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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (212)
  • BSZ  (2)
  • 1970-1974  (213)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (213)
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Year
Author, Corporation
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Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 101
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    Immigrant Integration and Urban Renewal in Toronto (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401167949
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Publications of the Research Group for European Migration Problems 18
    Series Statement: Research Group for European Migration Problems 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Long-Term Plans for Urban Improvement in Toronto -- The Development of Metropolitan Toronto -- The Urban Renewal Areas of Toronto -- II. Survey Methodology -- Construction of Interview Schedule and Fieldwork -- Selection of Respondents and Sample Design -- Non-Response and Sampling Error -- The Neighbourhood Integration Score -- Participation in Voluntary Associations -- III. Characteristics of Household Heads in the Survey Areas -- Ethnic Origins -- Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics -- Housing Conditions and Satisfaction -- Housing Conditions -- Conclusion -- IV. Neighbourhood Satisfaction and Integration -- Neighbourhood Integration -- Length of Residence and Mobility -- Conclusion -- V. Attitudes Towards Urban Renewal -- Factors Influencing Attitudes Toward Urban Renewal -- Conclusion -- VI. Participation in Voluntary Associations -- Types of Organization: Overall Frequencies of Memberships -- Religious Denomination, Religious Involvement, Ethnicity and Class -- Instrumental and Expressive Organizations and Leadership -- Labour Unions -- Social Class and Participation in Voluntary Associations -- Ethnicity and Participation -- Integration and Satisfaction -- Attitudes Toward Urban Renewal and Participation -- Conclusion -- VII. Conclusion -- Area and Ethnic Differences -- Implications for Urban Renewal Policies -- Immigrant Integration -- Selected Bibliography and References.
    Abstract: English and the community functions on the basis of a variety of ethnic institutions that operate in the immigrant's own mother tongue. These include local stores and markets, churches, clubs, welfare agencies and other organizations that serve the needs of the local population. Frequently employment opportunities in occupa­ tions where English is unnecessary are also available to men and women in the neighbourhood. These ethnic neighbourhoods exhibit a high degree of functional interdependence which would be severely disrupted by urban renewal schemes involving widespread clearance. The proposed extension of freeways could give rise to problems in this respect. Even the "spot clearance" schemes of a more limited kind would have more serious social and human repercussions in such areas in view of the high incidence of "doubling". It is significant that certain planning areas in which urban renewal has already proceeded, such as the Don area including the Regent Park public housing scheme, have consisted predominantly of native-born Canadians of British origin. The experience gained in these schl~mes is not likely to be a useful guide to the probable consequen -;es of improvement and other schemes in those areas with a mt l"e heterogeneous population. An examination of the population .::haracteristics in those areas designated for renewal in the future suggests that the social effects and human implications of these plans may be somewhat different from past experience.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6794-9
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  • 102
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    Self and Symbolism in the Poetry of Michelangelo, John Donne and Agrippa D’Aubigne (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 117 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 10
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; History.
    Abstract: I. Michelangelo -- II. D’Aubigne -- III. John Donne -- Conclusion -- A Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: Alienation, ecstasy, death, rebirth: in the poetry of Michelangelo, Donne, and d' Aubigne these archetypal themes make possible the ultimate formulation of new poetic symbolizations of self and world. As their poetry evolves from a primarily rhetorical towards a fully symbolic mode, images of loss of self (in ecstasy or in alienation), of death and rebirth, recur with increasing frequency and intensity. Whether the context is love poetry or religious poetry, the basic problem remains the same; love is the link between the two kinds of poetry. And love is indeed a problem for these three poets, since it involves the self in relation to the "other," the other being either God or another human being. Increasingly, the work of each poet centers on a need to analyze or abolish the gulf separating subject and object, self and other. The dominant mode of most of the three poets' work is neither rhetorical nor symbolic, but expressive. This transitional mode reveals the individual poet's most urgent concerns and conflicts, his sense of self in Its most isolated or burdensome, affirmative or struggling state. Under­ lying most of their poems is a profound self-consciousness - a heightened awareness of self as a powerful, separate entity, with a corresponding objectification of all reality outside of self. The Renaissance in general is a time of increasing individualism and 1 self-consciousness.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2459-4
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  • 103
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    Possible Futures of European Education : Numerical and System’s Forecasts (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401023757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 270 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Plan Europe 2000, Project 1: Educating Man for the 21st Century, Published under the Auspices of the European Cultural Foundation 1
    Series Statement: Plan Europe 2000, Project 1: Educating Man for the 21st Century 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Education and state.
    Abstract: Possible Futures of European Education -- 1. On General Problems of Social Forecasts -- 2. Forecasts of Educational Expenditures in Fourteen European Countries and the United States -- 3. A Systems Prognostication of the European Social System -- 4. On a Theory of Education -- 5. Trends in the System’s Development -- 6. Summary -- How Should the Future be Studied? -- Social and Cultural Futures in Western Europe a Framework for Analysis -- 1. Social Change or Continuity — Problems in Social and Cultural Futures -- 2. A sociological framework for Hypothetical Futures -- 3. The dynamics of social Change and Discontinuity -- 4. Emerging European Futures — The Basic Qualitative Dilemma -- Biographical Notes.
    Abstract: In "Plan Europe 2000," launched by the European Cultural Foundation, the first project is devoted to education. This project sets out to isolate the principal features, and to sketch the "image" of the educational system in the year 2000. It is not a matter of "forecasting," for that would imply that the modes of educating people in the next thirty years are predeter­ mined and subject to the operation of factors that must be respected like the laws of an inevitable evolution. We should be trying to unveil what is to come. Nor is the enterprise a project based on the options considered to be most desirable, which would imply that man has an entirely free will and is capable of dominating anything that might oppose that will. We should then be trying to "dictate" what we want to exist in the year 2000. It would be the act of a demiurge. The project is in fact a long-term prospective effort, which must take into consideration· - major constraints and unyielding tendencies, scarcely susceptible of significant change; - data and factors that can be more or less freely manipulated but not ignored or eradicated; - priorities dictated by the limitations of time and means; - the authors' freedom of action, subject to the above limitations, and in any event to the following one: they must not conflict with European aspirations, even the latent ones; they must not outrage mental atti­ tudes that can only be modified by persuasion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2375-7
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  • 104
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    A Bibliography of George Berkeley : With Inventory of Berkeley’s Manuscript Remains (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024693
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: 2
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’histoire des Idees 66
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 66
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I. Berkeley’s Writings -- Collected Works and Selections -- Works published by Berkeley, and translations Philosophical, Mathematical, Physical -- Miscellaneous -- Posthumously published remains -- Spuria -- II. Writings on Berkeley -- Miscellanea-Biographical, literary, etc. -- On the tar-water controversy -- On the Analyst controversy.
    Abstract: Since the first appearance of this bibliography (1934, Oxford Uni­ versity Press), which has long been out of print, so much attention has been paid to Berkeley that a mere reprint would be inept. Besides bringing it up to date I have added collations of those editions of Berkeley's writings that were published in his lifetime. In doing so I have used a form of description simple enough for anyone to follow yet sufficient to enable librarians to check their catalogues and to identify copies in which the titlepage is missing or mutilated. As before, I have marked with an asterisk throughout the bibliography every book, edition and article that has not been seen by me or, in a few cases, by a competent friend. My primary interest not being bibliographical in the present-day highly technical sense, but philosophical, I have aimed chiefly at (a) providing advanced students (and their hard-pressed advisers) of Berkeley, or of the subjects on which he wrote, with a guide to the materials for research, and (b) displaying the range in time and place, and the direction, of the attention which he has attracted. These two aims account for the classification of the entries under a few general subject-headings and of the philosophical entries under countries, and for the arranging of the entries in each section or subsection in chrono­ logical order, the alphabetical ordering of the authors' names being given in the Index. To facilitate reference and cross-reference each entry is numbered.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2469-3
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  • 105
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    Introduction to Mathematical Analysis (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401165723
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 83 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Library of Mathematics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Content -- 1. Axioms for the Real Numbers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fields -- 3 Order -- 4 Completeness -- 5 Upper bound -- 6 The Archimedean property -- Exercises -- 2. Sequences -- 7 Limit of a sequence -- 8 Sequences without limits -- 9 Monotone sequences -- Exercises -- 3. Series -- 10 Infinite series -- 11 Convergence -- 12 Tests -- 13 Absolute convergence -- 14 Power series -- Exercises -- 4. Continuous Functions -- 15 Limit of a function -- 16 Continuity -- 17 The intermediate value property -- 18 Bounds of a continuous function -- Exercises -- 5. Differentiable Functions -- 19 Derivatives -- 20 Rolle’s theorem -- 21 The mean value theorem -- Exercises -- 6. The Riemann Integral -- 22 Introduction -- 23 Upper and lower sums -- 24 Riemann-integrable functions -- 25 Examples -- 26 A necessary and sufficient condition -- 27 Monotone functions -- 28 Uniform continuity -- 29 Integrability of continuous functions -- 30 Properties of the Riemann integral -- 31 The mean value theorem -- 32 Integration and differentiation -- Exercises -- Answers to the Exercises.
    Abstract: I have tried to provide an introduction, at an elementary level, to some of the important topics in real analysis, without avoiding reference to the central role which the completeness of the real numbers plays throughout. Many elementary textbooks are written on the assumption that an appeal to the complete­ ness axiom is beyond their scope; my aim here has been to give an account of the development from axiomatic beginnings, without gaps, while keeping the treatment reasonably simple. Little previous knowledge is assumed, though it is likely that any reader will have had some experience of calculus. I hope that the book will give the non-specialist, who may have considerable facility in techniques, an appreciation of the foundations and rigorous framework of the mathematics that he uses in its applications; while, for the intending mathe­ matician, it will be more of a beginner's book in preparation for more advanced study of analysis. I should finally like to record my thanks to Professor Ledermann for the suggestions and comments that he made after reading the first draft of the text.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6572-3
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  • 106
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    Prolegomena to a Critical Grammar (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025553
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Grammar, Comparative and general ; Logic ; History ; Linguistics.
    Abstract: One The Nature of Logic -- of Part One -- I. Signs and Language -- II. Concerning the formal -- III. Logic and grammar -- IV. Logic and Psychology -- Two On the Grammar of Words, Sentences, and Combinations of Sentences -- of Part Two -- I. General remarks -- II. Kinds of Words -- III. Kinds of Sentence -- IV. Combinations of Sentences.
    Abstract: This book is the first English version of Prolegomena zu einer kritischen Grammatik, published by Julius Springer, Vienna, 1935, as Volume 10 of the Vienna Circle's series Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung. The prefatory remarks of both editor and author acknowledge the influence ofWittgenstein in a general way. However, in aim and approach, the work differs from Wittgenstein's Philosophische Grammatik (l969). This is indeed based on material going back to 1932, some of which Schachter must have known. On the other hand, the present Prolegomena not only explains the general, philosophical principles to be followed, but in the light of these proceeds to cover the entire range of conventional grammar, showing where that is uncritical. Whether Wittgenstein in his turn knew of Schachter's work has never been explored. Schachter's object is universal grammar. As is natural, the examples in the original are largely drawn from German grammar, with occasional minor excursions into other languages. For English readers, what matters are the general problems of grammar: there is no point in tying these to the linguistic peculiarities of German, let alone a local variety of it. One who can grasp German at that level might as well read the original. The translation is therefore twofold: the text as a whole has been rendered into English, and the entire apparatus of examples has been replaced, as far as this can be done, by illustrations from English grammar, chosen so as to bring out the same kinds of problem as in the original.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2555-3
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  • 107
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    Theoretical Concepts and Hypothetico-Inductive Inference (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (269p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, And on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 53
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 53
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theoretical concepts and inductive Inference -- 1. Problems of Inductive Systematization: the Transitivity Dilemma -- 2. Inductive Systematization Established by Theories -- 3. A Logical Framework for the Dynamics of Conceptual Change and Induction -- 2. Hintikka’s Two-Dimensional Continuum of Inductive Logic -- 1. Summary of Hintikka’s Two-dimensional Continuum -- 2. The Treatment of Incomplete Evidence -- 3. Inductive Probabilities of Weak Generalizations -- 1. Probabilities in the Observational Language -- 2. Evidential Theoretical Concepts -- 3. Non-Evidential Theoretical Concepts -- 4. Inductive Probabilities of Strong Generalizations -- 5. Piecewise Definable Theoretical Concepts -- 6. Epistemic Utilities and Inductive Systematization -- 1. Measures of Information and Systematic Power -- 2. Expected Epistemic Utilities of Generalizations -- 3. Competing Generalizations -- 7. Theoretical Concepts and Inductive Explanation -- 1. Explanatory Power of Theories -- 2. Inductive Explanation Illustrated -- 3. Positive Inductive Relevance, Supersessance, and Screening Off -- 4. Inductive Explanation within Hintikka’s System -- 8. Corroboration and Theoretical Concepts -- 1. Theoretical and Observational Support -- 2. Measures of Corroboration Based on Positive Inductive Relevance -- 3. Hintikka’s Measure of Corroboration -- 9. The Logical Indispensability of Theoretical Concepts within Inductive Systematization -- 1. The Theoretician’s Dilemma: Methodological Instrumentalism Refuted -- 2. Logical Indispensability and Positive Inductive Relevance -- 3. Logical Indispensability and Rules of Acceptance -- 10. Linguistic Variance in Inductive Logic -- 1. Linguistic Invariance and Linguistic Variance -- 2. Probability Kinematics -- 3. Goodman’s New Riddle of Induction -- 11. Towards a Non-Inductivist Logic of Induction -- 1. Deductivism and Inductivism -- 2. Hypothetico-Deductive and Hypothetico-Inductive Inference -- 3. The Atheoretical Thesis -- 4. Converse Deduction and Indirect Support -- 5. Conjectures.
    Abstract: Conceptual change and its connection to the development of new seien­ tific theories has reeently beeome an intensively discussed topic in philo­ sophieal literature. Even if the inductive aspects related to conceptual change have already been discussed to some extent, there has so far existed no systematic treatment of inductive change due to conceptual enrichment. This is what we attempt to accomplish in this work, al­ though most of our technical results are restricted to the framework of monadic languages. We extend Hintikka's system of inductive logic to apply to situations in which new concepts are introduced to the original language. By interpreting them as theoretica1 concepts, it is possible to discuss a number of currently debated philosophical and methodological problems which have previously escaped systematic and exact treatment. For instance, the role which seientific theories employing theoretical con­ cepts may play within inductive inference can be studied within this framework. From the viewpoint of seientific realism, sueh a study gives outlines for a theory of what we call hypothetico-induetive inference. Some parts of this work which are based on Hintikka's system of in­ ductive logic are fairly technical. However, no previous knowledge of this system is required, but, in general, acquaintance with the basic ideas of elementary logic and probability theory is suffieient. This work is part of a project, originated by Professors Jaakko Hintikka and Raimo Tuomela, concerning the role of theoretical concepts in science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2596-6
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  • 108
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    Dewey and his Influence : Essays in Honor of George Estes Barton (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024679
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (149p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Very Idea of a University -- The Argument Laughs at Socrates and Protagoras -- Dewey and Dialectic -- Experience as Revelatory of Nature in Dewey’s Metaphysical Methodology -- Dewey and the Behavioral Theory of Meaning -- Mead on the Self and Moral Situations -- Epistemology in William James’s Principles of Psychology -- George Barton and the Art of Teaching -- Dewey’s Transition Piece: The Reflex Arc Paper.
    Abstract: To those of us who have been privileged to call him col­ league, Georges Estes Barton is perhaps best and most fondly remembered as the man with a camera. At the beginning of every semester he could be observed carefully photographing each of his arriving students, and while we used to chaff him about this practice, all of us respected the motive behind it. For George Barton was and is a dedicated teacher and in his courses no student ever would be suffered to remain simply a face in the crowd. His favorite teaching technique has always been Socratic discourse, and he is, as Professors Roberts and DuBose remind us in their essays for this volume, a master of the method. In his chosen field of philosophy of education he has long been recognized as a leader, serving several terms on the Executive Committee of the Philosophy of Education Society and in I963 as its President. In I966 St. Edwards University conferred upon him the honorary degree LL.D in recognition of his significant contributions to curriculum development. Following a distinguished career in general education and educational research at the Rochester Institute of Technology and at the University of Chicago, Professor Barton was ap­ pointed in I956 to direct Tulane's Inter-Disciplinary Program for the Preparation of Liberally Educated Teachers. In Fe­ bruary I962, having seen the program through to a successful conclusion, he joined the Department of Philosophy at Newcomb College as Associate Professor of Philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2467-9
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  • 109
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    Semantics of Natural Language (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (779p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 40
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 40
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Subjects, Speakers, and Roles -- Deep Structure as Logical Form -- Troubles about Actions -- Act -- Some Problems Concerning the Logic of Grammatical Modifiers -- Pragmatics and Intensional Logic -- General Semantics -- On the Frame of Reference -- Naming and Necessity -- Proper Names and Identifying Descriptions -- Pragmatics -- The Semantics of Modal Notions and the Indeterminacy of Ontology -- Opacity, Coreference, and Pronouns -- Methodological Reflections on Current Linguistic Theory -- Grammar and Philosophy -- Analytic/Synthetic and Semantic Theory -- A Program for Syntax -- A Program for Logic -- Linguistics and Natural Logic -- Semantical Archaeology: A Parable -- On the Semantics of the Ought-To-Do -- Inference and Self-Reference -- What Is Said -- The Role of Inductive Reasoning in the Interpretation of Metaphor -- Probabilistic Grammars for Natural Languages -- Addenda to Saul A. Kripke’s Paper ‘Naming and Necessity’.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2557-7
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  • 110
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    Essays in Legal and Moral Philosophy (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401026536
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 57
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 57
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. What is Justice? -- II. The Idea of Natural Law -- III. God and the State -- IV. Law and Morality -- 1. Moral Norms as Social Norms -- 2. Morality as the Regulation of Internal Behaviour -- 3. Morality as a Primitive Order without Coercive Character -- 4. Law as a Part of Morality -- 5. Relativity of Moral Value -- 6. Separation of Law and Morality -- 7. Justification of Law by Morality -- V. State-Form and World-Outlook -- VI. The Foundation of the Theory of Natural Law -- VII. Causality and Accounting -- VIII. The Emergence of the Causal Law From the Principle of Retribution -- IX. On the Concept of Norm -- X. Law and Logic -- 1. Contradiction of Natural Law -- 2. Morality and Law -- 3. The Issue Clouded by Roman Law -- 4. No Imperative without an ‘Imperator’ -- 5. The Analogy is Misleading -- 6. Statement and Norm -- 7. Law is an Act of Will -- 8. Statement and Truth -- 9. Legislator and Judge -- 10. Robber and Judge -- 11. Statute Book and Textbook -- 12. Natural and Legal Science -- 13. Of the Spirit of the Laws -- 14. Logic and Psychology -- 15. ‘Juridical Logic’ -- XI. Law and Logic Again. On the Applicability of Logical Principles to Legal Norms -- XII. On the Practical Syllogism -- XIII. Derogation -- XIV. Norm and Value -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In his choice of texts, the Editor has been faced with the difficult task of selecting, from among the author's more than 600 publications, those of the greatest philosophical interest. It is chiefly the topics of value-rela­ tivism and the logic of norms that have been kept in view. The selection has also been guided by the endeavour to reprint, so far as possible, texts which have not hitherto appeared in English. At times, however, this aim has had to be discarded, in order to include works of key im­ portance and also the latest expressions of Kelsen's view. In addition to the two topics already mentioned, the Editor has con­ sidered Kelsen's discussions of the causal principle to be so far worthy of philosophical attention, that some writings on causality and account­ ability have been included in this collection of philosophical studies. OTA WEINBERGER Hans Kelsen died on April 19th, 1973. Only his work now lives, for the inspiration of future generations of jurists and philosophers. Graz, 25th April, 1973 OT A WEINBERGER TRANSLATOR'S NOTE I am obliged to the Editor for his careful scrutiny of the translation, which has led to a number of corrections and improvements in the text.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2653-6
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  • 111
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    Philosophy of Physics (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 251 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 45
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 45
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Philosophy: Beacon or Trap -- 2 / Foundations: Clarity and Order -- 3 / Physical Theory: Overview -- 4 / The Referents of a Physical Theory -- 5 / Quantum Mechanics in Search of its Referent -- 6 / Analogy and Complementarity -- 7 / The Axiomatic Format -- 8 / Examples and Advantages of Axiomatics -- 9 / The Network of Theories -- 10 / The Theory/Experiment Interface -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book deals with some of the current issues in the philosophy, methodology and foundations of physics. Some such problems are: - Do mathematical formalisms interpret themselves or is it necessary to adjoin them interpretation assumptions, and if so how are these as­ sumptions to be framed? - What are physical theories about: physical systems or laboratory operations or both or neither? - How are the basic concepts of a theory to be introduced: by ref­ erence to measurements or by explicit definition or axiomatically? - What is the use ofaxiomatics in physics? - How are the various physical theories inter-related: like Chinese boxes or in more complex ways? - What is the role of analogy in the construction and in the inter­ pretation of physical theories? In particular, are classical analogues like those of particle and wave indispensable in quantum theories? - What is the role of the apparatus in quantum phenomena and what is the place of measurement theory in quantum mechanics? - How does a theory face experiment: single-handed or with the help of further theories? These and several other questions of the kind are met with by the research physicist, the physics teacher and the physics student in their everyday work. If dodged they will recur. And a wrong answer to them may obscure the understanding of what has been achieved and may even hamper further advancement. Philosophy, methodology and foundations, like rose bushes, are enjoyable when cultivated but become ugly and thorny when neglected.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2522-5
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    Human Sciences and the Problem of Values / Les Sciences Humaines et le Problème des Valeurs (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024242
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Institute of Philosophy Entretiens in Amsterdam / Institut International De Philosophie Entretiens D’Amsterdam, 8-11 September 1971 / 8-11 septembre 1971 3
    Series Statement: Institut International de Philosophie 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Modern philosophy. ; Cross-cultural psychology.
    Abstract: Table des Matières -- Human Sciences and the Problem of Values -- Das Ontologische Problem des Wertes -- Axiology and Analysis -- La Justification des Normes -- The “Factual” and the “Normative” -- On Justifying Norms -- Facts, Values and Actions -- “Freedom from Values” Examined.
