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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (422)
  • BSZ
  • 2015-2019  (422)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • 2018  (422)
  • World Bank Group  (422)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (422)
  • BSZ
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  • 2015-2019  (422)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Delivering Quality Health Services: A Global Imperative (2018)
    Geneva 27 : World Health Organization
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264300309
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La qualité des services de santé : Un impératif mondial en vue de la couverture santé universelle
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Universal health coverage (UHC) aims to provide health security and universal access to essential care services without financial hardship to individuals, families and communities. UHC enables a transition to more productive and equitable societies and economies and is enshrined in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But UHC should not be implemented without considering the quality of the care provided. Quality means care that is effective, safe, people-centered, timely, equitable, integrated and efficient. High-quality care improves health outcomes and reduces waste. It is integral to a high-value, sustainable health system. Universal access to high-quality health care is not a luxury only rich countries can afford. It can be achieved in all settings with strong leadership, planning and implementation. The returns are worth the investment. While significant progress has been made to improve care quality has been made, more effort is needed in both developing and developed countries. This report describes the current situation with regard to UHC and global quality of care, and outlines the steps governments, health services and their workers, together with citizens and patients need to urgently take.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264300309-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Federal Spending on Labor Market Programs in Brazil (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The objective of labor pr ...
    DOI: 10.1596/35230
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Turkey Country Gender Assessment 2017 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: Gender equality is a core development objective, and it is also a smart development policy. Gender equality is also a key pathway to ensure lasting poverty reduction and shared prosperity. Identifying the main gender gaps a country faces across different domains, contributes to better inform policy design. To that effect, this report seeks to identify where progress has been achieved regarding increasing opportunities for women and men in Turkey and where further policy action is required. It focuses on three areas that are critical for gender-equal access to opportunities, namely endowments such as health and education; economic opportunities, such as access to labor, land and financial markets; and agency, including norms, representation, and freedom from violence (World Bank 2016). The report takes advantage of different sources of publicly available data for the country, including the World Bank's World Development Indicators (WDI), the Global Financial Inclusion (FINDEX) Database, the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), the World Health Organization (WHO) Statistics, as well as data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and others. National surveys by the Turkish Statistical Institute include the Income and Living Conditions Survey (SILC) 2015, the Turkish Labor Force Survey (LFS) 2016 and the Household Budget Survey (HBS). In addition, the Ministry of Family and Social Policies (MoFSP) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies conducted the National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey. The Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) collected by the Ministry of Development (MoD) and Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies, and the Research on Family Structure in Turkey (TAYA) by MoFSP were also used. The report aims to provide a panorama of the prevailing gender gaps and areas for work to close those gaps in the country, covering a wide range of outcomes. As such, it seeks to serve as a guiding document for policy action and dialogue, further research, and public discussion
    DOI: 10.1596/35974
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards Win-Win : A Labor Reform Strategy to Benefit All (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Indonesia needs more jobs. While 2.1 million jobs have been created on average over the past three years, the 20 percent youth unemployment rate, four times higher than the adult unemployment rate, combined with the growth of the country's labor force, emphasizes the importance of greater job creation (Sakernas, 2017). Indonesia's productive age population is now growing. Current changes in the demographic structure will provide Indonesia with a window of opportunity to achieve a demographic bonus during 2020-2030. However, to enjoy optimum benefits, the country's human resources must able to meet the requirements of the labor market. Therefore, mastery of the skills needed by the labor market, particularly regarding technological and entrepreneurial skills, is critical. (LD FEUI, 2017). It is important to continuously improve both the quantity and quality of jobs created. Employment in Indonesia has been dominated by low productivity sectors, of which 30 percent is employed in the agricultural sector (Sakernas, 2017). Output per agricultural worker is equivalent to only 1/3 of the processing industry sector and 1/2 of the service sector's output. New job creation has generally taken place in such low productivity sectors, with 65 percent of all new job creation between 2011-2016 taking place in the agricultural, trade and low-end service sectors. The current composition of the labor market has moreover given rise to a division between formal and informal sectors, between skilled and unskilled workers, and between contracted and non-contracted workers. 58 percent of all workers, including employees as well as freelancers, are not covered by employment contracts, meaning that they are more vulnerable to shocks and receive less protection
    DOI: 10.1596/35924
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China Systematic Country Diagnostic : Towards a More Inclusive and Sustainable Development (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) reaffirmed the country's commitment to eliminating poverty and promoting shared prosperity and inclusive growth. In this regard, the China systematic country diagnostic (SCD) is supportive of the priorities of the Party Congress. China's historic rapid growth resulted in a poverty decline unprecedented in its speed and scale. Rapid growth was made possible by a wide range of reforms, which transformed a state-dominated, planned, rural, and closed economy to a more market-based, urbanized, and open economy. China is on its way to eliminating extreme poverty, but the population vulnerable to poverty will remain relatively large. China is expected to continue to make strong progress toward eliminating extreme poverty despite the slowdown of economic growth. The World Bank projects extreme poverty, based on the international public private partnership (PPP) United States (U.S.) 1.90 dollars per day poverty line, to decline to 0.5 percent by 2018. According to this higher poverty line, China is projected to have a poverty rate of 3.9 percent or 54.6 million people below this higher poverty line by 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/29422
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Iraq Reconstruction and Investment : Damage and Needs Assessment of Affected Governorates (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The conflict inflicted by ISIS has forced over 5 million ordinary Iraqis to flee their homes, left schools destroyed and hospitals dysfunctional. Seven governorates have been fiercely affected while the entire country felt the shockwaves. During these times of despair, our neighbors and the global community have stood in solidarity with us. After the human suffering and enormous physical destruction that the conflict inflicted, it is now time to turn our gaze from the past to the future. It is time to rebuild the country and the citizens' lives within. Today, where half of the displaced Iraqis have returned it is necessary to plan for recovery and reconstruction, to create enabling conditions for their return, and to restore livelihoods and service delivery for all in Iraq. The challenges ahead are to craft and execute a reconstruction plan that considers the aspirations of people as well as the constraints posed by time and funds. The preparation of a comprehensive reconstruction plan needs proper assessment of the damage, loss, and recovery needs. The Iraq Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) is an assessment unprecedented in both its sectoral and geographic scope, covering damages, losses, and needs across 19 sectors in all conflict affected governorates in Iraq. Iraq's Ministry of Planning took on this challenging task with the help of all line ministries of the Government, and with close collaboration with the World Bank. Scores of national and international experts worked around the clock to produce this assessment. The authors focused not only on the product, but also on the process. Data was gathered from the ground by national experts, from the air by satellites and on the internet by collecting publicly available data via social media analytics. Endless hours of review and validation were dedicated to ensure that the assessment of damages and needs was as robust and comprehensive as possible. The report has kept in mind what is desirable and what is possible. The objective is to estimate damages and to arrive at estimated needs to mobilize funds and to launch immediate recovery and incentivize private sector investments in the process
    DOI: 10.1596/29438
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mainstreaming the Use of Remote Sensing Data and Applications in Operational Contexts (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This report presents the activities and outcomes to date of the global initiative on remote sensing for water resources management phase two. The Initiative was conceived to help mainstream the use of beneficial remote sensing applications in operational projects of the Bank, as well as to facilitate the adoption of remote sensing applications in World Bank client countries. By bridging the gap between the supply of remote sensing data and the needs from the Bank's operational projects, Earth Observations can better inform client country agencies by improving monitoring and predictive capabilities and supporting better water-related operations. This report is addressed to technical staff in national water agencies, project leads from development and financing institutions, and water practitioners in general. The goal of the report is to present insights from a range of innovative remote sensing applications developed within the Remote Sensing Initiative, to help address specific water resources management challenges. The results presented here include constraints identified in the adoption of remote sensing, the approaches adopted to make applications functional in different contexts, the project applications themselves, insights on their sustainability, and ways forward. These applications can be replicated, up-scaled, and adapted in many other contexts to address similar challenges. We hope the information contained in this report will help country agencies and project teams in integrating the use of remote sensing in their water resources management practices, as well as in project design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
    DOI: 10.1596/29333
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    India Development Update, March 2018 : India's Growth Story (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: India has achieved much in the last 25 years. Since the early 1990s, when reforms began, growthrates have been higher and more stable, the economy has become more modern and globally integrated,macroeconomic stability has improved, and the average citizen is better educated and lives longer. In addition, the business environment and governance standards have improved, there is political stability, and the geopolitical environment is relatively stable. Yet an economic deceleration in the last few quarters has generated worried commentaries about India's growth potential. The questions being raised are: Is the deceleration in economic growth structural or cyclical? Is the Indian growth story over? What is the "new normal" for India's growth potential? What sets of policies, structural or cyclical, might be needed to revive growth? In this report, we take a long-term perspective on India's growth outlook. Looking back at the last 50 years, we note that India's average growth has accelerated slowly but steadily across sectors--agriculture, industry and services ---and become more stable. This is reflected in increasing labor productivity and total factor productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/29515
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Procuring Infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships Report 2018 : Assessing Government Capability to Prepare, Procure, and Manage PPPs (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Procurement Study
    Abstract: Procuring Infrastructure PPPs 2018 assesses the regulatory frameworks and recognized good practices that govern PPP procurement across 135 economies, with the aim of helping countries improve the governance and quality of PPP projects. It also helps fill the private sector's need for high-quality information to become a partner in a PPP project and finance infrastructure. Procuring Infrastructure PPPs 2018 builds on the success of the previous edition, Benchmarking PPP Procurement 2017, refining the methodology and scope based on guidance from experts around the world, as well as expanding its geographical coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/29605
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion 2.0 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This report is part of a joint study between the European Commission (EC), the World Bank, andthe Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It aims to inform activation and employment support and social inclusion policy making and programs through an improved understanding of labor market barriers. The people within and across countries characterized as labor market vulnerable are not all the same. Different life situations lead people to being unemployed, inactive, or precariously employed. Various personal constraints may induce people to take temporary or precarious employment, work a reduced number of hours, or earn very low incomes despite being engaged in full-time work. All of these are considered the labor market vulnerable, and a better understanding of their differences and similarities is essential to successful labor market inclusion. Governments need to know who the labor market vulnerable are and what barriers keep them out of work or in unstable employment. This information will help countries meet the inclusive growth priorities of the Europe 2020 Strategy (EC 2010) and the European Pillar of Social Rights; it also aligns with recognizing the potential negative impacts of labor market vulnerability on long-term growth
    DOI: 10.1596/29618
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 11
    Online Resource
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    Belarus Systematic Country Diagnostic : Towards a Competitive, Inclusive and Dynamic Belarus (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Belarus has pursued a gradual transition path characterized by slow opening of the economy to the private sector and a limited reform of the governance system of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This systematic country diagnostic (SCD) demonstrates that there is a window of opportunity to proactively lay down foundations towards a new vision - a competitive, inclusive, and dynamic Belarus. At the core of this new vision is managing a transition to a new growth path that is sustainable and inclusive. The SCD has identified seven key priorities for achieving further progress towards the twin goals in Belarus. The report is structured as follows: chapter one describes trends in poverty reduction and in shared prosperity and examines the conjecture that economic growth was the main determinant of improvements in income distribution. Chapter two analyzes the sustainability of economic growth and income distribution gains. Chapter three sketches a vision of socio-economic development for Belarus in the next decade and formulates three pathways towards the sustainable and inclusive growth of an internationally competitive economy. Chapter four describes priority actions to achieve that vision
    DOI: 10.1596/29599
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    Environmental Flows for Hydropower Projects : Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This Good Practice Handbook is designed to provide guidance to practitioners on taking rigorous and consistent approaches to assess hydropower project impacts on downstream river ecosystems and people, and determine their Environmental Flows (EFlows) commitments. The Handbook outlines a good practice approach for integrating EFlows into hydropower projects, emphasizing the selection of context-appropriate EFlows Assessment methods. Its structure follows the main steps of this approach: 1. Understand the context of river functioning and the provision of ecosystem values and services into which EFlows will be introduced (Section 2); 2. Understand the potential downstream impacts associated with hydropower development (Section 3) and how these can be mitigated (Section 4); 3. Align ESIA and EFlows Assessments and ensure data sharing and good communication between the assessment teams (see Section 5); 4. Apply a context-appropriate EFlows Assessment method (Section 6); 5. Conduct a comprehensive and appropriate stakeholder engagement program leading to a decision on EFlows and other mitigation measures based on the outcome of the assessment (Sections 7 and 8); and 6. Prepare an Environmental Flow Management Plan (EFMP2; Section 9). It also provides the following: A logframe for integrating EFlows into hydropower plants (Section 10); and Case studies to illustrate the main concepts addressed in the Handbook (Section 11)
