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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (44)
  • HeBIS
  • Borgonovi, Francesca  (26)
  • Avvisati, Francesco  (19)
  • Education  (44)
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; New Zealand ; Singapore ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing on possible complementarities and substitution between machine translation tools and language professionals. The emergence of machine translation tools could enhance social welfare through enhanced opportunities for inter-language communication but also create new threats because of persisting low levels of accuracy and quality in the translation output. The paper uses data on online job vacancies to map the evolution of the demand for language professionals between 2015 and 2019 in 10 countries and illustrates the set of skills that are considered important by employers seeking to hire language professionals through job vacancies posted on line.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.121
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Proficient readers use and engage with a variety of texts, including books, online articles and social media. They can find information, understand the literal and the implied meaning, and reflect critically on content and form. But before students can become proficient readers, they must become fluent readers. In every language, once students read fluently, they can devote their effort and attention to higher-level comprehension tasks and engage more deeply with texts. This policy brief examines what we can learn from the results of the assessment of students' reading fluency within the 2018 PISA test, and its importance for teachers.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Croatia ; Cyprus ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Netherlands ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper investigates the demand for language skills using data on online job vacancies in 27 European Union member countries and the United Kingdom in 2021. Evidence indicates that although Europe remains a linguistically diverse labour market, knowing English confers unique advantages in certain occupations. Across countries included in the analyses, a knowledge of English was explicitly required in 22% of all vacancies and English was the sixth most required skill overall. A knowledge of German, Spanish, French and Mandarin Chinese was explicitly demanded in between 1% and 2% of all vacancies. One in two positions advertised on line for managers or professionals required some knowledge of English, on average across European Union member countries and across OECD countries in the sample. This compares with only one in ten positions for skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers and among elementary occupations.
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.2
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses the demand for positions that require skills needed to develop or work with AI systems across 14 OECD countries between 2019 and 2022. It finds that, despite rapid growth in the demand for AI skills, AI-related online vacancies comprised less than 1% of all job postings and were predominantly found in sectors such as ICT and Professional Services. Skills related to Machine Learning were the most sought after. The US-focused part of the study reveals a consistent demand for socio-emotional, foundational, and technical skills across all AI employers. However, leading firms – those who posted the most AI jobs – exhibited a higher demand for AI professionals combining technical expertise with leadership, innovation, and problem-solving skills, underscoring the importance of these competencies in the AI field.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.275
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Croatia ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Ireland ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Türkiye ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper is the second in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The first paper is titled ‘Young people’s environmental sustainability competence: Emotional, cognitive, behavioural and attitudinal dimensions in EU and OECD countries.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.280
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Canada ; Chile ; Colombia ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Türkiye
    Abstract: Understanding adults’ attitudes towards the environment is necessary to gauge the opportunities and challenges of creating effective and politically-feasible climate policies. Using data from the Wellcome Global Monitor 2020, the European Social Survey (Round 8), World Values Survey and EM-DAT, this paper examines how adults’ environmental attitudes vary within and across countries and details how environmental attitudes are associated with adults’ engagement in pro-environmental behaviours and support for environmentally-friendly policies. The paper explores whether the extent to which individuals prioritise the environment over the state of the economy or vice versa depends on individuals’ exposure to natural disasters or negative labour market conditions. Results indicate that people’s economic vulnerability and the sectors they work in impact their attitudes towards their environment and support for public policy. Furthermore, the findings suggest that increases in unemployment and exposure to natural disasters influence the extent to which individuals prioritise the environment.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.272
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The appeal of non-probabilistic surveys has been on the rise given the costs and decreasing response rates associated with probabilistic surveys. Yet the non-random selection of respondents into non-probabilistic surveys leads to inaccurate estimates if there are systematic differences in relation to the variable of interest between the self-selected respondents to the survey and the rest of the target population. In addition, for non probability samples there is no general statistical theory that justifies when and why accurate inferences can be expected. This paper presents a review of established uses of non-probability samples in comparative, cross-national contexts and their value for policy. In particular, the review focuses on the rationales for using non-probability samples, the risks involved and the potential ways of mitigating these risks. The paper concludes by providing some potential roles non-probability samples could play in the context of the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS).