    Abstract: K. Kuypers: HUMAN SCIENCES AND THE PROBLEM OF VALUES 1 H. G. Gadamer: DAS ONTOLOGISCHE PROBLEM DES WERTES 17 Manfred Moritz: AXIOLOGY AND ANALYSIS 33 Ch. Perelman: LA JUSTIFICATION DES NORMES 47 Max Black: THE "FACTUAL" AND THE "NORMATIVE" 55 P. Lorenzen: ON JUSTIFYING NORMS 65 Richard McKeon: FACTS, VALUES AND ACTIONS 73 N. Rotenstreich: "FREEDOM FROM VALUES" EXAMINED 87 PREFACE In accordance with a suggestion made in the preceding assembly of the Institute in Helsinki (1970), as theme of the Entretiens in Amsterdam was chosen: Human sciences and the problem of values. As usual the organization of the Entretiens was committed to a local committee in close collaboration with the office of the Institute in Paris. The confer­ ence was held from 8 till II September 1971 in the so called Trippenhuis (house where lived the family Trip in the 17th and 18th century), seat of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Letters. The sessions were attended by about 70 people, not only members but also some invited colleagues and assistants representing the philosophers in the Dutch universities. The papers were multiplied and distributed to the participants some time before the beginning of the conference. By so doing each speaker (rapporteur) could restrict himself to a short summary of the main points of his paper or a short comment as introduction, immediately followed by a general discussion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2424-2
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  • 113
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    Empiricism and Sociology (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025256
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Sociology. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. Memories of Otto Neurath -- 1. Otto Neurath’s Parents; the Father’s autobiographical sketch -- 2. Otto Neurath’s Childhood, from autobiographical notes -- 3. University Days, contributed by Marie Neurath -- 4. Military Life, contributed by G. Neumann -- 5. A Teacher of Political Economy, from N. Y. Ben-Gavriel -- 6. Excerpts from Ernst Lakenbacher -- 7. From Wolfgang Schumann -- 8. Autobiographical Excerpts from Otto Neurath -- 9. Munich 1919 and Later, from Ernst Niekisch -- 10. From Otto Neurath’s Son, the Sociologist Paul Neurath -- 11. Heinz Umrath -- 12. From Rudolf Carnap’s Intellectual Autobiography -- 13. Heinrich Neider -- 14. Viktor Kraft -- 15. Karl R. Popper -- 16. 26 September 1924 and After, from Marie Neurath -- 17. Charles Morris -- 18. Marie Neurath: 1940-1945 -- 19. Bilston and A. V. Williams -- 20. Marie Neurath: Otto’s Last Day, 22nd December 1945 -- References -- 2. Six Lessons -- 1. The Little Discourse on the Sanctity of Vocation (by La-Se-Fe) -- 2. The Strange (by La-Se-Fe) -- 3. The Little Discourse on the Virtues (by La-Se-Fe) -- 4. On Delay -- 5. Measure and Number -- 6. Of Masters and Servants -- References -- 3. On the Foundations of the History of Optics -- Reference -- 4. The Problem of the Pleasure Maximum -- References -- 5. Through War Economy to Economy in Kind -- List of Contents -- Preface (April 1919) -- The Theory of War Economy as a Separate Discipline (1913) -- The Converse Taylor System (1917) -- Character and Course of Socialization (1919) -- Utopia as a Social Engineer’s Construction (1919) -- Total Socialization -- References -- 6. Anti-Spengler -- 1. Rejection of Spengler -- 2. Phases of Culture -- 3. The Character of Culture -- 4. Spengler’s Description of the World -- References -- 7. From Vienna Method to Isotype -- 1. The Social and Economic Museum in Vienna (1925) -- 2. Visual Education and the Social and Economic Museum in Vienna (1931) -- 3. Museums of the Future (1933) -- 4. A New Language (1937) -- 5. Visual Education: Humanisation versus Popularisation -- Reference -- 8. Personal Life and Class Struggle -- Introduction: New Principles for Living -- 1. The Coming Man in the Present -- 2. Community Life and Economic Plan -- 3. Eternal Peace -- 4. Youth Associations, School, Vocational Guidance -- 5. Marx and Epicurus -- 6. Turning Away from Metaphysics -- References -- 9. Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung: Der Wiener Kreis [The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle] -- Preface -- 1. The Vienna Circle of the Scientific Conception of the World -- 2. The Scientific World Conception -- 3. Fields of Problems -- 4. Retrospect and Prospect -- References -- 10. Empirical Sociology. The Scientific Content of History and Political Economy -- 1. From Magic to Unified Science -- 2. History -- 3. Political Economy -- 4. Uniting History with Political Economy -- 5. Metaphysical Countercurrents -- 6. Sociology on a Materialist Foundation -- 7. Extrapolation -- 8. Coherence -- 9. Structure of Society -- 10. Sociological Prognosis -- References -- 11. International Planning for Freedom -- 1. Pursuit of Happiness -- 2. Production of Freedom -- 3. International Planning in the Making -- References -- 12. List of Works by Otto Neurath -- Notes: Names and Explanations -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: On the last day of his life, Otto Neurath had given help to a Chinese philosopher who was writing about Schlick. Only an hour before his death he said to me: "Nobody will do such a thing for me." My answer then was: "Never mind, you have Bilston, isn't that better?" There were con­ sultations in new housing schemes, an exhibition, and hopes for a fruitful relationship of longer duration. I did not dream at that time that I would one day work on a book like this. The idea came from Horace M. Kallen, of the New School for Social Research, New York, years later; to encourage me he sent me his selection from William James' writings. Later I met Robert S. Cohen. Carnap had sent him to me with the message: "If you want to find out what my political views were in the twenties and thirties, read Otto Neurath's books and articles of that time; his views were also mine." In this way Robert Cohen became ac­ quainted with Otto Neurath. Even more: he became interested; and when I asked him, would he help me as an editor of an Otto N eurath volume, he agreed at once. In previous years I had already asked a number of Otto Neurath's friends to write down for me what they especially remembered about him.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2525-6
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  • 114
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    Trends in Soviet Theoretical Linguistics (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025362
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 438 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Abstract: The Typology of Morphological and Lexical Causatives -- Towards a Linguistic ‘Meaning?Text’ Model -- Passive Contructions. (Definition, Calculus, Typology, Meaning) -- Derivational Structure of the Russian Lexicon -- On Deep Situations and Sentence Patterns -- Presuppositions and the Ordering of Messages -- Some Remarks on Comparative and Superlative Sentences in Estonian -- On the Logical Analysis of Russian Quantifier Adjectives -- Synonymy and Synonyms -- An Attempt at the Formal Definition of Case and Gender of the Noun -- On Models for a Syntax with Explicitly Differentiated Elements (D-Syntax) -- The Genotype Language and Formal Semantics -- Valency-Junction-Emphasis Relations as a Language for Text Description -- Tentative Lexicographic Definitions for a Group of Russian Words Denoting Emotions -- Materials for an Explanatory Combinatory Dictionary of Modern Russian.
    Abstract: o. Theoretical linguistics is a term not very often used in Soviet Linguistics. The terms 'structural linguistics', 'mathematical linguistics', 'applied lin­ guistics' (which, incidentally, has another meaning here than in other parts of the world) all may cover theoretical work in linguistics. In older days serious theoretical work was done under the heading 'machine translation'. Very often the need for a special term for theoretically oriented studies in linguistics does not even arise. Does this mean that there is no real theoretical linguistics in the Soviet Union? This would be, of course, a completely false conclusion. Some lin­ guists tend to identify theoretical linguistics with generative grammar. Though it might be true - and I am myself very much inclined to subscribe to this view - that generative grammar has been the most fruitful linguistic theory up to now, this does not justify, however, the above identification. Incidentally, as we shall see later on, generative grammar has not been left unnoticed in the Soviet Union either. There are different trends within theo­ retical linguistics, one of which is generative grammar. While generative grammar (though one can worry about the content of this notion for many. internal and external reasons) seems to be the mean theoretical trend in the United States and in Western Europe, it represents only one of the main trends in Soviet linguistics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2536-2
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  • 115
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    Cell Differentiation (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400957138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies In Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Strategy and tactics -- 3 Model systems, the reductionist approach -- 3.1 Bacteriophage -- 3.2 Enzyme induction in bacteria -- 3.3 Spore formation in bacteria -- 3.4 Are prokaryotes good models for eukaryotes? -- 3.5 The cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum -- 3.6 Tissue culture cells -- 3.7 Metamorphosis -- References -- 4 Special systems, the classical approach -- 4.1 Chromosome structure and function -- 4.2 RNA synthesis -- 4.3 Protein synthesis -- 4.4 Protein degradation -- 4.5 Protein modification -- 4.6 Metabolism -- Summary -- References -- Suggestions for further reading.
    Abstract: The development of an embryo is one of the which prevents entry of other sperm, fusion of most awe inspiring biological phenomena and the two haploid nuclei occurs and within about the study of cell differentiation can be traced 30 minutes the pigmented cortex rotates with respect to the underlying cytoplasm and in so back in antiquity to Aristotle and beyond However, there are few modern sciences which doing it reveals a grey, crescent shaped area on pay more than a cursory obeisance to their the side of the egg opposite to the point of founders and few students seem very interested entry of the sperm. This is another example of in the theories of their dead predecessors. polarity developing. Soon after fertilization the Embryology, though, is that rare exception - a zygote enters a period of rapid nuclear and cell division. The result of this cleavage process is science where the problems, theories and often that the egg cytoplasm is partitioned between techniques that excite our interest today, are essentially the same as those which excited our numerous cells whose ratio of nuclear volume to cytoplasmic volume is more like that found colleagues of fifty or even a hundred years ago. in an 'average' somatic cell.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5713-8
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    Studies in Formal Historical Linguistics (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025317
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Formal Linguistics Series 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: I / On the Notion of an Intermediate Stage in Traditional Historical Linguistics -- II / The Three-Witness Problem -- III / Notes on Glottochronological Trees -- Notes to Chapters I–III -- Index of Terms and Symbols.
    Abstract: These separate but related essays owe their existence to a combined concern for the workings of text criticism and historical linguistics and for the history of scholarship in these fields. On earlier occasions I have suggested certain views on the development of the so-called comparative method. Few things are more rewarding than to bring implicit preconceptions of the past and present out into the open, as I aimed to do then and as I aim to do now. This time existing tradition is treated as a body - without, I hope, being seriously distorting - and one small portion of its working assumptions is examined. My thanks go to the colleagues and students with whom I have had fruitful discussion, but especially to Zellig S. Harris, and to Henry Hiz who expended much more than just his excellent editorial care on these efforts. I only hope that I have learned as much from him as he has patiently tried to teach me. Lloyd W. Daly has kindly read parts of an earlier version and has contri­ buted valuable suggestions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2531-7
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    Generative Grammar in Europe (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025034
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (704p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics
    Abstract: The Ethic Dative in German -- Maximi Planudis in Memoriam -- Sets of Implications as the Interpretative Component of a Grammar -- Generative Grammar and European Linguistics -- Über den Begriff und die Begründung einer allgemeinen Sprachlehre. Einige Bemerkungen zum III. Abschnitt von J. S. Vaters Versuch einer allgemeinen Sprachlehre (1801) -- Some Underlying Structures in Swahili -- Two Cases of Exceptional Rule Ordering -- ‘Noch’ and ‘Schon’ and their Presuppositions -- French peu and un peu. A Semantic Study -- On Grammatical Reference -- On Presuppositions -- Reduction in Dutch Measure Phrase Sentences -- Über einige Schwierigkeiten beim postulieren einer ‘Textgrammatik’ -- On the Possessive Forms of the Hungarian Noun -- A Generative Account of the ‘Category of State’ in Russian -- On the Semantic Treatment of Predicative Expressions -- Government Structure Types of the Verbs of Saying and Action Situations -- Some Problems Connected with the Translation of Relative Clauses into Predicate Calculus -- How to Deal with Syntactic Irregularities: Conditions on Transformations or Perceptual Strategies? -- Reflexive versus Nonreflexive Pronominalization in Modern Russian and other Slavic Languages. A Conflict Between Domains of Rule Application -- Zum Problem der grammatisch relevanten Identität -- The Comparative -- Some Semantic Ambiguities Related to ‘Tense Category’ -- Temporal Prepositions as Quantifiers -- In Search of a Semantic Model of Time and Space -- Vergleichssätze -- Die Flexion der Verben und das Ablautsystem.
    Abstract: The present volume is intended to give an overall picture of research in pro­ gress in the field of generative grammar in various parts of Europe. The term 'generative grammar' must, however, be understood here rather broadly. What seemed to be an easily definable technical term several years ago is becoming more and more vague and imprecise. Research in generative gram­ mar is carried on according to rather diversified methodological principles and being a generative grammarian is often more a matter of confession than any adherence to the common line of methodology which can be traced back to the conception of grammatical description initiated by Noam Chomsky. The direct or indirect influence of this conception is, however, clearly recog­ nizable in most of the papers of this volume. The most difficult thing was, naturally enough, to select appropriate papers in the realm of semantics. Apart from the special trend in generative grammar referred to as 'generative semantics' (though here, too, we might ponder on what 'generative' really means) the term 'generative' is hardly employed in semantics. The search for semantic primes, the application of the methods of mathematical logic, the inquiry into the intricate relationships between syntax and semantics and the utilization of syntactic information in semantics are perhaps the most charac­ teristic traits of contemporary semantics. All of this, of course, is at no variance with the principles of generative grammar, on the contrary, most of it has been made possible through the achievements of generative grammar.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2503-4
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    Guide for Translating Husserl (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401023986
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’archives-Husserl 55
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 55
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.
    Abstract: This multilingual glossary is a guide for translating writings by Edmund RusserI into English. It has been compiled and improved in the course of about thirty years for my own guidance. Its initial pur­ pose and the tests it has undergone in use have determined its contents. The translations I have made are far from being limited to those I have published or intend to publish. As I read and translate more, occasions will doubtless arise to include more expressions in the glossary and to improve the lists of English renderings I shall thenceforth use. The glossary is given the present title and submitted now for publication because numerous experts have said it would be useful not only to other translators of HusserI but also to his readers generally. For a translation of such writings as RusserI's the guidance offered by ordinary bilingual dictionaries is inadequate in opposite respects. On the one hand, there are easily translatable expressions for which numerous such dictionaries offer too many equivalent renderings. On the other hand, there are difficultly translatable expressions that any such dictionary either fails to translate at all or else translates by expressions none of which fit the sense. In following such dictionaries a translator must therefore practise consistency on the one hand and ingenuity on the other. Hence the need for a written glossary such as this one.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2398-6
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    The Methodological Unity of Science (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401026673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 3
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I: Introduction -- Bertrand Russell’s regulae philosophandi -- II: Formal Science -- Mathematics and Ontology -- Gaps Between Logical Theory and Mathematical Practice -- III: Physics -- Relativity and Covariance -- IV: Biology -- Preliminary Remarks on the Organ-Function Relation -- The Logical Status of the Theory of Natural Selection and Other Evolutionary Controversies -- V: Psychology -- On Confusing ‘Measure’ with ‘Measurement’ in the Methodology of Behavioral Science -- Theoretical Concepts in Neobehavioristic Theories -- VI: Political Science -- Voting Rules and Coordination Problems -- VII: Historiography -- Historical Time and a New Conception of the Historical Sciences -- VIII: Ethics -- Some Problems of Ought-Utilitarianism, Valuation, and Deontic Logic -- IX: Metaphysics -- Human Freedom and 1568 Versions of Determinism and Indeterminism.
    Abstract: The present volume collects some of the talks given at the Bertrand Russell Colloquium on Exact Philosophy, attached to the McGill University Foundations and Philosophy of Science Unit. It also includes a paper, on Bertrand Russell's method of philosophizing, read at the memorial symposium held at Sir Gorge Williams University shortly after the philosopher's death. All the papers appear here for the first time. Unlike many a philosophy of science anthology, this one is not center­ ed on the philosophy of physics. In fact the papers deal with conceptual and, in particular, philosophical problems that pop up in almost every one of the provinces of the vast territory constituted by the foundations, meth­ odology and philosophy of science. A couple of border territories which are in the process of being infiltrated have been added for good measure. The inclusion of papers in the philosophy of formal science and in the philosophies of physics and of biology, in a volume belonging to a series devoted to the philosophy and methodology of the social and behavioral sciences, should raise no eyebrows. Because the sciences of man make use of logic and mathematics, they are interested in questions such as whether the formal sciences have anything to do with reality (rather than with our theories about reality) and whether or not logic has kept up with the practice of mathematicians. These two problems are tackled in Part II, on the philosophy of formal science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2667-3
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    Discord in Zion : The Puritan Divines and the Puritan Revolution 1640-1660 (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024907
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Drake, George [Rezension von: Liu, Tai, Discord in Zion: The Puritan Divines and the Puritan Revolution, 1640-1660] 1976
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees 61
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 61
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: 1. A Glimpse of Zion’s Glory -- 2. Conflicts in Temple-Work -- 3. No King But Jesus -- 4. Saints in Power -- 5. Cromwell or Christ -- 6. Conclusion -- Appendix I -- Appendix II.
    Abstract: With the decline of the Whig interpretation of history, historians in the past few decades have re-examined the origins and the nature of the English Revolution from various perspectives. The constitutional conflict 1 between the crown and parliament has been analyzed. The Puritan mind 2 has been explored. Social change in England during the century prior 3 to the outbreak of the Civil War has been anatomized. The composition 4 of the Long Parliament has been dissected. Every student of the English Revolution is now well aware that the crisis in seventeenth-century Eng­ land, like all other major events in history, was a complex phenomenon in which men as well as ideas, religious convictions as well as economic interests all came into play. For all students of this period, the works of Samuel R. Gardiner, am­ plified by Sir Charles H. Firth, remain the chief source of knowledge and 1 It should be noted that while former historians from Hallam and Macaulay to G. M. Trevelyan and J R. Tanner all interpreted the English Revolution in terms of the constitution, recent historical scholarship in this respect is more concerned with the evolution and functioning of the constitution rather than the constitutional rights and wrongs of either party in the conflict. See Wallace Notestein, The Winning of the Initiative by the House of Commons (London, 1924); Margaret A.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2490-7
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    Power Electronics : Thyristor Controlled Power for Electric Motors (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401169165
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 223 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Modern Electrical Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Power Electronics and Rotating Electric Drives -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Power Electronics -- 1.3. Rotating Electric Drives -- References and Bibliography -- 2. The Thyristor -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Semiconductors -- 2.3. Thyristor Characteristics -- 2.4. Thyristor Turn-Off -- 2.5. Thyristor Ratings -- 2.6. Thyristor Manufacture -- 2.7. Thyristors in Circuitsx -- 2.8. Thyristor Protection Circuits -- 2.9. Relative Merits of Thyristors -- 2.10. The Bidirectional Triode Thyristor (Triac) -- 2.11. Summary -- Worked Examples -- References and Bibliography -- Problems -- 3. Induction Motor Control -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Induction Motor Starting -- 3.3. Induction Motor Speed Control -- References -- Problems -- 4. Direct Current Motor Control -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Starting Direct Current Motors -- 4.3. Speed Control of Direct Current Motors -- 4.4. Position Control by Direct Current Motors -- References and Bibliography -- Problems -- 5. Synchronous Motor Control -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Synchronous Motor Starting -- 5.3. Speed Control -- 5.4. Synchronous Motor Excitation -- 5.5. A Synchronous or a Direct Current Motor? -- References and Bibliography -- Appendices -- I. Logic Circuitry for Inverter Control -- II. Logic Circuitry for Bidirectional Converter -- III. Logic Circuitry for On-Off Servo -- References -- Additional Problems for Chapters One, Two, Three and Four.
    Abstract: The following pages are meant for those who wish to use thyristors. The details of the physics of semiconductor materials or the design of thyristors themselves are unnecessary here but a general description of the device may help to avoid pitfalls during electric circuit design. Thyristor is the internationally recognized name for a particular semi­ conductor device. The name is derived from the Greek, the first part meaning switch and the second part an association with the transistor family. It has a trade name, viz. SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) and it got this name principally because it is a silicon device and it is used as a rectifier which can be controlled. As a controlled switch it forms a group together with the electromagnetic relay, the thyratron and the mercury arc rectifier. The advantages and disadvantages of the thyristor become apparent in the process of describing the device and its range of application. However, the present general interest, development and use of the thyristor, indicates that for many cases its many advantages make it superior to other devices. Control of rotating electric machines is a major interest of the author so that in this book the applications of the thyristor are towards this end. Thyristors are used so much in connection with the control of machines that it is worthwhile to go into some details of both the electric drive to be controlled and the possible thyristor control units.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6916-5
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  • 122
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    Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401026567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 13
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Perception and Philosophy Science -- (1) Nature of a Perceptual Theory -- (2) The Psychophysical Law -- (3) Perception of Light and Color -- (4) Perception of Voice and Music -- (5) Theory of Space and Time -- (6) Statistical Theory of Fields -- (7) The Problem of the Unity of Physics -- (8) Nature of a Physical Theory -- (9) A Theory of Psycho-social Evolution -- The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Defense of a Non-Conventionalist Interpretation of Classical Mechanics -- Comments on C. A. Hooker: Systematic Realism -- The Formal Representation of Physical Quantities -- Comments on ‘The Formal Representation of Physical Quantities’ -- Comments on ‘The Formal Representation of Physical Quantities’ -- The Labyrinth of Quantum Logics -- Ontic Commitments of Quantum Mechanics -- Comments on ‘Ontic Commitments of Quantum Mechanics’ -- Quantum Logic and Classical Logic: Their Respective Roles -- Implications of a New Axiom Set for Quantum Logic -- Two Types of Continuity -- General Relativity — Some Puzzling Questions -- Personal Remembrance of Albert Einstein -- The Controversy Concerning the Law of Causality in Contemporary Physics -- Topical Table of Contents -- (1) Causality -- (2) Relevance of Probability -- (3) Teleology in Physics? -- (4) Probability and Free Will.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2656-7
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  • 123
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    Approaches to Natural Language : Proceedings of the 1970 Stanford Workshop on Grammar and Semantics (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025065
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (534p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 49
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Grammar -- 1. Sentence Stress and Syntactic Transformations -- 2. The Acquisition of Phonology and Syntax: A Preliminary Study -- 3. A Syntactical Analysis of Some First-Grade Readers -- 4. A Computational Treatment of Case Grammar -- 5. Identifiability of a Class of Transformational Grammars -- 6. On the Insufficiency of Surface Data for the Learning of Transformational Languages -- 7. Nonfiltering and Local-Filtering Transformational Grammars -- II. Semantics -- 8. Grammar and Logic: Some Borderline Problems -- 9. Comments on Hintikka’s Paper -- 10. The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English -- 11. Comments on Montague’s Paper -- 12. Comments on Montague’s Paper -- 13. Mass Terms in English -- 14. Comments on Moravcsik’s Paper -- 15. Comments on Moravcsik’s Paper -- 16. Comments on Moravcsik’s Paper -- 17. Reply to Comments -- 18. The Semantics of Belief-Sentences -- 19. Comments on Professor Partee’ s Paper -- 20. Comments on Partee’s Paper -- 21. Semantics of Context-free Fragments of Natural Languages -- 22. Representation of the Montague Semantics as a Form of the Suppes Semantics with Applications to the Problem of the Introduction of the Passive Voice, the Tenses, and Negation as Transformations -- III. Special Topics -- 23. On the Problem of Subject Structure in Language with Application to Late Archaic Chinese -- 24. Comments on Cheng’s Paper -- 25. Some Considerations for the Process of Topicalization -- 26 Late Lexicalizations -- 27. Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice.
    Abstract: The papers and comments published in the present volume represent the proceedings of a research workshop on the grammar and semantics of natural languages held at Stanford University in the fall of 1970. The workshop met first for three days in September and then for a period of two days in November for extended discussion and analysis. The workshop was sponsored by the Committee on Basic Research in Education, which has been funded by the United States Office of Education through a grant to the National Academy of Education and the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. We acknowledge with pleasure the sponsorship which made possible a series oflively and stimulating meetings that were both enjoyable and instructive for the three of us, and, we hope, for most of the participants, including a number of local linguists and philosophers who did not contribute papers but actively joined in the discussion. One of the central participants in the workshop was Richard Montague. We record our sense of loss at his tragic death early in 1971, and we dedicate this volume to his memory. None of the papers in the present volume discusses explicitly problems of education. In our view such a discussion is neither necessary nor sufficient for a contribution to basic research in education. There are in fact good reasons why the kind of work reported in the present volume constitutes an important aspect of basic research in education.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2506-5
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  • 124
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    Patterns in Plato’s Thought : Papers arising out of the 1971 West Coast Greek Philosophy Conference (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025454
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in RB [Rezension von: Moravcsik, J. M. E., Patterns in Plato's Thought] 1976
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 6
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: Knowledge and Its Objects in Plato -- Hintikka on Knowledge and Its Objects in Plato -- The Relation Between Plato’s Symposium and Phaedrus -- Comments on John Moore’s Paper -- The Second ‘Third Man’ -- The Second ‘Third Man’: an Interpretation -- Two Paradoxes in the Theaetetus -- Comments on Lewis -- Plato’s Method of Division -- Plato’s Method of Division -- False Logos and Not-Being in Plato’s Sophist.
