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  • Frobenius-Institut  (198)
  • 2005-2009  (177)
  • 1995-1999  (20)
  • 1955-1959  (1)
  • Hamburg : GIGA  (157)
  • Cambridge : Cambridge University Press  (40)
  • Dordrecht : Springer
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  • 1
    ISBN: 978-0-521-10391-6 , 978-0-521-83935-8 /Hb.
    ISSN: 0065-406X
    Language: English
    Pages: XVII, 413 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Edition: This digitally printed version, paperback re-issue
    Series Statement: African Studies (Cambridge) 106
    Keywords: Madagaskar Geschichte ; Wirtschaftliche Bedingungen ; Merina ; Wirtschaftsgeschichte ; Kolonisierung ; Afrika
    Abstract: The first comprehensive economic history of pre-colonial Madagascar, this study examines the island's role from 1750 to 1895 in the context of a burgeoning international economy and the rise of modern European imperialism. Challenging conventional portrayals of nineteenth-century Madagascar as a unified and progressive kingdom, this study reveals that the Merina of the central highlands attempted to found an island empire and through the exploitation of its human and natural resources build the economic and military might to challenge British and French pretensions in the region. Ultimately, the Merina failed due to imperial forced labour policies and natural disasters, the nefarious consequences of which (disease, depopulation, ethnic enmity) have in traditional histories been imputed to external capitalist and French colonial policies. Although by 1890, Madagascar was firmly integrated into a regional trade network stretching from South Africa to India, dominated by British Indians, Britain acknowledged French claims to Madagascar. France took 13 years to conquer Madagascar, finally succeeding only due to the internal collapse of Merina power. (Verlagsangaben)
    Description / Table of Contents: List of tables, figures, and maps -- List of illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. The Traditional Economy, 1750-1820: Industry and Agriculture -- 2. The Traditional Economy, 1750-1820: Commerce -- 3. Empire and the Adoption of Autarky, 1810-1826 -- 4. Industry and Agriculture, 1820-1895 -- 5. Labour, 1820-1895 -- 6. Population, 1820-1895 -- 7. The Trading Structure, 1820-1895 -- 8. Foreign Trade, 1820-1895 -- 9. The Slave Trade, 1820-1895 -- 10. Transport and Communications, 1820-1895 -- 11. Currency and Finance, 1820-1895 -- 12. Madagascar in the Scramble for Indian Ocean Africa -- Epilogue: The Rise and Fall of Imperial Madagascar -- Appendices -- Bibliography -- Glossary -- Index.
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 347-378
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1862-3581
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Global 2009/1
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  • 3
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2009/11
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1862-3581
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Global 2009/3
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  • 5
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2009/12
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  • 6
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    ISSN: 1862-3581
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Global 2009/2
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  • 7
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 978-0-521-68297-8 , 978-0-521-86438-1 /Hb.
    ISSN: 0065-406X
    Language: English
    Pages: XIII, 365 Seiten , Karten
    Edition: Second edtion First published 2007, reprinted (twice)
    Series Statement: African Studies (Cambridge) 108
    Keywords: Afrika Geschichte ; Christentum ; Islam ; Kolonisierung ; Gesellschaft ; Unabhängigkeit ; Industrialisierung ; HIV ; Rasse
    Abstract: In a vast and all-embracing 2007 study of Africa, from the origins of mankind to the AIDS epidemic, John Iliffe refocuses its history on the peopling of an environmentally hostile continent. Africans have been pioneers struggling against disease and nature, and their social, economic and political institutions have been designed to ensure their survival. In the context of medical progress and other twentieth-century innovations, however, the same institutions have bred the most rapid population growth the world has ever seen. Africans: The History of a Continent is thus a single story binding living Africans to their earliest human ancestors. (Verlagsangaben)
    Description / Table of Contents: List of maps -- Preface to the second edition -- 1. The frontiersmen of mankind -- 2. The emergence of food-producing communities -- 3. The impact of metals -- 4. Christianity and Islam -- 5. Colonising society in western Africa -- 6. Colonising society in eastern and southern Africa -- 7. The Atlantic slave trade -- 8. Regional diversity in the nineteenth century -- 9. Colonial invasion -- 10. Colonial change, 1918-50 -- 11. Independent Africa -- 12. Industrialisation and race in South Africa -- 13. In the time of AIDS -- Notes -- Further reading -- Index
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 329-343
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  • 8
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 978-0-521-72708-2 , 978-0-521-89846-1 /Hb.