    DOI: 10.1596/29541
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Blockchain and Emerging Digital Technologies for Enhancing Post-2020 Climate Markets (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Since its adoption in December 2015 by the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21), within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 175 countries to date have ratified the Paris Agreement. These countries have made commitments Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), in some cases contingent on financing by developed countries, to limit or reduce their Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through a variety of measures including more significant deployment of renewable power, energy efficiency, land-use controls such as conservation of forests and grasslands, carbon pricing, and other measures compatible with each country's national circumstances and capabilities. Even with full ratification of the Agreement by all 197 signatories, the aggregate effect is projected only to slow the rate of GHG emissions growth from the 24 percent increase, between 1990 and 2010, to an anticipated increase between 2010 and 2030 of between 11 and 23 percent. To foster higher ambition and sustainable development, and also encourage large-scale financing towards the most effective mitigation measures, Article 6 of the Agreement recognizes that countries may engage in cooperative approaches, including the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) towards their individual NDC. In this new, complex and diverse environment, this paper aims to examine emerging digital technologies and architectures that could be used to enhance and connect the heterogeneous climate actions across countries, thereby supporting post-2020 climate markets that facilitate the most cost-effective achievement of the highest possible ambition. Given the speed with which information technology, system architectures, domestic policy, and other relevant elements are developing, the roadmap laid out in this paper will likely continue to evolve significantly over the next few years
    DOI: 10.1596/29499
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  • 14
    Online Resource
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    Iraq Economic Monitor, Spring 2018 : From War to Reconstruction and Economic Recovery (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Iraq Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the previous six months and presents findings from recent World Bank work on Iraq, placing them in a longer-term and global context and assessing the implications of these developments and other changes in policy regarding the outlook for Iraq. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. Iraq is slowly emerging from the deep economic strains of the last three years, but progress in addressing the legacy of the war against ISIS and the accumulated development deficit from decades of conflict needs to be accelerated. Following the complete liberation from ISIS of all Iraq territory in December 2017, the Government of Iraq (GoI) is putting in place a comprehensive reconstruction package linking immediate stabilization to a long-term vision. The conflict with ISIS and widespread insecurity have created a major humanitarian and economic crisis. Iraq's growth outlook is expected to improve thanks to a more favorable security environment and gradual pick up of investment for reconstruction, but absent structural reforms, higher growth would be short-lived. The outlook is also subject to significant social and political risks. Lingering political tensions, weak administrative capacity and widespread corruption continue to pose a downside risk and could further limit the government's reform effort and its capacity to implement investment for reconstruction
    DOI: 10.1596/29688
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  • 15
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    Moldova Preschool and General Education : Transitioning to a Decentralized Service Delivery Model (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Moldova's public expenditures on education as a share of GDP and total public sector spending are higher than in most countries in the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Moldova's challenges to improve the quality and efficiency of education provision need to be addressed in a context of declining student numbers, and persistent inequities between population groups. This report identifies key challenges to the adequate delivery of pre-school and general education related to the decentralized governance mechanism. They relate both to the (de jure) regulatory framework that spells out the mandates of national and local level administrations and school management, and to (de facto) weaknesses in the implementation of these mandates. These challenges are summarized. The remainder of this section further describes the key challenges, and recommends policy directions and areas for further analysis to support evidence-based decision-making in the future. These recommendations are also summarized at the end of this chapter
    DOI: 10.1596/29737
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  • 16
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    Western Balkans Regular Economic Report No. 13, Spring 2018 : Vulnerabilities Slow Growth (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: GDP growth in the Western Balkans slowed from 3.1 percent in 2016 to an estimated 2.4 percent in 2017. Regional growth in 2017 is less optimistic than the 2.6 percent expected when the Fall issue of this report was published. It slowed in Serbia due to a harsh winter and stalled in FYR Macedonia, where the political crisis deterred both public and private investment. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) grew at a rate like the last two years. The dynamism of the smaller economies of Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro drove regional growth in 2017, with support from higher growth in trading partners, a pickup in commodity prices, and the execution of large investment projects. Bold structural reforms are necessary if the region is to grow sustainably over the medium term. Regional GDP growth is projected to rise from 2.4 percent in 2017 to 3.2 percent in 2018 and 3.5 percent in 2019. Countries are expected to grow faster, pushed up by projected stronger growth in Europe, except for Albania, where moderation is expected as large investment projects are completed, and Montenegro, which is expected to undergo a much-needed fiscal consolidation. Among risks to the outlook are trade protectionism, normalization of interest rates globally, and low potential growth and uncertainty about domestic policy or policy reversals. These risks can be mitigated by rationalizing spending to build fiscal space for growth-enhancing reforms, and by a more strategic approach to boost competitiveness. Policies to lift physical and human capital, expand labor force participation, and improve market institutions should help raise growth potential and reduce inequality
    DOI: 10.1596/29728
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  • 17
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    Developing Parametric Insurance for Weather Related Risks for Indonesia (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Indonesia is one of the main agriculture producers globally and largely relies on domestic staples for its growing population. Projections of climate change models for Indonesia point towards increasing temperatures and more extreme distributions of precipitation with more frequent dry and wet periods. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has been focusing on modernizing rice production through improved irrigation infrastructure and early warning systems to better cope with developing droughts and support schemes for rice farmers. While governments use risk transfer solutions mostly for infrastructure, parametric insurance covers have become increasingly available for agriculture assets including crops, livestock, and forestry. This study investigates the development of a parametric insurance product as an ex ante risk management instrument that relies on regional drought indices and provides province-level payouts to the GoI in case of severe droughts. As a case study, the province of Central Java has been chosen given its importance in rice production and a recent request of the Central Java Government to transfer drought risk. This study uses over 50 years of historical gridded precipitation and temperature data to develop standard precipitation indices (SPI) and standard precipitation evapotranspiration indices (SPEI) to quantify drought extents at a resolution of 50 x 50 km. Preliminary results of this study have been shown and discussed with the Ministry of Agriculture of Central Java, the National Weather Service of Indonesia (BMKG), the Office of the Insurance Regulator, the Ministry of Finance, and leading Indonesian insurers in the form of workshops undertaken in Indonesia (Semarang and Jakarta) in July 2017. The availability of longer seasonal rice production data will improve the validation of the developed indices
    DOI: 10.1596/29784
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  • 18
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Belarus for the Period of FY18-22 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for the Republic of Belarus covers the period FY18-22. It is aligned with the objectives of the Program of Activities of the Government of the Republic of Belarus 2016-2020 and is based on the findings of a World Bank Group Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD). The CPF aims to support sustainable and inclusive growth and improve living standards and is aligned with the World Bank Group's twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The CPF puts forward a program that is calibrated to the likely pace of policy reforms but adaptable to any changes. The CPF builds on the FY18 SCD. The SCD shows that a sustainable improvement in living standards will require economic, social, and institutional transformation, with an enhanced role for market forces and strengthened safety nets. The CPF focuses on the nexus between the SCD, Government priorities, the World Bank Group's comparative advantage, and ongoing programs. The purpose of the FY18-22 CPF is to support sustainable and inclusive growth and improve living standards by focusing on three interlinked focus areas: a) creating opportunities for private sector to grow and for more efficient public investment; (b) maintaining the country's human capital edge; and (c) improving the contribution of infrastructure to climate change management, economic growth, and human development. The CPF has continuity places greater emphasis on economic management, human capital development, and the environmental, economic and human development outcomes from infrastructure investment
    DOI: 10.1596/29703
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  • 19
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    Service Delivery by Health Facilities in Papua New Guinea (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Papua New Guinea (PNG) has seen some improvements in health indicators over the past 25 years, but the pace of improvements is not as robust as expected. A better understanding of service delivery is critical to help PNG achieve the goals set in the PNG National Health Plan (2011-2020) and accelerate improvements in health outcomes. In this context, a primary survey was conducted at all secondary (levels 5 and 6), tertiary (level 7), and a random selection of functional upper-primary-level health facilities (levels 3 and 4). The report analyzes whether primary and secondary health care facilities in PNG have an adequate level of resources, both human resources and other material inputs, to deliver quality health care services and to determine whether the inputs are combined in an efficient manner to produce health care services
    DOI: 10.1596/29824
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  • 20
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    Country Partnership Framework for Georgia for the Period FY19-FY22 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for FY19-FY22 sets out the World Bank Group's (WBG) proposals for supporting the Government of Georgia's vision of developing a market based economy while ensuring nationwide prosperity and strengthening its regional position. Building on the strong foundation put in place by the previous FY14 to FY17 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), this CPF will work to consolidate gains and move the economy toward addressing next generation development challenges for sustained and inclusive growth and poverty reduction. The CPF proposes a strategic shift in focus from an infrastructure heavy program to one that emphasizes expanding human capital. WBG interventions over the next four years will aim to reduce gaps in human endowments and create economic opportunities that will ensure inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The WBG will support Georgia in sustaining strong productivity led growth while maintaining a direct line of sight to the "Bottom 40" those Georgians whose annual household income falls into the bottom 40 percent of the country. To support the government in achieving the twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity, the CPF envisages support to Georgia across three focus group areas: (i) enhancing inclusive growth and competitiveness, (ii) investing in human capital, and (iii) building resilience. The CPF will pay special attention to vulnerable groups and lagging regions that have not benefited from the fruits of growth.Interventions will target special groups such as women, youth, and rural communities where most poor people live. Across the three focus areas, the CPF will rely on three engagement principles to guide the selection of interventions: (i) maximizing finance for development (MfD), which aims to leverage the private sector for growth and sustainable development; (ii) spatial equity, as a means to redress currently regional imbalances within the country; and (iii) innovation, given the rapid pace of technological changes and digitization and its effects on productivity and competitiveness. Lending commitments will evolve during the CPF as they have throughout the WBG's engagement with Georgia and the current portfolio of investments and advisory services and analytics (ASA) will serve as a solid base to enable the WBG to achieve the intended strategic shifts in this CPF
    DOI: 10.1596/29794
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    Productivity Unplugged : The Challenges of Malaysia's Transition into a High-Income Country (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: As Malaysia continues to strive toward high-income status, accelerating productivity growth has become the country's central economic policy challenge. Productivity growth has become increasingly important as the country's traditional economic engines have slowed. Declining oil and gas output, coupled with the slowing growth of the Malaysian mining sector, has reduced the pace of capital accumulation, while demographic trends are slowing the growth of the labor force. Demographic trends underscore the vital importance of productivity growth to the continued development of the Malaysian economy. Malaysia's demographic transition is inhibiting the expansion of the labor supply, and female labor-force participation is low by the standards of comparable countries. Weakening external demand and intensifying global competition in Malaysia's key export industries confirm the necessity of increasing productivity levels. The report presents an empirical analysis of the role of productivity in the Malaysian economy. It evaluates the country's institutional and policy framework, and identifies key constraints to productivity growth. Using time-series data and cross-country comparisons, the report examines the ways in which infrastructure and institutional quality, market efficiency, innovation, and workforce skills influence productivity in Malaysia. This analysis is designed to inform a productivity-focused economic agenda, and the report concludes by presenting a set of policy recommendations and institutional reforms designed to bolster long-run productivity growth
    DOI: 10.1596/29869
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    Malawi Economic Monitor, May 2018 : Realizing Safety Nets' Potential (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural development issues in Malawi. The aim of the publication is to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve high rates of stable, inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The MEM consists of two parts: Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part 2 focuses on a special selected topic relevant to Malawi's development prospects. In this edition, the special topic focuses on Social Safety Nets. Safety nets are playing an increasing role in promoting equity, strengthening resilience, and improving long-term human capital outcomes. There is now robust evidence to demonstrate that social safety nets can be an efficient means to break the cycle of poverty and vulnerability in Malawi. The key messages of this edition of the MEM are about economic recovery and cautious optimism
    DOI: 10.1596/29872
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    Rwanda Economic Update, June 2018 : Tackling Stunting - An Unfinished Agenda (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Rwanda's economy rebounded in the second half of 2017. The rebound, driven by improved exportperformance and revitalized agriculture, pushed annual growth to 6.1 percent and led to upwardrevisions of the growth projections for 2018 and 2019. However, although growth is currently recovering and is more balanced, it will most likely continue to be below the high rates achieved during the 2013-15 investment push
    DOI: 10.1596/29908