    Abstract: In his teachings and through his choice of the dialogue-form as a mode of communication, Plato emphasized the communal aspect of intellectual work. The need for having a community work together is nowhere more apparent then when the intellectual task set is that of interpreting the ancient philosophers. Those of us who were fortunate enough to spend some of our years as students at Oxford found that among our most inspiring experiences were the meetings of the Oxford Aristotelian So­ ciety, as well as the seminars in which B.PhiI. students discussed Plato and Aristotle. Up until the past few years no such group existed on the West Coast. In the fall of 1970 some of us got together to form the West Coast Greek Philosophy Conference, which was within a short time renamed by Prof. T. Rosenmeyer as 'the Aristotelians of the West, Unincorporated'. In our monthly meetings we translate and discuss Greek philosophic texts. For the past two years the group has been working on Aristotle's 'Physics'.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2545-4
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    Phenomenology: Continuation and Criticism : Essays in Memory of Dorion Cairns (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401023771
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 50
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 50
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: My Own Life -- The Phenomenon of Language -- An Interpretation of the Doctrine of the Ego in Husserl’s Ideen -- The Philosophic Impact of the Facts Themselves -- Perceptual Coherence as the Foundation of the Judgment of Predication -- Husserl and Whitehead on the Concrete -- Being and Time: Some Aspects of the Ego’s Involvement in his Mental Life -- Husserl’s Doctrine of Noesis-Noema -- Evidence in Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Crossing the Manhattan Bridge -- Husserl’s Way into Phenomenology for Americans: A Letter and its Sequel -- The Art of Free Phantasy in Rigorous Phenomenological Science -- Append -- An Approach to Husserlian Phenomenology -- The Ideality of Verbal Expressions -- Perceiving, Remembering, Image-Awareness, Feigning Awareness -- Bibliography of the Writings of Dorion Cairns -- List of Contributors.
    Abstract: Under the title of "Phenomenology: Continuation and Crit­ icism," the group of essays in this volume are presented in honor of Dorion Cairns on his 70th birthday. The contributors comprise friends, colleagues and former students of Dorion Cairns who, each in his own way, share the interest of Dorion Cairns in Husserlian phenomenology. That interest itself may be best defined by these words of Edmund Husserl: "Philosophy - wis­ dom (sagesse) - is the philosopher's quite personal affair. It must arise as his wisdom, as his self-acquired knowledge tending toward universality, a knowledge for which he can answer from the beginning . . . " 1 It is our belief that only in the light of these words can phenomenology and phenomenological philosophy be continued, but always reflexively, critically. For over forty years Dorion Cairns has, through his teaching and writing, selflessly worked to bring the idea expressed by Husserl's words into self­ conscious exercise. In so doing he has, to the benefit of those who share his interest, confirmed Husserl's judgement of him that he is "among the rare ones who have penetrated into the deepest sense of my phenomenology, . . . who had the energy and persist­ ence not to desist until he had arrived at real understanding.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2377-1
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    Physics at Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Leiden: Philosophy and the New Science in the University (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024631
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 174 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas, Series Minor 11
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction: A New University and the Challenge of the New Science -- II. Franco Burgersdijck: Late Scholasticism at Leiden -- III. Tumult over Cartesianism -- IV. Joannes de Raey: The Introduction of Cartesian Physics at Leiden -- V. Passing Crises, enduring Disagreement -- VI. The Practice of Philosophy -- VII. ’s Gravesande and Musschenbroek: Newtonianism at Leiden -- VIII. Conclusion: Science, Philosophy and Pedagogy -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: 2 result of the attitudes characteristic of the small group of permanent residents at the schools, the academic scholars. This conservatism, however, was not everywhere equally efficacious. In the sixteenth century, the universities of northern Italy, Padua above all, had nurtured an intellectual ferment of considerable significance to the rise of the new science, and they continued to be penetrated by the influence of that science throughout the seventeenth century. The Uni­ versity of Oxford momentarily played host to' leading members of the English scientific community during the Commonwealth period, and Cambridge was shortly to boast the genius of Isaac Newton. Indeed, a small number of the one-hundred-odd universities in Europe strove more or less purposefully to come to grips with the new science and to in­ at least, within the body of learning for which they corporate facets of it, 2 held themselves responsible. Among the most notable of these more progressive schools must be included the University of Leiden, recently founded by the Lowlanders in revolt against the King of Spain, Philip II. The doors of the University of Leiden had first opened, to be sure, in the midst of rebellion, and had been forced open, as it were, by rumors of peace. In 1572, the revolt, with the Calvinists now clearly in the van, acquired what was to prove an enduring foothold in the maritime prov­ inces of Holland and Zeeland.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2463-1
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    Cluster analysis : Survey and evaluation of techniques (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401167826
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tilburg Studies on Sociology 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology
    Abstract: 1. Coefficients for Dehning The Degree of Similarity Between Objects -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The slope method of Du Mas -- 1.3. Cattell’s rc coefficient of pattern similarity -- 1.4. The D-coefficient -- 1.5. Cohen’s rc coefficient -- 1.6. Zubin’s index and its variants -- 1.7. Hyvarinen’s coefficient -- 1.8. Smirnov’s coefficient -- 1.9. Goodall’s probabilistic similarity index -- 1.10. The distance measure of Williams, a.o. -- 1.11. Conclusion -- 2. Methods Developed for Forming Clusters of Variables or Objects -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The matrix diagonal method -- 2.3. Methods for re-ordering a socio-matrix -- 2.4. Ramifying linkage analysis -- 2.5. The Gengerelli method -- 2.6. The approximate delimitation method -- 2.7. The B-coefficient of Holzinger and Harman -- 2.8. Iterative factor analysis -- 2.8.1. Wherry and Gaylord -- 2.9. Sneath’s single linkage method -- 2.10. Serensen’s complete linkage method -- 2.11. Wishart’s method -- 2.12. The method of Michener and Sokal -- 2.13. Bridges’ method -- 2.14. The King method -- 2.15. Tryon’s cluster analysis -- 2.16. Conclusion -- Methods of Forming Clusters for Objects -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Thomdike’s method -- 3.3. The method of Sawrey, Keller and Conger -- 3.4. Ward’s method -- 3.5. Johnson’s hierarchical clustering scheme -- 3.6. Hierarchical representation of similarity matrices by trees -- 3.7. Cluster analysis according to Constantinescu -- 3.8. The method of Rogers and Tanimoto -- 3.9. Hyvarinen’s method -- 3.10. Bonner’s methods -- 3.11. Boolean cluster search method -- 3.12. Gengerelli’s method -- 3.13. Mattson and Dammann’s method -- 3.14. The methods of Edwards, a.o. -- 3.15. Conclusion -- 4. Methods for The Construction of Types Following Mcquitty -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Agreement analysis -- 4.3. Elementary linkage analysis -- 4.4. Elementary factor analysis -- 4.5. Hierarchical linkage analysis -- 4.6. Hierarchical syndrome analysis -- 4.7. Multiple rank order typal analysis -- 4.8. Classification by reciprocal pairs -- 4.9. Intercolumnar correlational analysis -- 4.10. Nominee-selectee analysis -- 4.11. Multiple agreement analysis -- 4.12. Criticism -- 5. Some Applications -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Thorndike’s method -- 5.3. The method of Sawrey, Keller and Conger -- 5.4. Ward’s method -- 5.5. McQuitty’s syndrome analysis -- 5.6. Factor analysis -- 5.7. Comparison of the applications -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: During the last years the number of applications of cluster analysis in the social sciences has increased very rapidly. One of the reasons for this is the growing awareness that the assumption of homogeneity implicit in the application of such techniques as factor analysis and scaling is often violated by social science data; another is the increased interest in typolo­ gies and the construction of types. Dr. Bijnen has done an extremely useful job by putting together and evaluating attempts to arrive at better and more elegant techniques of cluster analysis from such diverse fields as the social sciences, biology and medicine. His presentation is very clear and concise, reflecting his intention not to write a 'cookery-book' but a text for scholars who need a reliable guide to pilot them through an extensive and widely scattered literature. Ph. C. Stouthard v Preface This book contains a survey of a number of techniques of clustering analysis. The merits and demerits of the procedures described are also discussed so that the research worker can make an informed choice be­ tween them. These techniques have been published in a very great number of journals which are not all easily accessible to the sociologist. This difficulty is com­ pounded because developments in the different disciplines have occurred almost entirely independently from each other; reference is made only sporadically in a piece of literature to the literature of other disciplines.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6782-6
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    Exact Philosophy : Problems, Tools, and Goals (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401025164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 50
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 50
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Logic -- Matters of Relevance -- Notions of Relevance. Comments on Leblanc’s Paper -- II: Semantics -- Translation and Reduction -- A Program for the Semantics of Science -- III: Erotetics -- S-P Interrogatives -- IV: Philosophy of Mathematics -- Foundations as a Branch of Mathematics -- Naturalism in Mathematics. Comments on Hatcher’s Paper -- V: Philosophy of Science -- Deductive Explanation of Scientific Laws -- VI: Metaphysics -- Concepts of Randomness -- VII: Ethics -- The Logic of Conditional Obligation -- On Evaluating Deontic Logics. Comments on van Fraassen’s Paper -- VIII: Legal Philosophy -- The Intuitive Background of Normative Legal Discourse and Its Formalization -- IX: History of Philosophy -- Plato’s Phaedo Theory of Relations.
    Abstract: The papers that follow were read and discussed at the first Symposium on Exact Philosophy. This conference was held at Montreal on November 4th and 5th, 1971, to celebrate the sesquicentennial of McGill University and establish the Society for Exact Philosophy. The expression 'exact philosophy' is taken to signify mathematical phi­ losophy, i.e., philosophy done with the explicit help of mathematical logic and mathematics. So far the expression denotes an attitude rather than a fully blown discipline: it intends to convey the intention to try and pro­ ceed in as exact a manner as we can in formulating and discussing phi­ losophical problems and theories. The kind of philosophy we wish to practice and promote is disciplined rather than wild, systematic rather than disconnected, and capable of being argued over rather than oracular. We believe that even metaphysics, notoriously riotous, can be subjected to the control of logic and mathematics. Even the history of philosophy, notoriously unsystematic, can benefit from an exact reconstruction of some classical ideas.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2516-4
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    Guevara, a Forgotten Renaissance Author (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 4
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Arts. ; History.
    Abstract: I. Guevara in his Tradition -- A. Historical Model -- B. Selected Ideas from the Libro áureo and the Relox de príncipes -- C. Guevara’s Style -- II. Guevara and the Humanists -- A. Vives -- B. Alfonso de Valdés -- C. Pedro de Rhua’s Cartas censorias -- D. García Matamoros -- E. Melchor Cano -- III. Guevara and the Humorists -- A. Francés de Zúñga -- B. Letters Attributed to Diego Hurtado de Mendoza -- C. Cervantes -- IV. Guevara an International Model of Style -- A. The Landmann Theory -- B. Reactions to Landmann’s Theory -- C. The Italian Theory -- D. The Theory of Classical Models -- E. The Theory of Medieval Latin Prose as a Model -- F. Other Reactions and Thoughts Concerning the Landmann Theory -- V. Guevara’s Success -- A. Popularization of Knowledge -- B. Moral Wisdom and Tolerance -- C. The Appeal of Subjectivity -- D. Guevara’s Sense of Humor -- VI. Guevara and the Enlightenment -- Conclusion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2488-4
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    Diderot’s Politics : A Study of the Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought After the Encyclopédie (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 62
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 62
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History ; Political science.
    Abstract: One Philosophical and Moral Foundations -- I: Materialism and the Morale Universelle -- II: Society and the Individual -- III: From Individual to Citizen -- Two The Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought -- I: A Coherent Absolutism -- II: First Doubts -- III: Fading Hopes -- IV: The End of an Illusion -- V: Towards Revolution -- Conclusion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2447-1
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    The Physics of Glassy Polymers (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401023559
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Materials Science Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: (The Nature of Polymer Glasses, Their Packing Density and Mechanical Behaviour) -- The Nature of Polymeric Glasses -- Packing Volume in the Glassy State -- The Rigidity of Polymer Glasses -- Large Deformations and Fracture -- References -- 1 The Thermodynamics of the Glassy State -- 1.1 Introductory Thermodynamic Considerations -- 1.2 Glassy Solidification and Transition Phenomena -- 1.3 Results of the Thermodynamic Theory of Linear Relaxation Phenomena -- 1.4 Glassy Mixed Phases -- 1.5 The Mobility and Structure of Glassy Phases -- References -- 2 X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Structure of Amorphous Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Interaction of X-rays With Matter -- 2.3 Order and Orientation in Polymers -- 2.4 Diffraction of X-rays by Amorphous Materials -- 2.5 Small Angle X-ray Scattering -- 2.6 The Radial Distribution Function for Amorphous Polymers -- References -- 3 Relaxation Processes in Amorphous Polymers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Molecular Motion in Polymeric Melts and Glasses -- 3.3 Secondary Relaxation Regions in Typical Organic Glasses -- References -- 4 Creep in Glassy Polymers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.3 Apparatus and Experimental Methods -- 4.4 Creep Phenomena in Glassy Polymers -- 4.5 Final Comments -- References and Bibliography -- 5 The Yield Behaviour of Glassy Polymers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.3 Mechanical Tests -- 5.4 Characteristics of the Yield Process -- 5.5 Inhomogeneous Deformation -- 5.6 Structural Observations -- 5.7 Yield Criteria for Polymers -- 5.8 Molecular Theories of Yielding -- References -- 6 The Post-Yield Behaviour of Amorphous Plastics -- 6.1 General -- 6.2 The Phenomena of’ strain Softening’ -- 6.3 Plastic Instability Phenomena -- 6.4 The Adiabatic Heating of Polymers Subject to Large Deformations -- 6.5 Orientation Hardening -- 6.6 Large Deformation and Fracture -- References -- 7 Cracking and Crazing in Polymeric Glasses -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fracture Mechanics -- 7.3 Fatigue Fracture -- 7.4 Crazing -- 7.5 Molecular Fracture -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Rubber ReinForced Thermoplastics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rubber Reinforced Glassy Polymers of Commercial Importance -- 8.3 Methods of Manufacture -- 8.4 Incompatibility in Polymer Mixtures -- 8.5 Identification of Two Phase Rubber Reinforced Systems -- 8.6 Dispersed Phase Morphology -- 8.7 Optical Properties -- 8.8 Mechanical Properties -- References -- 9 The Diffusion and Sorption of Gases and Vapours in Glassy Polymers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ideal and Non-ideal Sorption and Diffusion of Fixed Gases -- 9.3 The Effect of the Glass Transition on Gas and Vapour Diffusion in Polymers -- 9.4 Relaxation Controlled Transport and Related Crazing of Polymeric Glasses by Vapours -- 9.5 Some Effects of Crystallinity and Orientation on the Transport of Gases and Vapours in Glassy Polymers -- References -- 10 The Morphology of Regular Block Copolymers -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Techniques Used for the Study of the Morphology of Block Copolymers -- 10.3 Variables Controlling the Morphology -- 10.4 Studies with Specific Systems -- 10.5 Theories of the Morphology of Block Copolymers -- 10.6 Implications of Theories and Comparison With Experiment -- 10.7 Mechanical Properties and Deformations -- 10.8 Crystallinity -- References -- Appendix I Glass Transition Temperatures and Expansion Coefficients for the Glass and Rubber States of some Typical Polymeric Glasses -- Appendix II Conversion Factors for SI Units.
    Abstract: This work sets out to provide an up-to-date account of the physical properties and structure of polymers in the glassy state. Properties measured above the glass transition temperature are therefore included only in so far as is necessary for the treatment of the glass transition process. This approach to the subject therefore excludes any detailed account of rubber elasticity or melt rheology or of the structure and conformation of the long chain molecule in solution, although knowledge derived from this field is assumed where required. Major emphasis is placed on structural and mechanical properties, although a number of other physical properties are included. Naturally the different authors contributing to the book write mainly from their own particular points of view and where there are several widely accepted theoretical approaches to a subject, these are sometimes provided in different chapters which will necessarily overlap to a significant extent. For example, the main theoretical presentation on the subject of glass transition is given in Chapter 1. This is supplemented by accounts of the free volume theory in Chapter 3 and in the Introduction, and a short account of the work of Gibbs and DiMarzio, also in Chapter 3. Similarly, there is material on solvent cracking in Chapters 7 and 9, though the two workers approach the subject from opposite directions. Every effort has therefore been made to encourage cross-referencing between different chapters.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2355-9
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    Education in the Industrialised Countries (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401575928
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 324 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Plan Europe 2000, Project 1: Educating Man for the 21st Century 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Education Philosophy ; Education, Higher ; Education and state. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Organisation and State of Development of General Primary and Secondary Education -- II The Organisation and State of Development of Secondary Vocational and Technical Education and Higher Education -- III The Final Resources Allocated to Education -- General Conclusion -- Tables.
    Abstract: In 1965 Mr. Raymond Poignant published a comparative study, entitled "Education in the Common Market Countries", of the organi­ sation and state of development of education in the six countries of the Community and in three industrialised countries: the United States, the United Kingdom and the USSR. Mr. Poignant, at present Director of the International Institute for Educational Planning (UNESCO), compiled the material for this study when he was Chairman of a committee set up by the EEC Institute for University Studies. Since then it has become a reference work for all those who wish to under­ stand the similarities and the diversity of our educational systems; it has been translated into German and English. In the preface to the first edition we expressed the wish that this work of comparative analysis should be pursued and kept up-to-date. This wish is fulfilled in the work we are now introducing, and which was undertaken by Mr. Poignant pursuant to an agreement between the European Cultural Foundation and the International Institute for Educational Planning. It should be emphasised that this is not simply a revised edition of the previous work. The scope of the book has been enlarged, and Japan and Sweden are now included in the list of countries examined; more­ over the perspective is different.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7592-8
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    The Other Side of Criminology : An Inversion of the Concept of Crime (1973)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401744959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (181 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Criminology
    Abstract: I. Reactions of Society to Crime -- II. Criminology; Its Definition, Nature and Subfields -- III. what is a Crime? Relativity of the Concept -- IV. Multiformity and Classifications -- V. Punishment -- Index of authors.
    Abstract: Didactically, a textbook of criminology should start at the beginning. The learning process, also an emotional process, begins in criminology with the concepts, views, emotions, attitudes and ideas we have regarding crime and criminals. Exploration of these underlying factors is one of the aims of the present book. We can free our thinking only by being aware of the significance of our own feelings and thoughts about a phenomenon like crime. 'That is the basic problem confronting us. In scien­ tific thinking implicit postulates as to the sensus communis, unless recognized and 1 neutralized, grow into idols.' The fight against crime is one example of such an idol. Crimes and criminals exist only by virtue of reactions to certain forms of be­ havior. For this reason this book will begin by examining the reactions of society to crime. Criminology is primarily a science of others than offenders. In this sense I invert criminology. The history of criminology is not so much a history of offenders, 2 as a history of the reactions of those in power.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4495-9
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    Perspektiven transzendentalphänomenologischer Forschung : Für Ludwig Landgrebe zum 70. Geburtstag von seinen Kölner Schülern (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028134
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (306p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives Husserl 49
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 49
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Zum Programm der Phänomenologie Husserls -- Das Problem der Intersubjektivität und die Idee einer phänomenologischen Transzendentalphilosophie -- Zum Teleologiebegriff in der Phänomenologie Husserls -- Zweideutigkeiten in Husserls Lebenswelt-Begriff -- Transzendentalphänomenologischer Rationalismus -- Phenomenology of Reason -- II. Zur neueren Wissenschaftstheorie -- Ontologie, Wissenschaftstheorie und Geschichte im Spätwerk Husserls -- Zeitlichkeit und Protologik -- Gegenwart und Handlung. Eine sprachanalytisch-phäno- menologische Untersuchung -- Das Problem der Denkökonomie bei Husserl und Mach -- III. Zum Verhältnis von Phänomenologie und Literarästhetik -- Die Funktion der schematisierten Ansicht im literarischen Kunstwerk (nach Roman Ingarden). Problemkritik der Alternative Darstellungs- oder Wirkungsästhetik -- Phänomenologische und poetische Zeit. Zum Verhältnis von Philosophie und Dichtung.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2813-4
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    Scientific Procedures : A Contribution Concerning the Methodological Problems of Scientific Concepts and Scientific Explanation (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401029162
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (281p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 10
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Concept of ‘Science’ as Cognitive Activity -- 1. Aspects of the Concept of Science -- 2. The Goals of Science as Cognitive Activity sui generis -- 3. Scientific Cognition as the Solution of Problems -- II. On the Approach to Models of Scientific Procedures -- 1. Scientific Procedures as Operations with Data -- 2. The Metatheoretical Character of the Analysis of Scientific Procedures -- 3. The Finitistic Approach -- III. The Empirical Basis and the Analysis of ‘Universe of Discourse’ -- 1. Schemata of the Analysis -- 2. The Communication Model and the Problem of Scientific Empiricism -- 3. The Universe and the Language Used -- IV. Concepts of The Language of Science -- 1. Names, Descriptions and Statements -- 2. Predicates -- 3. The Classification of Predicates in the Language of Science: Qualitative, Comparative and Quantitative Predicates -- 4. The Classification of Predicates: Empirical, Dispositional and Theoretical Predicates -- 5. Similarity and Identification of Objects -- V. Scientific Explanation -- 1. Problem-Solving Situations and Questions in Science -- 2. The Concepts of ‘Explanation’ and ‘Scientific Explanation’ -- 3. The Typology of Scientific Explanation -- 4. Scientific Laws and Their Evaluation -- 5. Scientific Explanation and Decision-Making -- 6. Explanation and Prediction.
    Abstract: For a decade, we have admired the incisive and broadly informed works of Ladislav Tondl on the foundations of science. Now it is indeed a pleasure to include this book among the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. We hope that it will help to deepen the collaborative scholar­ ship of scientists and philosophers in Czechoslovakia with the English­ reading scholars of the world. Professor Ladislav Tondl was born in 1924, and completed his higher education at the Charles University iIi Prague. His doctorate was granted by the Institute of Information Theory and Automation. He was a professor and scientific research worker at the Institute for the Theory and Methodology of Science, which was a component part of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Tondl's principal fields of interest are the methodology of the empirical and experimental sciences, logical semantics, and cybernetics. For many years, he collaborated with Professor Albert Perez and others at the Institute of Information Theory and Automation in Prague, and he has undertaken fruitful collaboration with logicians in the Soviet and Polish schools, and been influenced by the Finnish logicians as well, among them Jaakko Hintikka. We list below a selection of his main publications. Perhaps the most accessible in presenting his central conception of the relationship between modem information theory and the methodology of the sciences is his 1965 paper with Perez, 'On the Role of Information Theory in Certain Scientific Procedures'.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2916-2
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    Law and Apocalypse: The Moral Thought of Luis De León (1527?-1591) (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027335
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 44
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 44
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I Introduction -- II Christian Hebraism: Its Thomistic Bases and Its Presence in Luis de León -- III Domingo Soto’s Definition of Fus Gentium, Fray Luis de León’s De Legibus, and the Law of the Decalog -- IV Fray Luis’ Social Theory -- V Morality and National Destiny in Fray Luis.