    Language: English
    Pages: XVIII, 423 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Edition: First published, 3rd printing 2011
    Keywords: Iran Sexualität ; Frau und Islam ; Frau ; Soziale Bedingungen ; Frau und sozio-ökonomische Rolle ; Frauenrecht ; Geschlechterforschung ; Feminismus ; Geschlechterrolle ; Verhalten, sexuelles ; Anthropologie, soziale
    Abstract: Janet Afary is a native of Iran and a leading historian. Her work focuses on gender and sexuality and draws on her experience of growing up in Iran and her involvement with Iranian women of different ages and social strata. These observations, and a wealth of historical documents, form the kernel of this book, which charts the history of the nation's sexual revolution from the nineteenth century to today. What comes across is the extraordinary resilience of the Iranian people, who have drawn on a rich social and cultural heritage to defy the repression and hardship of the Islamist state and its predecessors. It is this resilience, the author concludes, which forms the basis of a sexual revolution taking place in Iran today, one that is promoting reforms in marriage and family laws, and demanding more egalitarian gender and sexual relations. (Verlagsangaben)
    Description / Table of Contents: List of illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I. Pre-modern Practices -- 1. Formal marriage -- 2. Slave concubinage, temporary marriage, and harem wives -- 3. Class, status-defined homosexuality, and rituals of courtship -- Part II. Toward a Westernized Modernity -- 4. On the road to an ethos of monogamous, heterosexual marriage -- 5. Redefining purity, unveiling bodies, shifting desires -- 6. Imperialist politics, romantic love, and the impasse over women's suffrage -- 7. Suffrage, marriage reforms, and the threat of female sexuality -- 8. The rise of leftist guerrilla organizations and Islamism -- Part III. Forging an Islamist Modernity and Beyond -- 9. The Islamic revolution, its sexual economy, and the Left -- 10. Islamist women and the emergence of Islamic feminism -- 11. Birth control, female sexual awakening, and the gay lifestyle -- Conclusion: toward a new Muslim-Iranian sexuality for the twenty-first century -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 378-410
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 1
    Keywords: Kenia Geschichte, politische ; Wahl ; Konflikt, ethnischer
    Abstract: Am Wochenende des 26./27. Januar 2008 wurden in Nakuru und Naivasha im kenianischen Rift Valley erneut etwa 90 Menschen bei Auseinandersetzungen zwischen ethnischen Gruppen getötet. Die Zahl der Gewaltopfer seit den Wahlen Ende Dezember 2007 wird inzwischen auf etwa 800 geschätzt; rund 250.000 Menschen sollen auf der Flucht sein.Die kenianischen Präsidentschaftswahlen vom 27. Dezember 2007 scheiterten - bei vermutlich sehr knappem Wahlergebnis - an weit reichenden Unregelmäßigkeiten bei der Auszählung. Die Legitimität der Regierung von Präsident Mwai Kibaki ist ebenso fragwürdig wie die Behauptung des Herausforderers Raila Odinga, der tatsächliche Wahlsieger zu sein.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 9
    Keywords: Afrika Armut ; Kredit ; Finanzwesen ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsethnologie
    Abstract: Die Erfolgswelle der Mikrofinanzierung dauert an und hat inzwischen selbst Westeuropa erreicht. Mikrofinanzierung wird als eine zentrale Entwicklungsstrategie auf dem Weg zu den Millennium Development Goals angesehen. Jüngst haben deutsche Entwicklungspolitiker der "Aktion 2015" gefordert, dieses Instrument verstärkt einzusetzen, um "extreme Armut" zu bekämpfen. Die Hoffnung hat sich verbreitet, dass mit Mikrofinanzierung Geschäfte zu machen sind und gleichzeitig Armut verringert werden kann.
