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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (66)
  • KOBV
  • 1995-1999  (66)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (66)
  • Environment  (38)
  • Economics  (25)
  • Finance and Investment  (9)
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264174467
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: This publication provides a detailed description of the Sources and Methods which were used in the compilation of the quantitative indicators published in the now discontinued quarterly Indicators of Industrial Activity, which was a unique source of short-term industrial statistics broken down by industrial sectors in OECD member countries. The indicators selected are indices of output, deliveries, new orders, unfilled orders, producer prices and employment. The statistics are classified according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264074187
    Sprache: Mehrsprachig
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (308 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: This publication presents for the first time detailed data on the role played by multinationals in the industrial sectors of the OECD economies. In an era of globalisation, these data highlight the increasing importance of multinationals in the economies of host countries, particularly in production, employment, value added, research and exports. The data also show that multinationals make a positive contribution to the economic development of host countries: productivity levels are well above those of national firms; salaries are generally higher; and numbers of employees are growing faster than those of national firms. The R&D efforts and technology transfers of multinationals strengthen the innovation capacity and competitiveness of host countries.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264172081
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique ; Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique : Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Though only three years old, electronic commerce over the Internet has the potential to transform the marketplace. E-commerce will change the way business is conducted. Traditional intermediary functions will be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will alter the way work is organised and open new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the workplace. Workers will need to be more flexible as their functions and skills are redefined. The changes e-commerce will bring are far-reaching. They require new frameworks for doing business and a re-examination of government policies relating to commerce and skills. What is electronic commerce? What is the current state and likely future direction of e-commerce? What are the drivers and what are the inhibitors? What is its impact on costs, prices, and ultimately on economic efficiency? How is it affecting intermediaries? How do firms compete in the electronic environment? What market structure is likely to emerge? What is the impact on jobs? What types of skills will be needed? What major societal transformations will it entail? The full impact of e-commerce remains to be seen. This book begins to address these questions and provides a ground-breaking assessment of the economic and social impacts of electronic commerce and its effects on jobs by drawing on existing qualitative and quantitative evidence. This early analysis of an extremely dynamic activity identifies a number of areas where research is urgently needed and serves as the basis for an informed policy debate.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264180116
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Fédération de Russie 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Fédération de Russie 1999
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Russian Federation
    Kurzfassung: This review of the Russian Federation's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173804
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 1999
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: This review of Turkey's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173163
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Énergie ; les cinquante prochaines années
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Énergie : les cinquante prochaines années
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: How long will conventional fossil fuels remain the predominant source of energy? Does nuclear power have a future? What new energy technologies are emerging on the horizon? What are the implications of the growing role played by developing countries as producers and users of energy? What can be done to avoid international energy crises in the future? How will the information society affect the production and use of energy? And what will be the long-term implications of international environmental agreements for a sustainable energy future? Endeavours to set world energy on a sustainable footing are entering a critical phase. By 2050 the energy landscape could be completely transformed. A highly diversified mix of conventional and new fuels will be in use; unprecedented levels of energy efficiency in transport systems, housing and other infrastructures will likely have been attained; and people could at last be reaping the rewards of environmentally responsible lifestyles. But such a shift towards sustainable use of energy will take decades to achieve. This book reviews the options likely to shape the energy picture over the next half-century, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, technological, environmental -- that decision-makers in government and corporations will need to address in the very near future.
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172548
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Danemark 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 1999
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Denmark
    Kurzfassung: This review of Denmark's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174016
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain ; vers un essor durable ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen; Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global; Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain : vers un essor durable ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen: Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global: Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: As the 20th century draws to a close, powerful forces of change are converging that could set the stage for a long, sustained economic boom in the next few decades -- the transition to a knowledge-based society with its potentially huge productivity gains; the emergence of more deeply integrated, global markets for goods, services, capital and technology; and a fast-growing environmental awareness that could greatly accelerate the shift to new, less resource-intensive production and consumption patterns. The result could be several decades of above-average economic growth, substantial increases in income and wealth, and significant improvements in well-being across the world. But what will it take to unleash these dynamic forces? Not only will it call for a range of initiatives to establish the rules and frameworks for guiding the transition to a sustainable global knowledge economy, but above all, it will require exceptional efforts among decision makers in government, business and society at large to encourage continuous innovation, creativity and high levels of investment, and to promote bold new approaches to closer international co-operation and institution building. Inevitably some countries will benefit more than others, but a long boom with all its wealth creating capacity would offer a unique opportunity to reverse the trends of the last decades towards deepening inequality and exclusion. This book reviews the forces driving economic and social change in today's world. It asesses the likelihood of a long boom materialising in the first decades of the 21st century and explores the strategic policies essential for making it happen.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264074194
    Sprache: Mehrsprachig
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This quarterly publication complements the OECD Main Economic Indicators. It presents a wide range of monthly, quarterly and annual economic indicators covering such topics as industrial production, business surveys, construction, employment, earnings, prices, domestic and foreign finance, interest rates and domestic and foreign trade for the following 18 transition countries: Bulgaria Slovak Republic Kazakstan Tajikistan Estonia Slovenia Kyrgyz Republic Turkmenistan Latvia Armenia Moldova Ukraine Lithuania Azerbaijan Russian Federation Uzbekistan Romania Belarus Included in this issue: Annex on Labour Market Indicators Available on Diskette This supplement is the final edition of the series Short-term Economic Indicators: Transition Economies in the current format. The OECD plans to release a new publication containing a more restricted number of short-term economic indicators for key non-OECD countries on a monthly basis. The new publication is scheduled for release in the first half of 1998.