    Abstract: This book has two purposes. The first is clearly historical, the second is more philosophical and interpretive. Its success in the former will be less arguable than its attainment of the latter. The contribution to the history of Spanish letters consists in critically establishing the fact that the sources of Fray Luis de Le6n's moral and spiritual thought are Hebraic and that he can be seen to stand as one in a long line of Christian Hebraists, both scholastic and humanist. His philosophical views are cast in an Hebraic tradition, not in an Hellenic one as supposed by nearly every other commentator. I have stressed the presence of a living Hebrew culture in Spain after 1492, and I have suggested that this and the Jewish parentage of Fray Luis are very significant. I have also identified an intellectual debt Fray Luis owed to non-Jewish Orientalists such as Egidio da Viterbo and Girolamo Seripando. But, even they learned from exiled Spaniards. I want to present Fray Luis as a most characteristic thinker in the world of Baroque Spain. I think most will agree with the picture I have outlined. The more audacious aspect is my wish to show the importance of the Jewish heritage as found in the literary and philosophical production of this remarkable genius. It is, of course, my contention that today know­ ledge about Fray Luis and what he stood for is extraordinarily important.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2733-5
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    Truth and Historicity / Vérité et Historicité (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (86p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Institute of Philosophy Entretiens in Heidelberg / Institut International de Philosophie Entretiens de Heilderberg, 12-16 September 1969 / 12-16 septembre 1969 2
    Series Statement: Institut International de Philosophie 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Table des Matieres -- Eröffnungsansprache. Welt Ohne Geschichte -- Wahrheit und Geschichtlichkeit -- Remarques sur la Communication du Professeur Karl Löwith -- Are Truth and History Incompatible? -- Beitrag zur Kritik der Lehre von der Geschichtlichkeit der Wahrheit -- History and Philosophy, Art and Science, Validity and Truth -- Bemerkungen zu dem Referat von Richard Mckeon -- Tradition, Vérité et Histoire -- Diskussionsbeitrag -- L’historicité Comme Alibi -- Contribution à la Discussion de la Conférence de M. le Professeur Brunner sur le Thème “L’Historicite Commé Alibi” -- Vérité et Historicité.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2762-5
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    The Effects of Emigration from Yugoslavia and the Problems of Returning Emigrant Workers (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028097
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: European Demographic Monographs 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2809-7
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  • 139
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    Individual Orientation in Education (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401024181
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Plan Europe 2000, Project 1: Educating Man for the 21st Century 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational psychology.
    Abstract: I. The Accumulation of Scientific and Technical Knowledge -- II. Technological and Economic Development and Change -- III. The Evolution of Some Sociological and Biological Factors Determining Individual Orientation -- IV. Resources and Aims of Education in the Future -- V. A Summary of Future Trends in Educational Orientation -- Biographical Notes.
    Abstract: When considering future trends in educational and vocational orientation we must constantly bear in mind, in as concrete a way as possible, that schools form an integral part of society as a whole. To point out that education and society are inseparable concepts has of course become almost a ritual statement in the majority of studies of future developments in education. All too often however "society" becomes an allegorical figure to which characteristics can be attributed varying with the tradition of thought adhered to by each writer. This figure is given a part to play in the plot which we are trying to unravel, but it remains allegorical. The theatre is furthermore closed to the public. Teachers and taught, pedagogic experts and philosophers of education, are alone together and share the functions of author, actors, producer, audience, and critics. To seek a better future for education is to try to improve the quality of a performance given in camera, to give each character a role which is most satisfying to the mind and above all to the emotions and in which the most noble sentiments can be expressed in the cause of the highest ideals. The theatri­ cal and gratuitous nature of university life, and lyrical statements about the future of the universities, were characteristic aspects of traditional frameworks.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2418-1
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    The Speech of Yugoslav Immigrants in San Pedro, California (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027533
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Publications of the Resèarch Group for European Migration Problems 17
    Series Statement: Research Group for European Migration Problems 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: I — Yugoslav Immigration to America 1007A -- II — Survey of Bilingualism, Linguistic Problems and Previous Studies -- III — Analysis of Interference -- IV — Informant Sketches -- Informant Chart -- Concluding Remarks.
    Abstract: This study represents but the initial phase of a multidisciplinary endeavor sponsored by the Russian and East European Studies Center of the University of California, Los Angeles, the ultimate goal of which is to provide a comprehensive description and analysis of the cultural, linguistic, economic and social integration of the Slavs living in California into American society. As the first step of this planned cross-disciplinary investigation, the Center recommended the implementation of a preliminary study of a limited scope, the present linguistic investigation of the Yugoslav community of San Pedro, California. As there is a dearth of information of a sociological as well as a linguistic nature pertaining to the local Slavs, the investigators decided to treat briefly the sociological situation of Yugoslav immigrants and then proceed with a more detailed discussion of the linguistic problems of immigrant bilingualism. Consequently, we have divided the present study into the following major chapters : Chapter I, the Yugoslav Immigration to America, not only examines the several phases of Yugoslav immigration to the United States, but also discusses the various motives which prompted people to immigrate to this country and especially to the small maritime community of San Pedro; against this background the investigators describe the Yugoslav ethnic minority and its contributions to the San Pedro community.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2753-3
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    Tyssot De Patot and His Work 1655 - 1738 (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (243p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des IdÉEs / International Archives of the History of Ideas 47
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 47
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I. The Life -- II. Tyssot’s Personality -- III. What Tyssot Read -- IV. The Formation and Development of Tyssot’s Ideas -- V. The First Publication -- VI. The Publication of Jaques Massé -- VII. The Story of Jaques Massé -- VIII. Jaques Massé as Literature -- IX. The Voyage de Groenland -- X. The Voyage de Groenland as Literature -- XI. The Discourse on Chronology -- XII. The Œuvres poétiques -- Conclusion -- Appendix A. Extracts from the Tyssot family genealogy -- B. Notice de Jean Tijssot de la famille de Patot -- C. Extracts from the Rumpf family genealogy -- D. A guide to the chronology of the Lettres choisies -- E. List, according to title-page, of libraries holding editions dated 1710 of Voyages et avantures de Jaques Massé -- F. List of libraries holding editions of Jaques Massé not dated 1710 -- G. List of libraries holding works other than Jaques Massé -- Archives.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2755-7
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    Cicero Scepticus : A Study of the Influence of the Academica in the Renaissance (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401710374
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 214 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees 52
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 52
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I — Introduction -- II — The Academica and Its Influence and Distribution in Antiquity and the Middle Ages -- III — The Academica in the Renaissance: A General Survey -- IV — The Academica at Paris in the Middle of the Sixteenth Century: Talon, Galland, and Others -- V — Giulio Castellani and the Academica -- VI — Joannes Rosa and His Commentary on the Academica -- VII — Summary and Conclusions -- Appendices.
    Abstract: As originally planned this volume was meant to cover a somewhat wider scope than, in fact, it has turned out to do. When, in rg68, I initially conceived of preparing it, it was proposed to deal with several aspects of early modern scepticism, in addition to the fortuna of the Academica, and to publish various loosely related pieces under the title of 'Studies in the History of Early Modern Scepticism. ' Thereby, I foresaw that I would exhaust my knowledge of the subject and would then be able to turn my attention to other matters. In initiating my research on this topic, however, I soon found that there remained a much greater bulk of material to study than could possibly be dealt with between the covers of the single modest volume which I envisioned. My proposed section on Cicero's Academica was to cover between 50 and 75 pages in the original plan. It soon became apparent, however, especially after Joannes Rosa's hitherto unstudied commentary on Cicero's work was uncovered, that this material would have to be treated at a much greater length than I had foreseen. The present volume is the result of this expanded investigation. The monograph which has come from this alteration in plans has, I think, the virtues of continuity and cohesive­ ness and one hopes that these advantages offset the benefits of a broader scope which were sacrificed.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1037-4
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    Collected Papers I : The Problem of Social Reality (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028516
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 11
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Social sciences.
    Abstract: I / On the Methodology of the Social Sciences -- Common-Sense and Scientific Interpretation of Human Action -- Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences -- Choosing Among Projects of Action -- II / Phenomenology and the Social Sciences -- Some Leading Concepts of Phenomenology -- Phenomenology and the Social Sciences -- Husserl’s Importance for the Social Sciences -- Scheler’s Theory of Intersubjectivity and the General Thesis of the Alter Ego -- Sartre’s Theory of the Alter Ego -- III / Symbol, Reality and Society -- On Multiple Realities -- Language, Language Disturbances, and the Texture of Consciousness -- Symbol, Reality and Society.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2851-6
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    Social Sciences in Management : An Environmental View (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027946
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Social Life XVI 16
    Series Statement: Studies of Social Life 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- General Introduction -- Statement of the Problem -- Methodology of Research -- Scope and Limits of the Study -- Definitions of Important Terms and Concepts -- Hypotheses of the Study -- Overview of the Book. -- II. Synthesizing Social Sciences -- Models of Organizational Systems -- Organizational Models: Overview -- Models of Environmental Systems -- Environmental Models: Overview -- Summary. -- III. Social Sciences Integration Model -- Preliminary Observations -- Action-Orientation of the Model -- Ecological Variables -- Socio-Economic Variables -- Institutional Variables -- Technological Variables -- Summary. -- IV. Social Sciences Integration in the Future -- Preliminary Observations -- Directions in the Future Environment -- Growth of Computerization in Newer Application -- Growth of Professional Fluidity -- Growth of Social Involvement -- Growth of Global Integration -- Action-Orientation of the Model -- Summary. -- V. Summary and Conclusion -- Environmental Adjustment -- Environmental Structure -- Inter-Disciplinary Approach -- Social Productivity and Profitability -- Human, Technological, and Organizational Considerations -- Dimensions of Futurity -- User Reference of the Proposed Model -- VI. Social Sciences Integration Model Deployment - A Hypothetical Case Study -- Methodology of Research -- Brief Description of the Company, Its Organization, and Industry -- Analysis of the Environment Interacting with the Firm -- The Dilemma -- Alternatives Suggested in the Corporate Meetings -- The Actual Development of the Model Scheme in the Company’s Operations -- Critical Analysis of the Operations -- The Final Outcome as Judged by Results -- Guidelines from the Case Analysis for Future Policy -- Conclusion. -- VII. Annotated Bibliography -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The study of environment in the administrative management con­ text is of a relatively recent vintage. It owes much to the comparative emphasis upon the applications of social disciplines within the organ­ ization's framework. It derives much from the modem perspectives of a total managerial strategy unrestricted by the limited internal firm situations. Basically, environmental studies have contributed to the incorporation of an extra-business and profit dimension in the mana­ gerial functions. Much has already been written about social sciences and their behavioral utility for rational administration. After several years of teaching and consulting activities focusing on this subject, I was quite convinced, however, that an "Environmental Interaction" approach could contribute to the effectiveness of both the practicing manager and the preaching academician in their persuasive efforts to apply environmental outlook in everyday business decisions and functions. This is the basic rationale for this book. I am grateful to a number of people who have contributed to the direct and indirect preparation of this research study. Dean John C.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2794-6
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  • 145
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    Modern Physics and its Philosophy : Selected Papers in the Logic, History and Philosophy of Science (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028936
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (307p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 43
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 43
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A / History of Physics -- I. Contradiction and Uplation in the Evolution of Physics (1960) -- II. Evolutionary Laws and Perspectives for Physics (1967) -- III. The Huygens-Leibniz-Mach Criticism in the Light of Present Knowledge (1967) -- IV. Max Planck and the Rise of Quantum Theory (1960) -- B / Logic of Physics — General -- V. On the Relation between Mathematics and Physics and Its Historical Development (1967) -- VI. Mathematics as Logical Syntax — A Method to Formalize the Language of a Physical Theory (1938) -- VII. Is the Frequency Limit Interpretation of Probability a Meaningful Idealization? (1946) -- VIII. Problems of Probability Theory in the Light of Quantum Mechanics (1938/39) -- IX. Equivalent Representations and Inequivalent Interpretations in Physics (1965) -- X. Material Structure and Mathematical Structure (1967) -- XI. Space-times and State Spaces (1967) -- XII. Intertheory Relations I — General Problems (1970) -- C / Foundational Studies — Special -- XIII. On the Logic of ‘Inertial Frame’ and ‘Mass’ (1966) -- XIV. The Lorentz Group: Axiomatics — Generalizations — Alternatives (1966) -- XV. Einstein’s Theories and the Critics of Newton — Inter-theory Relations II (1968) -- XVI. The Logic of Complementarity and the Foundation of Quantum Theory (1936) -- XVII. The Paradoxes of Quantum Physics and the Complementary Mode of Description (undated) -- XVIII. Quantum Theory and Logic (1950) -- XIX. Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1967) -- XX. Quantum Theory and Philosophy (1960) -- XXI. A Second Foundation for Quantum Theory (1961) -- XXII. Intertheory Relations (III): Quantum Mechanics and Classical Point Mechanics (1970) -- D / In Memoriam Hans Reichenbach -- XXIII. Hans Reichenbach and the Berlin School (1963) -- XXIV. Two Notes on H. Reichenbach’s Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1945).
    Abstract: In selecting the papers for this volume I have excluded all physics papers proper. I have further omitted all book rev.iews. Instead, I have included two papers not published previously; they are marked by an asterisk (*) in the table of contents. Since many of the papers were occasioned by Symposia or similar gatherings their chronological order is rather accidental. Hence I have tried to group the papers thematically into four parts. Within each part the order of sequence is from the more general to the more special, or from a more popular to a more technical treatment. The same principle has been applied to the sequential order of the parts. The foundational papers on quantum mechanics have been arranged in a somewhat dif­ ferent manner. Chapters XVI-XIX are concerned with the logic of complementarity while in Chapters XX-XXII a more radical recon­ ceptualization is carried out. Two of the older papers (Chapters VI and VIII) have been revised to bring them more into line with present terminology. Other papers have been corrected by additions and omissions. Additions are marked by square brackets [ ], while double square brackets [[ II signify omis­ sions or parts to be omitted. Hence [[A]] [B] means that 'A' should be replaced by 'B'. The heading of one paper (Chapter XX) has been changed to make it more descriptive.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2893-6
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  • 146
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    Knowledge and Value : Essays in Honor of Harold N. Lee (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028240
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (202p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Monism, Logos, Fire, and Flux -- Kant’s Theory of Symbolism -- Dualisms in William James’s Principles of Psychology -- Charles Peirce and the Firstness of Process -- The Meaning of Sameness or Family Resemblance in the Pragmatic Tradition -- Pragmatics and Definite Descriptions -- Distinguishing Presupposition in Epistemology -- Verification in Metaphysics -- Gentzen’s Cut Elimination Theorem for Non-Logicians -- The Aesthetics of Harold N. Lee: A Reconsideration -- On the Phenomenon of Obligation -- Positivistic Paths to Value -- Publications by Harold N. Lee.
    Abstract: Harold N. Lee retired from Tulane University in June 1970. At first the event was too incredible for us to react. Harold N. Lee is a "character" in the best sense of the term. Surely he would never leave us. He was too much an institution for our institution to proceed without him. But he had attained the mandatory retirement age of seventy, as he himself informed us, and we could not refute the calendar. When at last we came to acknowledge the event, we - his colleagues, profession­ al friends, and former students - realized that we wanted to honor him in a manner more permanent than dinners and parties. So the idea of the present collection of essays dawned. Harold N. Lee taught philosophy at Tulane University for forty-five years. As professor of philosophy at Newcomb College, the undergraduate women's division of Tulane, and head of the Newcomb philosophy department, he carried a heavy burden of teaching and administration. He introduced many of the courses that are now a basic part of the curriculum, such as the courses in aesthetics and symbolic logic. Shortly after World War II he became chairman of the then newly­ formed university department of philosophy and played a major role in the establishment of the doctoral program in philosophy. Throughout the decades he also continued his philosophical researches, and he has published and continues to publish important articles and books at regular intervals.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2824-0
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  • 147
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    Selected Papers/Ausgewählte Schriften (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028554
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (532p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives Husserl 43
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 43
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Table of Contents/Inhalt -- Notes on the Development of my Concepts -- The Symptom in Relation to the Whole Organism -- Abstract versus Concrete Behavior -- Health, Disease and Therapy -- Epistemology and the Nature of Man -- Relation to Other Theories -- Zur Frage der Amnestischen Aphasie und ihrer Abgrenzung Gegenüber der Transcorticalen und Glossopsychischen Aphasie -- Krankengeschichte -- Über Farbennamenamnesie nebst Bemerkungen über das Wesen der Amnestischen Aphasie überhaupt und die Beziehung zwischen Sprache und dem Verhalten zur Umwelt -- I. Die Farbennamenamnesie -- II. Zur Frage der amnestischen Aphasie für Gegenstände -- Das Symptom, seine Entstehung und Bedeutung für unsere Auffassung vom Bau und der Funktion des Nervensystems -- Über Aphasie -- I. Methodischer Teil -- II. Spezieller Teil -- Zum Problem der Angst -- Angst und Furcht -- Charakteristik der Struktur des Zustandes der Angst auf Grund der Beobachtungen an Hirngeschädigten -- Charakteristik des Phänomens Furcht -- Angst bei psychischen und körperlichen Krankheiten -- Welche Rolle spielt die Angst im Leben des Normalen und welche Bedeutung mag ihr hier zukommen? -- Über die Angst des Säuglings und der Tiere -- Kritik der Anschauungen Freuds über die Angst -- Über Zeigen und Greifen -- L’Analyse de L’Aphasie et L’Etude de L’Essence du Language -- I. Remarques préliminaires -- II. Troubles des moyens d’expression verbale -- III. Les troubles du langage, traduction d’une modification de l’attitude générale -- The Problem of the Meaning of Words based upon Observation of Aphasic Patients -- Summary -- Significance of Speech Disturbances for Normal Psychology -- Differentiation and definitions of the concrete and abstract attitudes -- Methods of testing for abstract behavior predominantly qualitative -- The abstract level of behavior as a distinctly new level -- On Naming and Pseudonaming -- From experiences in psychopathology -- Organismic Approach to the Problem of Motivation -- Bemerkung zum Vortrag von Prof. Meyerhof -- On Emotions: Considerations from the Organismic Point of View -- Remarques sur le Problème Épistémologique de la Biologie -- Bemerkungen zum Problem „Sprechen und Denken“ auf Grund Hirnpathologischer Erfahrungen -- The Smiling of the Infant and the Problem of Understanding the “Other” -- Concerning the Concept of “Primitivity”.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2855-4
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  • 148
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    Pierre Nicole, Jansenist and Humanist : A Study of His Thought (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027847
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas 1
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: 1 - Grace, Freedom and Power -- Ch. 1 The Argument for General Grace -- Ch. 2 Natural Powers and Adam’s Grace -- Ch. 3 Illumination and Unconscious Thoughts -- 2 - Apologetic -- Ch. 1 The Errors of Pagan Philosophy -- Ch. 2 The Immortality of the Soul -- Ch. 3 The Existence of God. Nicole and Pascal -- Ch. 4 The Existence of God. Nicole and Descartes -- Ch. 5 Miracles. Conclusion -- 3 - The Problem of Mysticism -- Ch. 1 Method in Prayer -- Ch. 2 Forms of Contemplation -- Ch. 3 Sécheresse and abandon -- 4 - Moral Doctrines -- Ch. 1 Faith and Works -- Ch. 2 The two Loves -- Ch. 3 ‘Know Thyself’ -- Ch. 4 Conclusion - Reason and the Good Life -- 5 - Social and Political Theory -- Ch. 1 The Moral Basis of Authority -- Ch. 2 The Moral Basis of Society and its Laws -- Conclusion -- Appendix The Authorship of la logique.
    Abstract: The present study had its origins long ago in a doctorate thesis presented at the University of Cambridge. The work has been considerably enlarged in scope, if not in bulk, but has always been conceived as a whole. Nicole's thought is, in any case, remarkably coherent. I make use of articles of mine published in French Studies for April 1960 and July 1967, and my thanks are due to the General Editor of that journal for permission to do so. lowe a great debt of gratitude to Dr M. G. Wallas, who guided my researches in the early years. The penetration and lucidity of her criticism were equalled only by her kindness and patience. To Mr N. J. Abercrom­ bie, who had himself worked on Nicole for a number of years, I am deeply grateful for the gift of books, notes and analyses. Probably every section of this study owes something to his work, hints of the importance of the influence on Nicole of St Fran~ois de Sales proving particularly fruitful. One of the most pleasant moments in the course of my researches was spent at the Rijksarchief in Utrecht, to the staff of which, and to Dr AJ. van de Yen, Keeper of the Archives of the Oud-Bisschoppelijke Clerezij, I am much indebted for their kind help. May 1971 E. D. J.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2784-7
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  • 149
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    Combinators, λ-Terms and Proof Theory (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401029131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 42
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1. The Theory of Combinators and the ?-Calculus -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Informal theory of combinators -- 3. Equality and reduction -- 4. The ?-calculus -- 5. Equivalence of the ?-calculus and the theory of combinators -- 6. Set-theoretical interpretations of combinators -- 7. Illative combinatory logic and the paradoxes -- 2. The Church-Rosser Property -- 1. Introduction -- 2. R-reductions -- 3. One-step reduction -- 4. Proof of main result -- 5. Generalization -- 6. Generalized weak reduction -- 3. Combinatory Arithmetic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Combinatory definability -- 3. Fixed-points and numeral sequences -- 4. Undecidability results -- 4. Computable Functionals of Finite Type -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Finite types and terms of finite types -- 3. The equation calculus -- 4. The role of the induction rule -- 5. Soundness of the axioms -- 6. Defining axioms and uniqueness rules -- 7. Reduction rules -- 8. Computability and normal form -- 9. Interpretation of types and terms -- 5. Proofs in the Theory of Species -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formulas, terms and types -- 3. A-terms and deductions -- 4. The equation calculus -- 5. Reduction and normal form -- 6. The strong normalization theorem -- 7. Interpretation of types and terms -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this monograph is to present some of the basic ideas and results in pure combinatory logic and their applications to some topics in proof theory, and also to present some work of my own. Some of the material in chapter 1 and 3 has already appeared in my notes Introduction to Combinatory Logic. It appears here in revised form since the presen­ tation in my notes is inaccurate in several respects. I would like to express my gratitude to Stig Kanger for his invalu­ able advice and encouragement and also for his assistance in a wide variety of matters concerned with my study in Uppsala. I am also in­ debted to Per Martin-USf for many valuable and instructive conversa­ tions. As will be seen in chapter 4 and 5, I also owe much to the work of Dag Prawitz and W. W. Tait. My thanks also to Craig McKay who read the manuscript and made valuable suggestions. I want, however, to emphasize that the shortcomings that no doubt can be found, are my sole responsibility. Uppsala, February 1972.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2913-1
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  • 150
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    Theonome Anthropologie? : Max Schelers Menschenbild und Seine Grenzen (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027380
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives Husserl 45
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 45
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Sociology. ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Zum geistigen profil Max Schelers -- § 1. Scheler und die philosophisch-theologische Tradition -- § 2. Grundsätzliches zu Schelers Verarbeitung christlich-theologischen Gedankenguts -- § 3. Einheitlichkeit und „Phasen“ im Denken Schelers -- I. Kapitel. Die liebende Wesensschau als Weg zur Philosophischen Idee vom Menschen -- § 1. Philosophieren als Teilhabe und Teilnahme an einem überweltlichen ,,Reich“ -- § 2. Die Phänomenologie als Methode der Entweltlichung zur reinen Erkenntnis -- § 3. Die reine Liebe als Urakt der Teilnahme am Wesenreich -- II. Kapitel. Philosophische Anthropologie: Der Theomorphismus des Menschen -- § 1. Die theomorphe Wesensbestimmung des Menschen -- § 2. Die anthropologische Grundkategorie der Personalität -- § 3. Die Gesamtperson und das Prinzip der sittlichen Solidarität -- III. Kapitel. Metanthropologie: Der Anthropomorphismus Gottes -- § 1. Die anthropologische Wende -- § 2. Der anthropologische Dualismus -- § 3. Der Mensch als Mikrotheos und das dynamisch-dualistische Gottesbild -- IV. Kapitel. Schelers Ansätze zu Einer Phänomenologischen Anthropologie -- § 1. Erscheinungsbild und Verhaltensstruktur des ,,homo naturalis“ -- § 2. Die Grundakte des Geistes -- V. Kapitel. Rückblick und Weiterführung. Möglichkeiten und Dimensionen -- § 1. Der Zugang zur Wirklichkeit des Menschen. Zur Methode der philosophischen Anthropologie -- § 2. Die Person „in ethischen Zusammenhängen“ -- § 3. Philosophische Weltanschauung -- Personenverzeichnis -- Sachindex.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2738-0
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  • 151
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    The Later Husserl and the Idea of Phenomenology : Idealism-Realism, Historicity and Nature Papers and Debate of the International Phenomenological Conference Held at the University of Waterloo, Canada, April 9-14, 1969 (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (381p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Lecture -- Phenomenology Reflects upon Itself. II: The Ideal of the Universal Science: the Original Project of Husserl Reinterpreted with Reference to the Acquisitions of Phenomenology and the Progress of Contemporary Science. -- Address (Professor Klibansky on April 10, 1969) -- I/The Later Husserl -- What is New in Husserl’s ‘Crisis’ -- Ingarden’s Criticism of Husserl -- On Understanding Idea and Essence in Husserl and Ingarden -- Discussion -- Phenomenologico-Psychological and Transcendental Reductions in Husserl’s ‘Crisis’ -- Constitutive Phenomenology and Intentional Objects -- Hyletic Data -- Discussion -- The Material Apriori and the Foundation for its Analysis in Husserl -- The Actual State of the Work on Husserl’s Inedita: Achievements and Projects -- Discussion -- II/Phenomenology and Hermeneutics -- The Science of the Life-World -- The Sciences of Man and the Theory of Husserl’s Two Attitudes -- Repetition in Gadamer’s hermeneutics -- Ingarden on Language and Ontology (A Comparison with some Trends in Analytic Philosophy) -- Discussion -- III /Phenomenology and Natural Science -- Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology as Foundation of Natural Science -- Towards a Developmental Phenomenology: Transcendental-Ego and Body-Ego -- Body, Consciousness, and Violence -- The Concept of Horizon -- Intentionality and Transcendence: On the Constitution of Material Nature -- Discussion -- Complementary Essays -- A Note on the Doctrine of Noetic-Noematic Correlation -- The Meaning of Husserl’s Idealism in the Light of His Development -- Life-World Constitution of Propositional Logic and Elementary Predicate Logic -- Annex -- Roman Ingarden’s Letter to Edmund Husserl.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2882-0
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  • 152
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    Post and Courier Service in the Diplomacy of Early Modern Europe (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Jensen, De Lamar [Rezension von: Allen, E. John B., Post and Courier Service in the Diplomacy of Early Modern Europe] 1974
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas, Series Minor 3
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Introduction: Early Modern Diplomacy and the Royal Post and Courier Service to 1598 -- France -- Spain -- England -- Conclusion -- II. The Diplomatic Courier: Some Generalizations -- Aspects of courier travel -- Courier qualifications -- The courier’s load -- Regularity of service -- Conclusion -- III. Courier Finances -- IV. Routes and Travel Conditions -- England -- Continent -- Roads -- Passport -- Health certificate -- Posting inns -- Horses -- Conclusion -- V. French Diplomatic Couriers -- Couriers to England -- Couriers to Spain -- Couriers to Rome -- Couriers to Venice and Constantinople -- Couriers to Low Countries -- Conclusion -- VI. Spanish Diplomatic Couriers -- Madrid-Vienna couriers -- Spanish couriers in France -- Madrid-Brussels couriers -- Madrid-London couriers -- Madrid-Rome couriers -- Conclusion -- VII. English Diplomatic Couriers -- I: English Diplomatic Couriers -- II: John Wells -- VIII. Conclusion: Post and Courier Service in Early Modern European Foreign Policy -- Appendix I: Diplomatic Couriers 1559–1598 -- Appendix II: Departures of the Venice “Ordinary” as Recorded by French Ambassador Hurault de Maisse -- Appendix III: Ordonnance du Roi Touchant les Postes 29 Mai 1560 -- Appendix IV: Mémoire pour le Faict des Couriers Ord.res d’Espagne pour l’Italie passans par la France -- Appendix V: Certificat d’André De Salazar Touchant un Courier Tué près de Poictiers, et ses Dépesches.