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  • 11
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 2
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 74
    Keywords: Indonesien Politische Partei ; Politisches System ; Geschichte, politische
    Abstract: The basic patterns of the initial Indonesian party system have reemerged after more than four decades of authoritarianism. The cleavage model by Lipset and Rokkan is well-suited to analyzing the genesis of and the most salient features of this party system. However, in applying the approach, some adjustments have to be made. For instance, the national and industrial revolutions have to be conceived of differently. Moreover, it is useful to distinguish critical phases in the formation of parties. The four cleavages have to be reinterpreted and additional ones need to be identified. In Indonesia, economic cleavages are hardly significant in conflicts between political parties (especially the "capital" versus "labour" cleavage) or are expressed in terms of religion or allegiance to political leaders based in a specific region ("urban" versus "rural"). In addition, in comparison with 1999 and particularly with the 1950s, today`s cleavages are less marked. Thus, the Lipset-Rokkan model has to be combined with other approaches which underline the importance of clientelism and the dealignment of parties.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 5
    Keywords: Afrika Geschichte, politische ; Beziehungen Afrika-Europa ; Afrikanische Union ; Europäische Union
    Abstract: Vor 45 Jahren, am 25. Mai 1963, wurde die Organisation Afrikanischer Einheit (OAU) gegründet. Der Tag wird seither als "Afrikatag" oder "Tag der afrikanischen Einheit" gefeiert. Während die OAU Geschichte ist, zeigt die Nachfolgeorganisation, die Afrikanische Union (AU), bei nur wenig veränderter Problemlage - Kriege, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, Unterentwicklung - neue Ansätze zu deren Überwindung. Am Afrikatag vor vier Jahren wurde der Peace and Security Council (PSC) ins Leben gerufen. Die Europäische Union ist inzwischen zur wichtigsten Unterstützerin geworden.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 8
    Keywords: Afrika Diktatur ; Demokratisierung ; Politisches System ; Herrschaft
    Abstract: Anfang August der Militärputsch in Mauretanien, die anhaltende Krise in Simbabwe und das Verhalten des Baschir-Regimes im sudanesischen Darfur - nur einige Beispiele, die nahe zu legen scheinen, dass autoritäre Regime in Afrika wieder an Boden gewinnen. Ist auf dem Kontinent eine Renaissance autoritärer Herrschaft zu erwarten - möglicherweise unterstützt durch China?
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 7
    Keywords: Afrika Südafrika ; Fremdenfeindlichkeit ; Nationalismus ; Politik und Gesellschaft ; Migration ; Ethnizität ; Armut ; Globalisierung
    Abstract: Der Ausbruch blutiger fremdenfeindlicher Unruhen in Südafrika im Mai dieses Jahres zeigte das Janusgesicht der angeblich kosmopolitischen "Regenbogennation". Aufgrund seiner Geschichte ist Südafrika die afrikanische Nation, in der Xenophobie mit am stärksten in den Köpfen der Bürger verankert ist. Der in vielen Ländern Afrikas aufkeimende neue Nationalismus beinhaltet auch eine politisch instrumentalisierte Abschottung und Ausgrenzung des Fremden. Zwei Hauptgründe dafür sind die zunehmende Mobilität der Menschen unter den Bedingungen der Globalisierung und die auseinanderklaffende Schere zwischen Arm und Reich in Afrika und anderswo.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1862-3581
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Global 2008/2
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 77
    Keywords: Südafrika Simbabwe ; Hegemonie ; Diplomatie
    Abstract: South Africa`s "quiet diplomacy" has been often used to reject the notion of South African leadership or regional hegemony in southern Africa. This article finds that this evaluation is founded on a misguided understanding of regional hegemony, which is based on conventional hegemony theories that are mostly derived from the global role of the United States after World War II. Alternatively, this article uses a concept of hegemony that, for example, takes into account the "regionality" of South Africa`s hegemony, which both allows external actors to impact on regional relations and allows South Africa to pursue its foreign policy goals on the global level of international politics. This concept helps to systemically analyze South Africa's foreign policy in the Zimbabwean crisis and to better integrate this policy into the broader framework of its regional and global ambitions.
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  • 18
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 7
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 78
    Keywords: Uganda Unternehmen ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt ; Wirtschaftsgeschichte
    Abstract: Ugandan micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) still perform poorly. The paper utilizes data collected in Uganda in March and April 2003 to analyze the business constraints faced by these MSEs. Using a stratified random sampling, a sample of 265 MSEs were interviewed. The study focuses on the 105 manufacturing firms that responded to all questions. It examines the extent to which the growth of MSEs is associated with business constraints, while also controlling for owners` attributes and firms` characteristics. The results reveal that MSEs` growth potential is negatively affected by limited access to productive resources (finance and business services), by high taxes, and by lack of market access.