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172609
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. UEM ; Faits, défis et politiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. UEM : Faits, défis et politiques
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The launch of the euro reinforces the foundations for unprecedented economic integration encompassing 11 countries, 16 per cent of world GDP and 290 million people. For the first time, the OECD has studied the euro-area as a fully-fledged economic entity and has analysed the intensive preparations that led to the single currency, as well as the economic issues raised by its introduction. Despite the macroeconomic convergence already achieved and the institutional framework that has been established, the fact is that many uncertainties remain. An approach to co-ordinating monetary and budgetary policies that is up to the issues at stake has still to be fully defined. And the euro area's ability to absorb economic shocks must be assessed and strengthened. In this respect it is vital for labour markets to become more flexible and adaptable if they are to compensate for the loss of national monetary autonomy which EMU implies and if adjustment is not to be at the expense of jobs. A special chapter discusses the obstacles to geographic labour mobility and the rigidity of wage setting mechanisms. These are some of the challenges that must be faced in the years to come, and this study discusses them in the light of the most penetrating and informative analysis today’s economists can provide. It does not prescribe set remedies, but drawing on analyses and figures never published before, attempts to identify the best policies for ensuring the success of the monetary union. This is a complex study that takes a hard look at the issues and will be of great interest to anyone wishing to understand the economic mechanisms at work.
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264467286
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Mexique 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 1999
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Mexico
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173491
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (140 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Schloss La Muette
    Kurzfassung: La Muette, home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, has a long and rich history. This book tells its story from its inception as a royal hunting lodge to its present-day use as the headquarters of the OECD. The reader may find it amusing, and sometimes instructive, to meet some of the colourful characters who once roamed its galleries. The place itself has played a significant role in French history; the Château and its extensive park were once the theatre of many a strong sentiment and the locale is impregnated with memories, comic, tragic, venal, lofty, solemn and ludic. These traces of the past are the real substance of La Muette’s charm; they are also the voices that echo through this text and linger in the halls of the Château.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264172166
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République Tchèque 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République Tchèque 1999
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Czech Republic
    Kurzfassung: This review of the Czech Republic's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789264080072
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Foreign Direct Investment Policy and Promotion in Latin America
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Hacia donde está orientada la política de inversión en América Latina en el presente entorno financiero? Cuáles son las perspectivas para desarrollar un marco multilateral para las reglas de inversión y como se involucraría el continente Latinoamericano en este esfuerzo? Cómo formular una adecuada política y un entorno regulador apropiado para la atracción de la inversión extranjera directa en América Latina? Estos fueron los principales temas de discusión del taller celebrado en Lima, Perú: “Política y Promoción de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina” organizado en diciembre, 1988 por la OCDE y la Comisión de la Unión Europea con la cooperación del Gobierno Peruano. Esta copilación de los principales textos del taller constituye un trabajo de referencia en política de inversión extranjera para expertos del sector público y representantes del sector privado y académico; tanto de los países emergentes como de los países miembros de la OCDE
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264070721
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 409; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - non-rongeurs; 90 jours
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 409: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - non-rongeurs: 90 jours
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to test substance. The determination of sub-chronic oral toxicity using repeated doses may be carried out after initial information on toxicity has been obtained from acute or repeated dose 28-day toxicity tests. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest over a prolonged period (one dose level daily during 90 days). This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with non-rodents species. The commonly used non-rodent species is the dog (the beagle is frequently used). At least 8 animals (4 female and 4 male) should be used for each test group. Three concentrations, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered in the diet or in the drinking water, by gavage or in capsules. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include: measurements (weighing at least once a week, food/water consumption) and daily (preferably at the same time) and detailed observations (ophtalmological examination, haematology, clinical biochemistry and urinalysis), as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. A properly conducted 90-day subchronic test should provide a satisfactory estimation of a no-effect level.
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163591
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: This review of Switzerland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.1998/01
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: International direct investment is increasingly recognised as an engine of economic growth and a powerful force for global integration. The OECD has long been active in analysing the implications of such forces and in influencing the design of appropriate policies for a global economy. This report summarises the findings of recent OECD work on the role of international investment in globalisation and economic development. Foreign direct investment is defined as capital invested for the purpose of acquiring a lasting interest in an enterprise and of exerting a degree of influence on that enterprise’s operations. Direct investment differs from portfolio investment in that it involves control of the asset in question, while portfolio investors are passive investors, motivated only by the rate of return on the asset. While this distinction is useful for analytical purposes, OECD member countries are increasingly adopting a broader view of FDI which includes many investments otherwise ...
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070189
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 214; Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par contact
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 214: Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par contact
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is a laboratory test method, designed to assess the acute contact toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals to adult worker honeybees. Anaesthetized adult worker honeybees are exposed to five doses in a geometric series of the test substance dissolved in appropriate carrier (in total a volume of 1 ml), by direct application to the thorax (droplets). A minimum of three replicate test groups, each of ten bees, should be dosed with each test concentration. A toxic standard (usually dimethoate) should be included in the test series. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 ìg active ingredient/bee. The test duration is 48h. Mortality is recorded daily during at least 48 hours and compared with control values. If the mortality rate is increasing between 24 and 48h whilst control mortality remains at an accepted level, it is appropriate to extend the duration of the test to a maximum of 96h. The results are analysed in order to calculate the LD50 at 24h and 48h and, in case the study is prolonged, at 72h and 96h.