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    Myanmar Economic Monitor, May 2018 : Growth Amidst Uncertainty (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Myanmar's economy performed better in 2017/18 with a modest growth acceleration that partially reversed the deterioration experienced in 2016/17. While the outlook remains positive, risks have intensified. The economy experienced a broad-based increase in real GDP growth to 6.4 percent in 2017/181 from 5.9 percent in 2016/17. Inflation moderated from 7 percent in 2016/17 to 5.5 percent in 2017/18. The exchange rate was stable and appreciated slightly towards the end of the year, the current account deficit narrowed slightly on strong export growth, and the fiscal deficit also narrowed in the first three quarters of the fiscal year. While performance remains strong and the macroeconomic outlook is positive, there are concerns that the slow pace of reforms, vulnerabilities in the financial sector, and limited progress in addressing the humanitarian crisis in Rakhine are starting to affect business sentiment and could weaken performance. External risks from uncertainty in global trade policy and in commodity prices intensify the downside risks to the growth outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/29917
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    From Uneven Growth to Inclusive Development : Romania's Path to Shared Prosperity (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Reforms spurred by accession to the European Union (EU) boosted productivity and integrated Romania into the EU economic space. Gross domestic product per capita rose from 30 percent of the EU average in 1995 to 59 percent in 2016. Today, over 70 percent of the country's exports go to the EU, and their technological complexity is increasing rapidly. Yet, Romania remains the country in the EU with by far the largest share of poor people, with over a quarter of the population living on less than USD 5.50 a day. There are widening disparities in economic opportunity and poverty across regions and between urban and rural areas. Although Bucharest has already exceeded the EU average income per capita, and many secondary cities are becoming hubs of prosperity and innovation, Romania remains one of the least urbanized countries in the EU. Access to public services remains constrained for many citizens, particularly in rural areas, and there is a large infrastructure gap, which is a drag on the international competitiveness of the more dynamic areas of Romania while limiting economic opportunities in lagging and rural areas. Growth is constrained by weak commitment to policy implementation, creating a poor business environment and misallocation of resources to politically connected firms. Equal opportunities are constrained by weak local service delivery and an inability to ensure sufficient local funding due to patronage-based politics. And resilience to natural disasters and climate change is constrained by lack of coordination between central and local authorities. As argued in this report, Romania has no choice but to address these institutional challenges if it is to sustain the impressive growth performance of recent years, share prosperity among all of its citizens, and improve its resilience to natural hazards
    DOI: 10.1596/29864
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    The Republic of Croatia Systematic Country Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Croatia has made remarkable progress since independence, but daunting challenges impede the reforms required for sustainable development. In the space of a couple of decades since independence and its subsequent destructive war, Croatia has established a liberal democracy and a market economy, and achieved upper-middle income country. EU accession played a key role in these accomplishments by supporting legislative improvements, strengthening institutions and increasing the availability of funds. Nevertheless, implementation of the reform program continues to face significant obstacles. Capture of public institutions by powerful interest groups has limited the effectiveness of reforms. And frequent changes in government, each accompanied by changes in technical staff in public administration, have reduced momentum for reform and the consistency of government policies over time. This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) provides an assessment of where Croatia stands in terms of poverty reduction and shared prosperity (namely the twin goals), and how it could maximize progress towards these goals. The SCD's purpose is not to assess the Government's development plans but rather to articulate an independent identification of, and rationale for, priorities for achieving the twin goals. The analysis is meant to inform subsequent engagement between Croatia and the World Bank Group on the Country Partnership Framework. The document is structured as follows: chapter two presents key determinants and constraints of growth; chapter three presents determinants and constraints for enhancing inclusion; chapter four discusses financial, social and environmental sustainability, and identifies key sustainability-related constraints on achieving the twin goals over the longer term; and chapter five presents the priorities for reform and concludes
    DOI: 10.1596/29876
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    Converting Disaster Experience into a Safer Built Environment : The Case of Japan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Globally, up to 1.4 million people are moving into urban areas per week, and estimates indicate that nearly 1 billion new dwelling units will be built by 2050 to support this growing population. The way we build our cities today directly impacts the safety of future generations. Building code and regulation have proven to be cost-effective tools to promote healthy, safe sand resilient cities. Japan's effective use of building regulations to reduce risk is a compelling success story and provides a number of relevant lessons for low- and middle-income countries. Japan has proven that effective disaster risk reduction is possible, even in the face of highly destructive disasters. Among other measures, its building regulations have played a crucial role
    DOI: 10.1596/30015
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    Kazakhstan Country Economic Update, Spring 2018 : The Quest for a New Growth Model-The Urgency of Economic Transformation (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: A recovery in the oil sector boosted recent economic performance. While the recovery in global oil prices would have a welcoming effect for Kazakhstan in terms of enhancing the economy's buffers and supporting growth, it may also reduce the perceived urgency for transitioning to the new growth model, including the strong need of continuing the macro-fiscal adjustment (by reducing the nonoil deficit over the medium term) and pressing ahead with structural reforms. More generally, a return to any procyclical macro-fiscal policies during the upswing (due to an insufficient fiscal consolidation) risks developing a Dutch-Disease type of episode that could reduce economy's competitiveness and lower opportunities for diversification away from oil and other non-tradable goods and services with dynamics positively correlated to oil price movements. The authorities should not miss the current window of opportunity to adjust the macro-fiscal framework, clean up the banking sector, and deepen structural reforms. To transit to a new growth model and facilitate a sizeable expansion of the tradable nonoil sector's role in the economy, the government must demonstrate significant improvements to the rule of law, the quality of human capital, and the investment climate
    DOI: 10.1596/29961
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    The Albania National Employment Service Functional Review : An Overview (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Albania's labor markets improved between 2014 and 2016 where more people than before found jobs and unemployment rates fell. However, many challenges remain to channel the jobless into jobs. Efficient and effective public employment services aimed at fostering successful job matching can make a significant difference in reducing unemployment rates. Certain types of job matching might be especially valuable for the poor and vulnerable, who tend to be less connected with economic opportunities. The role of Albania's National Employment Service (NES) is to assist jobseekers in job search and increase their employability or capacity for entrepreneurship, through skills training and other active labor market programs (ALMPs). The services offered by the NES include registration of jobseekers, job intermediation, counseling services and guidance for jobseekers, preparation of and checking eligibility documents for unemployment benefits, vocational training, and employment promotion. A core part of Albania's current reform program is to increase the capacity of public institutions to provide effective public services, including modern performance management of the NES. This overview note provides a summary of the main findings of the analysis, with a focus on providing policy-relevant insights. This note provides a brief description of the labor market challenges and constraints facing the NES (Section 2), an overview of the methodology (Section 3), and a summary of key findings (Section 4). Section 5 concludes
    DOI: 10.1596/30043
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    Taking stock : An Update on Vietnam's Recent Economic Developments (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The report examines economic developments in Vietnam in 2018, including its strong trade performance, increased FDI inflows, and public debt stabilization, among others. It also includes a special section on the government's efforts to reduce trade costs and enhance competitiveness. A four-pillar integrated program on trade facilitation and logistics, is outlined. It includes : 1) Promoting trade facilitation by simplifying customs and specialized management regulations; (2) Enhancing efficiency of trade-related infrastructure and the quality of connectivity; (3) Building a competitive logistics service sector; and, (4) Strengthening interagency coordination and partnership with the private sector. It is intended to reduce non-tariff costs, thereby further boosting export-led growth, improving the business environment, and enhancing competitiveness
    DOI: 10.1596/29959
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    Reducing Tobacco Use through Taxation : The Experience of the Republic of Korea (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: As a country with one of the highest male smoking rates and one of the lowest cigarette prices in the world, Korea has prioritized many tobacco control efforts, including bans on smoking in public places, regulations on tobacco advertising, and public education about the harms of tobacco use. Consistent implementation of tobacco control policies has helped to magnify the importance of using tobacco tax rises as the basis of tobacco price policy - though these reforms took a long time to implement
    DOI: 10.1596/30020
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    Closing the Potential-Performance Divide in Ugandan Agriculture (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of employment, overwhelmingly on small farms; occupies half of all land area, and provides half of all exports and one-quarter of GDP in Uganda. It is considered a leading sector for future economic growth and economic inclusion in the current National Development Plan. Yet despite having very favorable natural resource and climate conditions for production of a wide variety of crops and livestock, average Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth--the difference between aggregate output growth and the growth of all inputs and factors of production that produced it--in Ugandan agriculture has been negative for the last two decades. This suggests that on balance the country is now getting less for equal or greater effort. While drought and pest issues likely have played a harmful role, other plausible explanations are a combination of the following: weakening over time of the public institutional base for promoting agricultural productivity at the level of small farms, inefficiencies in agricultural public expenditures, inadequate agricultural regulation and policies, and a lack of collateralizable farm assets. National agricultural output has grown at only 2 percent per annum over the last five years, compared to agricultural output growth of 3 to 5 percent in other EAC members and 3.3 percent per annum growth in Uganda's population over the same period
    DOI: 10.1596/30012
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    Malaysia Economic Monitor, June 2018 : Navigating Change (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The historic outcome of Malaysia's recent elections provides an unprecedented opportunity for change. The country's 14th General Elections which took place on May 9, 2018, in the context of widespread citizen concern regarding the degree to which the proceeds of economic growth have been shared across the Malaysian society and a call for increased government accountability, have resulted in the nation's first change in government since its independence in 1957. The new government's emerging economic policy framework is strongly guided by its election manifesto Buku Harapan, which responds to these popular sentiments. Heightened uncertainty amid the political transition exacerbated the ongoing turbulence in the financial markets arising from external factors. In the period between the elections and end-May, Malaysia's 5- and 10-year sovereign spreads against US Treasuries increased by 24 and 27 basis points respectively, while the stock market fell by three percent. Meanwhile, RM19 billion of foreign capital was withdrawn from the domestic financial markets in May as post-election market turbulence coincided with heightened investor uncertainty about the emerging markets asset class. However, since then volatility in the financial markets has been largely driven by external factors amid increased global trade tensions, as the uncertainty surrounding the political transition has gradually reduced
    DOI: 10.1596/29926
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    Tracking the Health Resources in Ukraine (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Abstract: While Ukraine has spent a significant amount of resources on health, its health outcomes fare poorly when compared with other European countries. For example, average life expectancy at birth in Ukraine has improved from the lowest, 66.8 years in 1995 to 71.4 years in 2016, but is still nine years behind the EU average of 80.6 years. The country has much higher death rates related to noncommunicable diseases (NCD) than the neighboring countries on their west. The suboptimal health outcomes point to the inefficient use of public resources, which is magnified by the shortage of funds during the recent economic crisis and conflicts. However, although the Public Finance Review (PFR)has been conducted recently to assess the allocation and effectiveness of public spending,there is no study to track the resource flows in order to identify the magnitude of theinefficiency and waste in the health sector
    DOI: 10.1596/30182
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    CPIA Africa, July 2018 : Assessing Africa's Policies and Institutions (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Abstract: Favorable global economic conditions supported a turnaround in economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, easing pressure on weak policy frameworks. Output growth rebounded to an estimated 2.6 percent after decelerating to 1.5 percent in 2016 amid challenging external and domestic conditions. Notwithstanding the recent upturn in economic activity, growth remained well below its pre-financial crisis average of around 5 percent; moreover, per capita growth was negative for a second consecutive year. Important near and longer term vulnerabilities remain in many of the region's economies: eroded policy buffers constrain the scope for countries to formulate an adequate policy response to adverse shocks; public debt relative to gross domestic product (GDP) is rising, with implications for debt sustainability; employment opportunities severely lag the growing labor force, and livelihoods and economic fortunes are still tied to commodity price shocks and production disruptions, underscoring the limited economic diversification in the region; and poverty is widespread
    DOI: 10.1596/30155
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    Enterprise Skills and Firm Performance in Zambia : Evidence from Structural Equation Modeling of a Skills Demand Model (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The objective of this Not ...
    DOI: 10.1596/30184
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    The Connections between Poverty and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Panama : A Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The present report summarizes the evidence and findings from a series of studies and new data collection around water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and poverty. This WASH poverty diagnostic was undertaken to increase our understanding of the linkages between monetary poverty and WASH services. The work focuses on answering four questions: who are the poor?, does access to WASH vary by poverty level?, what are the synergies between WASH and other sectors, and how does this affect welfare?, and what are the constraints to service and potential solutions to providing universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation? Although the work done in the context of this diagnostic covered both urban and rural areas, the main focus has been on the rural, and particularly, the indigenous areas, as these are the ones facing the greatest gaps in services. A more in-depth exploration of urban issues has been left for a future date
    DOI: 10.1596/30166
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    Country Partnership Framework for Romania for the Period FY19-23 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: Romania has achieved impr ...