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  • 20
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 4
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 73
    Keywords: Südkorea Presse ; Mobilität ; Mobilität, soziale ; Soziale Medien ; Demokratisierung
    Abstract: This article aims to further develop the field of innovation studies by exploring the emergence of citizen journalism in South Korea`s social movement sector. To achieve this aim, the framework of innovation theory has been extended to innovations in social fields beyond technology and the economy. Our findings show that the emergence of citizen journalism resulted from brokerage activities among journalists, labor and unification activists, and progressive intellectuals. Despite different cultural visions and structural interests, these groups succeeded in building coalitions and constituted a sociocultural milieu which promoted reciprocal learning by allowing actors to realize new ideas and to exchange experiences. The empirical part of the study is based on a social network analysis of social movement groups and alternative media organizations active in South Korea between 1995 and 2002.
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  • 22
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 6
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 75
    Keywords: Konfliktmanagement Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ; OECD ; Europäische Union
    Abstract: The concept of "structural stability" has been gaining prominence in development policy circles. In the EU`s and the OECD Development Assistance Committee`s (OECD DAC) understanding, it describes the ability of societies to handle intra-societal conflict without resorting to violence. This study investigates the preconditions of structural stability and tests their mutual interconnections. Seven dimensions are analyzed: (1) long-term economic growth, (2) environmental security, (3) social equality, (4) governmental effectiveness, (5) democracy, (6) rule of law, and (7) inclusion of identity groups. The postulated mutual enhancement of the seven dimensions is plausible but cannot be proven. The most significant positive relationship appears between "democracy" and "rule of law," respectively, on the one hand and the dependent variable "violence/ human security" on the other hand. This points to the usefulness of the political concept of structural stability to promote development policy agendas in this area at least. Applications that reach beyond these initial findings will, however, require further research.
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  • 24
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 3
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 81
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Alltag ; Soziale Bedingungen ; Soziales Leben ; Gewalt
    Abstract: Central America has the reputation of being a violent region with high crime rates, youth gangs, drug traffic, and ubiquitous insecurity. Politicians, the media, and social scientists in and outside the region often claim that the societies are in complete agreement with their judgment of the situation and that all society members are calling for law and order and social segregation. Focusing on Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, the paper analyzes the social perception of violence and crime. On the basis of essays written by secondary school students and interviews with citizens from all walks of life in the three countries, the paper points out how elite arguments on violence and crime are translated into everyday life, and what society members suggest be done to deal with these problems. The sources prove that there are noticeable hegemonic discourses on violence and crime in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Simultaneously, a majority of the respondents call for social and integrative solutions rather than the so-called "iron fist." The repressive trend in Central American policies therefore does not necessarily receive the presumed affirmation asserted by many authorities on and in the region.
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  • 26
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 5
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 82
    Keywords: Europa Afrika ; Beziehungen Afrika-Europa ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ; Kolonialismus ; Migration
    Abstract: Promising growth rates, increased trade, and competition among major global players for African resources have boosted the development and bargaining power of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in relation to the EU. However, Africa's least developed countries remain vulnerable to external shocks. Academic analysis is still too heavily influenced by scholastic controversies. Neither the controversy over "big-push" concepts nor the blaming of African culture as an impediment to growth or good government do justice to the real issues at stake. Even beyond the aftermath of (neo)colonialism, and notwithstanding continuing deficits in good government in many African countries, the EU bears responsibility for the fragile state of many African economies. The self-interested trade policies of the EU and other world powers contribute to poverty and unsatisfactory development in SSA. This threatens to perpetuate asymmetrical power relations in the new Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), to the detriment of regional integration and pro-poor growth. However, mounting competition between China and other global players for Africa's resources is resulting in windfall profits for Africa. The latter is leading to a revival of seesaw politics, already known from the times of the Cold War, on the part of African states. This could be profitable for Africa's power elite, but not necessarily for Africa's poor.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 68
    Keywords: Kenia Beziehungen, interethnische ; Politische Partei ; Politisches System
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the role of ethnicity in shaping the character of Kenya`s political parties and its party system since 1992. Drawing on a constructivist conception of ethnicity, it uses a framework of comparison derived from Donald Horowitz and distinguishes between three party types: the mono-ethnic party, the multi-ethnic alliance type and the multi-ethnic integrative type. It shows that although Kenyan parties have increasingly incorporated diverse communities, they have consistently failed to bridge the country`s dominant ethnic cleavages. Consequently, all of Kenya`s significant parties represent ethnic coalitions of convenience and commitment and, thus, ethnic parties. The paper further states that the country`s post-2007 political environment is a by-product of the omnipresence of this party type.