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163140
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger ; Brésil 1998
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger : Brésil 1998
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: OECD's 1998 review of Brazils foreign direct investment policy. It finds that Brazil is on the verge of becoming one of the leading recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Latin America and the world. Major economic reforms and large scale privatisations have enhanced Brazil's attractiveness as the largest Latin American market and as a key player in Mercosur. This trend should pick up speed in the coming years with further liberalisation, the restructuring of the Brazilian economy and the pursuance of economic integration. There is every reason to commend the policies adopted by the Government of Brazil to eliminate discriminatory treatment towards foreign investors and their investments, protect their tangible and intangible assets and provide for the resolution of investment disputes. The study highlights, however, some lingering areas of concern, notably with respect to access to the banking system, goverment discretionary action and existing market distortions. The adherence to OECD liberalisation principles should nevertheless consolidate and confort the reform process in Brazil while providing a favorable framework for the expansion of FDI relations between Brazil and OECD countries.
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162693
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Australie 1998
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 1998
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Australia
    Kurzfassung: This report evaluates Australia's progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162495
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La fiscalité relative à la mondialisation des opérations financières sur les instruments financiers
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Kurzfassung: Technological change and financial deregulation have dramatically globalised financial markets. Financial firms have developed innovative financial instruments, such as swaps and derivatives, to meet the often different global demand of investors and borrowers and have organised themselves to sell such global financial products 24 hours a day. This phenomenon of global trading challenges tax payers and tax administrations to come up with a fair way of allocating and taxing the profits in each country where global trading is carried on. This publication thoroughly reviews the factual background to global trading, analyses the challenges posed to traditional taxation methods and discusses a range of policy options to tackle the problems. Although the paper discusses a specific industry sector, many of the issues raised, for example the high level of global integration of functions and intensive co-operation between different geographic locations, are becoming more common in other industries with the spread of globalisation and the communications revolution.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264162341
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Information technology, especially the electronic network known as the World Wide Web, is changing the way that businesses and consumers interact. This expansive electronic network allows both businesses and consumers to transcend global barriers, gaining access to products and information in ways that were once unimaginable. However, travelling outside the realm of the terrestrial marketplace with its commercial and geographic restraints can also mean moving in an unpredictable environment without the security that traditional marketplace practices and consumer protection laws provide. In March 1997, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy, along with the OECD Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policy convened an international gathering of information technology policy experts, consumer advocates, business and government representatives. This report, based on this diverse gathering, examines ways to protect and empower consumers to make informed choices in this expanding global online marketplace.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264163874
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: As economic globalisation runs its seemingly relentless course, the demands on OECD economies' flexibility are set to increase still further in the years to come. What kind of society will be able to cope with these pressures? How much and what kinds of adaptability will be required of individuals, institutions and enterprises? What forces will hold OECD societies together in an environment shaped by intense international competition and fast-moving technological change? This publication looks into the prospects for societal cohesion in tomorrow's world. It assesses the long-run implications of continuing with the current set of policies, and examines ideas that may help societies strike a sustainable balance between economic flexibility and a cohesive social fabric.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264174283
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, sustainability has emerged as an over-arching policy goal in the OECD Secretariat and in its Member countries. Real progress depends upon the integration of environmental and social goals with economic ones. This publication provides an overview and analysis of trends and identifies policy gaps and trade-offs that have been encountered and points to future options. The authors document positive trends which have emerged signalling greater sustainability, as well as areas where progress has proved more elusive. While the main focus is the OECD region, expanding linkages -- among all countries and regions -- form an important part of the story. The coverage of the volume reflects the OECD's diverse subject matter expertise, and some of the interdisciplinary synergies that the Organisation can generate. Part I of this two-part volume concentrates on socio-economic issues, including the integration of economics and environment; trade and environment; changing consumption and production patterns; assessing environmental performance; development co-operation; and the evolution of aid agencies since Rio. Part II takes an in-depth look at nine sectoral issues: energy; transport; agriculture; toxic chemicals; climate change; nuclear energy; urbanisation; biotechnology; and education. In short, this publication gives essential keys to meet the major challengeof the 21st century: helping to make sustainability a reality.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264070141
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 212; Poisson, essai de toxicité à court terme aux stades de l'embryon et de l'alevin
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 212: Poisson, essai de toxicité à court terme aux stades de l'embryon et de l'alevin
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: In this Short-term Toxicity Test on Fish Embryo and Sac-Fry Stages, the life stages from the newly fertilized egg to the end of the sac-fry stage are exposed. The embryo and sac-fry stages of fish are exposed to five concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water. A choice, depending on the nature of the test substance, is possible between a semi-static and a flow-through procedure. The test starts with placing at least 30 fertilised eggs divided equally between at least three replicate test chambers per concentration, and is terminated just before the yolk-sac of any larvae in any of the test chambers has been completely absorbed or before mortalities by starvation start in controls. Lethal and sub-lethal effects are assessed and compared with control values to determine the lowest observed effect concentration and hence the no observed effect concentration. Alternatively, they may be analysed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause a given percentage effect. The study report should include: the daily counting of the offspring, the daily recording of the parent mortality, the weekly measurement of oxygen concentration, temperature, and pH values; and the determination of the concentrations of test substance. It should also include the observations of abnormal appearance, abnormal behaviour, hatching and survival...