    DOI: 10.1596/29954
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    Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Systematic Regional Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Eastern Caribbean countries are among the region's top performers in per capita income, poverty reduction, access to services, and gender inclusion, despite the constraints imposed by their small size. Geography and economic specialization make them vulnerable to external shocks, contributing to low and volatile GDP growth since 2000. High debt, limited job opportunities, and climate change present important development challenges for OECS countries. Strengthening their resilience to shocks is a prerequisite for poverty reduction, inclusive growth, and sustainability. The natural capital of the oceans provides opportunities for OECS countries to embed growth in the "blue economy". Realizing these opportunities will require harnessing human capital, embracing new technologies, and continued regional cooperation
    DOI: 10.1596/30054
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    Country Partnership Framework for Benin for the Period of FY19-FY23 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) sets out the strategy for how the World Bank Group will support Benin in achieving higher rates of economic and social well-being over the period FY19-FY23. The Republic of Benin is a small country with a large potential for improving the well-being of its people. With a population of roughly 10.9 million people, Benin is renowned for the stability of its democratic system of government (since 1990). It is endowed with relatively fertile agricultural land, a long border shared with the region's economic giant, Nigeria, and a strategic location as a hub connecting coastal and landlocked countries to the north. Despite these advantages, Benin's development indicators are among the world's lowest: the absolute number of people living in poverty has increased in recent years and conditions are particularly bad for women, people living in lagging regions in the north of the country, and young job-seekers. The country is also highly exposed to the environmental and social consequences of climate change, affecting agriculture productivity, health, food security, economic development, physical infrastructure, and water resources. The Government of Benin (GoB) proposes to improve its state of development through its Government Action Program 2016-2021 (Programme d'Actions du Gouvernement [PAG]). Adopted at the outset of the recently elected (2016) government of President Patrice Talon, the PAG starts with the premise that given Benin's long history of democratic stability, its natural resource endowment, and its strategic location within West Africa, it can achieve much higher rates of economic and social well-being through a three-pronged approach: (a) consolidation of democracy, the rule of law, and good governance; (b) structural transformation of the economy; and (c) improvement of social wellbeing. The PAG is premised on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (embodying its related goals (SDGs) as well as the Paris climate agreement
    DOI: 10.1596/30051
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    The Gambia Social Safety Nets Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Almost half the population remain poor, but the proportion has increased in rural areas and decreased in urban areas. Poverty stands at 48.6 percent nationally and almost 70 percent in rural areas; 21.3 percent are extreme poor, rising to 32.2 percent in rural areas5. The poverty rate hasn't changed much in five years. The poor rely heavily on subsistence agriculture for income generation, while informal jobs are predominant in urban areas. The population is growing quickly, moving from rural to urban areas, and an increasing share of young people are suffering from unemployment or underemployment. Emigration rates are also exceptionally high, providing remittances but draining the country's future economic potential. The Government has recognized the importance of coupling growth with social protection to reduce poverty. The Government's National Development Plan (NDP) recognizes that economic stabilization and growth must be accompanied by an investment in the Gambian people in order to reach its development goals: to build the requisite human capital, improve living standards and power the economy. Social protection can support the poorest to participate in inclusive growth and economic development. A strong set of social protection guiding documents have been prepared. A National Social Protection Policy (NSPP) (2015-25) was developed by the Government of the Gambia with the support of development partners through a participatory process. It defines the Government's SP vision and agenda, and proposes a set of priority actions to guide the gradual establishment of an integrated and inclusive social protection system in The Gambia. The NSPP is supported by a Social Protection Implementation Plan (SPIP) (2015-20), which defines a set of activities to implement the policy over the medium-term. However, the Implementation Plan is not accompanied by a financing plan to show how various activities will be funded nor does it articulate who is responsible for implementing the various activities. A minimum SP intervention package6 was defined in 2015, identifying several social protection focus areas, aligned with the life-cycle approach. These cover the life stages with the most at-risk vulnerabilities: cash transfers for pregnant women and infants; school meals; youth empowerment; and social pension for the elderly
    DOI: 10.1596/30008
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    Developing and Operationalizing a National Financial Inclusion Strategy : Toolkit (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: A national financial inclusion strategy (NFIS) can provide an effective instrument to chart a clear and coordinated path toward improving financial inclusion. An NFIS enables stakeholders to jointly define financial inclusion objectives, identify obstacles and opportunities relevant to the achievement of those objectives, and outline a prioritized set of actions to pursue in a coordinated manner. This toolkit provides financial sector authorities and other stakeholders with practical guidance on developing and operationalizing an NFIS. The toolkit covers three key areas: (i) the process of developing an NFIS, (ii) the key content of an NFIS document, and (iii) the operationalization of an NFIS. The toolkit includes detailed operational tips as well as country examples from over 20 countries. The toolkit is informed by the World Bank Group's experience as a technical partner in the development and implementation of NFISs in a diverse range of country contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/29953
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    Rapid Review of Water Knowledge for Pacific Small Islands Developing States (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: The rapid review confirms that Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are socially, culturally, and environmentally diverse, with some features in common, and which collectively make them unique to other regions of the world: Small island countries have uniquely fragile water resources due to their small size, lack of natural storage, competing land use, and vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic hazards, including drought, cyclones, and urban pollution (with between 0.5 percent to 6.6 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) being lost annually to disasters). Rurally dominated populations are widely dispersed geographically as many small communities, while most capital cities include significant informal settlement populations and are subject to rapid urbanization (a more than 3 percent yearly increase in urban population growth in most Melanesian countries is projected between 2015 and 2020) (Mycoo and Donovan 2017)
    DOI: 10.1596/30121
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    Productive Diversification of African Agriculture and Its Effects on Resilience and Nutrition (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: The agriculture sector in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains the backbone of national economies, sustaining rural and urban livelihoods alike, and providing food and income for the majority of households. Recent agriculture growth in Sub-Saharan Africa has been solid and has supported improvements in nutrition outcomes and poverty rates.Despite some relative gains, food insecurity and malnutrition in absolute terms continue to be major public health challenges in most African countries south of the Sahara, and most recent data are cause for concern. Many countries are still highly reliant on the production of one crop for national food security, which largely determines the total caloric intake of the rural population. Farmers in Sub-Saharan African are vulnerable to market risks and weather-related risks and shocks. Decisions on whether to diversify or to specialize production impact resilience, and thus their capacity to cope with and adapt to these risks. Market- and climate-related risks to smallholders in SSA are compounded by predictions that both the suitability of crop area for staples such as maize, and crop nutrient content could be substantially lowered with rising average temperatures. This report highlights that there is no one-size-fits-all solution in fostering diversification and provides a selection of policies available to governments that can promote or constrain diversification
    DOI: 10.1596/30262
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    A Migrant's Journey for Better Opportunities : The Case of Pakistan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Pakistan's migration system is limited in its capacity to reduce risks and protect workers throughout the migration process. The emigration ordinance and rules, established in 1979 (and updated later), provide a legal and institutional foundation for migration, but significant efforts are required in their implementation and enforcement. This report reviews Pakistan's migration system from the perspective of both governance and also the migrants themselves. It is organized as follows: Chapter 2 assesses Pakistan's current migration management system, including its institutional and legal arrangements as well as the functioning of the recruitment markets. Chapter 3 provides an overview of a typical Pakistani migrant's journey by walking through the various stages of migration and the expected risks and benefits that influence decisions (and, consequently, outcomes). Chapter 4 draws on global evidence to propose unilateral and bilateral initiatives and policy recommendations that promise to promote safe, inclusive, and productive migration from Pakistan and to maximize its development impact. Chapter 5 concludes the report
    DOI: 10.1596/30272
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    Country Partnership Framework for Solomon Islands for the Period FY2018-FY2023 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: This country partnership framework (CPF) for Solomon Islands spans the period from July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2023 (FY2018-FY2023). It presents the World Bank Group's (WBG) program of engagements over this period and a results framework against which anticipated outcomes will be evaluated. It builds on the results and lessons of Solomon Islands' previous country partnership strategy (CPS), which covered the period between FY2013 and FY2017. This CPF is well aligned with the Solomon Islands Government's (SIG's) long-term development vision, the national development strategy 2016 to 2035: improving the social and economic livelihoods of all Solomon Islanders (NDS), and the thematic priorities emerging from the WBG's Solomon Islands systematic country diagnostic (SCD), completed in June 2017. The main purpose of the CPF is to support Solomon Islands in enhancing its economic resilience through inclusive growth, while considering economic geography and state fragility. The CPF will selectively support Solomon Islands' medium-term development plan (MTDP): 2016 to 2020 and incorporates key priorities of the SCD. The CPF is organized around three focus areas: (i) strengthening the foundations of well-being, (ii) promoting inclusive and sustainable growth, and (iii) managing uneven development
    DOI: 10.1596/30226
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    Enterprise Surveys : Chad Country Profile 2018 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Enterprise Surveys
    Abstract: The Enterprise Surveys (ES) focus on many aspects of the business environment. These factors can be accommodating or constraining for firms and play an important role in whether an economy's private sector will thrive or not. Questions contained in the ES aim at covering most of the topics mentioned above. The topics include infrastructure, trade, finance, regulations, taxes and business licensing, corruption, crime and informality, access to finance, innovation, labor, and perceptions about obstacles to doing business. This document summarizes the results of the Enterprise Survey for Chad. Business owners and top managers in 153 firms were interviewed between February to April 2018. The report provides a description of the sample breakdown across the three survey design categories: business sector, firm size, and location
    DOI: 10.1596/30297
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    Options for a Carbon Tax in Bangladesh (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Carbon taxes can be win-win for Bangladesh. They can help show the world that Bangladesh is serious about climate mitigation, boosting the country's influence in international negotiations and helping it to access financing and technology promised during the COP-21. They can play a role in nudging Bangladesh's growth to a lower carbon and cleaner path, helping to make it more sustainable and improving environmental (and health) conditions for its citizens. They can help to raise additional resources - up to 1 percent of GDP - for social and economic development, including infrastructure investment. Some of the additional resources can be used to reduce taxes on labor or firms. Carbon taxes are much simpler to implement than most other taxes and most fuel costs would increase by only a few Taka per liter. At the same time, implementation needs to be done well to reduce opposition and win over firms and citizens. But Bangladesh can learn how other countries have succeeded. This Policy Note and accompanying Brief summarizes why carbon taxes make sense for Bangladesh and how to succeed
    DOI: 10.1596/30408
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    Growth and Productivity in the Philippines : Winning the Future (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Abstract: To achieve the AmBisyon N ...