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.274
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Croatia ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Türkiye ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper is the first in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The second paper is titled: ‘The environmental sustainability competence toolbox: From leaving a better planet to our children to leaving better children for our planet’.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.281
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Australia ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Canada ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hong Kong, China ; Hungary ; Iceland ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Japan ; Lithuania ; Mexico ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Norway ; Poland ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Switzerland ; Türkiye ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Being able to swim empowers individuals to make choices, have agency, and be free to choose core aspects of their life, such as working safely on or near water. It is also associated with lifelong health benefits and reduces the risk of drowning. Using data from the Lloyd’s Register Foundation World Risk Poll 2019, this paper provides the first global estimates of adults’ ability to swim without assistance. Individuals in high-income countries are considerably more likely to report being able to swim without assistance than individuals in low-income countries. Disparities also exist within countries. In particular, women are less likely to be able to swim without assistance than men in virtually all countries, birth cohorts, and levels of education. Investing in reducing inequalities in life skills, such as swimming, can foster economic development and empowerment, especially in light of threats, such as climate change.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.257
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the learning gain that accrues to 15‑year-old students over one year of schooling in 18 countries and economies, where the cohort eligible to sit the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)ISA test overlaps with two distinct school cohorts. School-entry regulations are used as an exogenous source of variation for grade levels in an instrumental- variables framework. The focus on the joint effect of schooling and age, together with (local) linearity assumptions, make it possible to account for differences in school-starting age across students who are expected to be in different grades. On average, students’ test scores increase by about one-fifth of a standard deviation over a school year. While estimates of the grade gain for individual countries and economies come with wide confidence intervals, this study also shows the annual learning gain of students around the age of 15 tends to be larger in high-income countries compared to middle-income countries.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.260
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Soziale Integration ; Ethnische Vielfalt ; Education ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: In many countries, schools and classrooms are becoming increasingly diverse along a variety of dimensions, including migration; ethnic groups, national minorities and Indigenous peoples; gender; gender identity and sexual orientation; special education needs; and giftedness. To navigate this diversity, adopting a multidimensional and intersectional lens could help education systems promote equity and inclusion in education and foster the well-being and learning of all students. Such an approach could also support education systems in preparing all individuals so that they can engage with others in increasingly complex and diverse societies. To build equitable and inclusive education systems, analysing policy issues regarding governance arrangements, resourcing schemes, capacity building, school-level interventions, and monitoring and evaluation is key. The Strength through Diversity: Education for Inclusive Societies project seeks to help governments and education systems address diversity to achieve more equitable and inclusive education systems. This paper presents the project’s theoretical and analytical framework.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.249
    Keywords: Education ; Austria ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper compares the learning gain over one year of schooling among 15-year-old students in Austria and Scotland (United Kingdom). Common metrics for reading, mathematics and science learning, as established by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), are used. In order to overcome the limitations of a cross-sectional, single-cohort design, multiple cycles of PISA data are combined. The fact that Austria and Scotland moved their testing period across cycles is also exploited. The results are used to establish a benchmark for other performance differences observed in PISA, such as gender gaps, socio-economic gaps or between-country differences.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.115
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In 2020 and 2021, schooling, like many other aspects of life, has been heavily affected by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. During periods of school closure, education systems and schools have often been quick to organise remote support for home-based learning. But several observers have questioned the effectiveness of these schooling surrogates, either in general or for particular types of students. Initial data from national assessments confirm that the results of many students who experienced school closures (particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds) lag behind those of similar students in previous school years. Learning losses and gains are often compared to the typical learning progression observed in normal times over a year of schooling. This paper shows how international data can be used to investigate learning losses and gains over a school year.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.103
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Evolving technologies have changed the ways people read and exchange information, whether at home, at school or in the workplace. When PISA assessed 15-year-olds’ reading literacy for the first time, in 2000, only in two countries – Canada and Norway – did more than 50% of the population use the Internet. In 2009, about 15% of students in OECD countries, on average, reported that they did not have access to the Internet at home. By 2018, that proportion had shrunk to less than 5%. The growth in access to online services is likely to be even larger than suggested by these percentages, which hide the exponential growth in the quality of Internet services and the explosion of mobile Internet services over the past decade. In many respects, the challenges that readers encounter today, in a highly digitalised environment, are greater than those encountered in the world of printed books, manuals and newspapers. To navigate successfully the information provided in electronic text formats, people need to use complex strategies to analyse, synthesise, integrate and interpret relevant information from multiple sources when they read. But are students – and education systems – rising to the challenge of mastering reading skills for the digital age?