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163522
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Belgique 1998
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Belgique 1998
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Belgium
    Kurzfassung: This review of Belgium's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264162938
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés ; Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés : Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The benefits of open markets are tangible. In the last decade, countries that have been more open to trade and investment have achieved double the average annual growth of more closed economies. More individuals, firms and nations than ever before depend on the gains from trade and investment liberalisation. Yet anxiety about the effects of greater market integration remains. It is essential for long-term world prosperity that countries' commitment to trade and investment liberalisation be sustained. To be credible, that commitment must be rooted in and enjoy broad public support and understanding. This makes it all the more important to communicate what trade and investment liberalisation can and cannot do and be held responsible for. Trade and investment liberalisation is not painless. It should not be viewed as a cure-all nor presented as an end in itself. It is, however, an essential component of any coherent set of policies aimed at helping societies adjust to - and take advantage of - technology-driven transformations whose pace and depth are unprecedented. The stakes are high. This book examines the various channels through which open markets deliver considerable benefits to societies and their citizens; recalls the real pocket-book costs of protectionism; and addresses the full range of concerns that feature prominently in ongoing discussions over the effects of market liberalisation on employment, income distribution, environmental protection and national sovereignty. A central message of this book is that liberalisation forms part of the solution to the concerns of citizens, rather than being their root cause. The book's comprehensive treatment of the ins and outs of trade and investment liberalisation should make an important contribution to the public debate. It is essential reading for public officials, business leaders and private citizens who wish to take an active part in it.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264070707
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 408; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - rongeurs; 90 jours
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 408: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - rongeurs: 90 jours
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via oral administration. The determination of sub-chronic oral toxicity using repeated doses may be carried out after initial information on toxicity has been obtained from acute or repeated dose 28-day toxicity tests. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest over a prolonged period (one dose level daily during 90 days). This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rodents (rat preferably). At least 20 animals (10 female and 10 male) should be used for each test group. Three concentrations, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered by gavage or via the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include: measurements (weighing at least once a week, food and water consumption) and daily and detailed observations (ophtalmological examination, haematology, clinical biochemistry and urinalysis), each day preferably at the same time; as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. A number of endocrine-related measurements, particularly relevant to thyoid function have been added in 2018. A properly conducted 90-day subchronic test should provide a satisfactory estimation of a no-effect level.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264162327
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication provides a detailed description of the sources and methods used by OECD member countries in calculating the monetary aggregates, credit and other measures of domestic finance presented in Main Economic Indicators.
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162594
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Mexique 1998
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Mexique 1998
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: This review of Mexico's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264451346
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 1998
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Mexique 1998
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 1998
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 1998
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Mexico
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070165
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 213; Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 213: Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is a laboratory test method, designed to assess the oral acute toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals, to adult worker honeybees. Adult worker honeybees are exposed to five doses in a geometric series of the test substance dispersed in sucrose solution. A minimum of three replicate test groups, each of ten bees, should be dosed with each test concentration. A toxic standard (usually dimethoate) should be included in the test series. The bees are then fed the same diet, free of the test substance. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 ìg active ingredient/bee. Mortality is recorded daily during at least 48 hours and compared with control values. If the mortality rate is increasing between 24 and 48h whilst control mortality remains at an accepted level it is appropriate to extend the duration of the test to a maximum of 96h. The study report should include the amount of diet consumed per group and the observation of all abnormal behavioural. The results are analysed in order to calculate the LD50 at 24h and 48h and, in case the study is prolonged, at 72h and 96h.
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163133
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Is ageing a threat to our societies' prosperity? How should resources be shared between the working generation and its dependent older citizens? How should pension, health and long-term care best be reformed? How can older people's contribution to society and economic prosperity be enhanced? Within the next decade, the numbers of retired people in OECD countries will start to grow much faster than those of working age. In the absence of major changes to pension systems and to the way people allocate their time between education, work and leisure, it is likely that fiscal and social strains will start to emerge. Some groups may be unfairly burdened through high taxation and others would face unexpected reductions in their material living standards. The appropriate policy response is multi-faceted, covering fiscal, social, labour market, financial market, health and education policies. An important part of the strategy for maintaining prosperity in an ageing society will involve encouraging people to work longer by making it financially more attractive for them to do so. In turn, this could entail reforms to traditional public pension systems and other social policies, as well as fostering the development of alternatives to public systems that give individuals more flexibility in deciding when to retire. Consequently, financial market infrastructures will need to be strengthened to cope with large increases in private pension fund assets. Through this multi-disciplinary study, the OECD points to the need to take action now by implementing a comprehensive and consistent set of policies.
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  • 34
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.190
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: OECD countries as a whole have experienced modest annual output growth of some 2 1/2 per cent over the past four years. But unemployment remains unacceptably high -- having fallen only slightly from its peak of 38 million in 1993 to the current 35 million or 7 per cent of the workforce -- and wage and income disparities have widened in many countries, posing potential risks to social cohesion. These trends have prompted much debate on their causes, consequences and remedies. These are among the issues that the OECD has analyzed and discussed with Member countries since 1992 in the context of its Jobs Strategy work. OECD Ministers have endorsed the Jobs Strategy recommendations and called last May for greater reform efforts. More recently the meeting of OECD Labour Ministers last October emphasised the need for policies for low-paid and unskilled job seekers, enhancing the effectiveness of active labour market policies and lifelong learning to maintain employability, issues which were ...
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264666993
    Sprache: Italienisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 1999
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 1999
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Italy
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  • 36
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.196
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : Rapport sur l'état d'avancement de la mise en oeuvre des recommandations par pays
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: As more countries experience falling structural unemployment, the evidence is mounting that, implemented comprehensively, the OECD Jobs Strategy represents an effective response to countries’ labour market problems. That is the key conclusion to emerge now that the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC) has examined progress made by OECD countries over the last year or so in implementing the Jobs Strategy. As reported to the 1997 Ministerial Meeting, the EDRC has fleshed out country-specific recommendations for implementing the Jobs Strategy, a process extended more recently to the new Member countries. Subsequently, the Committee has used these recommendations as a benchmark for assessing the progress made by individual countries. The large majority of countries have been subject to such a follow-up review. Following the request made at last year’s Ministerial Meeting, this report pulls together the lessons learned through the EDRC reviews and, thus, presents an update ...