    DOI: 10.1596/30450
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    Strategic Use of Climate Finance to Maximize Climate Action : A Guiding Framework (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement requires countries to finance transformational changes with significant investments in both mitigation and resilience-building. International public climate finance with some degree of concessionality (i.e., climate finance) makes it possible to provide grants or loans with reduced interest rates and/or longer grace or repayment periods. Given the scarcity of climate finance, this paper proposes a framework for determining the appropriate degree of concessionality for a program/project, and for prioritizing programs/projects for climate action. To maximize the impact of climate finance, the degree of concessionality allocated to a program/project should be equal to what is needed to overcome the identified barriers to implementation and make the program/project viable. In parallel, the framework prioritizes programs/projects that are ambitious and transformational. Ambitious projects contribute significantly to achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement. A program/project is transformational if it meaningfully reduces barriers to implementation for future programs/projects that will decrease emissions or boost resilience. The paper illustrates how the three dimensions (i.e., barriers to implementation, ambitious, and transformational) can be qualitatively assessed at four levels for a given mitigation or resilience-building program/project and recommends future work to operationalize the framework into decision-making processes
    DOI: 10.1596/30475
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    Toolkit for Impact Evaluation of Public Credit Guarantee Schemes for SMEs (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Limited access to finance, particularly bank credit, is a long-standing hurdle for Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs), with varying severity of financing constraints across countries. SMEs face higher transaction costs and higher risk premiums since they are typically more opaque and have less or inadequate collateral to offer. Financing is also a major constraint in advanced economies, where financing gaps for SMEs were exacerbated by the 2008-2009 financial and economic crisis. SMEs face higher transaction costs and higher risk premiums since they are typically more opaque and have less or inadequate collateral to offer. These market failures and imperfections provide the rationale for government intervention in SME credit markets. An increasingly popular form of government intervention is represented by credit guarantee schemes (CGSs). These are specialized institutions or programs set up by the government which pledge to repay some or the entire loan amount to the lender in case of default of the SME borrower. The toolkit for impact evaluation of public credit guarantee schemes for SMEs has been created with the objective of identifying a set of uniform methodologies for assessing the financial and economic impact of public CGSs as systematically and objectively as possible. After the introductory Module, the Toolkit is divided in nine parts. Module 2 provides an overview of impact evaluation and introduces different modalities of impact evaluation such as prospective and retrospective evaluations. Module 3 provides a roadmap for designing and implementing a CGS impact evaluation. The later modules (5 through 10) finally touch upon some operational steps to implement an impact evaluation such as collecting data, setting the evaluation team, budgeting and timing for the evaluation, and producing and disseminating the results
    DOI: 10.1596/30514
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    Federal Republic of Somalia Systematic Country Diagnostic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: To sustain its positive trajectory, Somalia needs to break out of its dual development trap, where inadequate resources and minimal trust in government are preventing the state from providing the public goods and services necessary to consolidate its legitimacy, while large periodic shocks (such as drought) reverse the gains made and endanger the welfare of the most vulnerable. To break out of this cycle and launch itself on a durable development trajectory, Somalia will need both improved institutions and predictable development financing. To take advantage of the opportunity provided by the current relative political stability, this systematic country diagnostic (SCD) applies a modified version of the changing wealth of nations framework. This framework is focused on building up sustainable national wealth rather than maximizing short-term consumption, and is based upon an assessment of the stocks of various forms of capital -natural assets like land, forests, fish, and minerals; productive assets like buildings, machinery, and infrastructure (such as highways, ports, and electricity generation); human assets (population, education, and health); as well as the intangibles (such as the quality of institutions, the vitality of the private sector, and the functioning of the society) that govern the functioning of the economy. In this framework, development is defined as the process of accumulating a diversified and growing portfolio of national wealth. Among other approaches, by differentiating intangible capital in terms of its social, institutional, and entrepreneurial aspects this SCD more explicitly captures the quality and capacity of public institutions and governance, the functioning of social safety nets, inclusion and the strength of dispute resolution systems, and entrepreneurship. It also makes it possible to identify such obstacles to development as constraints on the accumulation of capital or drivers of capital depletion
    DOI: 10.1596/30416
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    A Practitioner's Handbook for Eco-Industrial Parks : Implementing the International EIP Framework (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The EIP Practitioner's Handbook [or "the Handbook"] is a practical, step-by-step guide that takes stakeholders through the entire process of operationalizing the International EIP Framework. It addresses a wide range of practitioners including industrial park operators; firms located in industrial parks; industrial park planners and developers; decision makers; governmental officials and regulators at the central, provincial and local levels; financing bodies; and funding agencies, donor and international development institutions supporting client governments in designing policy frameworks and facilitating the promotion of EIPs. The Handbook is intended to help practitioners operationalize the International EIP Framework at the national and /or park level, as well as specific EIP performance requirements set in the Framework
    DOI: 10.1596/30458
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    Pakistan Development Update, October 2018 : At A Crossroad (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to update the Government of Pakistan, think-tanks and researchers, the public and the World Bank's senior management on the state of the Pakistan economy and its outlook, together with the structural reforms it requires and the development challenges it faces. The report begins with a chapter on economic developments, with sections on growth, fiscal policy, public debt, the external sector, monetary developments and inflation, and the financial sector. The second chapter provides a medium-term macroeconomic outlook and describes risks faced and upcoming challenges, including structural reform needs. The third chapter concludes by stressing the importance of creating a skilled labor force that is more productive and better able to adopt and adapt to new technologies-the core of Pakistan's growth path
    DOI: 10.1596/30527
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    Improving Regulatory Service Delivery (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Bangladesh has set up an ambitious target of attaining middle-income status by 2021. To achieve this objective, the economy needs to grow at a sustained rate of 7.5-8 percent annually and this would in turn require an increase in private investment to at least 26.6 percent of GDP from 22 percent in 2016-17. Despite the fact that the government has implemented several policy reforms since 2008, investors still face a number of challenges in establishing and operating a business in Bangladesh. This is reflected in the World Bank Group's Doing Business report, which finds that Bangladesh ranks 177th amongst 190 countries, making it one of the lowest-ranked economies in the South Asia region. Businesses seeking to operate in Bangladesh have to cope with multiple approvals from several institutions and agencies. A potential private investor has to navigate more than 150 government services to obtain the necessary approvals to start and operate a business in Bangladesh. The processes are regulated by over 36 agencies such as the Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA), Office of the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC) and the Department of Environment (DoE), with little inter-agency coordination. Navigating the uncoordinated, non-transparent and cumbersome workings of the agencies imposes a high cost on domestic and foreign investors. In addition, the uncertainty and unpredictability of service delivery hampers business activities and operational planning. These challenges affect Bangladesh's competitiveness and reputation as an investment destination
    DOI: 10.1596/30556
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    Unpredictable Regulatory Practices (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The current regulatory environment in Bangladesh discourages the entry of innovative businesses.Entrepreneurs face a myriad of regulatory barriers including an absence of laws and regulations that clarify the rules of the game for new activities (regulatory gaps), and conflicting definitions and interpretations (regulatory ambiguity).Typically, rules and regulations are announced without prior notice, consultation or impact assessment. As a result, they do not benefit from the practical knowledge that businesses have. Even welldesigned rules and regulations cause problems if announced suddenly and with immediate effect.There are inconsistencies and gaps in rules and regulations.Government agencies often impose their own rules and procedures without considering possible conflicts with rules and procedures imposed by other government agencies.Businesses find it difficult to find information on existing rules and regulations.Regulatory officials use undue discretion in dealing with businesses.Many regulatory areas lack an effective grievance redressal system.Insecure property rights also dis-incentivize businesses from making investments.Regulatory unpredictability hampers business entry and day to day business operations; however, the degree depends on the size of the business
    DOI: 10.1596/30553
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    Competing in the Digital Age : Policy Implications for the Russian Federation (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Knowledge Economy Study
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the role of emerging technologies in digital transformation and the global best practices in policy responses to the disruptions they cause across a broad spectrum of economic activity. It analyzes the successes and challenges of digital transformationin Russia and attempts to develop key recommendations to help policy makers accelerate the pace of digital transformation across the main sectors of the Russian economy. In its current version, the report starts with discussing the results of the Russia DECA and offers an analysis of international best practice in formulating policy approaches to stimulate digital adoption while easing the disruption caused by the rapid emergence of new technologies. The objective is to help policy makers think through ways to harness the opportunities created by emerging technologies to enable Russia to accelerate the pace of digital transformation. The report then discusses the emergence of digital platforms as key enablers of digital transformation and proceeds to explore sectoral dynamics in the key digital transformation areas outlined in the Russia Digital Economy Program, including digital government, digital business, as well as digital innovation and skills building. Sector-oriented chapters follow a similar structure by analyzing international best practice in the transformation of a sector, offering an assessment of the current state of transformation of that sector in Russia and concluding with proposing a set of recommendations that may help accelerate the digital transformation of the sector in light of international best practice and the local experience. Due to the rapid pace of technological change and space limitations, this report does not pretend to offer in-depth analysis of Russian digital transformation at the sectoral level but is rather an attempt to analyze global best practice to inform Russian policy making and an invitation to the policy-maker and expert community to continue the digital co-creation experience started two years ago in the hope that it is an effective way to share the just-in-time global expertise of the World Bank whenever and wherever it is needed most in order to help accelerate Russia's digital transformation process
    DOI: 10.1596/30584
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    Kyrgyz Republic : Developing Agri-Food Value Chains (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The prevalence of small farmers and small-scale agri-food processors creates unique challenges for agri-food value-chain development in Kyrgyzstan. That is, the Kyrgyz farm structure itself, with its dominance of small farmers, is one of the main constraints for the effective functioning of modern value chains, preventing them from delivering high incomes and improved livelihoods for smallholders. But this structure also provides one of the main opportunities for developing the value chain. Small-scale agri-food processors are rarely successful in establishing sustainable partnerships with small farmers unless there are strong market signals that facilitate these partnerships. Such strong market signals for Kyrgyz agri-food producers/processors are found in niche and premium markets of products that require specialized and labor-intensive agricultural production. Therefore, when market failures are addressed by public policy interventions, small farmers and small-scale agri-food processors have improved access to markets, more opportunities to capture value, and more opportunities to improve their livelihoods
    DOI: 10.1596/30567
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    Low Carbon Cities : Exploring New Crediting Approaches to Deliver Carbon and Climate Finance (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: By 2050, two-thirds of the planet's population will live in urban centers, and nearly 90 percentof the 2.5 billion new urban dwellers will live in Africa and Asia. The world's urban areas wereresponsible for around 70 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2013, and that numbercould grow by 50 percent by 2050 if current trends continue. In 2015, world leaders committed to limiting the global temperature increase to well below 2 degrees Centigrade and to pursuing efforts to reach a 1.5 degrees Centigrade limit in the context of the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Paris Agreement invitescities to scale up climate action, and over two-thirds of participating countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) mention urban action. More than 70 percent of the global low emissions and climate-resilient infrastructure will be built in urban areas, at an estimated cost of 4.5 to 5.4 trillion USD per year. As highlighted by the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance (CCFLA), scarce climate finance resources must be used strategically to both increase the amount of funding available and as part of a process of enabling and levering existing and new financing to flow from a broad range of sources, most importantly from the private sector. It is essential for cities to diversify and blend their sources of finance and tap the full spectrum of resources available to raise funds for climate action. However, successful funding for climate action-notably in developing countries-needs to overcome barriers such as the lack of creditworthiness of subnational governments, insufficient access to capital markets and international mechanisms, and lack of financial and technical skills and human resources
    DOI: 10.1596/30611
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    Is Indonesia Ready to Serve? : An Analysis of Indonesia's Primary Health Care Supply-Side Readiness (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Health financing in Indonesia is marked by low public health expenditures (PHE), high out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures and a complex and fragmented intergovernmental fiscal transfer system. Indonesia has a mixed model of public-private provision of health care services. Despite this large network of primary health care facilities, health service delivery is challenging. This report brings out key findings from a Quantitative Service Delivery Study (2016) of public and private primary health care providers in Indonesia. The report analyzes primary health care supply-side readiness across public and private facilities, rural and urban facilities, private facilities empaneled by the national social health insurance agency (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial - BPJS) versus those who have not, amongst others. It also compares temporal changes in public-sector primary health care supply-side readiness since the last facility census, the Rifaskes (2011). The primary aim of the report is to present findings from the survey that can inform policy choices to improve primary health care service readiness as part of Indonesia's path towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
    DOI: 10.1596/30623
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    Tobacco Taxation in the Eurasian Economic Union (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The report presents the results of macro-simulations of the consequences of different excise policy scenarios for 2018-2021 in two EAEU countries, Russia and Kazakhstan. Three scenarios are considered: (a) the low-taxation harmonization level and rate of growth proposed by the Eurasian Economic Commission; (b) the somewhat higher taxation harmonization option proposed by the Eurasian Economic Commission - here referred to as the "compromise" scenario; and (c) the high ("optimal") scenario of rapid excise growth, which is a scenario closest to the recommendations of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and the EU harmonization experience
    DOI: 10.1596/30621
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    Migration from Venezuela to Colombia : Short- and Medium-Term Impact and Response Strategy (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/30651