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.95
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Problems associated with the environment loom large over the future well-being of young generations. A previous issue of PISA in Focus (PISA in Focus 87) shows that in 2015 many 15-year-old students believed that the future – their future – was going to be worse, environmentally, than the present. In particular, only a minority of students (fewer than one in five, on average across OECD countries) believed that problems related to air pollution, the extinction of plants and animals, clearing forests for land use, water shortages and nuclear waste would improve over the next 20 years. But are teenagers more or less pessimistic than their parents?
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.194
    Keywords: Education ; Sweden
    Abstract: Within OECD countries, Sweden has historically welcomed large numbers of migrants, in particular migrants seeking humanitarian protection. Since 2015, this large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy given current institutional frameworks. PISA 2015 shows that immigrant students fare considerably worse than native students in terms of academic and well-being outcomes also after accounting for differences in social-economic background. The OECD has identified four priority areas for Sweden for closing the gap between immigrant and native students: (1) Facilitating the access of immigrants to school choice, (2) Building teaching capacity, (3) Providing language training and (4) Strengthening the management of diversity. The findings in this Spotlight Report are based on existing OECD work in the area of immigrant integration in education, OECD and national data, a questionnaire on the range of policies and practices in Sweden and good practice examples for the integration in the education system in peer-learner countries and regions [Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and North America (Canada and the United States)], which were identified of particular relevance for Sweden. The report also includes policy pointers on what policies and practices Sweden could adopt to respond to the current integration challenges in the four priority areas.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.201
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Large-scale surveys such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences (PIAAC) use advanced statistical models to estimate scores of latent traits from multiple observed responses. The comparison of such estimated scores across different groups of respondents is valid to the extent that the same set of estimated parameters holds in each group surveyed. This issue of invariance of parameter estimates is addressed in model fit indices which gauge the likelihood that one set of parameters can be used across all groups. Therefore, the problem of scale invariance across groups of respondents can typically be framed as the question of how well a single model fits the responses of all groups. However, the procedures used to evaluate the fit of these models pose a series of theoretical and practical problems. The most commonly applied procedures to establish invariance of cognitive and non-cognitive scales across countries in large-scale surveys are developed within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. The criteria that are commonly applied to evaluate the fit of such models, such as the decrement of the Comparative Fit Index in confirmatory factor analysis, work normally well in the comparison of a small number of countries or groups, but can perform poorly in large-scale surveys featuring a large number of countries. More specifically, the common criteria often result in the non-rejection of metric invariance; however, the step from metric invariance (i.e. identical factor loadings across countries) to scalar invariance (i.e. identical intercepts, in addition to identical factor loadings) appears to set overly restrictive standards for scalar invariance (i.e. identical intercepts). This report sets out to identify and apply novel procedures to evaluate model fit across a large number of groups, or novel scaling models that are more likely to pass common model fit criteria.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.210
    Keywords: Education ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile is now working to develop stronger integration processes after being largely unprepared for the influx of immigrants who arrived in recent years. In the education sector, evidence suggests important differences in the academic and well-being outcomes between students with an immigrant background and native Chilean students. While available data on immigrant students in Chile is limited, these disparities highlight the need to reflect on the types of policies that can reverse emerging gaps, advance the educational and long-term success of students and promote social cohesion. As such, the Ministry of Education invited the OECD Strength through Diversity project to develop this Spotlight Report, which examines four policy priorities regarding the inclusion of immigrant and refugee students in the country: (1) School choice and segregation; (2) Language training; (3) Capacity building; and (4) Inclusive education. The findings of this report reflect existing OECD work on education policy in Chile and in the area of migration policy. The report also draws on national data, questionnaire results on policies and practices implemented in Chile to support the educational achievement and socio emotional well-being of immigrant students and examples of policies and practices in peer-learner countries and regions that were collected through desk based research (notably from Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United States). Finally, interviews conducted by the OECD Strength through Diversity team during a review mission and a stakeholder workshop that took place in Santiago in June 2018 help inform the report.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.205
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), used computers as the main assessment deliver platform. This enabled the Programme to collect data not only on whether respondents were able to solve specific tasks, but also on how they approached the problems at hand and how much time they spent on them. This paper draws on this information to characterise individuals’ problem-solving strategies using the longest common subsequence (LCS) method, a sequence-mining technique commonly used in natural language processing and biostatistics. The LCS is used to compare the action sequences followed by PIAAC respondents to a set of “optimal” predefined sequences identified by test developers and subject matter experts. This approach allows studying problem-solving behaviours across multiple assessment items.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.100
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Most adolescents desire strong social ties and value acceptance, care and support from others. Many adolescents find friends and caring adults among members of the school community. As students go through a decisive period of their lives, discovering and redefining their identity, a strong sense of belonging at school can help them feel secure, and can support their academic and social development. Adolescents who feel that they are part of a school community are also more motivated to learn and, as a result, more likely to perform well at school. But in recent years, many traditional communities formed around shared physical spaces – neighbourhoods, workplaces or schools – have been profoundly affected by advances in technology. How did students’ feelings of belonging at school change over a period in which online friendships and social networks were growing in importance?