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264162006
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Se nourrir demain ; Perspectives à long terme du secteur agro-alimentaire
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Se nourrir demain : Perspectives à long terme du secteur agro-alimentaire
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The agro-food sector in OECD countries is heading towards an era of turbulance and transition. With food demand in developing countries growing, barriers to trade and investment falling, and consumer tastes and preferences rapidly diversifying, the landscape of OECD food markets will be radically different 20 years from now. Are food shortages likely and what will happen to food prices? What changes will we see in food retailing and food processing? Will there be more co-operation between the various players in the agro-food industry, more concentration or more competition? To grasp these challenges, this report looks into the prospects for the agro-food sector to 2010-20 and examines the new generation of key issues that lie ahead for governments, business, farmers and consumers.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264071025
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 424; Étude de neurotoxicité
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 424: Étude de neurotoxicité
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline has been designed to obtain the information necessary to confirm or to further characterise the potential neurotoxicity of chemicals in adult animals. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It specifically addresses the daily oral administration, by gavage, (in the diet, in drinking water or by capsules) of the test substance. When the study is conducted as a separate study, at least 20 animals (10 females and 10 males) should be used in each dose. At least three dose groups and a control group should generally be used. Dose levels should be selected by taking into account any previously observed toxicity and kinetic data available for the test compound or related materials. The dosing regimen may be 28 days, subchronic (90 days) or chronic (1 year or longer). The procedures set out in this Test Guideline may also be used for an acute neurotoxicity study. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food /water consumption), functional tests, and, at least, daily detailed observations (Ophthalmology, haematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathology). At least five males and five females, selected from test group, should be perfused in situ and used for detailed neurohistopathology at the end of the study. The findings of the study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity and correlation of neurobehavioural and neuropathological effects (neurochemical or electrophysiological effects as well if supplementary examinations are included) and any other adverse effects observed.
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.185
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United Kingdom
    Kurzfassung: A. Introduction This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wage for the UK context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F. B. Minimum-wage systems in OECD countries The description of minimum-wage systems in this section has been derived from a number of sources, including national submissions in response to an OECD questionnaire. However, it should be noted that the information presented has not yet been verified for factual accuracy by the relevant national authorities ...
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264071469
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 483; Toxicologie génétique; Essai cytogénétique sur cellules germinales de mammifère
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 483: Toxicologie génétique: Essai cytogénétique sur cellules germinales de mammifère
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This test measures chromosome events in spermatogonial germ cells and is, therefore, expected to be predictive of induction of inheritable mutations in germ cells. Male Chinese hamsters and mice are commonly used. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure, usually by gavage or by intraperitoneal injection. Then, they are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Each treated and control group must include at least five analysable males. Test substances are preferably administered once or twice but they may also be administered as a split dose to facilitate administering a large volume of material. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from germ cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analyzed for chromosome aberrations. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Positive results from the in vivo spermatogonial chromosome aberration test indicate that a substance induces chromosome aberrations in the germ cells of the species tested.
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174436
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (90 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This book summarises the environmental implications of globalisation (both positive and negative) in terms of governance (the changing role of the nation-state and other institutions), competitiveness, foreign investments (pollution havens/industrial migration), sectoral economic activities (energy, transport, agriculture), technological change, and corporate environmental strategies.
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.186
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Ireland
    Kurzfassung: This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wages for the Irish context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F. B. Minimum-wage systems in OECD countries The description of minimum-wage systems in this section has been derived from a number of sources, including national submissions in response to an OECD questionnaire. However, it should be noted that the ...
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264071247
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 471; Essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 471: Essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The bacterial reverse mutation test uses amino-acid requiring at least five strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli to detect point mutations by base substitutions or frameshifts. The principle of this bacterial reverse mutation test is that it detects mutations which revert mutations present in the test strains and restore the functional capability of the bacteria to synthesize an essential amino acid. Suspensions of bacterial cells are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) in the presence and in the absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. At least five different analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. The recommended maximum test concentration for soluble non-cytotoxic substances is 5 mg/plate or 5 ml/plate. There are two methods: the plate incorporation method and the preincubation method. For both techniques, after two or three days of incubation at 37°C, revertant colonies are counted and compared to the number of spontaneous revertant colonies on solvent control plates.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789264071520
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 486; Essai de synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur des hépatocytes de mammifères in vivo
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 486: Essai de synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur des hépatocytes de mammifères in vivo
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test with mammalian liver cells in vivo is to identify substances that induce DNA repair after excision and removal of a stretch of DNA containing a region of damage induced by chemical substances (solid or liquid) or physical agents in the liver. The test is usually based on the incorporation of tritium-labelled thymidine, 3H-TdR, (during 3-8 hours) into the DNA of liver cells which have a low frequency of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. The uptake of 3H-TdR is usually determined by autoradiography. Rats are commonly used, and the number of animals should be at least three analysable animals per group. Normally, at least two dose levels are used. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Test substances are generally administered as a single treatment by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula. Liver cells are prepared from treated animals 12-16 hours after dosing of animal. After autoradiography, normally 100 cells are scored from each animal from at least two slides. A positive result from the UDS test with mammalian liver cells in vivo indicates that a substance induces DNA damage in mammalian liver cells in vivo that can be repaired by unscheduled DNA synthesis in vitro. A negative result indicates that, under the test conditions, the test substance does not induce DNA damage that is detectable by this test.