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 66
    Keywords: Afrika, Subsahara Ethnizität ; Konflikt, ethnischer ; Demokratie ; Politisches System
    Abstract: Since the sweeping (re)introduction of multiparty systems in the early 1990s almost all sub-Saharan countries have introduced bans on ethnic or - in more general terms - particularistic parties. Such party bans have been neglected in research, and this paper engages in a preliminary analysis of their effects on democracy and peace. Theoretically, particularistic party bans can block particularisms from entering politics but also run the risk of forcing groups to resort to extra-legal or violent means. Neutral or context-dependent effects are also possible. Applying macro-qualitative comparison and bivariate statistics on the basis of a unique inventory of party bans and readily available indicators for the dependent variables, no simple connection can be detected. Rather, context conditions seem to be of superior explanatory power. We also find a systematic connection between party bans and variables that could be conceptualized as the causes of their implementation.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 80
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Gewalt ; Jugendlicher ; Kriminalität
    Abstract: The paper analyzes the social construction of youth violence in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and El Salvador on the one hand, and the related security policies of the three states, on the other. In each country, there is an idiosyncratic way of constructing youth violence and juvenile delinquency. Also, each country has its own manner of reaction to those problems. In El Salvador youths are socially constructed as a threat to security, and the state implements predominantly repressive policies to protect citizens against that threat. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica, where the social discourse on youth violence is less prominent, the state's policies are neither very accentuated nor very coherent, whether in terms of repressive or nonrepressive measures. There are strong relations and mutual influences between the public's fear (or disregard) of youth violence and the state's policies to reduce it.
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 79
    Keywords: Regionalismus Hegemonie
    Abstract: Regional powers are often conceived of as "regional leading powers," states which adopt a cooperative and benevolent attitude in their international relations with their neighbors. The paper argues that regional powers can follow a much wider range of foreign policy strategies in their region. Three ideal-typical regional strategies are identified: empire, hegemony, and leadership. The paper is devoted to a theory-led distinction and clarification of these three terms, which are often used interchangeably in the field of international relations. According to the goals pursued, to the means employed, and to other discriminating features such as the degree of legitimation and the type of self-representation by the dominant state, the paper outlines the essential traits of imperial, hegemonic, and leading strategies and identifies subtypes for better classifying hegemony and leadership.
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  • 32
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 1
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 67
    Keywords: China Japan ; Hegemonie ; Ost-Asien ; Regionalismus ; Beziehungen, internationale
    Description / Table of Contents: The leadership of powerful states in processes of regional institutionalization is a significant, though still widely ignored topic in the field of International Relations (IR). This study asks about the theoretical conditions of effective leadership in international institution-building, using China`s and Japan`s roles in East Asian regionalism as an empirical test case. It addresses the question of what actually happens when states perform the role of leader. Specifically, it focuses on the process of negotiating leadership claims, and different hypotheses are presented as to the requirements of effective leadership in international affairs. The findings point to the fact that leadership is effective and sustainable when foreign elites acknowledge the leader`s vision of international order and internalize it as their own. Leadership roles are often disputed and are constituted of shared ideas about self, other, and the world, relying on the intersubjective internalization of ideas, norms, and identities.