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Resilience refers to the capacity of individuals to prosper despite encountering adverse circumstances. This paper defines academic resilience as the ability of 15-year-old students from disadvantaged backgrounds to perform at a certain level in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in reading, mathematics and science that enables them to play an active role in their communities and prepares them to make the most of lifelong-learning opportunities. Using data from the most recent PISA cycles, this paper explores changes in the share of resilient students over time (2006-2015); highlights the importance of school environments and resources in mitigating the risk of low achievement for disadvantaged students; and identifies school-level factors that are associated with the likelihood of academic resilience among socio-economically disadvantaged students. Analyses reveal that several countries were able to increase the share of resilient students over time, reflecting improvements in the average performance of students, or a weaker relationship between socio-economic status and performance. In the vast majority of education systems examined, the likelihood of academic resilience among disadvantaged students is lower in schools where students report a negative classroom climate. The paper concludes by exploring school policies and practices that are associated with a positive classroom climate.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.183
    Keywords: Education ; Norway
    Abstract: As is the case in most OECD countries, boys in Norway are more likely to have lower levels of academic achievement and attainment than girls. While this phenomenon is not recent, it has become increasingly pronounced in recent years and, as a result, is attracting considerable attention from policy-makers in many countries. This paper develops evidence of gender gaps in educational outcomes in Norway and selected OECD countries and identifies examples of policies and practices that could help close existing gender gaps in Norway. The first part of the paper describes gender gaps in school achievement, attainment, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours using an international comparative analysis. Evidence from PIRLS, TIMSS, PISA and the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) is used to identify gender gaps during primary and secondary schooling as well as young adulthood. The second part of the paper summarises evidence on policies and practices that were implemented in other countries and that could support efforts in Norway to mitigate, prevent and reduce gender gaps in achievement and attainment. Most of the evidence on policies and practices reviewed in the report comes from the peer countries Finland, the Netherlands and the United States that were identified of particular relevance for Norway, given the policy challenge Norway faces.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.184
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Numeracy and literacy skills have become increasingly important in modern labour markets. The large gender differences that several studies have identified have therefore sparked considerable attention among researchers and policy makers. Little is known about the moment in which such gaps emerge, how they evolve and if their evolution differs across countries. We use data from large-scale international assessments to follow representative samples of birth-cohorts over time, and analyse how gender gaps in numeracy and literacy evolve from age 10 to age 27. Our results suggest that, across the countries examined, males’ advantage in numeracy is smallest at age 10 and largest at age 27. The growth in magnitude of the gender gap is particularly pronounced between the age of 15 and 27. Such evolution stands in sharp contrast with the evolution of the gender gap in literacy, which is small at age 10, large and in favour of females at age 15, and negligible by age 27.
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  • 24
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How are school performance and school climate related to teachers’ experience?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les élèves des établissements les plus performants obtiennent, en moyenne, des scores nettement supérieurs aux évaluations PISA à ceux de leurs pairs des établissements les moins performants. Certains aspects du climat de l’établissement, tels que le climat de discipline dans les cours de sciences, varient aussi sensiblement entre les établissements. Ces variations inter-établissements de la performance et du climat de discipline sont fortement liées aux différences de statut socio-économique de l’effectif d’élèves des établissements. En outre, les établissements où les enseignants sont plus expérimentés tendent à obtenir de meilleurs résultats aux évaluations PISA et présentent, en classe, un climat plus propice à l’apprentissage.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Performance et climat des établissements : Quel lien avec l’expérience des enseignants ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Research studies indicate that experienced teachers are more effective, but also suggest multiple explanations why this might be the case – whether because teachers gain valuable skills on the job and through formal professional development opportunities, or because the least effective teachers tend to quit teaching earlier, while more effective teachers remain in the profession. Each of these possible reasons has distinct implications for policy: from increasing hiring standards, improving teacher training and raising the attractiveness of the teaching profession, to ensuring that novice teachers receive the necessary support to quickly learn the tools of the trade and taking measures to prevent good teachers from dropping out of the profession.