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264071322
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 476; Essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 476: Essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test can be used to detect gene mutations induced by chemical substances. In the cell lines the most commonly-used genetic endpoints measure mutation at thymidine kinase (TK) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and a transgene of xanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT). The TK, HPRT and XPRT mutation tests detect different spectra of genetic events. Cells in suspension or monolayer culture are exposed to, at least four analysable concentrations of the test substance, both with and without metabolic activation, for a suitable period of time. They are subcultured to determine cytotoxicity and to allow phenotypic expression prior to mutant selection. It is recommended to utilise at least 106cells. Cytotoxicity is usually determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period. The treated cultures are maintained in growth medium for a sufficient period of time, characteristic of each selected locus and cell type, to allow near-optimal phenotypic expression of induced mutations. Mutant frequency is determined by seeding known numbers of cells in medium containing the selective agent to detect mutant cells, and in medium without selective agent to determine the cloning efficiency (viability). After a suitable incubation time, colonies are counted.
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264071285
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 474; Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 474: Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The mammalian in vivo micronucleus test is used for the detection of damage induced by the test substance to the chromosomes or the mitotic apparatus of erythroblasts, by analysis of erythrocytes as sampled in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood cells of animals, usually rodents (mice or rats). The purpose of the micronucleus test is to identify substances (liquid or solid) that cause cytogenetic damage which results in the formation of micronuclei containing lagging chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated animals is an indication of induced chromosome damage. Animals are exposed to the test substance by an appropriate route (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection). Bone marrow and/or blood cells are collected, prepared and stained. Preparations are analyzed for the presence of micronuclei. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. Administration of the treatments consists of a single dose of test substance or two daily doses (or more). The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264071308
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 475; Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 475: Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The mammalian in vivo chromosome aberration test is used for the detection of structural chromosome aberrations induced by test compounds in bone marrow cells of animals, usually rodents (rats, mice and Chinese hamsters). Structural chromosome aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection) and are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from the bone marrow cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264071261
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 473; Essai d'aberration chromosomique in vitro chez les mammifères
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 473: Essai d'aberration chromosomique in vitro chez les mammifères
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of the in vitro chromosome aberration test is to identify agents that cause structural chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian somatic cells. Structural aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. The in vitro chromosome aberration test may employ cultures of established cell lines, cell strains or primary cell cultures. Cell cultures are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) both with and without metabolic activation during about 1.5 normal cell cycle lengths. At least three analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. At each concentration duplicate cultures should normally be used. At predetermined intervals after exposure of cell cultures to the test substance, the cells are treated with a metaphase-arresting substance, harvested, stained. Metaphase cells are analysed microscopically for the presence of chromosome aberrations.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264192263
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (122 p.) , ill.
    Serie: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique ; Manuel d'Oslo
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique : Manuel d'Oslo
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The ability to determine the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovating firms, and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering technological innovation. The Oslo Manual, issued in 1997, is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry. This second edition has been updated to take account of the progress made in understanding the innovation process, the experience gained from the previous round of innovation surveys, the extension of the field of investigation to other sectors of industry and the latest revisions of international standard classifications.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264069848
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 118; Détermination de la masse moléculaire moyenne en nombre et de la distribution des masses moléculaires des polymères par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 118: Détermination de la masse moléculaire moyenne en nombre et de la distribution des masses moléculaires des polymères par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test guideline describes the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This method permits to determine the molecular weight distribution and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw). GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents.According to their size, the eluted molecules can or not penetrate in the porous material (typically an organic gel) of which the columns are filled. Thus, the smallest molecules are retained whereas largest elute more quickly. At exit of column, detectors (generally by differential refractometry) provide the refractive index or UV-absorption and yield a simple distribution curve. However, to attribute actual molecular weight values to the curve, it is necessary to calibrate the column by passing down polymers of known molecular weight and, ideally, of broadly similar structure, e.g. various polystyrene standards. For each sample analyzed, two independent experiments must be undertaken. They have to be analysed individually. Mn, Mw, Mw/Mn must be provided for every measurement.
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070462
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 305; Bioconcentration; Essai dynamique chez le poisson
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 305: Bioconcentration: Essai dynamique chez le poisson
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a procedure for characterising the bioconcentration potential of substances in fish, under flow-through conditions (but semi-static regimes are permissible). The test consists of two phases: the exposure (uptake) and post-exposure (depuration) phases. During the uptake phase (28 days normally and 60 days maximum), separate groups of four fishes of one species are exposed to at least two concentrations of the test substance. They are then transferred to a medium free of the test substance for the depuration phase. A depuration phase is always necessary unless uptake of the substance during the uptake phase has been insignificant. In addition to the two test concentrations, a control group of fish is held without the test substance. The concentration of the test substance in/on the fish is followed through both phases of the test. During the test, dissolved oxygen, TOC, pH, total hardness and salinity, and temperature should be measured in vessels. The lipid content should be determined on the same biological material as is used to determine the concentration of the test substance, when feasible. Where possible the bioconcentration factor at apparent steady-state (BCF), expressed as a function of the total wet weight of the fish, and the kinetic bioconcentration factor (BCFK) are calculated. The bioconcentration should be expressed in relation to lipid content in addition to whole body weight.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264064805
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Ausgabe: Third Edition
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux ; Troisième édition
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux : Troisième édition
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Recording comprehensive, comparable and up-to-date statistics on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a prerequisite for economic analysis and policy making. The Third Edition of the OECD Benchmark Definition, fully consistent with the IMF Balance of Payments Manual, Fifth Edition, provides operational guidance on how FDI data should be compiled to meet internationally agreed standards. It reviews the main statistical concepts and definitions of FDI, the valuation of FDI flows and stocks, and issues related to specific transactions and entities. Practical solutions are proposed and concrete examples are used wherever possible.