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  • 34
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008/10
    Keywords: Afrika Politischer Wandel ; Sicherheit ; Frieden ; Afrikanische Union
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 83
    Keywords: Zentralafrikanische Republik Elfenbeinküste ; Liberia ; Frieden ; Konfliktmanagement ; Macht
    Abstract: Peace agreements form a crucial element of strategies to bring security from outside: they involve third-party mediators during the negotiation stage and often peacekeeping troops to guarantee the agreement at an implementation stage. Peace roundtables usually involve top politicians and military leaders, who negotiate, sign, and/or benefit from the agreement. What is usually and conspicuously absent from peace negotiations is broad-based participation by those who should benefit in the first place: citizens. More specifically, the local level of security provision and insecurity production is rarely taken into account. This paper reviews parts of the academic debate on power sharing and war termination, touching on some key findings by the main researchers working on the topic. The ambivalent African experience with Arend Lijphart`s four main ingredients of consociational democracy (grand coalition, minority veto, proportional representation, group autonomy) is summarized. Recent major African peace agreements (1999-2007) are analyzed, and their power-sharing content detailed. Most agreements contain some—though varying—power-sharing devices. Most striking is the variation regarding the important question of who is sharing power with whom. Obviously, only those present at the negotiation table can really count on being included in major ways. Finally, three country cases are analyzed over a longer time period: Côte d`Ivoire (2002-2007), Liberia (1994-2003), and Central African Republic (1996-2007). The conclusion focuses on the factors of failure of peace agreements that place a heavy emphasis on power sharing.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1862-3603
    Language: German
    Pages: 7 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008/11
    Keywords: Ruanda (Staat) Parlament ; Wahl
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 72
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Gewalt ; Gewalt, sexuelle ; Recht ; Kriminalität ; Rausch- und Genußmittel
    Abstract: In Central America, legislation aiming to reduce violence and crime has become an important topic in the security debate. Focusing on Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, this paper analyzes laws and other legal texts regarding the trade in and consumption of drugs on the one hand, and gender-related violence on the other. It shows how the content and the wording of legal texts contribute to the social construction of stereotyped offenders, such as youth gang members, drug users, or foreign nationals. The legal texts in Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Nicaragua reflect both the hegemonic and the counter-discursive influences on each country`s legal discourse.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 76
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Gewalt
    Abstract: Taking as its point of departure debates on the value of criminal statistics and victimization surveys, this article explores the methodological challenge of an alternative approach to Central American violence(s). How can we collect qualitative data that help address the social construction of (in)security? The research project "Public Spaces and Violence in Central America" used multiple data sources, including guided interviews and pupils` essays. Drawing on research experience in Nicaragua, this paper asks, How can we collect data that reveal lifeworld experiences as well as hegemonic and counter-discourses on violence? Why is it crucial to keep a research diary? What is a "failed" or a "good" interview? This article argues for a research design based on theoretical considerations, impulsiveness and, most notably, constant self-reflection.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 85
    Keywords: Mittlerer Osten Nordafrika ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche
    Abstract: When comparing the speed and extent of economic development in different geographic regions of the world over the past 20 years, the under-average performance of Arab countries in general and Arab Mediterranean countries in particular is striking. This is despite an overall favorable geo-strategic situation at the crossroads of three continents, with excellent connections to sea and waterways and in direct proximity to the European Union, one of the world`s economic hubs. It is also despite the minor importance of negative factors such as a high-burden diseases or high levels of ethnic fractionalization.In this paper, I focus on identifying the most important constraints on Arab Mediterranean economic development. I use state-of-the-art econometric tools to quantify constraints that have been identified through economic theory and studies of the political economy characteristics of the region. The empirical results offer support for the central hypothesis that limited technological capacities and political economy structures are the primary constraints on economic development. With a view to international structural adjustment efforts, my findings imply that the limited success of the Euro-Mediterranean policy to stimulate the economic development of the Arab Mediterranean countries might be because structural adjustment efforts do not tackle—or at least do not sufficiently tackle—these constraints.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 71
    Keywords: Iran Irak ; Krisenbewältigung ; Sicherheit ; OPEC ; Organisation Erdölexportierender Länder 〉 OPEC ; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 〉 OPEC
    Abstract: The remarkable stability of the cooperation among the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has generally been explained by these members` mutual dependency on high and stable oil revenues. Since the OPEC countries, however, face the double security dilemma of both domestic and external security threats, they are not simply eager to secure (absolute) oil revenues for the sake of domestic stability; they are also sensitive to the (relative) oil revenues of their competing or even conflicting partners. The existing approaches of rational egoism and defensive positionalism have proven to be rather inadequate in explaining this kind of gain-seeking behavior. This paper therefore develops the new theoretical approach of "gain-seeking mentalities," with the objective of tracing variations in OPEC members` gain-seeking behaviors. Using this approach, the empirical assessment of Iran and Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War and Iraq during the Gulf War of 1990/91 shows the extent to which Iran and Iraq altered their gain-seeking behavior as a result of a changing constellation of threats.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 70
    Keywords: Afrika, Subsahara Religion und Politik ; Krisenbewältigung
    Abstract: Given the widespread focus on socioeconomic factors, it comes as no surprise that religion is neglected in most theoretical explanations of African civil conflicts. While scholarly interest is increasing in light of the civil wars in Sudan, Nigeria, and northern Uganda, no systematic empirical analysis has been undertaken to date. Hence, this paper aims to provide a preliminary assessment of the role of religions in sub-Saharan civil conflicts. Quantitative and qualitative analysis based on a newly compiled database including 28 violent conflicts show that religion plays a role more frequently than is usually assumed and that the effects of religions are principally ambiguous. Religious actors and institutions have escalating effects in many cases, yet more often they become active for peace. Religious identities and ideas seem to have a particular impact on conflict. Even though religion seems secondary when compared to classical "risk factors," the findings demonstrate that religious factors have to be taken seriously when analyzing civil conflicts in Africa.