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Case Study on the Employee Provident Fund of Malaysia (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This paper documents the best practices and practical lessons learned from Malaysia's largest mandatory public provident fund, the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). The objective of this paper is to increase the knowledge base of efficient pension funds for developing countries, drawing from Malaysia's experiences. Findings include key critical factors that contributed to the successof the EPF, from a small pension fund set up in 1949, to become one of the largest pension fund among developing countries and the 15th largest in the world. This paper summarizes the EPF's key strategies in corporate governance, investment, and operational strategies, as well as policies deployed by the EPF in managing its assets. The lessons from the EPF come from three main factors. Firstly, the EPF has developed a strong governance structure which discourages external politicalmeddling and encourages transparency and accountability. Secondly, the EPF's investments strategy, guided by its Strategic Asset Allocation, including diversifying to foreign markets and new asset classes, has enabled the Fund to produce enhanced returns. Thirdly, the EPF's operational effectiveness which is driven by the professionalism of their employees and their continuous improvement for members' benefit. Nonetheless, several challenges remain in the present and in the future. The first challenge involves demographic changes as Malaysia is ageing more rapidlythan other countries and even now a sizable number of workers do not have the recommended minimum savings level needed for retirement. A revamp of the current model is needed to ensure that members will be financially independent post-retirement. The second challenge is lack of coverage: only half of those in the labour force are contributing to the EPF, which leaves the other half without oldage pension coverage. A reform agenda needs to expand coverage particularly for the self-employed. The final challenges are maintaining public trust and staying relevant, especially in the age of the fourth industrial revolution and the emerging gig economy that has different needs and demands. This case study will hopefully be of benefit to both policy makers andpractitioners, particularly in the developing world. It could help play an important part in designing a successful provident fund to contribute to a comprehensive social safety net for citizens
    DOI: 10.1596/30938
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    Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia : A Realistic Objective (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: In recent decades, Tunisia has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and increasing access to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. More than 4 million people in Tunisia have gained access to improved sanitation between 1990 and 2015, and 4 million have gained access to water. This is a significant accomplishment, considering that Tunisia is currently home to 11 million people, 33 percent of whom live in rural areas. Despite this progress, however, around 250,000 people in Tunisia still rely on unimproved drinking water from mostly unprotected wells and springs; of the 900,000 people who use unimproved sanitation, about half use shared latrines, and the other half use mostly unimproved latrines. There are also substantial imbalances in terms of water-resource distribution between the better endowed North and the semi-arid South. If left unaddressed, deficiencies could become more severe in the coming years. Tunisia is a water-scarce country, and water supply security challenges are predicted to be exacerbated by climate change in the coming years. Opportunities for improvement are analyzed and condensed into five clear recommendations for the way forward for the WASH sector in Tunisia
    DOI: 10.1596/30859
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    Stimulating Business Angels in the Czech Republic (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This report provides a systematic assessment of business angel activities, and the ecosystem surrounding innovation finance, in the Czech Republic. Based on literature reviews, published data sources and local stakeholder interviews, the report distills findings related to the demand for and supply of risk investments, and offers policy recommendations for stimulating business angels. The report characterizes the Angel ecosystem as emerging with potential for growth. It is small both in terms of the number of investors and the amount invested. There appears to be a general lack of syndication of investments and concentration of investments in the capital (Prague) and in the information, communication, and technology (ICT) sector. On the demand side, a credible deal flow does exist, although it falls short of constituting a critical mass needed to support the development of the market. While issues in the local environment may affect the flow of angel investments, these are not insurmountable, based on the country's competitive ranking on relevant global and European indicators. Finally, the report proposes a number of policy recommendations for enhancing business angel awareness and investments, including data collection and mapping of early stage market activities (short-term), creation of Czech National Angel Association (medium-term), and implementation of incentivization measures such as co-investment funds and tax incentives (long-term)
    DOI: 10.1596/30913
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    Forests for Green Pakistan : Forest Policy Note (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The forest cover in Pakistan is low. The latest forest assessment from 2011 estimates 4.47 million ha of total forest area in the country, or 5.1 percent of the total land area (Bukhari, Laeeq, and Ali 2012). Distribution of forests varies by province and other administrative area; it is highest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (32.7 percent), followed by Sindh (14.8 percent), Punjab (12.4 percent), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (11.9 percent), Balochistan (11.1 percent), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (9.6 percent), and Gilgit-Baltistan (7 percent). The World Bank supported Pakistan's forestry sector until 2000, and then remained disengaged until 2015. Few other donors, primarily the United Nations Development Program, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and international non-governmental organizations such as World Wildlife Fund, International Union for Conservation of Nature, and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, maintained support on a small scale. Since 2015, the World Bank has been supporting Pakistan with USD 7.4 million to help the country prepare for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through technical studies, consultations, and capacity-building activities. Long-term forest investments are required to harness the huge potential of forest contributions to resilient ecosystems, rural livelihoods, the national economy, and the global environment. In recent years the government has augmented its attention to forests, as demonstrated by the nationally determined contribution, the Green Pakistan Program, and the Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Program. Future support is needed to enhance and scale up these new and important initiatives in order to strengthen landscape management, reduce poverty and improve livelihoods, and foster private sector development
    DOI: 10.1596/30936
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    Malawi Economic Monitor, November 2018 : Investing in Girls' Education (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural developmentissues in Malawi. This edition was published in November 2018. It follows seven previous editions of the MEM and is part of an ongoing series, with future editions to follow twice each year.The aim of the publication is to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve high rates of stable, inclusive andsustainable economic growth. The MEM consists of two parts: Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part 2 focuses on a special topic relevant to Malawi's development prospects. In this edition, the special topic focuses on ending child marriages and early childbearing as well as improving girls' level of educational attainment.Despite substantial progress over the last two decades, girls still have lower average levels ofeducational attainment than boys at the secondary level in many countries. This is also the case inMalawi, partly because many girls marry or have children before the age of 18, often before they are physically and emotionally ready to become wives and mothers. Educating girls, ending child marriage, and preventing early childbearing are all essential to ensure that girls have agency, not only as future wives and mothers, but also as productive citizens in a wide range of roles. These are also enablers for countries to achieve their full development potential, which requires the full participation of all citizens to the degree to which they are capable. The failure to empower women to participate therefore represents a lost opportunity. This MEM documents trends in child marriage, early childbearing and girls' low average levels of educational attainment, with an examination of their impacts on a wide range of development outcomes. It includes estimations of the economic costs of child marriage and proposes a range of policy options to improve opportunities for adolescent girls
    DOI: 10.1596/30902
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Liberia for the Period FY19 - FY24 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The Liberian economy is undergoing a process of structural transformation, as the dominanceof agriculture and mining gradually gives way to a rising services sector. Much of the Liberian economy is structured around foreign direct investment (FDI) and the development of private agricultural, mining, and forestry concessions. The Liberian economy showed signs of recovery in 2017-2018, amid significant fiscal and external imbalances. The medium-term outlook remains positive, assuming the new government maintains prudent macroeconomic policies, pursues a judicious borrowing policy, and implements planned structural reforms. The favorable medium-term growth outlook also assumes that sound macroeconomic management and structural reforms will strengthen investor confidence. The Government's medium-term development strategy (July 2018-June 2023), the Pro-poor Agenda for Prosperity and Development (PAPD), is designed around the priorities set forth in President Weah's inaugural speech and State of the Nation address: (i) combatting corruption; (ii) improving efficiency and accountability in the public sector; (iii) promoting honesty and transparency in the private sector; (iv) narrowing infrastructure gaps, especially in the southeast; and (v) creating jobs, especially for young workers. The Country Partnership Framework emphasizes the importance of shifting the focus of the WBG program from being infrastructure intensive under the previous CPS toward a more balanced approach with greater attention to education, agriculture, economic empowerment of women and youth, and maternal and child health. WBG will support smallholder commercialization and private-sector investment in agribusiness by fostering productive business linkages among smallholder farmers, selected agribusiness firms, and business-development services-with a special focus on constraints faced by women and youth
    DOI: 10.1596/30853
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    Opportunities and Challenges for Scaling Up Geothermal Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: Geothermal energy can play a substantial role in meeting the energy needs of many Latin America and Caribbean Region (LAC) countries given the region's vast potential. The majority of geothermal resources in the LAC region remain largely untapped, not only in Central America and Mexico where development is more advanced, but also in the Caribbean and in South America. If further explored and developed in a sustainable fashion, these resources could meet a significant share of the base load power needs of the region, at a competitive cost, resulting in direct economic and environmental benefits. This report is envisioned to be a decision-makers' guide for assessing key challenges and measures to facilitate expanding geothermal development in LAC. Based on discussions with LAC policymakers, utilities, and developers, several cross-cutting challenges affecting most countries in the region were identified, including: i) addressing geothermal resource risks; ii) mobilizing financing for geothermal development; iii) policy, legal, and regulatory reforms to improve the investment climate; and iv) environmental and social considerations. Based on the World Bank's own extensive experience in the geothermal sector and drawing upon global and regional experience, this report then presents demonstrated solutions to addressing these key challenges. It showcases an array of measures from around the world that clients in LAC can customize for application in their own domestic markets
    DOI: 10.1596/30895
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    Improving Co-operation between Tax Authorities and Anti-Corruption Authorities in Combating Tax Crime and Corruption (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This joint report by the World Bank and OECD identifies building blocks for more effective co-operation and is the first comprehensive global study of its kind. The content of the report is based on responses from 67 countries to a survey, which examined the organizational structure for investigating and prosecuting tax crime and corruption, as well as models for, and the experience of, inter-agency co-operation in fighting these crimes. The report found that further efforts are warranted to improve interagency cooperation, as only 55 percent of the surveyed countries require corruption investigators to report suspected tax crimes. And when it comes to information-sharing, even fewer countries mandate it - just 44 percent. The report presents a variety of lessons for overcoming barriers to cooperation and modalities through which cooperation can be effectuated
    DOI: 10.1596/30911
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    The Landscape for Institutional Investing in 2018 : Perspectives of Institutional Investors, An Input into the Investor Forum (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The high-level Investor Forum will take place on November 29, 2018, in Buenos Aires, hosted by the President of Argentina, this year's chair of the G20, and co-organized with the World Bank Group. The Forum will bring together leaders from the public sector and the global investment communityto explore how their combined power could contribute to sustained global economic growth andincrease the flow of long-term sustainable investments to where they are needed most. It is hopedthat the Forum will build strong momentum to support collaboration to address areas of shared interest, concern, and opportunity. As part of preparing for the Forum, the World Bank Group (WBG) conducted semi-structured interviews with senior executives-mostly chief executive officers and chief investment officers-in 34 global institutional investors, soliciting their views on the current operational and investment environment; strategic priorities going forward; and actionsrequired to scale up investments in sustainable, long-term projects, particularly investments in infrastructure. The major topics covered were (i) current perceptions regarding today's economic and investment environments; (ii) mega-trends shaping existing and future investment strategies; (iii) sustainable investing along a number of dimensions; (iv) infrastructure investing; (v) investing in emerging markets; (vi) the potential role of the WBG and, by extension,other international financial institutions (IFIs); and (vii) their guidance on how to make the Forum a success. Given the geographic diversity, number, and level of seniority of the interviewed executives, we believe that these inputs can be considered a good reflection of views widely held by the global investment community. A key finding from the interviews was the significant degree of consensus among global investors on what were the principal concerns, opportunities, and actions needed
    DOI: 10.1596/30901
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    Rwanda Economic Update, December 2018 : Schooling for Learning--Strengthening Resilience of Education in Rwanda (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: This is the 13th edition of the Rwanda Economic Update, a semiannual publication which reports on and synthesizes recent economic developments; considers them in a medium-term, regional, and global context; and analyzes how these developments and current policies may affect the outlook for the economy. This report attempts to make an analytical contribution to how Rwanda's national development strategy is carried forward. Each edition also has a special feature spotlighting a particular topic. It is intended for a wide audience of policymakers, business leaders, other market participants, analysts engaged in Rwanda's economy, and civil society
    DOI: 10.1596/30978
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    Belarus Strengthening Public Investment and Public Private Partnerships : Assessment Report (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Investment Review
    Abstract: Faced with a prolonged economic downturn and resulting fiscal constraints, the Government of Belarus is looking to increase the efficiency of public funds spent on public investment. As the total envelope on public capital spending is likely to stagnate or even decrease further in the coming years, it becomes important to increase the output for each ruble spent on infrastructure and other public investment. Several international studies point to a significant payoff from improving Public Investment Management (PIM) - the institutions, systems, and processes guidingdecisions on how to prepare and implement public investment projects. The InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) estimates - based on a survey of the efficiency of PIM systems in a range of countries having gone through PIM assessments - suggest that an average country obtains 30 percent less output in terms of physical infrastructure for a given expenditure than the most efficient countries. Up to two-thirds of this efficiency gap could be clawed back through improved PIM institutions (IMF, 2015). At the same time, alternative modalities have developed for procuring andimplementing public investment projects through the involvement of private partners. Such Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) can in some cases increase the efficiency of project implementation and likelihood of achieving project outcomes, although attention must be devoted to properly identifying and managing significant fiscal and other project-related risks. Against this background, the Government of the Republic of Belarus (GoB) has requested the World Bank to provide technical assistance to strengthen PIM and PPPs. As a first step, this report assesses the current systems and procedures for public investment against good international practice using a diagnostic methodology developed by the World Bank and tested in a large number of countries worldwide. The analysis identifies gaps in the current system, and options for improvement are provided as a basis for further discussion and prioritization by the GoB