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  • 26
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe In which countries and schools do disadvantaged students succeed?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: D’après les données de l’enquête PISA, en moyenne, dans les pays de l’OCDE, trois élèves sur quatre se situant dans le quartile inférieur du statut socio-économique n’atteignent au mieux que le niveau de compétence de base (niveau 2) en compréhension de l’écrit, en mathématiques ou en sciences. Cependant, en Allemagne, au Canada, en Corée, au Danemark, en Estonie, en Finlande, à Hong-Kong (Chine), en Irlande, au Japon, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas, à Singapour, en Slovénie et au Viet Nam, plus de 30 % des élèves défavorisés atteignent au moins le niveau 3 de compétence dans l’ensemble des domaines d’évaluation de l’enquête PISA 2015 – et peuvent donc être considérés comme « résilients sur le plan scolaire ». Au niveau 3 de compétence, les élèves commencent à faire preuve de capacités à : dégager la signification d’un texte et parvenir à une compréhension détaillée à partir de multiples fragments indépendants d’information en compréhension de l’écrit ; établir des relations proportionnelles et se livrer à une interprétation et un raisonnement simples dans le cadre de la résolution d’un problème mathématique ; et appréhender des sujets qui ne leur sont pas familiers en sciences – autant de compétences au fondement de la réussite et de la poursuite de l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie. D’après les données collectées sur une période de dix ans dans le cadre de l’enquête PISA (en 2006, 2009, 2012 et 2015), plusieurs pays sont parvenus à accroître le pourcentage d’élèves résilients sur le plan scolaire parmi ceux se situant dans le quartile inférieur du statut socio-économique.
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  • 27
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Does the quality of learning outcomes fall when education expands to include more disadvantaged students?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les taux de scolarisation dans l’enseignement secondaire ont dans l’ensemble enregistré une hausse considérable au cours des dernières décennies. Cette expansion se reflète aussi dans les données de l’enquête PISA, en particulier pour les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Entre 2003 et 2015, la population totale de jeunes de 15 ans éligibles à la participation à l’enquête PISA a ainsi augmenté de plus de 1.1 million d’élèves en Indonésie, de plus de 400 000 élèves au Brésil et en Turquie, et de plus de 300 000 élèves au Mexique. Cette expansion bienvenue de l’accès à l’éducation rend plus difficile l’interprétation de l’évolution dans le temps des scores moyens obtenus dans le cadre de l’enquête PISA. L’élargissement de la couverture de l’enquête peut en effet entraîner une sous-estimation des progrès réellement accomplis par les systèmes d’éducation. Les enquêtes auprès des ménages montrent souvent que les enfants issus de foyers défavorisés, de minorités ethniques ou de zones rurales sont plus exposés au risque de ne pas suivre ou terminer le premier cycle du secondaire. En général, l’accès de groupes de population auparavant exclus à des niveaux supérieurs d’enseignement entraîne l’augmentation du pourcentage d’élèves peu performants inclus dans les échantillons PISA.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.82
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Performance et bien-être des élèves issus de l’immigration : Comment se situent les différents pays ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The ability of societies to preserve social cohesion in the presence of large migration flows depends on their capacity to integrate immigrants. Education can help immigrants acquire skills and contribute to the host-country economy; it can also foster immigrants’ social and emotional well-being and sustain their motivation to participate in the social and civic life of their new communities – and, by doing so, help them integrate more easily. But ensuring that students with an immigrant background have good well-being outcomes represents a significant challenge, because many immigrant or mixed-heritage students must overcome the adversities associated with displacement, socio-economic disadvantage, language barriers and the difficulty of forging a new identity all at the same time.