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  • 42
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 0-521-61765-0 , 978-0-521-61765-9 , 0-521-85223-4 , 978-0-521-85223-4
    Language: English
    Pages: XVI, 297 Seiten , Karten
    Edition: reprinted
    Keywords: Pakistan Muslime ; Religion ; Islam ; Anthropologie, soziale ; Soziales Leben ; Soziale Bedingungen ; Alltag ; Kultur ; Grenze ; Afghanistan ; Chitral 〈Region, Pakistan〉
    Abstract: Popular representations of Pakistan's North West Frontier have long featured simplistic images of tribal blood feuds, fanatical religion, and the seclusion of women. The rise to power of the radical Taliban regime in neighbouring Afghanistan enhanced the region's reputation as a place of anti-Western militancy. Magnus Marsden is an anthropologist who has immersed himself in the lives of the Frontier's villagers for more than ten years. His evocative study of the Chitral region challenges all these stereotypes. Through an exploration of the everyday experiences of both men and women, he shows that the life of a good Muslim in Chitral is above all a mindful life, enhanced by the creative force of poetry, dancing and critical debate. Challenging much that has been assumed about the Muslim world, this study makes a powerful contribution to the understanding of religion and politics both within and beyond the Muslim societies of southern Asia.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Rowshan: Chitral village life; 3. Emotions upside-down: affection and Islam; 4. The play of the mind: debating village Muslims; 5. Mahfils and musicians: new Muslims in Markaz; 6. Rowshan's amulet making ulama; 7. To eat or not to eat: Ismai'lis and Sunnis in Rowshan; 8. Conclusion.
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  • 43
    ISBN: 978-1-4020-8542-0 , 1-4020-8542-7 , 978-1-4020-8543-7
    Language: English
    Pages: XI, 252 Seiten
    Edition: 1. ed.
    Series Statement: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C, Environmental Security
    Keywords: Zentral-Asien Desertifikation ; Sozio-ökonomischer Aspekt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Wirtschaftlicher Wandel ; Umweltwandel ; Krisenbewältigung ; Sozialer Aspekt ; Tagungsbericht
    Note: Konferenz: NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Socio-economic Causes and Consequences of Desertification in Central Asia ; (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan) : 2006
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  • 44
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 0-521-05268-8 , 978-0-521-05268-9 , 978-0-521-82011-0 /Hb.