    DOI: 10.1596/31022
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    Transport Costs and Prices in Lao PDR : Unlocking the Potential of an Idle Fleet (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The cost of transport in Lao PDR is said to be higher than in neighboring countries, affectingthe competitiveness of producers and shippers alike. However, the picture appears to be morenuanced. Since there has not been much hard evidence to support this claim, this paper fills thegap by empirically investigating transport costs and prices for domestic routes in Lao PDR andidentifies the key drivers behind transport costs. The transport sector in Lao PDR can be describedas thin, consisting of a dozen large players (defined as having a fleet size of more than 50 trucks) and many small firms (companies with less than 5 trucks or owner-operators). Many of the micro firms work in the informal sector. Productivity levels in the Lao transport sector are generally very low. Across the study sample, the average annual distance driven per truck is only 55,000 km which is very low, though comparable to other landlocked, developing countries. Transport costs are on average LAK 489 per ton-km (equivalent to USD 0.06 per ton-km). A large majority of transport companies operate within a band of LAK 230 (USD 0.028) and LAK 575 (USD 0.07), of which variable costs make up 62 percent. Smaller firms tend to be less efficient than larger ones in spite of their much smaller overhead costs. The 25 percent cost advantage per ton-km of informal firms is offset by the economies of scale of larger firms that operate newer and larger trucks
    DOI: 10.1596/31015
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    Financing a Resilient Urban Future : A Policy Brief on World Bank and Global Experience on Financing Climate-Resilient Urban Infrastructure (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: In the coming decades, climate change will force cities to grapple with new operating conditions to construct and maintain key urban infrastructure. Strategies for covering the costs of climate-resilient upgrades will vary by locale, reflecting differing market, regulatory, and policy circumstances. This policy brief draws on World Bank experience and datasets and a review of academic and grey literature on financing three core urban infrastructure systems - water, transport, and energy. It seeks to answer the question of what funding and financing instruments may be available to local governments and infrastructure system operators in different cities around the world, and how these link back to the climate challenges they may face. This brief was developed as part of the Financing Climate Futures initiative, a joint effort of OECD, UN Environment, and the World Bank Group
    DOI: 10.1596/31068
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    Ukraine e-Government Assessment (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: Electronic Government (e-government) is among the main bases for improving public administration and service delivery in Ukraine. To effectively support enhanced developmentoutcomes, it requires a systemic and coordinated approach and parallel advancement of various components of digitalization. The purpose of this assessment is to identify issues and opportunities to consolidate, enhance and accelerate the electronic government reform in Ukraine. It informs and serves as a foundation for the prioritization and development of future areas of engagement of the broader e-government reform.Efforts to advance the implementation of e-government activities have not been properly sequenced and have been uncoordinated.To assess governance e-transformation this report introduces a comprehensive methodology - Electronic Government's Governance Outline (hereafter Assessment) - that was developed by the team and is used for the first time. This assessment reflects the progress and status against various benchmarks of e-government, grouped in 18 dimensions and spread among 5 areas.The Ukraine assessment is a first attempt at bringing together the technical perspective of digitalization with the treatment of the agency problem underlaying the essence of governance. Recognizing the challenges and complexity of reforms in this area, the report outlines key priorities for future focus by policymakers and implementers in setting up specific strategies for addressing weaknesses and advancing reforms. The assessment, which was performed through desk review of policy and regulatory framework, interviews and structured surveys of key stakeholders, reveals a pattern of disproportional development of the system. The report discusses three foresight scenarios as alternatives to the "status quo".The scenarios reflect different approaches to addressing identified vulnerabilities of e-government in Ukraine. Implementing many of the good practices will be a challenge in the short-term. Next steps should ideally focus on reforms that prioritize consolidation of datacenters. Implementing a centralized policy for ICT procurement requires strong political will and high-level support. The first manifestation of such political support could be clear definition of the stakeholder roles and, most importantly, separation of implementation from policymaking
    DOI: 10.1596/31052
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    Tech Startup Ecosystem in West Bank and Gaza : Findings and Recommendations (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Technology is one of the main drivers of productivity and economic growth. Developing countries have traditionally had difficulties in both developing technology and absorbing foreign technology. However, the recent emergence of tech startups present an opportunity. Tech start-ups are an effective a mechanism to both create local technology and absorb foreign technology. The objective of this report is to provide a better understanding of the status of start-up ecosystem in West Bank and Gaza, and provide policy recommendations for policy makers and other stakeholders who are interested in supporting the growth and sustainability of the ecosystem. The report is based on an in-depth survey of startups and supportive stakeholders of the ecosystem. The findings point out to an early stage start-up that is maturing. Skills, supportive infrastructure, finance pipeline, and community and networks are examined and gaps are identified. Policy recommendations to tackle these gaps are presented based on international practices
    DOI: 10.1596/31075
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    Halving Poverty in Russia by 2024 : What Will It Take? (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: We identify the conditions in terms of economic growth and public transfers required to "...reduce poverty in the Russian Federation by one half by 2024" as stated in President Putin's Decree of May 17th, 2018. The current poverty rate is 13.2 percent, and halving it would mean reducing the current rate to 6.6 percent by 2024. We estimate that average annual growth of 1.5 percent would bring down the poverty rate from 13.2 percent to only 10.7 percent by 2024. And even if Russia were to be able to catch up with the rest of the world, and grow at 3.2 percent annually, the poverty rate would fall to 8.1 percent - still below the stated goal of 6.6 percent. Consequently, to reach the Presidential target of 6.6 percent, we estimate that the annual required growth rate would need to surge to 4.4 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/31041
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    Building the Resilience of WSS Utilities to Climate Change and Other Threats : A Road Map (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Water supply and sanitation (WSS) utilities are expected to become increasingly susceptible to the expected impacts of climate change. WSS utility planners and engineers have dealt with natural climate variances and disaster planning as part of the design process for many years. However, the traditional methods for these plans have not considered the deep uncertainty surrounding many future conditions, which are further exacerbated by climate change. To help utilities incorporate resilience and robustness in their choices, this road map proposes a process in three phases that can inform the design of strategies necessary to WSS services provision. The road map builds on the understanding that climate change is most often an amplifier of existing uncertainties (many of which are threats), and, as such, should not be evaluated as a stand-alone impact. The approach reveals the strengths and vulnerabilities of investment plans concisely and helps utilities invest robustly by identifying near-term, no-regret projects that can be undertaken now, while maintaining flexibility in pursuing additional actions adaptively as future conditions evolve. These results can be achieved both with a qualitative exploration and a quantitative assessment, depending on the context and the resources available
    DOI: 10.1596/31090
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    Freetown : Options for Growth and Resilience (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: Cities are where economic development really happens and where the risks from natural hazards are growing. Urbanization in Sierra Leone is occurring at USD 410/per capita, at a far lower level than other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa at similar urbanization levels. This study focuses on Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, that dominates the country's urban landscape. A central premise of policy-making in cities is that the flexibility, practicality, and focus of local governments make them ideal players to understand and respond to the needs of their citizens. Indeed, cities mostly aim their problem-solving at local conditions. Freetown's population has increased roughly 10-fold in the last 50 years; similarly-sized European cities took 150 years to achieve this increase. Freetown's current economic and social infrastructure is dilapidated and basic service delivery has fallen short of population growth. Freetown is, and will likely remain, the most affected by the prevalent disasters in Sierra Leone, given its coastal location. Investments in capital and operational expenditures in the city are very low. Freetown is not an engine of service delivery, but neither is it an engine of growth for the country. Freetown lacks sufficient resources for much-needed investments in infrastructures and services necessary for its development. Policy choices made now will determine whether Freetown becomes an engine or an obstacle for economic transformation in Sierra Leone. Freetown is growing rapidly but is not delivering its potential. Purposeful and bold policy is needed from the incoming government. Similarly, in Sierra Leone changing current attitudes depends on building a credible account of how the future will be decidedly different. This has two parts. 1. Symbolic investments in the capital city can signal a future of productive investment and growth. 2. At the same time, supporting narratives allow citizens to understand that these symbols form part of a wider plan for the city and the country.For decades, Freetown has lacked such focused and purpose policies. The result of this prolonged neglect is visible to all: the city has become locked into low-productivity, is unprepared for natural hazards, and is increasingly a bottleneck to investment in the entire country. The new Government is a pivotal moment: a rare opportunity for smart new policies to transform Freetown into a platform for resilient growth. Freetown can become a city that works
    DOI: 10.1596/31286
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    Kenya Gender and Poverty Assessment 2015-2016 : Reflecting on a Decade of Progress and the Road Ahead (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Abstract: Following ten years of relatively robust economic growth, Kenya achieved lower-middle-income country status in 2014. The remarkable expansion of telecommunications and mobile financial services shifted Kenya's economic paradigm to an extent rarely seen in developing countries. Poverty rates declined over the period but remain high by the standards of lower-middle-income countries. Due to the agricultural sector's heavy dependence on rainfall, poverty reduction accelerated during years of good weather and slowed during years of drought. This report is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the drivers of economic growth in Kenya, along with their fiscal implications. Chapter 2 describes Kenya's progress in reducing monetary poverty between 2005-2016 and 2015-2016. Chapter 3 presents a synthesis of gender and poverty dynamics in Kenya. Chapter 4 analyzes rural livelihoods and explores various factors that may have contributed to or hindered the observed decline in rural poverty over the past decade. Chapter 5 examines the linkages between urbanization and poverty, with a focus on the challenges faced by the urban poor. Chapter 6 analyzes recent developments in Kenya's education sector, along with their poverty and equity implications. Chapter 7 analyzes public health indicators and explores trends in health outcomes, service utilization, and health equity. Chapter 8 examines changes in the household vulnerability profile between 2005-2006 and 2015-2016
    DOI: 10.1596/31285
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    State of Financial Inclusion of Women in Pakistan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Economic policymakers in developing countries across the world are focusing on expanding financial inclusion. This agenda assumes greater significance for countries like Pakistan, where financial inclusion levels are quite low. It has led to several policy interventions in Pakistan over the past decade and a half, including the promotion of microfinance, the promotion of small and medium enterprise (SME) finance, and the enabling of digital finance. These interventions have begun to show results. This background paper has been developed to inform the discussions on advancing women's financial inclusion in Pakistan. It seeks to map the current state of financial access for women and to provide insights into their financial behavior gleaned from the recently completed Access to Finance Surveys of 2015
    DOI: 10.1596/31323
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  • 83
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    Croatia Energy Sector Note (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Croatia joined the European Union (EU) in 2013, and the energy sector has been undergoing liberalization, deregulation, and unbundling of state-owned energy utilities. Croatia haswelcomed a number of new public and private energy companies. The Croatian power exchange was established in 2014 and commenced operation in 2016 as a platform for electricity trade. This report reviews energy intensity (EI) and energy efficiency (EE) status in Croatia
    DOI: 10.1596/31352
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  • 84
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    Women Economic Empowerment Study (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: The Women Economic Empowerment report outlines the factors contributing to the persistently low economic participation of Egyptian women and to identify "gender smart" policies and solutions to boost economic growth while at the same time, narrowing relevant gender gaps. The study provides the context of women's share of the public space as reflected in their access to education, health, social protection, and decent work opportunities. It provides qualitative insights into women's perceptions regarding working conditions and challenges, including the reconciliation between work and marriage, and the relation between household responsibilities, earnings, and the dynamics of decision making in the household. It also discusses the various gender conscious and unconscious biases affecting women's work in the private sector while providing recommendations to promote gender diversity in the workplace, and boosting the inclusion of women, particularly in leadership positions. Lastly, it identifies the top 12 industries where women's work is concentrated and/or promising by providing an analysis of the characteristics of the female labor force in these industries
    DOI: 10.1596/31351
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    Republic of Cabo Verde : Adjusting the Development Model to Revive Growth and Strengthen Social Inclusion (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Abstract: Cabo Verde's economic achievements over the last thirty years have been spectacular and are unprecedented on the African continent. These achievements are remarkable given the unique challenges the country faces due to its small size, lack of scale for production of goods and delivery of economic and social services, remoteness, geographical dispersion, environmental fragility, and high exposure to shocks. This Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) presents an assessment of the main opportunities and constraints for achieving the World Bank's twin goals in Cabo Verde. It assesses the pathways for reducing extreme poverty and raising the welfare of the poorest forty percent of the population in a sustainable manner, and identifies the main constraints for operationalizing these. The SCD is based on a review of existing documents, analysis of available data, and in-country discussions and expert interviews that took place during 2016 and 2017. The SCD focuses on the country's development potential and challenges to meeting the objectives of poverty reduction and shared posterity. It lays the ground for the program of collaboration between Cabo Verde and the World Bank Group, namely the 2018-2021 country partnership framework
    DOI: 10.1596/30550
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    Housing Finance : Investment Opportunities for Pension Funds (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The global housing deficit in both developed and developing countries is increasing - driven by demographic and other mega-trends including urbanization and income inequality. Global pension fund assets, on the other hand, are both growing and increasingly looking for long-term, productive investments. There are multiple avenues through which pension funds can invest in the housing sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31363
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  • 87