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264149472
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (142 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Coup d'oeil sur les économies de l'OCDE ; Indicateurs structurels
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Coup d'oeil sur les économies de l'OCDE : Indicateurs structurels
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: How many passenger cars are there per inhabitant in Spain? How can you become eligible for unemployment benefits in Canada? How did the total final consumption of energy evolve over the last few decades in OECD countries? How is privatisation of telecommunications firms progressing in various OECD countries? This publication answers these and many other questions concerning economic structure and policy in the OECD area, and its evolution over time, giving a broad set of valuable and reliable data in a range of areas -- labour markets, banking, regulation and competition, public finance and expenditures, social services, agriculture, energy, and environment, among others -- as well as some general indicators on basic living standards
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264070981
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 422; Étude combinée de toxicité à doses répétées et de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 422: Étude combinée de toxicité à doses répétées et de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The test substance is administered in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males should be dosed for a minimum of four weeks; females should be dosed throughout the study (approximately 54 days). Normally, matings “one male to one female” should be used in this study. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It is recommended that the test substance be administered orally by gavage. This should be done in a single dose daily to the animals using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula. Each group should be started with at least 10 animals of each sex. Generally, at least three test groups and a control group should be used. Dose levels should be selected taking into account any existing toxicity and (toxico-) kinetic data available. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food/water consumption) and daily detailed observations (including sensory reactivity to stimuli), preferably each day at the same time, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings. The evaluation will include the relationship between the dose of the test substance and the presence or absence of observations. Because of the short period of treatment of the male, the histopathology of the testis and epididymus must be considered along with the fertility data, when assessing male reproduction effects.
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.165
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: With the gradual dismantling of tariffs and the growing integration of markets across countries, non-tariff and non-border barriers to international trade, investment and competition have become more visible, a greater source of trade tensions and costly with regard to the foregone global benefits of increased efficiency. In many OECD and non-OECD economies, market regulations were not designed with a view to their international ramifications, and domestic policies in the domain of trade, competition and investment, with few exceptions, take little account of international repercussions of non-border obstacles to the functioning of markets. Against this background, this paper examines the main issues underlying the current discussion of trade, investment and competition policy interactions, and the scope for further international co-operation ...
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264069862
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 119; Détermination de la teneur en polymères de faible masse moléculaire par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 119: Détermination de la teneur en polymères de faible masse moléculaire par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test guideline describes the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This method permits to determine the molecular weight distribution and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw). GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents. Low molecular weight is arbitrarily defined as a molecular weight below 1000 dalton.According to their size, the eluted molecules can or not penetrate in the porous material (typically an organic gel) of which the columns are filled. Thus, the smallest molecules are retained whereas largest elute more quickly. At exit of column, detectors (generally by differential refractometry) provide the refractive index or UV-absorption and yield a simple distribution curve. However, to attribute actual molecular weight values to the curve, it is necessary to calibrate the column by passing down polymers of known molecular weight and, ideally, of broadly similar structure, e.g. various polystyrene standards. For each sample analyzed, two independent experiments must be undertaken.
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  • 57
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069589
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 105; Solubilité dans l'eau
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 105: Solubilité dans l'eau
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the water solubility of test substances. The water solubility of a substance is the saturation mass concentration of the substance in water at a given temperature. This guideline addresses the determination of the solubility in water of essentially pure substances which are stable in water and not volatile. Before determining water solubility, it is useful to have some preliminary information on the substance, like structural formula, vapour pressure, dissociation constant and hydrolysis as a function of pH. The column elution method and the flask method which cover respectively solubilities below and above 10-2 g/l are described. The test is preferably run at 20 ± 0,5 °C. A simple preliminary test is allowed to determine approximately the appropriate amount of sample to be used in the final test, as well as the time necessary to achieve saturation.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264070967
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 421; Essai de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 421: Essai de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The test substance is administered in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males should be dosed for a minimum of four weeks. Females should be dosed throughout the study, so approximately 54 days. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It is recommended that each group be started with at least 10 animals of each sex. Generally, at least three test groups and a control group should be used. Dose levels may be based on information from acute toxicity tests or on results from repeated dose studies. The test substance is administered orally and daily. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food/water consumption) and daily and detailed observations, preferably each day at the same time, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings. Because of the short period of treatment of the male, the histopathology of the testis and epididymus must be considered along with the fertility data, when assessing male reproductive effects.
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069527
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 102; Point de fusion/Intervalle de fusion
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 102: Point de fusion/Intervalle de fusion
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guidelines describes several methods and devices to determine the temperature or temperature range of the phase transition from the solid to the liquid state or from the liquid to the solid state. The melting point is defined as the temperature at which the phase transition from the solid to the liquid state at atmospheric pressure takes place. It is considerably affected by impurities. The selection of a particular method depends mainly on the state of physical aggregation of the sample and on whether or not the substance can be pulverized easily, with difficulty, or not at all. The methods are: the capillary/liquid bath, the capillary/metal block, the Kofler hot bar, the melt microscope, the differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, the freezing temperature and the pour point.