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  • 29
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe In which countries do the most highly qualified and experienced teachers teach in the most difficult schools?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les enseignants constituent la ressource scolaire principale. Dans tous les pays, leur salaire et leur formation représentent la part la plus importante des dépenses d’éducation – un investissement par ailleurs susceptible d’avoir des rendements considérables. Les travaux de recherche montrent ainsi que le fait de recevoir leur instruction des meilleurs enseignants peut avoir une réelle incidence sur la réussite scolaire et personnelle d’élèves par ailleurs similaires. Toutefois, tous les élèves ne sont pas égaux en termes d’accès à un enseignement de qualité. Les données de l’enquête PISA révèlent ainsi l’existence, dans de nombreux pays, d’inégalités d’accès à des enseignants expérimentés et qualifiés, ainsi que la relation de ces inégalités avec les écarts de résultats d’apprentissage entre élèves favorisés et défavorisés.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.185
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The paper examines the role of education in shaping individuals’ attitudes towards migration in European countries using data from the 2012, 2014 and 2016 editions of the European Social Survey (rounds 6, 7 and 8). Results indicate that, despite the large influx of migrants experienced by many European countries in 2015, attitudes towards migration reported by 25-65 year olds did not vary significantly over the period considered. Education was strongly associated with individuals’ attitudes towards migration although the strength of the association and how the association changed over time varied greatly across countries. On average a difference of one standard deviation in educational participation is associated with a difference of 20% of a standard deviation in reported opposition to migration. Around three quarters of the association between education and opposition to migration can be explained by the lower economic threat, cultural threat and prejudice that individuals with higher educational participation experience.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dans quels pays les enseignants les plus qualifiés et expérimentés exercent-ils dans les établiseements les plus difficiles ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Teachers are the most important school resource. In every country, teachers’ salaries and training represent the greatest share of expenditure on education; and this investment in teachers can have significant returns. Research shows that being taught by the best teachers can make a real difference in the learning and life outcomes of otherwise similar students. But not all students are equal when it comes to access to high-quality teaching. In fact, PISA data show that there are inequities in access to experienced and qualified teachers in many countries, and that they are related to the gap in learning outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged students.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.165
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: We assess the relationship between general literacy skills and health status by analysing data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), an international survey of about 250 000 adults aged 16-65 years conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 2011-15 in 33 countries/national sub-regions. Across countries, there seems to be a strong and consistent association between general literacy proficiency and self-rated poor health, independent of prior socio-economic status and income. General literacy proficiency also appears to be a mediator of the association between self-education and self-rated poor health. While the literacy-health association is robust over time, it varies in magnitude across countries. It is strongest for those with a tertiary or higher degree and does not appear to exist among young adults (ages 25 to 34 years). Future studies are required to understand the contextual factors that modify the general literacy proficiency-health association.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dans quel pays et établissements les élèves défavorisés réussissent-ils ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: PISA 2015 data show that, on average across OECD countries, as many as three out of four students from the lowest quarter of socio-economic status reach, at best, only the baseline level of proficiency (Level 2) in reading, mathematics or science. While in Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong (China), Ireland, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Slovenia and Viet Nam, more than 30% of disadvantaged students scored at Level 3 or above in all PISA subjects in 2015, and can thus be considered “academically resilient”. Students who perform at Level 3 begin to demonstrate the ability to construct the meaning of a text and form a detailed understanding from multiple independent pieces of information when reading. They can work with proportional relationships and engage in basic interpretation and reasoning when solving mathematics problems; and they can handle unfamiliar topics in science. Such skills are the foundations for success and further learning later in life. PISA data collected over a decade (in 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015) show that several countries have been able to increase the share of academically resilient students among those in the bottom quarter of socio-economic status.
