade agreements. The paper illustrates the method with a general deepening of existing preferential trade agreements worldwide. Focusing on the examples of the Latin America and the Caribbean and East Asia and Pacific regions, the paper shows that deepening preferential trade agreements leads to higher trade and welfare effects than signing new ones
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9630
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Containing Chinese State-Owned Enterprises? : The Role of Deep Trade Agreements (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lefebvre, Kevin Containing Chinese State-Owned Enterprises? The Role of Deep Trade Agreements
    Abstract: Regional trade agreements increasingly include provisions that regulate state-owned enterprises. This paper combines new information on the content of "deep" regional trade agreements and data on Chinese firm-level exports during 2000-11 to analyze the spillover effect of rules on state-owned enterprises on the intensive and extensive margins of Chinese state-owned enterprises' trade. Rather than containing state capitalism, regional trade agreements regulating state-owned enterprises signed by Chinese trading partners with third countries increase exports and entry of Chinese state-owned enterprises as they gain a competitive edge in regulated markets. This spillover effect is robust to several extensions and is even stronger for agreements that include rules on subsidies and competition policy. This finding points to the need for commonly agreed multilateral rules to regulate state owned enterprises
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9637
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade in Critical COVID-19 Products (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The covid-19 pandemic is increasingly a concern for developing countries. Using a new database on COVID-19 trade flows and policies, this note looks at the role of trade and trade policy to address the looming health crisis in developing countries with highest numbers of recorded cases. It shows that export restrictions by leading producers could cause significant disruption in supplies and contribute to price increases. Tariffs and other restrictions to imports further impair the flow of critical products to developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/33514
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