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069541
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 103; Point d'ébullition
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 103: Point d'ébullition
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the boiling point of test substances. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature (in K) at which the vapour pressure equals the standard atmospheric pressure 101.325 kPa.The influence of impurities on the boiling point depends greatly upon the nature of the impurity. The methods described in this Test Guideline can be applied to liquid and low-melting substances, provided that they do not undergo chemical change below the boiling point. The methods are: the ebulliometer, the dynamic method, the distillation method, the method according to Siwoloboff, the photocell detection, the differential thermal analysis, the differential scanning calorimetry. The photocell detection and thermal analysis permit the determination of boiling as well as melting temperatures. The dynamic method has the advantage that it can also be applied to the determination of the vapour pressure.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264070905
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 418; Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées à la suite d'une exposiiton aigue͏̈
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 418: Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées à la suite d'une exposiiton aigue͏̈
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The test substance is administered orally in a single dose to domestic hens. The animals are observed for 21 days, then the remainder of the hens are killed and histopathological examination is undertaken. The young adult domestic laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus), aged 8 to 12 months, is recommended. The single dosing with the test substance should normally be by the oral route using gavage, gelatine capsules, or a comparable method. The treatment group should contain, at least 12 hens, and the positive control group at least 6 hens. The objective of the preliminary study is to maximize the main study dose. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 2000 mg/kg body weight/day. The dose level of the main study should be high as possible taking into account the results of preliminary study and the maximum dose level (2000 mg/kg bw/d). The results of this study include measurements (weighing), biochemistry (neuropathy target esterase) and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity, and correlation of behavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects and any other observed effects in the treated and control groups.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264070929
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 419; Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées; Étude à dose répétée sur 28 jours
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 419: Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées: Étude à dose répétée sur 28 jours
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is used in the assessment and evaluation of the toxic effects of organophosporus substances. Daily doses of the test substance are administered orally (preferably by gavage or administration of gelatin capsules) to domestic laying hens (aged 8 to 12 months) for 28 days. The animals are observed at least daily until 14 days after the last dose. Biochemical measurements are undertaken on hens randomly selected from each group after the last dose. Two weeks after the last dose, the remainder of the hens are killed and histopathological examination is undertaken. The treatment group should contain at least 12 hens. Generally, at least three treatment groups should be used. The highest dose level should be chosen with the aim of inducing toxic effects; thereafter a descending sequence of dose levels should be selected. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include weighing at least once a week, biochemistry (neuropathy target esterase, acetylcholinesterase) and, at least, and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity, and correlation of behavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects and any other observed effects in each of the treated and control groups.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264069626
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 107; Coefficient de partage (n-octanol/eau); méthode par agitation en flacon
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 107: Coefficient de partage (n-octanol/eau): méthode par agitation en flacon
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes a method to determine experimentally Pow values in the range log Pow between -2 and 4 (occasionally up to 5). This method can not be used with surface-active materials. The partition coefficient is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of a dissolved substance in a two-phase system consisting of two largely immiscible solvents. The test should be done at a temperature in the range 20 to 25°C, kept constant at ± 1°. There are three runs with different volumes ratio of n-octanol to water. Duplicate vessels containing accurately measured amounts of the two solvents and stock solution are used in all three runs. After agitation the separation of the two phases, in general, is achieved by centrifugation. It is necessary to determine the concentrations of the test substance in both phases. Analytical methods which may be appropriate are: photometry, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The total quantity of substance present in both phases should be calculated and compared with the quantity originally introduced. A Pow value is calculated from the data of each run. The six log Pow values should fall within a range of ± 0.3 units.
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069787
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 115; Tension superficielle des solutions aqueuses
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 115: Tension superficielle des solutions aqueuses
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the surface tension (in N/m) of aqueous solutions. The methods are based on the measurement of the force which it is necessary to exert vertically on a stirrup or ring, in contact with the surface of the liquid, in order to separate it from the surface, or on a plate, with an edge in contact with the surface, in order to draw up the film that has formed.There are four different methods: the plate method, the stirrup method, the ring method and the OECD harmonized ring method. They are described in detail in the ISO Standard 304-1985. The methods described are applicable to aqueous solutions of most substances regardless of their degree of purity. The concentration should be 90% of the saturation solubility, but must below 1g/l. This shall therefore be carried out under a protective cover to avoid interference at 20°C approximately. The ring is immersed below the surface of the solution. Then the table top, where the measurement vessel is placed, is lowered gradually and evenly at a rate of approximately 0.5 cm/min to detach the ring from the surface until the maximum force is reached. The force is read on the tensiometer. After completing the first measurement, measurements are repeated until a constant surface tension value is reached.
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264069664
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 109; Densité des liquides et des solides
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 109: Densité des liquides et des solides
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline lists methods for determining the density of liquids and solids, giving only a very succinct description of them. The density of a substance is the quotient of its mass and its volume and is expressed in kg/m3. Several methods are for liquid substance only: hydrometer, immersed body method (both are buoyancy methods) and oscillating densitometer. These methods are applicable to liquids with a dynamic viscosity below 5 Pa s for hydrometer and oscillating densitometer and below 20 Pa s for immersed body method. The method for solids only is the air comparison pycnometer. The volume of a sample of the solid is measured in air or in an inert gas in a calibrated cylinder of variable volume. After concluding the volume measurement, the sample is weighed. The methods for liquids and solids are the hydrostatic balance (a buoyancy method) and the pycnometer. The dynamic viscosity of liquids to be investigated should not exceed 5 Pa s for hydrostatic balance, and should not be above 500 Pa s for pycnometer.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264065581
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The Manual on the Measurement of Human Resources devoted to S&T (the "Canberra Manual") was issued in 1995. It was prepared in close co-operation between the OECD and the DGXII/Eurostat of the European Commission, other OECD Directorates, UNESCO and the International Labour Office (ILO), with the support of national experts. Drawing on best international and national practice and classifications, the "Canberra Manual" provides definitions of human resources devoted to science and technology in terms of qualification (levels and fields of study) and occupation and discusses a number of variables of policy interest.
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