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    Kazakhstan Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment 2018 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: Kazakhstan, which has a population of about 18 million, has made enormous social and economic progress since it became independent in 1991. The economy grew at an annual rate of 6.6 per cent during the decade up to 2014, driven by the development of oil and gas and other mineral resources. Income per capita in US dollars multiplied by ten times during the period up to 2014, and poverty was reduced to 4 percent of the population.This assessment was initiated in March 2018. Where the performance ratings are based on three years of PFM statistics, the period is 2015-17, with 2017 as the most recent completed fiscal year. Administrative arrangements and practices are assessed as they were in the second quarter of 2018. The assessment focuses on the Central Government's Republican Budget (RB), covering subnational governments, which are responsible for about 40 percent of spending on public services, and public corporations only to the extent required by the PEFA criteria.The PEFA assessment shows that the Government is able to maintain aggregate fiscal discipline in difficult times, and that taxation, financial control and payment and accounting systems all work efficiently. Investment planning is under effective central direction as is demonstrated by city development and infrastructure improvements achieved since 2000. However, as the WB review points out, the share of GDP absorbed by government expenditure is low compared with the OECD average, leaving much scope for improvement in health and education services. Strategic planning is well-established throughout Government, contributing to a more strategic allocation of resources, but greater clarity is needed in demonstrating the links between policy instruments and objectives, with a fuller explanation of the performance targets and results. Medium-term forecasts cover only the three years immediately ahead, and there are no projections beyond that horizon which would demonstrate how fiscal sustainability is to be maintained, given the development of the Government's assets and liabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/31519
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  • 88
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    Cambodia's Cross-Cutting Reforms : Public Financial Management, Decentralization, and Public Administration Reforms - Achievements, Coordination, Challenges, and Next Steps (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Abstract: This note analyzes the progress of three public sector reforms (Public Financial Management, Public Administration, and Decentralization and Deconcentration) in Cambodia and describes how their design, implementation, and institutional arrangements can be better sequenced and coordinated. It focuses on the overall public sector reform agenda rather than drill into the specifics of individual reforms. Options are identified to strengthen coordination of the civil service, improve general policy sequencing, and manage challenges within the three reform areas. Recommendations to deepen individual reforms are also provided, in particular, to strengthen cross-cutting public administration improvements
    DOI: 10.1596/31763
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  • 89
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    Guinea-Bissau Public Expenditure Review : Seizing the Moment - Managing Public Finance for Development (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Guinea-Bissau is a small state in West Africa with a population of around 1.8 million. It is rich in natural resources (fisheries, forestry and agriculture) and biodiversity. Guinea-Bissau is host to a large variety of ethnic groups, languages and religions, with communal and ethnic-based violence remaining low. The country has a history of political and institutional fragility dating back to its independence from Portugal in 1973. Guinea-Bissau continues to face formidable development challenges, but resources remain very limited. Government spending on the social sectors is low, which, combined with low efficiency, translated into weak outcomes. The objective of the Guinea-Bissau Public Expenditure Review (PER) is to analyze government expenditure, fiscal revenue, and public financial management in selected sectors (education, health, and security). The sectors for analysis were selected based on a combination of factors, including spending trends, budget size, the country's development program, and World Bank engagement. The PER has been initiated by the World Bank and the team worked closely with the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), and line ministries throughout the process. The PER is well aligned with the FY2018-2021 Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The first two objectives of the CPF are increased access to and quality of primary education, and increased access to and quality of maternal and health services. The CPF identifies limited fiscal space and weak PFM systems as being among the key challenges to improving access to quality social services. The PER also supports the fourth pillar of the Government's National Development Plan, Terra Ranka (Fresh Start), which aims to develop the human capital potential of the population. The three sectors under consideration together account for over thirty percent of government expenditure; thus, any efficiency improvements and/or expenditure savings in those sectors are likely to be substantial
    DOI: 10.1596/32004
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  • 90
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    Colombia Policy Notes (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: It is critical for the new administration to boost the reform momentum, focusing on implementation and results. The new government will face the challenge of unifying a polarized society and meeting the population's expectations and aspirations of peace, security, prosperity and reduced inequality. The policy notes presented here focus to a large extent on ways in which this implementation can be improved, putting forward specific recommendations to advance towards the main objective
    DOI: 10.1596/31992
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    The Human Capital Project (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: By improving their skills, health, knowledge, and resilience-their human capital-people can be more productive, flexible, and innovative. Human capital is a central driver of sustainable growth and poverty reduction. Investments in human capital have become more important as the nature of work has evolved. Yet despite substantial progress, significant gaps in human capital investments are leaving the world poorly prepared for what lies ahead. The World Bank Group has launched the Human Capital Project (HCP) to mobilize efforts to address these gaps. The project is intended to raise awareness of the costs of inaction and make the case for investing in people through country engagement and analytical work. The goal of the HCP is a world in which all children arrive at school ready to learn, the time spent in school translates into better learning, and they can grow up to live and work as healthy, skilled, and productive adults. The main text of this volume-which also appears as chapter 3 in the 2019 World Development Report: The Changing Nature of Work -describes the evidence supporting the importance of human capital for people, economies, and societies and lays out the rationale and context for the HCP's theory of change. The Human Capital Index methodology is detailed in the appendix
    DOI: 10.1596/30498
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  • 92
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    Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment of Baringo County, Kenya (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The subnational Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment seeks to ascertain the performance of the PFM system of county governments using the PEFA methodology. So far, the Government of Kenya has gained experience in the application of the PEFA methodology by undertaking four national PEFA assessments over the years, the latest of which was carried out in 2017 and the report is due for completion in 2018. However, this is the first subnational assessment to be carried out in Kenya following the adoption of a devolved system of government. It is notable that the national and subnational PEFA assessments are being done almost concurrently, and this is important because both levels of government share the same public finance management (PFM) system, implying that evidence-based reform agenda can be implemented simultaneously after areas of improvements are identified. The subnational assessments, which covered 6 out of 47 counties, have been jointly financed by the World Bank and International Development Research Centre (IDRC) through the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)
    DOI: 10.1596/33460
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    Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Assessment of Makueni County, Kenya (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: The subnational Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment seeks to ascertain the performance of the public financial management (PFM) system of county governments using the PEFA methodology. So far, the Government of Kenya has gained experience in the application of the PEFA methodology by undertaking four national PEFA assessments over the years, the latest of which was carried out in 2017 and the report is due for completion in 2018. However, this is the first subnational assessment to be carried out in Kenya following the adoption of a devolved system of government. It is notable that the national and subnational PEFA assessments are being done almost concurrently, and this is important because both levels of government share the same PFM system, implying that evidence-based reform agenda can be implemented simultaneously after areas of improvements are identified. The subnational assessments, which covered 6 out of 47 counties, have been jointly financed by the World Bank and International Development Research Centre (IDRC) through the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)
    DOI: 10.1596/33459
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    Disaster Risk Finance Country Note : Uzbekistan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This disaster risk finance country note was prepared within the Uzbekistan strengthening disaster resilience technical assistance. It aims at: (a) raising awareness about fiscal impacts of disasters in Uzbekistan; (b) providing an overview of the way the Government of Uzbekistan (GoU) currently finances disaster losses; and (c) identifying potential measures to strengthen financial protection against disasters. The GoU has a number of regulations that govern post-disaster financing. They include provision that the first line of defense against natural disasters lies with the local level, while resources of a national reserve fund of the cabinet of ministers are drawn only when the local resources are exhausted. Therefore, the GoU can consider the following major steps to strengthen post-disaster financing in Uzbekistan: (a) improving collection of information related to disasters and accounting for fiscal risks; (b) developing a financial protection strategy against natural disasters; (c) improving disaster insurance; better understanding disaster insurance market in the country is an important first step; and (d) improving effectiveness and targeting of the resources available
    DOI: 10.1596/33884
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  • 95
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    Functional Reviews of the Public Employment Services in the Western Balkans : Overview (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Western Balkan countries face significant labor market challenges. Fostering job creation (more generally), increasing skills, and expanding access to formal jobs, especially for socially vulnerable groups, is of critical importance for the Western Balkans. The objectives of public employment services (PES) are to assist adults in looking for jobs and improving their employability, thereby facilitating theirtransition to work. As part of the World Bank's analytical and technical support to help build the capacity of Public Employment Services in the region, a set of functional vertical reviews of the PES have been prepared for five countries. This note summarizes key results from the functional reviews of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia
    DOI: 10.1596/35656
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  • 96
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    India Financial Sector Assessment Program : Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: This assessment of the implementation of the BCP in India has been completed as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP), which has been undertaken by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) in 2017, at the request of the Indian authorities. The scope of the assessment is the scheduled commercial banks, and the assessment reflects the regulatory and supervisory framework in place as of the completion of the assessment. It is not intended to analyze the state of the banking sector or crisis management framework, which are addressed by other assessments conducted in this FSAP
    DOI: 10.1596/29265
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    Resilient Water Supply and Sanitation Services : The Case of Japan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Natural disasters have increasingly damaged water supply and sanitation (WSS) facilities and infrastructure, leaving entire communities without safe and reliable drinking water and the appropriate disposal of wastewater. These emergency events could arise from inundation of facilities, loss of electricity, and exposure and disruption of infrastructures. Less severe impacts can arise from increased siltation of reservoirs and slow-onset events such as droughts, thus having longer-term effects on the resilience and reliability of services. These WSS service failures or interruptions could set off a cascading effect across interconnected infrastructure systems including public health and fire services, which in turn could pose both direct and indirect economic impacts. Japan has built the resilience of its WSS services through an adaptive management approach based on lessons learned from past natural disasters. This experience offers key insights for low- and middle-income countries seeking to sustain and build resilience of WSS services
    DOI: 10.1596/29351
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    EU Regular Economic Report 4 : Thinking CAP - Supporting Agricultural Jobs and Incomes in the EU (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The European Union (EU) Regular Economic Report (RER), is an annual publication of the World Bank Group and covers economic developments, prospects, and economic policies in the European Union. The report finds that while growth is back on track, the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution is lagging behind in the EU's recovery. This is likely caused by the interaction between involuntary increases in part-time work, technological change, a decline in the bargaining power of labor, an ageing population and weak overall productivity growth. However, absolute poverty (estimated using a poverty line defined specifically for this report) should continue to fall in Europe, driven by strong poverty reduction in central Europe. The special section of this Regular Economic Report assesses the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on inclusive growth - past and present. The report argues that the process of structural transformation in the EU is largely on track, with the decoupled and non-market distorting components of the CAP playing a positive role in the reduction of poverty and the creation of better jobs for farmers. The gap between agricultural incomes and incomes in other sectors is also closing, while across the EU agricultural incomes are converging with each other. The successful transformers, about half of the Member States, have turned agriculture into a key sector for shared prosperity in rural areas: agriculture is no longer associated with poverty. The other half-the incomplete transformers-still have some way to go, which includes ensuring that the basic conditions for agriculture to thrive are in place: roads, advisory services, secure property rights, and access to health and education. This will ensure a more efficient use of CAP resources
    DOI: 10.1596/29381
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  • 99
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    Third Ghana Economic Update : Agriculture as an Engine of Growth and Jobs Creation (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: In September 2017, Ghana's economy expanded for the fifth successive quarter by 9.3 percent compared to just 4.3 percent in September 2016. This reflects continued high levels of growth in the industry sector, driven by mining and petroleum. Oil production rose by 16.6 percent compared with a contraction of 11.2 percent for the similar period of 2016, as production increased in all existing oil fields and some new production came online. For instance, the Jubilee Fields increased production with the resolution of technical difficulties that arose in March 2016; and new production came online in the Offshore Cape Three Points (OCTP) Fields
    DOI: 10.1596/29382
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  • 100
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    Doing Business in Lao PDR : Constraints to Productivity (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Overall, the investment climate seems to have deteriorated in Lao PDR between 2012 and 2016. In the 2012 survey, not one area of the investment climate was identified as a serious problem by more than 20 percent of firms. In the 2016 survey, there were six areas where more than 20 percent of firms identified areas of the investment climate as a serious problem. Although this could suggest a deteriorating investment climate, it might also reflect growing willingness to express opinions. Perceptions regarding the severity of main constraints also differ between various company types. For exporters, which are the companies that are best placed to expand and generate (job) growth in Lao PDR, informal practices of other firms (including other formal firms), tax rates, transportation, electricity, worker education, and trade regulations, are the areas identified as serious problems. Addressing these issues will be critical to support export-led growth in Lao PDR. This report also analyzes firm level productivity based on the data available and finds that Lao PDR's enterprises are not productive compared to firms in neighboring countries. For example, the median level of labor productivity is lower in Lao PDR than in either Cambodia or Vietnam, and labor productivity in the most productive firms is significantly lower in Lao PDR compared to the other two countries; also, total factor productivity is generally higher in Vietnam than in Lao PDR. In addition, firms in Lao PDR also generally use significantly less capital than companies in Cambodia or Vietnam
    DOI: 10.1596/29384
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