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  • 34
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA à la loupe no.82
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How do the performance and well-being of students with an immigrant background compare across countries?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le maintien de la cohésion sociale en présence de flux migratoires importants dépend de la capacité des sociétés à intégrer les immigrés. L’éducation peut aider ces derniers à acquérir des compétences et à contribuer à l’économie de leur pays d’accueil ; elle peut aussi favoriser leur bien-être socio-affectif et encourager leur motivation à participer à la vie sociale et civique de leur nouvelle communauté – et, ce faisant, faciliter leur intégration. Toutefois, veiller à ce que les élèves issus de l’immigration présentent de bons résultats sur le plan du bien-être représente un défi de taille, car nombre d’élèves immigrés ou d’origine mixte doivent surmonter à la fois les obstacles liés au changement de leur lieu de vie, au désavantage socio-économique, à la barrière de la langue et à la difficulté de se forger une nouvelle identité.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La plus grande inclusion des élèves défavorisés se fait-elle au détriment de la qualité des résultats d’apprentissage ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Globally, enrolment in secondary education has expanded dramatically over the past decades. This expansion is also reflected in PISA data, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. Between 2003 and 2015, Indonesia added more than 1.1 million students, Turkey and Brazil more than 400 000 students, and Mexico more than 300 000 students, to the total population of 15-year-olds eligible to participate in PISA. This welcome expansion in education opportunities makes it more difficult to interpret how mean scores in PISA have changed over time. Indeed, increases in coverage can lead to an underestimation of the real improvements that education systems have achieved. Household surveys often show that children from poor households, ethnic minorities or rural areas face a greater risk of not attending or completing lower secondary education. Typically, as populations that had previously been excluded gain access to higher levels of schooling, a larger proportion of low-performing students will be included in PISA samples.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.156
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The set of skills that is required to be a successful citizen in the 21st century is rapidly evolving. New technologies and social systems grow increasingly complex and require individuals to quickly and flexibly adapt to new and changing circumstances. This paper outlines the key features of the domain of adaptive problem solving that is proposed to be assessed in the 2nd cycle of the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) in addition to the domains of numeracy and literacy. Adaptive problem solving is considered to be a crucial 21st century skill that combines cognitive and meta-cognitive processes. The paper develops a definition of adaptive problem solving building on relevant work in cognitive psychology and cognitive science, introduces its covariates and preconditions, discusses relevant assessment principles, and provides insights on the relevance of adaptive problem solving for labour markets and social integration.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.155
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper uses data from PISA and the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) to examine the evolution of socio-economic and gender disparities in literacy and numeracy proficiency between the ages of 15 and 27 in the sample of countries that took part in both studies. Socio-economic disparities are exacerbated between the age of 15 and 27 and the socio-economic gap in proficiency widens, particularly among low-achievers. Gender disparities in literacy at age 15 are marked across the performance spectrum but are particularly wide among low-performers. However, by age 24 there is no difference in the literacy proficiency of males and females. The gender gap in numeracy at age 15 is quantitatively small when compared with the gap in literacy, although it is more pronounced among high achievers. The paper canvasses possible explanations for the trends observed and discusses implications for policy and practice, including the extent to which the lack of an established link between PISA and PIAAC limits the analytical value of the two studies.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.164
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The paper examines between-country differences in the mechanisms through which education could promote generalised trust using data from 29 countries participating in the OECD’s Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). Results indicate that education is strongly associated with generalised trust and that a large part of this association is mediated by individuals’ literacy skills, income and occupational prestige. However, education gradients in levels of generalised trust and in the extent to which they are due to social stratification mechanisms or cognitive skills mechanisms vary across countries. Differences across countries in birthplace diversity and income inequality are correlated with how strongly education is associated with trust in different countries, as well as in the relative magnitude of direct and indirect associations. In particular, the relationship between literacy skills and generalised trust is stronger in the presence of greater birthplace diversity but is weaker in the presence of greater income inequality.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.140
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In 2015, PISA (the Programme for International Student Assessment) asked students to describe their well-being in addition to collecting information on students’ subject-specific skills. This paper provides a comprehensive overview and details the policy relevance of the following five dimensions of well-being covered in PISA 2015: cognitive, psychological, social, physical and material well-being. In addition, the paper outlines the underlying indicators of each dimension and their theoretical and analytical value for education policy. This paper concludes by identifying data gaps within the indicators and exploring how future cycles of PISA could bridge these gaps in order to provide a more comprehensive portrait of students’ well-being.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.119