    Abstract: Diplomatic negotiation of our day is a curious mix of national endeavor within the bloc concept. The remnants of our nineteenth century nation­ alism struggles - half willingly - with the power that a larger continental or ideological bloc might bring. In the sixteenth century men knew that the protective bloc of Christendom would not provide peace, yet they were not sure that the new national states would secure it either. We have much to gain from a study of diplomatic procedures and institutions in such a transitional period. This monograph is based upon the great collections of published diplomatic correspondence of England, France, and Spain and, thanks to the generosity of Dr. De Lamar Jensen, I have been fortunate in having at my disposal his hoard of microfilmed letters and dispatches of the leading ambassadors of the sixteenth century. Of course, I have not read all the diplomatic correspondence, but I believe I have culled sufficient information to show and analyze the role played by the post and courier service in the diplomacy of Early Modem Europe.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2847-9
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  • 153
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    Bibliography of the Philosophy in the Iberian Colonies of America (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 51
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 51
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: Catalogue of Manuscripts and Printed Works on Philosophy from the Colonial Period in Latin America -- Philosophical Works from Colonial Latin America -- Anonymous Works -- Appendix of some Colonial Philosophical Works which have become lost -- Bibliography of the Secondary Literature concerning the Philosophy of the Colonial Period of Latin America.
    Abstract: ORIGIN OF THE PROJECT In Spring of 1968 a research project concerning the scholastic philosophy in the Iberian Colonies of America was submitted to the Institute of Latin American Studies in the University of Texas by Dr. Ignacio Angelelli, of the Department of Philosophy of the same University. I should like to quote some relevant passages from the proposal by way of historical back­ ground. In the last decade, leading philosophical historiography has become more and more interested in the "minor" figures and the "traditional" schools which flourished between 1500 and 1800. Historians of philosophy are interested not only in men like Descartes and Kant, but also in the less brilliant and more "conservative" authors. It is also interesting to note in this regard that the late Professor P. Wilpert (Cologne), editor of the new edition of Ueberweg, intended to divide the section on the Neuzeit into two volumes, one for the major figures and the other for the exponents of the various forms of scholasticism of the period 1500-1800. One of these conservative philosophical movements is what has been called the seconda scolastica, which developed in Catholic countries and particularly in Spain and Portugal. Naturally, this "traditional" thought in Europe after 1500 was bound to have an impact on the Spanish and Portuguese Colonies. Indeed, the amount of scholastic philosophy taught in the American Colonies between 1530 and 1800 is impressive. This fact has not yet been acknowledged by international historiography.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2743-4
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  • 154
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    Persons in Love : A Study of Max Scheler’s Wesen und Formen der Sympathie (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Religion (General) ; Religion.
    Abstract: one Clarification of the phenomenon of love At the vital level of reality -- A. Inadequacies of Empirical-Psychological Theories -- B. Inadequacies of Metaphysical Theories -- Two Clarification of The Phenomenonof Love at the Metaphysical Level of Reality -- A. Person as Intrinsic Coherence of Dynamic Orientation -- B. Personal Actualization Descriptive of Being -- Three Love As Concrete Core of Be-ing -- A. The Order of Love Generally -- B. The Dynamic Structure of Being -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: Max Scheler's WESEN UND FORMEN DER SYMPATHIE, which appeared in 1923, is an essentially altered and extended second edition of a book published in 1913 entitled ZUR PHANOMENOLOGIE UND THEoRIE DER SYMPATHIEGEFUHLE UND VON LIEBE UND HAss. WESEN UND FORMEN DER SYMPATHIE was the first volume of a proposed several volumes to be concerned with clarifying the nature and mode of specific emotional functions and acts. Other titles in the proposed collection, although not completed, included WESEN UND FORMEN DES SCHAMGEFUHLS, WESEN UND FORMEN DES ANGST UND FURCHT, WESEN UND FORMEN DES EHRGEFUHLS. Scheler's clarification was to indicate important deriva­ tives of the concerned emotional functions and acts along with the order of their development in individual and communal life. The entire collection was to show the truth and relevance of Pascal's thought re­ specting an "ordre du coeur", "logique du coeur", "raison du coeur", and to furnish strict proof for it. Pascal's thought was also the funda­ mental inspiration of Scheler's ethics found in his book entitled, DER FORMALISMUS IN DER ETHIK UND DIE MATERIALE WERTETHIK, as well as a shorter work published during this same period of writing, ORDO AMORIS. YOM EWIGEN 1M MENscHEN should also be mentioned as an important work of this period.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2796-0
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  • 155
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    Politics and Belief in Contemporary France : Emmanuel Mounier and Christian Democracy, 1932-1950 (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401193801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 351 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science. ; Religion. ; History.
    Abstract: I. The Travail of Christian Democracy, 1830–1932 -- II. The Established Disorder: Emmanuel Mounier and the Founding of Esprit -- III. The Paraplegics of Virtue: Mounier as a Critic of Christian Democracy, 1932–1934 -- IV. The Broken Idol: Mounier, the Christian Democrats and the Crisis Years of the Third Republic, 1934–1939 -- V. Resistance and Revolution: Mounier and the Founding of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire, 1940–1944 -- VI. The Dilemma of Communism: Mounier and the Mouvement Républicain Populaire, 1944–1950 -- VII. The Heritage of Mounier: The Christian Left and the Death of Christian Democracy in France -- Bibliographical Essay.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-9380-1
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  • 156
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    Problems in the Theory of Knowledge / Problèmes de la Théorie de la Connaissance (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401027649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 70 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Institute of Philosophy Entretiens in Helsinki / Institut International de Philosophie Entretiens de Helsinki, 24-27 August 1970 / 24-27 août 1970 1
    Series Statement: Institut International de Philosophie 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Table Des Matières -- Knowledge and Reasons -- Comments on Professor Williams’ “Knowledge and Reasons” -- Memory Re-Chained -- Connaissance et Reconnaissance -- De L’Evidence -- Wittgenstein on Certainty -- Comments on Professor Von Wright’s “Wittgenstein on Certainty” -- Kant Et La Connaissance De Soi.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2764-9
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  • 157
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    The Structure Underlying Measure Phrase Sentences (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028905
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (259p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Foundation of Language, Supplementary Series 17
    Series Statement: Foundations of Language Supplementary Series 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I. Measure Phrase Sentences; Some Observations -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Measure Phrases -- 3. Parameter Adjectives and Measure Adjectives -- 4. Semicopulas -- II. The Structure Underlying Simple MP Sentences -- 1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences -- 2. Similarities in the Behaviour of Simple MP Sentences -- 3. Possible Underlying Structures of Simple MP Sentences -- 4. Arguments for an Underlying WITH String -- 5. Recapitulation -- III. The Derivation of MP Sentences -- 1. Lexical Entries and Lexical Rules -- 2. When Does Reduction Occur? -- 3. A Non-Existent Neutral Parameter Adjective -- 4. Treating ‘Zijn’ as an Affix -- 5. Base Rules and Entries -- 6. The Transformational Derivation of MP Sentences -- 7. The Derivation of Measure Phrases -- IV. Duration Sentences -- 1. ‘Duren’ -- V. Epilogue.
    Abstract: I should like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor H. Schultink, whose criticisms and careful reading helped me to improve considerably upon the clarity of exposition while I wrote this study, and whose seemingly innocent requests to elaborate confronted me time and again with the need of revising or abandoning ideas I thought stood on firm ground. His support, and Dr. M. C. van den Toom's gratefully acknowl­ edged willingness to read and evaluate the manuscript enabled me to present this work as a thesis in the University of Utrecht. In more than one way, lowe a debt to Albert Kraak, Professor of Linguistics in the University of Nijmegen. His inspiring enthusiasm awakened my interest in linguistics when I was a student of his. He in­ troduced me to transformational grammar at a time when it seemed almost improper to talk about it, and the stimulating experience of writing a book on Dutch syntax together with him taught me invaluable lessons. I should also like to thank my friend and colleague Henk Verkuyl, to­ gether with whom I prepared an article on the subject of measuring duration in Dutch. Without our stimulating discussions on the subject, the fourth chapter of this study could never have been written in the present form. I am also indebted to him for criticisms and helpful suggestions. At an early stage I profited greatly from discussions with Pieter A. M.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2890-5
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  • 158
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    Brain Drain/Auszug des Geistes/ Exode des Cerveaux : A Selected Bibliography on Temporary and Permanent Migration of Skilled Workers and High-Level Manpower, 1967-1972 (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028455
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (78p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: European Demographic Monographs 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    Abstract: 1 Authors 001–261 -- 2 Articles in periodicals, papers, pamphlets 262–372 -- Indexes.
    Abstract: In 1967 S. Dedijer and L. Svennigson published their famous bibliography Brain Drain and Brain Gain, (Lund, 1968, index of authors, countries and regions). It contained 415 items from 40 countries and appeared at a time when the debate about the ad­ vantages and disadvantages of the brain drain was at its most intense. But the brain drain is still not a thing of the past - certain­ ly not for Europe. The European countries and those of the rest of the world are in different stages of transition. Industrialization has generally been associated, on the one hand with ever more rapid forms of trans­ portation and other forms of communication, a long-range rise in the per capita income, the exodus from the countryside to the cities and an enormous urbanization process, and the demand for improved social and economic security, on the other. But these characteristics tend to be more relative than absolute. It is not possible to make a distinct division between developed nations, and countries in various stages of development. All countries are constantly undergoing change and are in transition with respect to development. The constant migration of skilled workers and es­ pecially the search for better training and working conditions on the part of academically trained people is inseparable from this process of transition - i. e. from the phenomenon of long-range. permanent change. Fortunately this is not as deplorable as some observers would make it appear to be.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2845-5
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  • 159
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    Phänomenologie Heute : Festschrift für Ludwig Landgrebe (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 51
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 51
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Laudatio für Ludwig Landgrebe und Eugen Fink -- The Goal of a Complete Philosophy of Experience -- Phenomenology: A Break-Through to a New Intuitionism -- Reflexionen zur Lebenswelt-Thematik -- Über das „Bekannte“ oder nachdenkliches zum Problem der Vorstruktur -- Weltbezug und Seinsverständnis -- On the Systematic Unity of the Sciences -- Zur ältesten Systematik der Seelenlehre -- Das Ethos der Demokratie (Thukydides: Die Grabrede des Perikles) -- Zur mythologischen Rationalität der Praxis -- Das Problem der Geschichte bei Husserl, Hegel und Marx -- Phänomenologie und Pädagogik.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2838-7
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  • 160
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    The Edges of Augustanism : The Aesthetics of Spirituality in Thomas Ken, John Byrom and William Law (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401028196
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d’Histoire des Idees 53
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: One — Ken -- 1. The Critical Heritage -- 2. The Religious Background -- 3. The Aesthetics of Infinity -- 4. Neoclassicism -- 5. The Metaphysical Tradition -- 6. Poetic Diction -- Two — Byrom and Law -- 7. Light and Enlightenment -- 8. Deism and Modernism -- 9. From Quietism to Evangelicalism -- 10. Theological Renewal -- 11. Nature and Enthusiasm -- 12. Psychology and Aesthetics -- Conclusion -- Appendices.
    Abstract: It has recently been argued that the 18th century can no longer be 1 seen as gripped in the strait-jacket of Augustanism and Neoclassicism. Such labels are seen as doing less than justice to the rich variety of individual talents and intellectual trends which collectively constitute 18th century culture. While welcoming the interment of the long­ standing myth of the peace of the Augustans, there seems little point in placing an interdict on labels which, willy-nilly, have stuck. In economic, social and ecclesiastical terms there is an age between 1689 and 1789 whose homogeneity is reflected in its cultural products. There is a mainstream which the strength and variety of counter­ currents and cross-currents corroborate rather than disintegrate. It is the purpose of this study to reveal some aspects of this mainstream by examining certain cross-currents which overlap its edges. Hence the choice of Thomas Ken (1637-1711), John Byrom (1692-1763) and William Law (1686-1761).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2819-6
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  • 161
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    On the Compositional Nature of the Aspects (1972)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401724784
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 186 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics
    Abstract: I. Aspects as Semantic Primitives -- II. Aspects as Compound Categories -- III. The Upper Bound of the Aspects.
    Abstract: This book is a thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Utrecht. It was prepared under the supervision of Prof. Dr. H. Schultink. I would like to express my gratitude to him for his criticisms of earlier versions which led to many improvements, in particular with respect to the exposition of the argument. To my co-referent Dirk van Dalen, reader in the Department of Philo­ sophy (,Centrale Interfaculteit') of the University of Utrecht, I am greatly indebted for his valuable and fruitful suggestions about problems relevant to both linguistics and logic. Several ideas developed in this study owe their present concrete form to our many discussions. This thesis originates in syntactic research into the Aspects carried out in 1967 under the supervision of Albert Kraak, professor at the University of Nijmegen, who ever since gave much attention to my work in progress. I am very grateful to him for his careful and stimulating criticism as well as for the continuous support he gave me during these years. The present study closely relates to the work of my colleague Wim Klooster with regard to both its theoretical framework and its subject matter. Our joint work on the measurement of duration in Dutch is an integral part of the argument. I have greatly profited from the numerous discussions we have had.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2478-4
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  • 162
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    Vers une nouvelle philosophie transcendantale : La genèse de la philosophie de Maurice Merleau-Ponty jusqu’ à la Phénoménologie de la perception (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401029841
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 39
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Table des Matieres -- Chapitre I Les Annees de Formation -- 1. L’ étudiant -- 2. Les premières publications -- 3. Eloignements et rapprochements -- 4. Le problème fondamental -- Chapitre II La Pensee du Spectateur Etranger -- 1. Le comportement vu du dehors -- 2. La notion de structure -- 3. Vers une pensée purement structurale? -- 4. La notion de conscience (I) -- Chapitre III Entre la Pensee Naturee et la Pensee Naturante -- 1. La position du problème; l’hésitation de Descartes -- 2. L’analyse de l’acte de connaître -- 3. Le sens de l’attitude transcendantale -- 4. La notion de conscience (II) -- 5. Merleau-Ponty en 1938 -- Chapitre IV Vers une Nouvelle Philosophie Transcendantale -- 1. Etudes husserliennes -- 2. Le préjugé fondamental -- 3. Le vrai transcendantal -- 4. Jalons pour une «archéologie» -- Conclusion -- Appendice La Nature de la Perception -- Bibliographie Liste des ouvrages, articles, etc. de Merleau-Ponty -- Liste des ouvrages et des articles cités.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2984-1
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  • 163
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    Deontic Logic: Introductory and Systematic Readings (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031462
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: Deontic Logic: An Introduction -- New Foundations for Ethical Theory -- Some Main Problems of Deontic Logic -- A New System of Deontic Logic -- An Analysis of Some Deontic Logics -- Some Logics of Commitment and Obligation -- Deontic Logic and the Theory of Conditions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3146-2
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  • 164
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    Linear Programming (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401094627
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 89 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Library of Mathematics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: One: Convex Sets -- 1. Convex hulls, polytopes and vertices -- 2. Basic solutions of equations -- 3. Theorem of the separating hyperplane -- 4. Alternative solutions of linear inequalities 10 Exercises -- Two: The Theory of Linear Programming -- 1. Examples and classes of linear programmes -- 2. Fundamental duality theorem -- 3. Equilibrium theorems -- 4. Basic optimal vectors -- 5. Graphical method of solution -- Exercises -- Three: The Transportation Problem -- 1. Formulation of problem and dual -- 2. Theorems concerning optimal solutions -- 3. Method of solution with modifications for degeneracy -- 4. Other problems of transportation type -- Exercises -- Four: The Simplex Method -- 1. Preliminary discussion and rules -- 2. Theory of the simplex method -- 3. Further techniques and extensions -- Exercises -- Five: Game Theory -- 1. Two-person zero-sum games -- 2. Solution of games: saddle points -- 3. Solution of games: mixed strategies -- 4. Dominated and essential strategies -- 5. Minimax theorem -- 6. Solution of matrix games by simplex method -- Exercises -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- Solutions to Exercises.
    Abstract: Linear programming is a relatively modern branch of Mathe­ matics, which is a result of the more scientific approach to management and planning of the post-war era. The purpose of this book is to present a mathematical theory of the subject, whilst emphasising the applications and the techniques of solution. An introduction to the theory of games is given in chapter five and the relationship between matrix games and linear programmes is established. The book assumes that the reader is familiar with matrix algebra and the background knowledge required is covered in the book, Linear Equations by P.M. Cohn, of this series. In fact the notation used in this text conforms with that intro­ duced by Cohn. The book is based on a course of about 18 lectures given to Mathematics and Physics undergraduates. Several examples are worked out in the text and each chapter is followed by a set of examples. I am grateful to my husband for many valuable suggestions and advice, and also to Professor W. Ledermann, for encourag­ ing me to write this book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9462-7
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  • 165
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    Proceedings of the Third International Kant Congress : Held at the University of Rochester, March 30-April 4, 1970 (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401030991
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (740p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 4
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy—History.
    Abstract: I Papers Presented at Plenary Sessions -- Die Kantliteratur 1965–1969 -- Anhang / Kant-Bibliographie 1965–1969 -- The ‘Analogies’ and After -- Good Conscience, False Consciousness, Judging Reason -- From Kant to Peirce: The Semiotical Transformation of Transcendental Logic -- The Naturalistic Fallacy in Kant -- Kant und das Problem einer wissenschaftlichen Philosophie -- Kant and Anglo-Saxon Criticism -- The Conception of Lawlikeness in Kant’s Philosophy of Science -- Absolute Space and Absolute Motion in Kant’s Critical Philosophy -- On Buchdahl’s and Palter’s Papers -- II Papers Presented at Concurrent Sessions -- Transcendental Affinity — Kant’s Answer to Hume -- Concepts, Objects and the Analytic in Kant -- The Aim of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason -- Action and Reason; Aristotle vs. Kant -- The Copernican Revolution in Hume and Kant -- La ‘Position’ structurale d’existence -- Non-Pure Synthetic A Priori Judgments in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Kants ‘Ich-denke’ und Nietzsches ‘Wille zur Macht’ -- Kant’s Regulative Ideas and the ‘Objectivity’ of Reason -- Nietzsche’s Use and Abuse of Kant’s Philosophy -- Kant on Duties to, and Duties Regarding, Oneself or Others -- From Plato to Kant: The Problem of Truth -- B 132 Revisited -- Über das Moment der Allgemeingültigkeit des ästhetischen Urteils in Kants Kritik der Uteilskraft -- The Kingdom of Ends -- The Problem of Truth in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Kant’s Theorie des Praktischen -- Maimon’s Criticism of Reinhold’s ‘Satz des Bewusstseins’ -- Kant’s Attitude toward Human Perfection as a Moral Determinant -- Nietzsches Kantkritik und ihre Voraussetzungen -- Extensional and Intensional Interpretation of Synthetic Propositions A Priori -- Kant and Racism -- Kant’s Theory of the Structure of Empirical Scientific Inquiry and Two Implied Postulates Regarding Things in Themselves -- Sprachphilosophische Erwägungen zur Funktion von Signum und Symbolum in Kants kritischer Philosophie -- The Problem of an Ultimate Determining Ground in Kant’s Theory of the Will -- The Meaning of ‘Space’ in Kant -- Kant’s ‘Deduction’ in the Grundlegung -- On Kant, Frege, Analyticity, and the Theory of Reference -- The Unknowability of Things in Themselves -- Die Probleme der Deduktion des kategorischen Imperativs. (Ein Vorbericht) -- Kant’s Theory of Criminal Punishment -- Imagination as the Productive Faculty for ‘Creating Another Nature…’ -- Bemerkungen zu Kants Theorie der Erfahrung -- Noumenal Causality -- Kant and Goethe -- The Restrictive and Proliferative Function of Kant’s Regulative Ideas -- Are Transcendental Deductions Impossible? -- On the Development of Kant’s Transcendental Theology -- The Ptolemaic Counter-Revolution -- Kant’s Thesis about Being Anticipated by Suarez? -- Phenomena and Noumena: On the Use and Meaning of the Categories -- Kant’s Conception of the Autonomous Dual Self -- Wie sind Synthetische Urteile a priori Möglich? -- Kantkritik und Kantrenaissance im Neupositivismus -- Die Struktur der transzendentalen Apperzeption -- Early Reactions to the Publication of Leibniz’ Nouveaux Essais (1765) -- On the Subjectivity of Objective Space -- Kant as Philosophical Anthropologist -- Elements of Practice in Kant’s Reconstruction of Theory -- The Status of Kant’s Theory of Matter -- On Kant and the Refutation of Subjectivism -- Kant and Hobbes Concerning the Foundations of Political Philosophy -- Kant on False Promises -- III Contributions from the Kant-Archiv, Bonn -- The ‘Allgemeiner Kantindex’. (Abstract) -- The Kant Index. An Experiment in Modern Lexicographical Methods. Its Development and Present State -- Applications of Information Theory to the Analysis and Interpretation of Kantian Texts -- The Automatic Construction of a Theme Index -- Considerations on the Production of an Intrinsic Lexicon -- Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and Trivial Literature. A Comparison of ‘Open Texts’ -- On the Examination of Forms of Statement and Argument in Kant’s Language -- On Genitive Sequences in Kant and Their Automatic Recognition -- Results of the Work on Kant’s Index of Persons -- Kant’s Correspondence with Women. A Contribution to a Statistical Evaluation of Kant’s Correspondence. (Abstract) -- On the Development of the Term ‘Intuition’ in the Pre-Critical Writings of Kant, and Its Significance for Kant’s Aesthetics, with Particular Reference to the ‘Wortindex zu Kants Gesammelten Schriften’ -- Comment on Heidegger’s Interpretation of Kant. (Abstract) -- IV Abstracts of Papers Read at Concurrent Sessions -- Index of Names and Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3099-1
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  • 166
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    PSA 1970 : In Memory of Rudolf Carnap Proceedings of the 1970 Biennial Meeting Philosophy of Science Association (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031424
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 8
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Symposium: Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation -- Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation -- Explanation and Relevance: Comments on James G. Greeno’s ‘Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation’ -- Remarks on Explanatory Power -- Symposium: Capacities and Natures -- Capacities and Natures -- Capacities and Natures: An Exercise in Ontology -- Fisk on Capacities and Natures -- Symposium: History of Science and its Rational Reconstruction -- History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions -- Notes on Lakatos -- Research Programmes and Induction -- Can We Use the History of Science to Decide Between Competing Methodologies? -- Inter-Theoretic Criticism and the Growth of Science -- Replies to Critics -- Contributed Papers -- I. Observation -- Observation -- Feyerabend’s Pragmatic Theory of Observation and the Comparability of Alternative Theories -- Observations as the Building Blocks of Science in 20th-Century Scientific Thought -- II. Philosophical Problems of Biology -- Functionalism and the Negative Feedback Model in Biology -- Some Problems with the Concept of ‘Feedback’ -- Articulation of Parts Explanation in Biology and the Rational Search for Them -- III. Equivalence, Analyticity, and In-Principle Confirmability -- Theoretical Realism and Theoretical Equivalence -- Theoretical Analyticity -- The Confirmation Machine -- IV. Probability, Statistics and Acceptance -- Unknown Probabilities, Bayesianism, and de Finetti’s Representation Theorem -- New Dimensions of Confirmation Theory II: The Structure of Uncertainty -- Cost-Benefit vs Expected Utility Acceptance Rules -- Material Conditions on Tests of Statistical Hypotheses -- V. Problems in Quantum Physics; Genetic Epistemology -- Tachyons, Backwards Causation, and Freedom -- The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox Reexamined -- The Significance of Piaget’s Researches on the Psychogenesis of Atomism -- VI. Theoretical Pluralism; Understanding; Methodological Agreement -- Method and Factual Agreement in Science -- VII. Induction and Reduction -- Dispositional Probabilities -- On the Relation of Neurological and Psychological Theories: A Critique of the Hardware Thesis -- ‘Self-supporting’ Inductive Arguments -- VIII. Scientific Theories: Comparison and Change -- Ontological and Terminological Commitment and the Methodological Commensurability of Theories -- Objectivity, Scientific Change, and Self-Reference -- A Logical Empiricist Theory of Scientific Change? -- IX. The Future of Philosophy of Science; Theory in the Social Sciences -- The Structure, Growth and Application of Scientific Knowledge: Reflections on Relevance and the Future of Philosophy of Science -- From Logical Systems to Conceptual Populations -- Two Kinds of Theory in the Social Sciences -- X. Relativity and Congruence -- Einstein and the Lorentz-Poincaré Theory of Relativity -- Competing Radical Translations: Examples, Limitations and Implications -- Is ‘Congruence’ A Peculiar Predicate?.
    Abstract: This book contains the papers presented at the second biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held in Boston in Fall, 1970. We have added the paper by Jaakko Hintikka which he was unable to present due to illness, and we have unfortunately not received the paper of Michael Scriven. Otherwise, these proceedings are complete so far as formal presentations. The meeting itself was dedicated to the memory of Rudolf Carnap. This great man and distinguished philosopher had died shortly before. The five talks from the session devoted to recollections of Professor Carnap are printed at the beginning of this book, and they are followed by eight other tributes and memories. We are particularly grateful to Wolfgang Stegmiiller for permitting us to include a translation of his eloge which was broadcast in Germany. The photographs were kindly contributed by Hannah Thost-Carnap. ROGER C. BUCK Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University ROBER T S. COHEN Boston Center for the Philosophy of Science, Boston University Photograph by Francis Schmidt, 1935 Photograph by Adya, 1962 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v HOMAGE TO RUDOLF CARNAP XI Herbert Feigl, Carl G. Hempel, Richard C. Jeffrey, W. V. Quine, A. Shimony, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Herbert G. Bohnert, Robert S. Cohen, Charles Hartshorne, David Kaplan, Charles Morris, Maria Reichenbach, Wolfgang Stegmiiller SYMPOSIUM: THEORETICAL ENTITIES IN STATISTICAL EXPLANATION JAMES G. GREENO / Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation 3 WESLEY C. SALMON / Explanation and Relevance: Comments on James G.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3142-4
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  • 167
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    The Concepts of Value : Foundations of Value Theory (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401030939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (479p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Ethics.
    Abstract: 1. The Purpose of This Study -- 2. Overview of the Inquiry -- 3. Modes of Attending -- 4. The Instruments of Appraisal -- 5. Human Appraisives and General Appraisives -- 6. Definition and the Vocabulary of Appraisal -- 7. The Source and Habitat of Appraisive Terms -- 8. The Appraisives of Natural Languages -- 9. The Objectivity of Appraisals -- 10. The Reality of Value -- 11. Definition and the Understanding of Appraisives -- 12. Appraisive Creativity -- One: Procedures of Appraisal and Judgment -- 1.0 Satisfaction -- 2.0 Response -- 3.0 Appraisal -- 4.0 Enactment -- 5.0 Moral Judgment -- Conclusion of Part One -- Two: The Characterization of Man -- (A) Explanation of Term -- (B) Characterisms -- 6.0 Intellectual Characterization -- 7.0 Behavioral Characterization -- 8.0 Diathetic Characterization -- 9.0 Tendentive Characterization -- 10.0 Sex-Related Characterization -- 11.0 Sociative Characterization -- 12.0 Economic Characterization -- 13.0 Communitive Characterization -- 14.0 Virtue and Vice -- Three: General and Ultimate Appraisal -- 15.0 Commendation -- 16.0 Absolute Valents -- Conclusion of Part Three -- Appendices -- Appendix A. Objects of the Intellect -- A1.0 Significance -- A2.0 Ponence -- A3.0 Inference -- Appendix B. Transcendentives -- B1.0 Religious Appraisives -- B2.0 Transcendental Intensives -- Appendix C. Aesthetic Appraisives -- C1.0 Aesthetic Powers -- C2.0 Aesthetic Characterization -- C3.0 General Aesthetic Appraisives -- Appendix D. Humoristic Appraisives -- Appendix E. Physical Appraisives -- E1.0 Material Appraisives -- E2.0 Environmental Adaptives -- E3.0 Gustatives -- Appendix F. General Metaphysical Appraisives -- F1.0 Metaphysical Appraisives -- F2.0 Magnitudinal Appraisives -- Appendix G. Operatives -- Appendix H. Higher Order Appraisives -- Appendix J. Negations -- Index to Concepts -- Index to Persons and Subject Matter.
    Abstract: The task of presenting for explicit view the store of appraisive terms our language affords has been undertaken in the conviction that it will be of interest not only to ethics and other philosophical studies but also to various areas of social science and linguistics. I have principally sought to do justice to the complexities of this vocabulary, the uses to which it is put, and the capacities its use reflects. I have given little thought to whether the inquiry was philosophical and whether it was being conducted in a philosophical manner. Foremost in my thoughts were the tasks that appeared to need doing, among them these: explicit attention was to be given to the vocabulary by means of which we say we commend,judge, appraise, or evaluate subjects and subject matters in our experience; it was to be segregated from other language at least for the purpose of study; the types of appraisive resources that are at hand in a language such as English were to be classified in some convincing and not too artificial manner; and an empirical standpoint was to be developed for a better view of appraisal, evaluation, and judging within the framework of other ways we have of responding to our surround­ ings such as appetition and emotion on one side and factual registering and theorizing about states of affairs on the other. Such an inquiry has never been undertaken in quite this manner before.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3093-9
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  • 168
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    The Mirror of Salvation : A Moral Play of Everyman c. 1490 (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401175302
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Bibliotheca Neerlandica Extra Muros 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Romance languages
    Abstract: In two world wars waged within the life time of one generation Death reaped a prolific harvest. His most formidable scythe in former days was not war but pestilence. But since medical science has forged all kinds of weapons wherewith to strike that dreaded tool out of his knuckles he resorted in our lifetime to a new technique of morticulture which has yielded him un­ dreamt-of results. Using race hatred as fertilizer he has grown on the soil of the globe a crop of dead whose size baffles the imagination. The executioners whom he employed in Hitler's Germany kept careful record of the loathsome work they did for him in torture camps and gas chambers. They reckoned that six million Jews were delivered to Death by their efforts. In Holland alone only fifteen thousand of her one hundred and fifty­ thousand Jews survived the massacre. Death was the chief war profiteer. Though his inflated power was reduced by the overthrow of his Nazi henchmen, his innings are still large as he stalks across the world with his satellites Poverty, Hunger, and Disease.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7530-2
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  • 169
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    The Problem of Embodiment : Some Contributions to a Phenomenology of the Body (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401030144
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (306p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 17
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I: Marcel’s Theory of the Body as Mystery -- I: Introduction -- II: The Theory of the Body-Qua-Mine as Mystery -- III: Critical Remarks -- II: Sartre’s Ontology of the Body -- I: Introduction -- II: The Ontological Dimensions of the Body -- III: Critical Remarks -- III: Merleau-Ponty’s Theory of the Body-Proper -- I: Introduction -- II: The Theory of the Body -- III: Critical Remarks -- Epilogue.
    Abstract: Early in the first volume of his Ideen zu einer reinen Phiinomeno­ logie und phiinomenologischen Philosophie, Edmund Husserl stated concisely the significance and scope of the problem with which this present study is concerned. When we reflect on how it is that consciousness, which is itself absolute in relation to the world, can yet take on the character of transcendence, how it can become mundanized, We see straightaway that it can do that only by means of a certain participation in transcendence in the first, originary sense, which is manifestly the transcendence of material Nature. Only by means of the experiential relation to the animate organism does consciousness become really human and animal (tierischen), and only thereby does it achieve a place in the space and in the time of Nature. l Consciousness can become "worldly" only by being embodied within the world as part of it. In so far as the world is material Nature, consciousness must partake of the transcendence of material Nature. That is to say, its transcendence is manifestly an embodiment in a material, corporeal body. Consciousness, thus, takes on the characteristic of being "here and now" (ecceity) by means of experiential (or, more accurately, its intentive) relation to that corporeal being which embodies it. Accordingly, that there is a world for consciousness is a conse­ quence in the first instance of its embodiment by 2 that corporeal body which is for it its own animate organism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3014-4
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  • 170
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    Revolution, Idealism and Human Freedom : Schelling Hölderlin and Hegel and the Crisis of Early German Idealism (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401030335
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 45
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 45
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I: Setting -- II: Schelling (1792–1796) -- III: Hölderlin (1789–1798) -- IV: Hegel (1792–1800) -- V: Hölderlin and Hegel (1799–1800).
    Abstract: In this study I will present the intellectual development of Schelling, Holderlin and Hegel during their formative years. Because of their similar social origins, the early thought of these young Swabians, during the 1790's, should be treated as a unit. Their experience as roommates at the Stift in Tiibingen and their close intellectual fellowship throughout the nineties made each extremely responsive to the others ideas. As mem­ bers of the political elite in Wiirttemberg, their intellectual assumptions were profoundly affected by the crisis of Wiirttemberg and German political society and by the events of the French Revolution in a way ex­ plicable only in the light of their Swabian heritage. So, for example, seen in the context of HOlderlin's and Schelling's thinking, the genesis of Hegel's earliest mature philosophical assumptions appears to be not so much an event in the history of philosophy as a specific solution to the problems raised by the crisis of his society. The crucial role of Holderlin in the history of German Idealism should also become apparent as a result of this study. For reasons developed in the following, Holderlin's thinking bridged the gap not only between Kantianism and the new philosophy, which was to come to fruition in Hegel's mature thought, but also between the republican and the natio­ nalist phase in the history of German political thought.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3033-5
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  • 171
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    The Waning of the Renaissance 1640-1740 : Studies in the Thought and Poetry of Henry More, John Norris and Isaac Watts (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401030083
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives internationales d’histoire des ideés 39
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: One The Source: Henry More -- 1. Introduction: The Fourth Ground of Certainty -- 2. Philosophy: Descartes and Plato -- 3. Religion: Latitude and Pietism -- 4. Aesthetics: From Metaphysical to Romantic -- 5. More’s Work as Literature -- Two The Verge: John Norris -- 6. Introduction: A Transitional Figure -- 7. Norris and the Enlightenment -- 8. Philosophy: “Platonic Gibberish” -- 9. Religion: The Grounds of Assent -- 10. Poetry: The Last of the Metaphysicals -- Three The Result: Isaac Watts -- 11. Introduction: Classicism and the Enlightenment -- 12. The English Enlightenment -- 13. “Free Philosophy” -- 14. Sunk Religion -- 15. Aesthetics -- 16. The Sublime -- 17. The Metaphysical Tradition -- 18. Classicism: The Art of Sinking -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: It is not always easy to maintain a proper balance between the delineation of cultural development within a given literary field and the claims of practical criticism. And yet if the history of ideas is to be more than a pastime for the student of literature, it must be rooted in the precise art of discrimination. The following chapters attempt to describe and evaluate a particular cultural development by relating the background of ideas to the literary achievement of three writers. It will be sufficient here to out­ line the nature of the problem, and the method and approach employed. The concept of cultural development implies a recognition of the con­ nections between ideology and aesthetics. There are at least two ways of exploring such connections. The one, pioneered by Basil Willey, seeks to situate the critical moments of our cultural development in the back­ ground of ideas, without which the contribution of a particular author cannot be justly evaluated. The danger of such an approach is that the task of discrimination comes to depend over-heavily on extra-literary criteria.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3008-3
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  • 172
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    Motivation and the Moral Sense in Francis Hutcheson’s Ethical Theory (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401029711
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees International Archives of the History of Ideas 46
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 46
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: Hutcheson’s Life and Works -- Method of Treatment -- I.Hutcheson’s Theory of Motivation -- The Origins and Distinctive Characteristics of Hutcheson’s -- Theory of Motivation -- Hutcheson’s Refutation of Egoism -- Hutcheson’s Treatment of Desire and Pleasure -- The Calm Desires -- The Place of Reason in Conduct -- Concluding Comments on Hutcheson’s Theory of Motivation -- II. Hutcheson’s Moral Sense Theory -- Shaftesbury’s Influence -- The Epistemological Background of Hutcheson’s Moral Sense Theory -- The Nature and Function of the Moral Sense -- The Nature of Moral Judgments -- III. The Moral Sense and Motivation -- Introductory Statement of Problem -- Hutcheson’s Criticisms of the Rationalists -- The Moral Sense and Motivation -- Obligation and motivation -- Concluding Remarks -- IV. Motivation and the Moral Sense in Hutgheson’s Later Works -- V. Concluding Remarks -- The Moral Sense and Moral Feelings -- The Justification of Moral Judgments -- The Nature of Moral Judgments -- Motivation and the Moral Sense -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: Although the works of Francis Hutcheson are unfamiliar to most students of philosophy, it cannot be said that he has been entirely ignored. To be sure, most of the recent writers who deal with Hutcheson's philosophy do so in the course of writing about Hutcheson's famous contemporary, David Hume. This is true, for example, of Norman Kemp Smith, whose book entitled The Philosophy of David Hume 1 includes much detailed information concerning Hume's indebtedness to Hutcheson. But others have written about Hutcheson on his own account. William R. Scott's Francis Hutcheson,2 although mainly biographical and historical, is well worth reading. In his article "Some Reflections on Moral-Sense Theories in Ethics," 3 C. D. Broad presents a sustained analysis of the sort of theory held by Hutcheson. D. Daiches Raphael's The Moral Sense 4 is competent, interesting, and especially valuable in its treatment of epistemological issues surrounding the moral sense theory. William K. Frankena's article entitled "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory" Ji is search­ ing and profound. And, most recent of all, a book by William T. Black­ stone has appeared entitled Francis Hutcheson and Contemporary Ethi­ cal Theory. 6 One of the difficulties encountered in presenting a study of Hutcheson is that all of his books are extremely rare. Fortunately, L. A. Selby-Bigge'l) 1 Nonnan Kemp Smith, The Philosophy of David Hume (London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited, 1949). Ii William Robert Scott, Francis Hutcheson (Cambridge, Eng. : Cambridge Uni­ venity Press, 1900).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2971-1
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  • 173
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    Proclus: Alcibiades I : A Translation and Commentary (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401727808
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 250 p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Greek philology ; Greek language.
    Abstract: Proclus the Successor on the first Alcibiades of Plato -- Fragments -- Select Bibliography -- Select Index to the Commentary -- Addenda et Corrigenda.
    Abstract: This translation and commentary is based on the Critical Text and Indices of Proclus: Commentary on the First Alcibiades of Plato, Amsterdam 1954, by L. G. Westerink. Index II has been of great help in the translation, and the commentary is much indebted to the critical apparatus. Dr. Westerink has also been kind enough to forward his views on the relatively few problems which the Greek text has presented. A further debt is owed to the review of Dr. Westerink's text by Prof. E. R. Dodds in GNOMON 1955 p. 164-1, chiefly for some references and some emendations to the Greek text. W. R. M. Lamb's Loeb translation of Alcibiades I has helped considerably in construing the lemmata, which Signor Antonio Carlini has found to have been inserted by a later hand from a Plato MSS. of the W family. Evidence for this is their discrepancy with the text as read in the main body of the commentary (d. Studi Classici e Orientali, vol. x, Pisa 1961). On the personal side, the whole work has received the benefit of constant advice from Prof. A. H. Armstrong. It was he who first suggested the undertaking, and he has been kind enough to read through the translation and commentary, making many corrections and helpful suggestions. In particular lowe him the parallels with Plotinus and thanks for a Socratic patience in my more obtuse moments.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2780-8
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  • 174
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    Henry Home, Lord Kames and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Study in National Character and in the History of Ideas (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401717656
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 358 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées 41
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I Chiefly Biographical and Historical -- I. Family Background and Early Years -- II. The Years of his Advocateship -- III. Lord Kames as Lord of Session and Lord of Justiciary -- IV. The High-Court Judge and the World of Letters: Historical and Biographical -- V. At Home and among Friends: Domestic Relations and Sociability -- VI. “I Fly to my Farm”: A Gentleman Farmer in Overalls -- VII. “For the Good of my Country”: A Study in Public Spirit and Public Service -- VIII. Political Activities and Concern with Public Affairs -- IX. Personal Credo and Life Values -- X. Summary Characterization of Kames the Man -- II Chiefly Theoretical: Lines of Kames’s Thinking and His Contributions to the World of Ideas -- XI. Common-Sense Philosopher and Observer of the Ways of Men -- XII. Through the Eyes of Clio: The Historical Approach -- XIII. Kames’s Philosophy of Law; or, his General View of Jurisprudence -- XIV. Literary Criticism and the Question of Style in Writing -- XV. Education and the Status of Women, and some Anthropological Miscellanies -- XVI. Political and Economic Theory -- XVII. The High-Court Judge and Common-Sense Philosopher Looks at Religion -- XVIII. Summary and Evaluation Dynamic Relations between the Man and the Movement of Life and Thought and Culture -- Appendices -- 1. Selections from Kames’s Letters -- 2. Selections from Prefaces, Dedications, etc. -- 3. Proposal for the Reform of Entails -- 4. A Universal Prayer -- 5. Epitaph by a Friend -- 6. Home—Drummond Family Postscript -- Bibliography of Kames’s Publications -- Princepal Sources on Karnes’ Life and Background -- General Bibliography.
    Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to present the life and work and thought of a remarkable pioneering figure on the Scottish scene over the middle half, broadly, of the eighteenth century, in their dynamic relations with that most extraordinary intellectual awakening and scientific, edu­ cational, literary and religious development of his time generally known as the "Scottish Enlightenment. " That movement in thought and culture was indeed in more ways than one a unique phenomenon in the history of western culture, comparable, in its own manner and measure, as we shall attempt to point out later, with such history-making movements or epochs as the Age of Pericles in Greece, the Augustan Age in Rome, the Renaissance movement in Italy and Western Europe generally, the up-surge both in science and in letters in England in the seventeenth century, and the contemporary movement in France associated with the Encyclopedists. This Scottish Enlightenment, often also spoken of as the "Awakening of Scotland," was of course more than a movement merely on the intel­ lectual and cultural level. It had also political bearings and was rather directly conditioned by events and changes in the political arena, begin­ ning with the Union with England in 1707; and even more directly was it accompanied and conditioned by social and economic changes which were in a short span of time to transform the face of this far-northern country almost beyond recognition.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1765-6
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  • 175
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    Logische Schriften : Grosses Logikfragment - Grundgesetze des Sollens (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401030694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (357p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 3
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: Ernst Mallys Lebensgang und philosophische Entwicklung -- Gegenstandstheorie — Logik — Deontik -- Bemerkungen zu Mallys später Logik -- Bemerkungen zum Text -- Grosses Logik Fragment -- Vorwort -- Formalismus I -- Formalismus II -- Formalismus III -- Briefe -- Grundgesetze des Sollens -- Vorwort -- I. Grundlagen -- II. Nächste Folgerungen -- III. Das Wollen und die Tatsachen -- IV. Das Richtige Wollen -- Bibliographie -- Nachlaß Mally in der Universitätsbibliothek Graz -- Namenverzeichnis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3069-4
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  • 176
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    Bergson and Modern Physics : A Reinterpretation and Re-evaluation (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401030960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (440p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 7
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Bergson’s Biological Theory of Knowledge -- 1. The Classical Biological Theory of Knowledge: Herbert Spencer -- 2. The Intermediate Stage: Helmholtz, Mach and Poincaré -- 3. Bergson’s Amendment of the Classical Biological Theory of Knowledge -- 4. Why Mechanical-Pictorial Models Failed -- 5. The Contrast Between Technical Control and Intellectual Insight: The Persistent Influence of Macroscopic Imagery -- 6. Limitations of Panmathematism -- 7. Negative aspects of Bergson’s Epistemology — Its Relations to Bachelard, Bridgman and Empirio-Criticism -- 8. Bergson, Reichenbach and Piaget -- 9. Logic of Solid Bodies from Plato to Quine -- II. Bergson’s Theory of Duration -- 1. The Meaning of Immediacy -- 2. Content of the Bergsonian Intuition -- 3. The Dynamic Continuity of Duration -- 4. The Incompleteness of Duration: Novelty and its Denials -- 5. Superfluity of Succession in the Deterministic Schemes -- 6. The Leibniz-Fouillé Argument for the Compatibility of Succession and Determinism -- 7. The Heterogeneity of Duration: Lovejoy-Ushenko’s Objections -- 8. The Deeper Meaning of the ‘Indivisible Heterogeneity’ of Duration -- 9. The Unreality of Durationless Instants: Becoming Not MatheMatically Continuous -- 10. The Inadequacy of the Atomistic Theory of Time -- 11. The Unity and Multiplicity of Duration: Bergson, Russell and Brouwer -- 12. Immortality of the Past: Bergson and Whitehead -- 13. James’s and Bergson’s Views of the Past Compared -- 14. The Irreversibility of Duration: The Comments of Royce and Ingarden -- 15. Duration as Concrete Universal. Bergson and Croce -- 16. An Outline of Bergon’s Philosophy of Mathematics -- III. Bergson’s Theory of the Physical World and its Relations to Contemporary Physics -- 1. The Reality of Duration in the Physical World and its Implications -- 2. Different Degrees of Temporal Span. Microcosmos as Micro-chronos -- 3. Two Fundamental Questions -- 4. The Rejection of the Cartesian Dogma of the Completely Extensionless Mind -- 5. The Correlation of Different Temporal Rhythms with Different Degrees of Extension -- 6. Juxtaposition as the Ideal Limit of Distended Duration -- 7. The Negation of Instantaneous Space in the Relativistic Physics -- 8. Bergson and Einstein. The Physical World as Extensive Becoming -- 9. Limitations and Usefulness of the Corpuscular Models -- 10. Change without Vehicle and Container. Fallacy of Simple Location -- 11. Limits of the Criticism of Simple Location: Contemporary Independence -- 12. The Indeterminacy of Microphysical Events. Bergson and Boutroux -- 13. Bergson and Louis De Broglie -- 14. Physical Events as Proto-Mental Entities. Bergson, White-head and Bohm -- 15 The Significance and the Limitations of Auditory Models. Bergson and Strawson -- 16. Concluding Remarks: the World of Laplace and the World of Bergson -- Appendix I. Russell’s Hidden Bergsonism -- Appendix II. Microphysical Indeterminacy and Free-Dom. Bergson and Peirce -- Appendix III. Bergson’s Thoughts on Entropy and Cosmogony -- Additional Selected Bibliography -- Extract from Bergson’s Letter -- Index of Names and Subjects.