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Trust is important for social and economic well-being, for enhancing social cohesion and strengthening resilience, and for maintaining security and order in our societies. Trust is the foundation upon which social capital is built and it also is intimately related to human capital. This work examines the association between education and levels of interpersonal trust, using data from the OECD’s Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). Our analysis demonstrated that education strengthens the cognitive and analytical capacities needed to develop, maintain, and (perhaps) restore trust in both close relationships as well as in anonymous others. It does so both directly, through building and reinforcing literacy and numeracy in individuals, and indirectly, through facilitating habits and reinforcing behaviours such as reading and writing at home and at work. Education and trust are thus fundamentally intertwined and dependent on each other. While all countries across the OECD have been striving to improve their education systems in terms of student achievement levels, this analysis suggests that there are also concrete elements that could be usefully addressed in order to reinforce and strengthen trust.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.90
    Keywords: Education ; Italy
    Abstract: The Italian Ministry of Education launched in 2007 a National Plan for Digital Schools (Piano Nazionale Scuola Digitale) to mainstream Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Italian classrooms and use technology as a catalyser of innovation in Italian education, hopefully conducing to new teaching practices, new models of school organisation, new products and tools to support quality teaching. The Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research asked the OECD to review its Plan from an international perspective and to suggest improvements. The small budget of the Plan has limited the effectiveness of its diverse initiatives. In its current design, a significant rise of the budget of the plan through public or private sources is a necessary condition for its success. Given current budgetary constraints, a significant budget increase may be difficult, and the report proposes to revise some features of the Plan in order to achieve two objectives: 1) speed up the uptake of ICT in Italian schools and classrooms; 2) create an Innovation Laboratory Network of test bed schools piloting and inventing new pedagogic and organisational practices to improve Italian education, by refocusing the innovation projects on the school 2.0 (scuol2.0) initiative.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.73
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of parental involvement in children’s educational lives. Few studies, however, analyse parental involvement in a cross-national perspective and few evaluate a wide array of forms of involvement. In 2009, 14 countries and economies implemented the parental questionnaire option in the PISA 2009 cycle. This working paper evaluates the levels of parental involvement across countries and sub-groups within countries, as well as the relationship of involvement with both cognitive (reading performance) and non-cognitive outcomes (enjoyment of reading and awareness of effective summarising strategies). Findings suggest that some forms of parental involvement are more strongly related to cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes than others. These include reading to children when they are young, engaging in discussions that promote critical thinking and setting a good example. Findings also show that levels of parental involvement vary across countries and economies. Inequalities in parental involvement exist in practically all countries and economies. Policy implications signal the possibility that promoting higher levels of parental involvement may increase students’ both cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes, and that high-quality parental involvement may help reduce performance differences across socio-economic groups.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.50
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: In this article we explore the relationship between education and alcohol consumption. We examine whether the probability of abusing alcohol differs across educational groups. We use data from the British Cohort Study, a longitudinal study of one week’s birth in Britain in 1970. Measures of alcohol abuse include alcohol consumption above NHS guidelines, daily alcohol consumption and problem drinking. Higher educational attainment is associated with increased odds of daily alcohol consumption and problem drinking. The relationship is stronger for females than males. Individuals who achieved high test scores in childhood are at a significantly higher risk of abusing alcohol across all dimensions. Our results also suggest that educational qualifications and academic performance are associated with the probability of belonging to different typologies of alcohol consumers among women while this association is not present in the case of educational qualifications and is very weak in the case of academic performance among males.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.39
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: An epidemic of obesity has been developing in virtually all OECD countries over the last 30 years. Existing evidence provides strong suggestions that such epidemic has affected certain social groups more than others. In particular, education appears to be associated with a lower likelihood of obesity, especially among women. A range of analyses of health survey data from Australia, Canada, England and Korea were undertaken with the aim of exploring the relationship between education and obesity. The findings of these analyses show a broadly linear relationship between the number of years spent in full-time education and the probability of obesity, with most educated individuals displaying lower rates of the condition (the only exception being men in Korea). This suggests that marginal returns to education, in terms of reduction in obesity rates, are approximately constant throughout the education spectrum. The findings obtained confirm that the education gradient in obesity is stronger in women than in men. Differences between genders are minor in Australia and Canada, more pronounced in England and major in Korea. The causal nature of the link between education and obesity has not yet been proven with certainty; however, using data from France we were able to ascertain that the direction of causality appears to run mostly from education to obesity, as the strength of the association is only minimally affected when accounting for reduced educational opportunities for those who are obese in young age. Most of the effect of education on obesity is direct. Small components of the overall effect of education on obesity are mediated by an improved socio-economic status linked to higher levels of education, and by a higher level of education of other family members, associated with an individual’s own level of education. The positive effect of education on obesity is likely to be determined by at least three factors: (a) greater access to health-related information and improved ability to handle such information; (b) clearer perception of the risks associated with lifestyle choices; and, (c) improved self-control and consistency of preferences over time. However, it is not just the absolute level of education achieved by an individual that matters, but also how such level of education compares with that of the individual’s peers. The higher the individual’s education relative to his or her peers’, the lower is the probability of the individual being obese.
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