    Abstract: Milic Capek has devoted his scholarship to the history and philosophy of modern physics. With impeccable care, he has mastered the epistemologi­ cal and scientific developments by working through the papers, treatises, correspondence of physicists since Kant, and likewise he has put his learning and critical skill into the related philosophical literature. Coming from his original scientific career with a philosophy doctorate from the Charles University in Prague, Capek has ranged beyond a narrowly defined philosophy of physics into general epistemology of the natural sciences and to the full historical evolution of these matters. He has ex­ pounded his views on these matters in a number of articles and, systema­ tically, in his book The Philosophical Impact of Contemporary PhYSiCS, published in 1961 and reprinted with two new appendices in 1969. His particular gift for many of his readers and students lies in the great period from the mid-nineteenth century through the foundations of the physics and philosophy of the twentieth, and within this spectacular time, Profes­ sor Capek has become a principal expositor and sympathetic critic of the philosophy of Henri Bergson. He joins a distinguished group of scholars -physicists and philosophers -who have been stimulated to some of their most profound and imaginative thought by Bergson's metaphysical and psychological work: Cassirer, Meyerson, de Broglie, Metz, Jankelevitch, Zawirski, and in recent years, Costa de Beauregard, Watanabe, Blanche, and others.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3096-0
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  • 177
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    Studies in Whitehead’s Philosophy (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401181358
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Kant and Whitehead, and the Philosophy of Mathematics -- Whitehead on Symbolic Reference -- The Understanding of the Past -- Causal Efficacy and Continuity In Whitehead’s Philosophy -- Whitehead’s “Actual Occasion” -- The Philosophy of Charles Hartshorne -- The Metaphysics of Whitehead’s Feelings.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-8135-8
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  • 178
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    What I Do Not Believe, and Other Essays (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031080
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (412p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 38
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Philosophy of Science -- I. A Picture Theory of Theory-Meaning -- II. On Elementary Particle Theory -- III. Some Philosophical Aspects of Contemporary Cosmologies -- IV. Stability Proofs and Consistency Proofs: A Loose Analogy -- II / History of Science -- V. Leverrier: The Zenith and Nadir of Newtonian Mechanics -- VI. The Contributions of Other Disciplines to 19th Century Physics -- III / General Philosophy -- VII. On Being in Two Places at Once -- VIII. Copernicus’ Rôle in Kant’s Revolution -- IX. It’s Actual, so It’s Possible -- X. On Having the Same Visual Experiences -- XI. Mental Events Yet Again: Retrospect on Some Old Arguments -- IV / Logic -- XII. Imagining the Impossible -- XIII. On the Impossibility of Any Future Metaphysics -- XIV. Good Inductive Reasons -- XV. A Budget of Cross-Type Inferences, or Invention is the Mother of Necessity -- XVI. The Irrelevance of History of Science to Philosophy of Science -- XVII. The Idea of a Logic of Discovery -- V / Religion -- XVIII. The Agnostic’s Dilemma -- XIX. What I Don’t Believe -- VI / The Theory Of Flight -- Introduction, by Edward MacKinnon, S.J. -- XX. Lecture One: The Discovery of Air -- XXI. Lecture Two: The Shape of An Idea -- XXII. Lecture Three: The Idea of a Shape.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3108-0
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  • 179
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    Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031448
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (103p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 34
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: I: The Zermelo/Fraenkel Axioms of Set Theory -- II: Ordinals, Cardinals -- III: The Axiom of Foundation -- IV: The Reflection Principle -- V: The Set of Expressions -- VI: Ordinal Definable Sets. Relative Consistency of the Axiom of Choice -- VII: Fraenkel/Mostowski Models. Relative Consistency of the Negation of the Axiom of Choice (without the Axiom of Foundation) -- VIII: Constructible Sets. Relative Consistency of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis.
    Abstract: This book presents the classic relative consistency proofs in set theory that are obtained by the device of 'inner models'. Three examples of such models are investigated in Chapters VI, VII, and VIII; the most important of these, the class of constructible sets, leads to G6del's result that the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis are consistent with the rest of set theory [1]I. The text thus constitutes an introduction to the results of P. Cohen concerning the independence of these axioms [2], and to many other relative consistency proofs obtained later by Cohen's methods. Chapters I and II introduce the axioms of set theory, and develop such parts of the theory as are indispensable for every relative consistency proof; the method of recursive definition on the ordinals being an import­ ant case in point. Although, more or less deliberately, no proofs have been omitted, the development here will be found to require of the reader a certain facility in naive set theory and in the axiomatic method, such e as should be achieved, for example, in first year graduate work (2 cycle de mathernatiques).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3144-8
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  • 180
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    The Downfall of Cartesianism 1673-1712 : A Study of Epistemological Issues in Late 17th Century Cartesianism (1971)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401029629
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (166p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 11
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- A Characterization of a Scholastic Explanation of Perception and Knowing -- The Development of the Distinction between Primary and Secondary Qualities before Descartes -- II. Simon Fougher -- Life and Works -- His Academic Scepticism and his Positive Position -- III. Late 17th Century Cartesian Metaphysics and Criticisms of it -- A Model Late 17th Century Cartesian Metaphysical System -- Foucher’s Major Criticisms of Cartesian Metaphysics -- IV. The Controversy Concerning Ideas Between Malebranche and Foucher -- Foucher’s Reading of the First Volume of the First Edition of Malebranche’s Recherche -- Foucher’s Criticisms of the Malebranchian Way of Ideas -- Malebranche’s Response to Foucher and the Failure of the Malebranchian Way of Ideas -- V. The Orthodox (Non-Occasionalist) Cartesian Way of Ideas -- Robert Desgabets: The Orthodox Cartesian Suggestion of Non-resembling Representative Ideas -- Foucher’s Reply to Desgabets -- Louis de La Forge: The Orthodox Cartesian Dependence upon God -- Jacque Rohault: The Denial of the Causal Likeness Principle -- Pierre-Sylvain Régis: The Dependence upon Inexplicable Causal Relations -- Antoine Le Grand: Ideas as Nature’s Signs -- Antoine Arnauld: Representative Perceptions -- VI. An Analysis of the Cartesian Failures to Solve Problems Facing Cartesianism -- Ideas as Natural Signs -- The Mechanical Notion of Causation -- External Ideas -- Direct Acquaintance -- The Cartesian Dependence upon the Likeness Principles and the Ontology of Substance and Modification -- VII. Post-Cartesian Developments of the Way of Ideas -- Monistic Solutions to Cartesian Problems -- John Locke -- George Berkeley -- David Hume -- VIII. Leibniz and Foucher -- The Correspondence between Leibniz and Foucher Concerning First Principles, Certain Knowledge, and the External World -- Leibniz’s New System and Foucher’s Criticisms of It -- Leibniz’s Notion of Matter -- Leibniz’s Solutions to Cartesian Problems -- IX. Conclusion -- Appendix I A Table of the Principles of a Lateth Century Cartesian Metaphysical System -- Appendix II. A Schematic Outline of Foucher’s Criticisms of Car- tesianism -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Phenomenalism, idealism, spiritualism, and other contemporary philo­ sophical movements originating in the reflective experience of the cogito witness to the immense influence of Descartes. However, Carte­ sianism as a complete metaphysical system in the image of that of the master collapsed early in the 18th century. A small school of brilliant Cartesians, almost all expert in the new mechanistic science, flashed like meteors upon the intellectual world of late 17th century France to win well-deserved recognition for Cartesianism. They were accompanied by a scintillating comet, Ma1ebranche, the deviant Cartesian, now remembered as the orthodox Cartesians are not. However, all these bright lights faded upon the philosophical horizon, almost as soon as they appeared. The metaphysical dualism of Des­ cartes was, as such, neither to be preserved nor reconstructed. There are many reasons why the Cartesian system did not survive the victory over Scholasticism which Descartes, Malebranche, and the others had won. Newtonian physics very soon replaced Cartesian physics. The practical interest and success of the new science which the Cartesians themselves had nurtured drew men down from the lofty realms of metaphysics. On the popular front, Cartesianism was attacked and ridiculed for the view that animals are unthinking machines. In the schools of Paris and elsewhere, there was the general but severe opposition of pedants, which is perhaps of more historical than philosophical interest.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2962-9
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  • 181
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    Collected Papers III : Studies in Phenomenological Philosophy (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401534567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXIII, 191 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 22
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: William James’s Concept of the Stream of Thought Phenomenologically Interpreted -- Edmund Husserl’s Ideas, Volume II -- Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Social Sciences (Ideas, Volume III by Edmund Husserl) -- The Problem of Transcendental Intersubjectivity in Husserl -- Discussion by Eugen Fink and Response by the Author to Fink and Other Critics -- Type and Eidos in Husserl’s Late Philosophy -- I. The Preacquaintedness of the World and its Objects; Inner and Outer Horizon -- II. Empirical Types and Universals -- III. Constitution of Universal Objectivities in the Predicative Sphere -- IV. The Enlargement of the Notion of Typicality in Husserl’s “Krisis” -- V. Type and Eidos -- VI. Some Critical Remarks -- Some Structures of the Life-World -- Max Scheler’s Philosophy -- Max Scheler’s Epistemology and Ethics -- Table of Contents of Volumes I, II and III.
    Abstract: Alfred Schutz devoted his life to a clarification of the foun­ dations of the social sciences. His first formulation of the perti­ nent problems is contained in DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAu DER SOZIALEN WELT, EINE EINLEITUNG IN DIE VERSTEHENDE SOZIOLOGIE, now available in a second unrevised German edition with an English translation in preparation. Since I932, the date of this work, Alfred Schutz pursued painstaking and detailed investigations of issues which arose in connection with his early endeavors. These investigations were originally published as a series of essays and monographs over a period of about twenty years and are now assembled in the COLLECTED PAPERS of which this is the third and final volume. They form a unitary whole insofar as a common core of problems and theoretical ideas is presented from varying perspectives. Together DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAu DER SOZIALEN WELT and the three volumes of COL­ LECTED PAPERS set forth a comprehensive and consistent theory of the world of everyday life as the reality with which the social sciences are essentially concerned. Alfred Schutz was preparing a systematic presentation of his theory and of the results of his investigations into the struc­ tures of the world of everyday life when death overtook him. The manuscript containing the final statement of his philosophical and sociological thinking was not completely ready for publi­ cation at the time of his death. It is now being brought into book form by Professor Thomas Luckmann, one of his former students.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-3456-7
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  • 182
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    L’imagination selon Husserl (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 34
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Table des Matières -- Introduction: Questions de Methode -- Chapitre I. Imagination et Intentionnalite -- § 1. Les notions de vécu intentionnel ou acte et d’objet intentionnel. Le rôle des sensations et des caractères d’actes dans la constitution des vécus intentionnels. -- § 2. Rappel historique de la problématique de l’imagination. Incidence de la doctrine husserlienne de l’intentionnalité sur cette problématique. -- § 3. L’extension du terme d’imagination chez Husserl: l’imagination libre et la conscience d’image. Quelques remarques sur le vocabulaire husserlien. -- Conclusion -- Chapitre II. Imagination et Intuition -- § 1. Signification et intuition. Intentions vides et intentions remplies. -- § 2. Remplissement et connaissance. L’imagination est une conscience remplie. -- § 3. Caractérisation de la perception, de l’imagination et de la conscience de signe par les formes de remplissement. -- § 4. Les deux sens du terme plénitude. Plénitude-présence objective et adéquation. L’adéquation réalisée par la perception et l’adéquation réalisée par l’imagination. -- § 5. Intuition catégoriale et imagination -- Conclusion -- Chapitre III. Imagination et Presentification -- § 1. La plénitude immanente et les contenus représentants. -- § 2. La présentification, forme appréhensive de l’imagination. Vergegenwärtigung, Repräsentation, Vorstellung. -- § 3. Le «phantasme». -- § 4. Présentification et temporalité. -- § 5. La double intentionnalité de la présentification: la présentification de l’acte et la présentification de l’objet. -- § 6. La présentification catégoriale est-elle possible? -- § 7. Description noématique des actes de présentification. Présentifications simples et présentifications redoublées. -- § 8. Imagination, genèse passive -- § 9. Imagination et liberté. -- Conclusion -- Chapitre IV. Imagination et Neutralization -- § 1. La notion de simple représentation. -- § 2. Simple représentation, modification qualitative et neutralisation. -- § 3. La modification de neutralité. Noème et contre-noème. -- § 4. L’imagination en tant que modification représentative (présentification) et en tant que modification qualitative (neutralisation). L’accord de ces deux notions dans les Log. Unt., dans Zeitbew. et dans Ideen I. -- § 5. Le monde «comme si» de l’imagination. -- § 6. Recoupement de la problématique de l’imagination avec la problématique de la réduction transcendantale. -- Conclusion -- Conclusion Generale -- Bibliographie -- Index Analytique -- Index D’auteurs.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3192-9
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  • 183
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    Formal Methods : An Introduction to Symbolic Logic and to the Study of Effective Operations in Arithmetic and Logi (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401032698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, A Series of Monographs on the Recent Development of Symbolic Logic, Significs, Sociology of Language, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, Statistics of Language and Related Fields 4
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: I. Purely Implicational Logic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Deduction-Theoretic Approach -- 3. Semantic Approach -- 4. Axiomatic Approach -- 5. Completeness -- II. Full Sentential Logic -- 6. Introduction -- 7. Introduction of Further Sentential Connectives -- III. Theory of Quantification, Equality, and Functionality -- 8. Notation -- 9. Reduction Schemata -- 10. Axiomatic Method -- 11. Weak Completeness Theorems -- 12. Equality -- 13. Functionality -- IV. Completeness of Elementary Logic -- 14. Introduction -- 15. Quantification Theory -- 16. Theory of Equality and Functionality -- V. The Formalization of Arithmetic and its Limitations -- 17. An Axiom System for Arithmetic -- 18. Syntactic Incompleteness -- 19. Semantic Incompleteness -- 20. Logic of Higher Order -- VI. The Theory of Definition -- 21. Introduction -- 22. Definability of Primitive Notions -- 23. Padoa’s Method -- 24. Definition-Theoretic Incompleteness -- VII. On Machines Which Prove Theorems -- 25. Introduction — Computation and Formal Deduction -- 26. Formal Deduction and Computing Machines -- 27. The Subformula Principle -- 28. Semantic Tableaux and Natural Deduction -- 29. Complications -- 30. Introduction of New Individual Parameters -- 31. Types of Logical Problems -- 32. Concluding Remarks -- Appendix: Supplementary Explanations -- 33. Formal Description of Deduction by Closed Semantic Tableaux -- 34. Independence -- 35. Intuitionistic Logic and Minimal Calculus -- 37. Elementary Logic with Equality and Terms -- 39. Semantic Rules for Quantification Theory -- 40. Deduction-Theoretic Treatment of the Theory of Quantification -- 41. Numerical Computation -- 42. The Interpolation Theorem of Craig-Lyndon -- List of Schemata and Axioms -- (A) Sources -- (B) Recommended Reading -- (C) Periodicals -- Index of Authors and Subjects.
    Abstract: Many philosophers have considered logical reasoning as an inborn ability of mankind and as a distinctive feature in the human mind; but we all know that the distribution of this capacity, or at any rate its development, is very unequal. Few people are able to set up a cogent argument; others are at least able to follow a logical argument and even to detect logical fallacies. Nevertheless, even among educated persons there are many who do not even attain this relatively modest level of development. According to my personal observations, lack of logical ability may be due to various circumstances. In the first place, I mention lack of general intelligence, insufficient power of concentration, and absence of formal education. Secondly, however, I have noticed that many people are unable, or sometimes rather unwilling, to argue ex hypothesi; such persons cannot, or will not, start from premisses which they know or believe to be false or even from premisses whose truth is not, in their opinion, sufficient­ ly warranted. Or, if they agree to start from such premisses, they sooner or later stray away from the argument into attempts first to settle the truth or falsehood of the premisses. Presumably this attitude results either from lack of imagination or from undue moral rectitude. On the other hand, proficiency in logical reasoning is not in itself a guarantee for a clear theoretic insight into the principles and foundations of logic.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3269-8
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    The Return Movement of Jews to Austria after the Second World War : With special consideration of the return from Israël (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401197816
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 130 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Publications of the Research Group for European Migration Problems 16
    Series Statement: Research Group for European Migration Problems 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History ; Religion.
    Abstract: I Background and Holocaust -- A. The Position of Jewish Return to Austria within the Framework of General Return -- B. Jewish Return to Austria within the Framework of the Jewish Post-war Situation -- C. Certain Sociological Aspects of Austrian Jewry -- D. The Movement of the Jewish Population during the Holocaust (1938–1945) -- II The Return of the Jewish Population to Austria after the Second World War -- A. The three Groups of Jewish Population in Austria -- B. Some Aspects of Jewish Post-War Population -- C. The 2% Sample Survey of the Jewish Returnee Population in Vienna -- D. Six Case Studies -- III The Return of the Jewish Population from Israel -- A. Emigration and Re-emigration from Israel -- B. Austrian and German Immigration and Return -- C. The 5% Sample Survey -- D. General Comparison between the two Samples -- E. Tentative Conclusions -- Tables.
    Abstract: The saga of Jewish flight, suffering and death has been investi­ gated from different points of view, and various aspects of this sad chapter of Jewish history have been carefully studied. There is, however, one aspect which has had little attention from Jewish sociologists; perhaps because it is an anticlimax to heroism and monumental suffering; even more, because the whole group imbues a feeling of discomfort, an aftermath that should not have been, a chapter that had better not been written ... "Historically, this group has survived its own past; but humans do not experience their own life as history ... "1 This group is but a very small remnant: those who returned to the very "doomed soil" the very countries in which all the worst atrocities against European Judaism originated. Usually, they do not come back with an easy heart, they experience the anger and sadness of fellow-Jews who condemn them. They also feel their own guilt - yet they return ... How many of them there are is impossible to calculate. Not only were post-war records faulty; but Jewish organisations differed with others and in their own records in the definition of "return" so that all comparisons can be only on the level of careful esti­ mates at best. Lastly, in common with other return groups, there is the unknown number who never registered with those organi­ sations keeping any type of records (e.g. Jewish organisations).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-9781-6
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  • 185
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    Anthony Collins The Man and His Works (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401032179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Jackman, Sydney W. [Rezension von: O'Higgins, James, Anthony Collins. The Man and His Works] 1973
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idées 35
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I. Early Friends and Influences -- II. The Library at Great Baddow -- III. The Precursors of Collins -- IV. The Essay on the Use of Reason -- Appendix I. Collins’First Book -- Appendix II. English Deists In The Seventeenth Century -- Appendix III. Collins and Bayle -- V. The Question of Thinking Matter -- VI. The Discourse of Freethinking -- VII. The Philosophical Inquiry on Free-Will -- VIII. County Justice and Treasurer -- IX. The Twentieth Article -- Appendix. Lamb’s Arguments on the Corpus Christi Manuscript of 1563 -- X. The Attack on the Prophecies -- Appendix. Jewish Polemical Works -- XI. The Reaction to Collins Abroad -- Appendix. “Nouvelles Libertés de Penser” -- XII. Last Years -- Appendix. Desmaizeaux and Collins.
    Abstract: This book is the study of a man who caught my interest both because of his own character and of the variety of his activities. It is an attempt to see him in his relationship, intellectual and literary, with the Europe of his day, to gauge his position in the development of Seventeenth and Eighteenth century thought, to examine the origins of his ideas and their effect and to place him in the social context of the England of the early Eighteenth century. The period in which he lived, coming at the beginning of the Enlightenment, was seminal for our own world and the man himself is of contemporary significance because of the similarity of his outlook, ifnot of his beliefs, to that of many today. He was at the centre of the major theological controversy of the Seventeen­ twenties and was one of the most contentious figures of his time. I would like to acknowledge my obligation to the scholars and librarians who have assisted me in producing this work: to Dr. E. A. O. Whiteman of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and to Mrs. M. Kneale, late of the same College; to Bodley's librarian Dr. R. Shackleton; to Dr. D. Rogers, Mr. D. G. Neill and to the staff of the Bodleian, especially those who work in Duke Humphrey; to the librarians of Christ Church, All Souls, St. John's, Wadham, Exeter and Corpus Christi Colleges, Oxford; to Mr. F. G. Emmison, Miss H. E. T.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3217-9
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  • 186
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    “Vpered!” 1873-1877 : From the Archives of Valerian Nikolaevich Smirnov (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401022798
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (403 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Russian Series on Social History 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Regional planning ; History ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: O??ab?eh?e -- ?pe??c?o??e -- ?o?c?e??? -- Co?pa?e??? -- Oc?o???e ??a?? ?c?op?? “Bepe?” -- I. ?a?p??? ? ?c?op?? pycc?o?o oc?o?o???e???o?o ????e??? -- II. Bo????o?e??e “B?epe?” -- III. Tp? ?po?pa??? “B?epe?” -- IV.?a?po? ? e?o co?py?????: -- V. Ha ?oc?y: -- VI. “Co?? pycc??x pe?o????o???x ?py??” -- VII. ?ap??c??? c?e?? ? ??????a??? “B?epe?” -- Co?py????? “B?epe?” (a??a?????? y?a?a?e??) -- ???a??? “B?epe?” -- ?p??e?a???.
    Abstract: The publication of the following material on the history of Vpered represents the fulfilment of a duty both to the founders of the International Institute of Social History and to Nadezhda Nikolaevna Kolachevskaia and Valerian Valerianovich Kolachevskii, who handed over to the Institute so long ago as 1936 the papers of their late husband and father, Valerian a Nikolaevich Smirnov. ) The Institute undertook at that time to publish these papers, and V. V. Kolachevskii planned to use them in compiling a biography of his father. The Second World War and its consequences imposed changes in these plans. The biography of V. N. Smirnov remained unwritten, and work on the publication of documents from his papers was interrupted for a quarter of a century. First, however, some particulars of these papers. We are here concerned with that section of them which relates to a remarkable literary organ of the Russian revolutionary Populist move­ ment, the occasional symposia and the fortnightly newspaper, both called Vpered, founded by Petr Lavrovich Lavrov in 1873. Lavrov was the sole editor of the four volumes of occasional symposia (the fourth volume contains only one issue) which were published in Zurich and London between 1873 and 1876, and the 48 issues of the fortnightly newspaper published in London in 1875 and 1876.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-2279-8
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  • 187
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    Aspect of Modern Logic (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401033329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (187p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 32
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: I -- I. The Fundamental Criterion for the Soundness of Arguments -- II. Inferential and Classical Logic -- III. Proof by Contradiction -- IV. The Problem of Locke-Berkeley -- V. On the So-Called ‘Thought Machine’ -- II -- VI. The Paradoxes -- VII. Reason and Intuition -- VIII. Formalized Language and Common Usage -- IX. Considerations about Logical Thought -- X. Constants of Mathematical Thought -- Sources -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: It is common to consider an area of science as a system of real or sup­ posed truths which not only continuously extends itself, but also needs periodical revision and therefore tests the inventive capacity of each generation of scholars anew. It sounds highly implausible that a science at one time would be completed, that at that point within its scope there would be no problems left to solve. Indeed, the solution of a scientific problem inevitably raises new questions, so that our eagerness for knowledge will never find lasting satisfaction. Nevertheless there is one science which seems to form an exception to this rule, formal logic, the theory of rigorous argumentation. It seems to have reached the ideal endpoint of every scientific aspiration already very shortly after its inception; using the work of some predecessors, Aristotle, or so it is at least assumed by many, has brought this branch of science once and for all to a conclusion. Of course this doesn't sound that implausible. We apparently know what rigorous argumentation is; otherwise various sciences, in particular pure mathematics, would be completely impossible. And if we know what rigorous argumentation is, then it cannot be difficult to trace once and for all the rules which govern it. The unique subject of formal logic would therefore entail that this science, in variance with the rule which holds for all other sciences, has been able to reach completion at a certain point in history.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3332-9
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  • 188
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    Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science 1961/1962 (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401032636
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 1
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A Model of Mind-Body Relation in Terms of Modular Logic (October 26, 1961) -- Comments -- Comments -- 2 The Relationship of Language to the Formation of Concepts Summary of Oral Presentation (November 30, 1961) -- 3 The Logical Structure of Physics (December 14, 1961) -- Discussion -- 4 Modal Logics I: Modalities and Intensional Languages (February 8. 1962) -- Comments -- Discussion -- 5 Modal Logics II: Toward a Formal Analysis of Cultural Objects (March 8, 1962) -- 6(a) Deterministic Interpretations of the Quantum Theory (March 27, 1962) -- 6(b) Operational Aspects of Hidden-Variable Quantum Theories — With a Postscript on The Impact of Recent Scientific Trends on Art (March 27, 1962) -- Comments -- 7 The Falsifiability of Theories: Total or Partial? A Contemporary Evaluation of the Duhem-Quine Thesis (April 26.1962) -- Comments -- 8(a) Perception and Language Summary of Oral Presentation (May 17, 1962) -- 8(b) Perception: Cause and Achievement Summary of Oral Presentation (May 17, 1962).
    Abstract: The broad range of interdisciplinary concerns which are encompassed by the philosophy of science have this much in common: (I) they arise from reflection upon the fundamental concepts, the formal structures, and the methodology of the sciences; (2) they touch upon the characteristically philosophical questions of ontology and epistemology in a unique way, bringing to traditional conceptions the analytic apparatus of modern logic, and the new content and conceptual models of active scientific investigations. These sources are reflected in the present volume, which consists of the major portion of the papers presented to the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science in the academic year 1961-1962. There is no central theme nor any dominant approach in this colloquium. Initiated in 1960 as an inter-university interdisciplinary faculty group, the Colloqnium is intended to foster creative and regular exchange of research and opinion, to provide a forum for professional discussion in the philosophy of science, and to stimulate the development of academic programs in philosophy of science in the colleges and universities of metropolitan Boston. The base of the Colloquium is our philosophic and scientific community, as broad and heterodox as the academic, cultural and techno­ logical complex in and about this city. The Colloquium has been supported in its first full year, as an inter-institutional cooperative association, by a generous grant to Boston University from the U. S. National Science Foundation. We are most grateful for this help.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3263-6
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  • 189
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    Hikayat Patani the Story of Patani (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401525985
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 148 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Bibliotheca Indonesica
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; History.
    Abstract: I. A Short History of Patani -- II. The Hikayat Patani and Related Texts -- III.The Structure of the Malay Text Its Authors, Date, Language -- IV. Hikayat Patani (Malay Text) -- V. The Story of Patani (Translation) -- VI. Commentary -- VII.Conclusion -- Plates. Facsimiles of Pages from the Abdullah Manuscript.
    Abstract: The stimulus for the joint venture of which the present book is the visible result was provided by the discovery of a Malay manuscript of the long lost Hikayat Patani by one of the authors, and the publication, quite independently, of a Thai version of the same text by the other. The authors, who were not acquainted with one another before this, "found" each other at the suggestion of Professor O. W. Wolters, to whom they are grateful for the idea. The preparation of the book took place on both sides of the Atlantic, with a frequent exchange of letters containing the results of the work of each author. In August, 1969, Teeuw was given the opportunity to visit Cornell University, where in a fortnight's most intensive contact and concentrated research all the drafts were checked, supplemented, rewritten and improved, and the definitive arrangement of the book decided on. The work on the manuscript was completed in the following four months, again in geographically separated spheres. The actual manuscript was rounded off at the beginning of 1970.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-2598-5
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  • 190
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    Montesquieu and the Philosophy of Natural Law (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401032384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas 37
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: 1: Introduction to Natural Law and to the Work of Montesquieu -- I: The History of Natural Law -- II: Montesquieu’s Life and Works -- III: The Problem of Montesquieu and Natural Law -- 2: The Originality of Montesquieu’s Method -- I: The Problem of Montesquieu’s Method -- II: The Prior Existence of Natural Law -- III: Civil Law and Natural Law in the Esprit des lois -- 3: Montesquieu and Empiricism in Natural Law -- I: Physical and Moral Concepts in Natural Law -- II: The Example of the Animals -- 4: The State of Nature and the Origin of Society -- I: Montesquieu and the State of Nature -- II: The Origin of Society -- III: The Historicity of the State of Nature -- IV: The Original Contract and its Implications -- 5: Montesquieu and Empiricism in Positive Law: The Diversity of Governments and Laws -- I: The Diversity of Governments -- II: The Diversity of Civil Law -- 6: Rationalism in Positive Law: Montesquieu the Reformer -- I: The Criminal Law -- II: Slavery -- III: Property -- IV: International Relations -- 7: Montesquieu’s Conception of Law -- I: Montesquieu’s Conception of God -- II: Montesquieu and the Laws of Science -- III: Montesquieu and the Moral Law -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: In the last hundred years, the philosophy of natural law has suffered a fate that could hardly have been envisaged by the seventeenth and eighteenth century exponents of its universality and eternity: it has become old-fashioned. The positivists and the Marxists were happy to throw eternal moral­ ity out of the window, confident that some magic temporal harmony would eventually follow Progress in by the front door. Their hopes may not have been fully realized, but they did succeed in discrediting natural law. What is often not appreciated is the extent to which we have adopted the tenets of the philosophy they despised, borh in the field of politics, and in the field of personal and social ethics, which Barbeyrac called "la science des mreurs" and which the positivists re­ christened "social science". Consequently, though we live in a world whose freedom, such as it is, is largely a result of the popularization of the philosophy of natural law, and whose conscious and unconscious standards, such as they are, are a result of that philosophy as it became combined with Christianity, the doctrine of natural law is itself for­ gotten. In view of the oblivion into which it has fallen, natural law is a concept which means little to the average reader. All too often, Montesquieu scholars have traded on this oblivion in order to give an exaggerated picture of his originality.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3238-4
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  • 191
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    Information and Inference (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401032964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Hallett, Garth [Rezension von: Hintikka, Jaakko, Information and Inference] 1972
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 28
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Information and Induction -- On Semantic Information -- Bayesian Information Usage -- Experimentation as Communication with Nature -- II. Information and Some Problems of the Scientific Method -- On the Information Provided by Observations -- Quantitative Tools for Evaluating Scientific Systematizations -- Qualitative Information and Entropy Structures -- III. Information and Learning -- Learning and the Structure of Information -- IV. New Applications of Information Concepts -- Surface Information and Depth Information -- Towards a General Theory of Auxiliary Concepts and Definability in First-Order Theories -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the last 25 years, the concept of information has played a crucial role in communication theory, so much so that the terms information theory and communication theory are sometimes used almost interchangeably. It seems to us, however, that the notion of information is also destined to render valuable services to the student of induction and probability, of learning and reinforcement, of semantic meaning and deductive inference, as~well as of scientific method in general. The present volume is an attempt to illustrate some of these uses of information concepts. In 'On Semantic Information' Hintikka summarizes some of his and his associates' recent work on information and induction, and comments briefly on its philosophical suggestions. Jamison surveys from the sub­ jectivistic point of view some recent results in 'Bayesian Information Usage'. Rosenkrantz analyzes the information obtained by experimen­ tation from the Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson standpoints, and also from the standpoint of entropy and related concepts. The much-debated principle of total evidence prompts Hilpinen to examine the problem of measuring the information yield of observations in his paper 'On the Information Provided by Observations'. Pietarinen addresses himself to the more general task of evaluating the systematizing ('explanatory') power of hypotheses and theories, a task which quickly leads him to information concepts. Domotor develops a qualitative theory of information and entropy. His paper gives what is probably the first axiomatization of a general qualitative theory of information adequate to guarantee a numerical representation of the standard sort.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3296-4
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  • 192
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    Paraphrase Grammars (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401033381
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 145 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Formal Linguistics Series 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Smaby, Richard M. Paraphrase grammars
    RVK:
    ET 180
    RVK:
    ET 710
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Natural language processing (Computer science). ; Paraphrasenrelation
    Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1. The Transformational Approach -- 2. The Paraphrase Relation -- 3. Paraphrase Grammars -- 4. Compositional Grammars -- 5. Substitution -- 6. Admission Conditions -- 7. Equivalence -- 8. Functional Notation -- 9. Summary -- II: The Paraphrase Relation -- 1. The Study of the Paraphrase Relation -- 2. Collection of Data -- 3. Selection of Data -- 4. Generalization of the Paraphrastic Relationships -- 5. Systematization of the Paraphrase Relation -- 6. Summary -- III: Compositional Grammars -- 1. The Compositional Approach -- 2. A Simple Compositional Language: P -- 3. Compositional Grammars and the Co-Occurrence Problem -- 4. ‘Projection Rules’ -- 5. Summary -- IV: Substitution -- 1. The Substitution Concept -- 2. The Presence of Substitution -- 3. A Notation for Substitution -- 4. The Generality of Substitution -- 5. Operations and Transformations -- 6. Summary -- V: Admission and Equivalence -- 1. Admission Conditions -- 2. Ordering of Transformations -- 3. A Recursive Definition and an Admission Condition -- 4. Equivalence -- 5. Summary -- VI: Functional Representation -- 1. Functional Notation -- 2. Functions and Transformations -- 3. Functions and Phonology: the Relative Clause -- 4. Summary -- VII: The Structure of Paraphrase Grammars -- 1. The Recursive Enumerability of the Transformation Relation -- 2. Elementary Transformations -- 3. Summary -- Appendix: Recursive Enumerability -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The recent rapid development of transformational grammars has incorpo­ rated some strong claims in the areas of semantics and co-occurrence. The earlier structuralists relied on a minimum of information about the meaning of strings of a language. They asked only if strings of sounds were different in meaning - or simply were different words or phrases. Current transfor­ mational grammars, on the other hand, set as their goal the production of exactly the meaningful strings of a language. Stated slightly differently, they wish to specify exactly which strings of a language can occur together (meaningfully) in a given order. The present book purports to show that transformational grammar is in­ dependent of the current trends in semantics. I claim that exciting and sophisticated transformational grammars are required for describing when strings of a language mean the same, that is, for describing when strings of a language are paraphrases of each other. This task can be quite naturally limited to a project of much weaker semantic claims than those which are current in transformational linguistics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3338-1
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  • 193
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    Germans from the East : A Study of Their Migration, Resettlement and Subsequent Group History, Since 1945 (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401032452
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Social Life
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History ; Emigration and immigration.
    Abstract: I. Forced Migrations in Modern History: An Introduction -- A. “Century of the Homeless Man” -- B. Scope and Approach -- C. General Background -- II. Background, Flight and Expulsions of East Germans and Ethnic Germans -- A. German Settlements in East Europe -- B. 1914 to 1942: Changes and Plans -- C. The Westward Flight: 1943 to 1945 -- E. Reasons and Reactions -- F. Summary and Conclusions -- III. Resettlement and Integration -- A. Reception -- B. Policy under the Allies -- C. Policy under the Bonn Government -- D. Summary and Conclusions -- IV. Expellee Organizations -- A. Origins -- B. State and National Organizations -- C. The Homeland Provincial Movement -- D. Expansion of the Movement -- E. Conclusions -- V. Political Aims of the Expellees -- A. Common Tenets -- B. Homeland Provincial Claims -- C. Assertion of German Rights -- D. Summary, Reactions and Conclusions -- VI. The West German Public -- A. Policy Positions -- B. Positions Outside the Government -- General Summary and Conclusions -- Postscript -- Tables and Illustrations -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: Who, in 1945 and 1946, could have foreseen that the economic and social integration of the millions of Germans from the East expelled into West Germany after Wodd War II would largely be accomplished in a few years? And, who could have foreseen that many years after this accomplishment the political repercussions of the expulsions would go on? Yet, surprisingly enough, this is what has happened. In 1969, as usual, the major issues of the federal election campaign in West Germany hardly reflect any specific economic and social concerns of the expellees, not even those bruited about by the NPD (N ationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands). At the same time, how­ ever, all the political parties vying in the campaign, with the exception of the newly founded, less influentialDKP (the new German Commu­ nist Party), pay considerable deference to the political interests of the expellees in the German question. Whether these interests represent the opinion of most of the expellees and whether the expellee associ­ ations in fact speak for many voters is another matter. Why are these questions rarely posed? Why, despite the economic and social integration of the expellees, do the East German Home­ land Provincial Societies - the Landsmannschaften - retain much influence? The explanation of this phenomenon becomes increasingly clear if one reads the intelligent and superbly documented analysis by Hans Schoenberg.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3245-2
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  • 194
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    The Problem of Certainty in English Thought 1630-1690 (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’ Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 3
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I. Francis Bacon and Scientific Knowledge -- II. The Problem of Certainty in its Theological Context -- I. William Chillingworth -- II. John Tillotson -- III. The Theory of Certainty Secularized -- I. John Wilkins -- II. Joseph Glanvill -- IV. The Theory of Certainty in its Scientific Context -- I. Robert Boyle -- II. Isaac Newton -- V. John Locke and the Philosophical Exposition of the Theory of Certainty -- Conclusion -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The revival of ancient Greek scepticism in the 16th and 17th centuries was of the greatest importance in changing the intellectual climate in which modern science developed, and in developing the attitude that we now call "The scientific outlook". Many streams of thought came together contributing to various facets of this crucial development. One of the most fascinating of these is that of "constructive scepticism", the history of one of whose forms is traced in this study by Prof. Van Leeuwen. The sceptical crisis that arose during the Renaissance and Refor­ mation challenged the fundamental principles of the many areas of man's intellectual world, in philosophy, theology, humane and moral studies, and the sciences. The devastating weapons of classical scep­ ticism were employed to undermine man's confidence in his ability to discover truth in any area whatsoever by use of the human faculties of the senses and reason. These sceptics indicated that there was no area in which human beings could gain any certain knowledge, and that the effort to do so was fruitless, vain, presumptuous, and perhaps even blasphemous. StaI'ting with the writings of Hen ric us Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535) and Michel de Montaigne (1533-92), a thoroughly destructive sceptical movement developed, attacking both the old and the new science, philosophy and theology, and insisting that true and certain knowledge can only be gained by Revelation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3182-0
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  • 195
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    Copp’d Hills Towards Heaven Shakespeare and the Classical Polity (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archieves Internationales D’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 32
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I. The Better School -- II. The Decay of the Polity: Timon -- III. The Foundation of the Polity -- IV. “Statist though I am none” -- V. The Blind Mole -- VI. The Philosopher King -- VII. Of Wonder -- VIII. The Ascent of the Soul -- Proper Name Index.
    Abstract: The departmentalism of American universities has doubtless much to recommend it. It indicates that exuberance is not a sufficient sub­ stitute for scholarship, that, for better or for worse, every scholar today must be something of a specialist. But when any great writer and great thinker reaches out and grasps the whole of human life, the study of his work transcends specialization. And while exuberance may not replace scholarship, it may accompany it. Most of my work has been done in the history of political philosophy. I have dared to overstep departmental boundaries, because I believe that Shakespeare has something to say to political philosophy. I am not the first to express this view. Whether I express it well or badly, I shall not be the last. I want to thank Leo Strauss, my teacher. He has read the manus­ cript and given me the benefit of his insight and judgment. I want to thank Richard Kennington, who has taken so much time from his own work to comment meticulously and constructively on this work as on other things I have written. His help has been generous, and my appreciation is deep. I must, in particular, thank my colleague, Adolph Lowe. He has perused this study, much of it in several versions. Through long walks in Manchester, Vermont, we have discussed my work and his comments. Usually his comments have been compelling. I can regret only that I am completely unqualified to reciprocate.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3189-9
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  • 196
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    Analecta Husserliana : The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401033268
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Die phänomenologische Selbstbesinnung. I: Der Leib und die Transzcndentalität in der gegenwärtigen phänomenologischen und psychiatrischen Forschung -- World-Constitution. Reflections on Husserl’s Transcendental Idealism -- Die Vier Begriffe der Transzendenz und das Problem des Idealismus in Husserl -- Intcntionality and Corporeity -- Intentionalität und Transzendenz Zur Konstitution der materiellen Natur -- Husserl’s Concept of Intcntionality -- The Concept of the Body in Transcendental Phenomenology and in Modern Biology -- On Knowing One’s Own Body -- Das Problem der ????? in der Philosophie Edmund Husserls -- Die Wissenschaften vom Menschen und Husserls Theorie von zwei Einstellungen -- Embodied Consciousness and the Human Spirit.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3326-8
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  • 197
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    Epistemology II (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: History, The Sciences, and Uniqueness -- Knowledge, Adaptive Responses, and the Ecosystem -- The Scepticism of George Santayana -- The Case for Moral Cognitivism -- The Reality Game -- Two views of the Nature of Knowledge -- C.G. Jung and the a Priori -- Nietzsche and the Problem of Knowledge -- The Epistemological Views of a “Social Behoviorist”.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3197-4
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  • 198
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    Demythologizing Marxism : A Series of Studies on Marxism (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031851
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 240 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Boston College Studies in Philosophy 2
    Series Statement: Boston College Studies in Philosophy 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Some Aspects of Revisionist Thinking. -- Karl Marx’ first Political Writings: The Rheinische Zeitung, 1842–1843 -- Karl Marx and Max Stirner -- The Future of a Dialogue now possible: to become actual or to remain impossible? -- “Nietzschcan Marxism” in Russia -- Christian-Marxist Dialogue and the otherworld -- Select Bibliography -- Frederick J. Adelmann.
    Abstract: This second volume of the Boston College Studies in Philosophy com­ memorates the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of Karl Marx. This dedication bespeaks the evolution permeating the entire world today, not only in the sense of a development of ideas but more especially of the inner and sincere quest for peace intensifying in the hearts of all men. We Christians rejoice in the drive onward toward the fulfillment of peace on earth. We are sorry, however, that it is so late in Christian history and that it received its impulse more from the fear of nuclear armaments than from the development of Christian ideas. Nonetheless, here in the midst of so much bewilderment, we an optimistic note in the realization that these ideas can now, touch at long last, offer hope for a peaceful future. Strange as it may seem, there is currently a new interest in the philosophy of Marxism. This stems in part from the renewed study of the writings of the young Marx and a concentration on that aspect of his work which is more philosophical than politico-economic, such as is more prominent in the later Das Kapital. But even more, our interest in Marxism has occurred because of what has happened to the con­ temporary Marxists themselves. First of all, after Stalin's time a certain new openness, not yet perfect but nonetheless real, has developed in Russia to the benefit of scholars.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3185-1
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  • 199
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    Monopsychism Mysticism Metaconsciousness : Problems of the Soul in the Neoaristotelian and Neoplatonic Tradition (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401031790
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (169p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales d’histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 2
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: Tables of Contents -- I General -- I Introduction -- II Three neoaristotelian and neoplatonic concepts: mono- psychism, mysticism, metaconsciousness -- III Three Averroistic problems -- IV Collective consciousness, double consciousness, and metaconsciousness (unconscious consciousness) in Kant and some post-Kantians -- V Select bibliography of translations of philosophical works by al-Kind?, al-F?r?b?, Avicenna, ibn-B???a, and Averroes -- VI Index of names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3179-0
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  • 200
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    Nominalistic Systems (1970)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401033145
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (226p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 30
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction -- 1.1. Program -- 1.2. Historical Background -- 1.3. Formal Preliminaries -- 2 / Individuals -- 2.1. Outline of Goodman’s Conception -- 2.2. Part-Whole Relations -- 2.3. Atomistic Universes of Individuals -- 2.4. The Leonard-Goodman Calculus of Individuals LGCI -- 2.5. The General Calculus CII of Atomistic Individuals -- 2.6. Finite Sums and Products: The Calculus CIII -- 2.7. Infinite Sums and Products: The Calculus CIIII -- 2.8. Non-Atomistic Universes of Individuals -- 2.9. The Non-Atomistic Calculus CIIV and some Extensions -- 2.10. Sequential Individuals and the Calculus of Individual Relations -- 3 / Ontological Commitment and Designata of Expressions -- 3.1. Ontological Implications of Theories -- 3.2. One-Place Predicates and their Extensions -- 3.3. Truth Conditions and Relations of Predication -- 3.4. Expressions of Relations and Operations -- 3.5. Denotationless Symbols and Nominalistic Models -- 4 / Bundles of Qualities, Qualities, and Concreta -- 4.1. Bundles of Qualities and their Calculus CB -- 4.2. Resemblance and its Calculus CR -- 4.3. Qualities and their Calculus CQ -- 4.4. Concreta -- 4.5. Further Problems and Conclusion -- Symbolic Notation -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: 1. 1. PROGRAM It will be our aim to reconstruct, with precision, certain views which have been traditionally associated with nominalism and to investigate problems arising from these views in the construction of interpreted formal systems. Several such systems are developed in accordance with the demand that the sentences of a system which is acceptable to a nominalist must not imply the existence of any entities other than individuals. Emphasis will be placed on the constructionist method of philosophical analysis. To follow this method is to introduce the central notions of the subject-matter to be investigated into a system governed by exact rules. For example, the constructionist method of investigating the properties of geometric figures may consist in formulating a system of postulates and definitions which, together with the apparatus of formal logic, generates all necessary truths concerning geometric figures. Similarly, a constructionist analysis of the notion of an individual may take the form of an axiomatic theory whose provable assertions are just those which seem essential to the role played by the concept of an individual in system­ atic contexts. Such axiomatic theories gain in interest if they are supple­ mented by precise semantical rules specifying the denotation of all terms and the truth conditions of all sentences of the theory.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-3314-5
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