    ISSN: 0065-406X
    Language: English
    Pages: XVII, 335 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karte
    Edition: This difgitally printed version, paperback re-issue
    Series Statement: African Studies (Cambridge) 104
    Keywords: Mosambik Wirtschaftspolitik ; Geschichte ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Politik ; Unabhängigkeit ; Staat ; Modernisierung ; Privatisierung
    Abstract: Many of the economic transformations in Africa have been as dramatic as those in Eastern Europe. Yet much of the comparative literature on transitions has overlooked African countries. This 2002 study of Mozambique's shift from a command to a market economy draws on a wealth of empirical material, including archival sources, interviews, political posters and corporate advertisements, to reveal that the state is a central actor in the reform process, despite the claims of neo-liberals and their critics. Alongside the state, social forces - from World Bank officials to rural smallholders - have also accelerated, thwarted or shaped change in Mozambique. M. Anne Pitcher offers an intriguing analysis of the dynamic interaction between previous and emerging agents, ideas and institutions, to explain the erosion of socialism and the politics of privatization in a developing country. She demonstrates that Mozambique's political economy is a heterogenous blend of ideological and institutional continuities and ruptures. (Verlagsangaben)
    Description / Table of Contents: List of figures -- Preface -- List of abbreviations and acronyms -- Glossary -- Map -- Introduction -- 1 - The reconfiguration of the interventionist state after independence -- 2 - Demiurge ascending: high modernism and the making of Mozambique -- 3 - State sector erosion and the turn to the market -- 4 - A privatizing state or a statist privatization? -- 5 - Continuities and discontinuities in manufacturing -- 6 - Capital and countryside after structural adjustment -- 7 - The end of Marx and the beginning of the market? Rhetorical efforts to legitimate transformative preservation -- Bibliography -- Index
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 265-286
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  • 45
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 0-521-55247-8
    Language: English
    Pages: XVI, 220 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: First published 1996, this digitally printed version 2008
    Series Statement: University of Cambridge Oriental Publications 51
    Keywords: Indien Süd-Indien ; Tamil Nadu ; Kolonie, britisch ; Kolonialismus ; König ; Königtum ; Politik ; Institution ; Sozialer Wandel ; Führer, politischer ; Nationalismus ; Geschichte ; Ramanathapuram 〈Stadt, Indien〉 ; Sivaganga 〈Stadt, Indien〉
    Abstract: In this 1996 cultural history which considers the transformation of south Indian institutions under British colonial rule in the nineteenth century, Pamela Price focuses on the two former 'little kingdoms' of Ramnad and Sivaganga which came under colonial governance as revenue estates. She demonstrates how rivalries among the royal families and major zamindari temples, and the disintegration of indigenous institutions of rule, contributed to the development of nationalism and identity amongst the people of southern Tamil country. The author also shows how religious symbols and practices going back to the seventeenth century were reformulated and acquired a new significance in the colonial context. Arguing for a reappraisal of the relationship of Hinduism to politics, Price finds that these symbols and practices continue to inform popular expectation of political leadership today.
    Description / Table of Contents: List of illustrations; Acknowledgements; Glossary; Introduction; 1. Honour, status and state formation in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Maravar country; 2. Cosmological fragmentation in the public sphere; 3. Domain formation in mid-nineteenth-century Ramnad; 4. Human and divine palaces in the fragmentation of monarchical cosmology; 5. Ritual performances, the ruling person and the public; 6. Raja Baskara Setupati and the emergence of a new political style; Conclusion; Bibliography; Index
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 203 - 215
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  • 46
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 978-0-521-05358-7 , 0-521-05358-7
    Language: English
    Pages: x, 266 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten
    Edition: Digitally printed version. First published 1981
    Series Statement: Cambridge South Asian Studies 27
    Keywords: Indien Hinduismus ; Religion ; Religion und Politik ; Politik ; Regierung ; Konflikt ; Kolonialismus ; Kolonie, britisch ; Geschichte ; Ethnohistorie
    Abstract: Although temples have been important in South Indian society and history, there have been few attempts to study them within an integrated anthropological framework. Professor Appadurai develops such a framework in this ethnohistorical case study, in which he interprets the politics of worship in the Sri Partasarati Svami Temple, a famous ancient Sri Vaisnava shrine in India. The author uses the methods and concepts of both cultural anthropology and social history to construct a model of institutional change in South Asia under colonial rule. Focusing on the problem of authority as a cultural concept and as a managerial reality, Professor Appadurai considers some classic problems of South Asian anthropology: problems of deference, sumptuary symbolism, and religious organization. In addition, he addresses such issues as the nature of conflict under a hybrid colonial legal system, the political implications of sumptuary disputes, and the structure of relations between polity and religion in pre-modern South Asia. These aspects of the study should interest a broad range of scholars.
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface; Note on transliteration; Introduction; 1. The South Indian temple: cultural model and historical problem; 2. Kings, sects, and temples: South Indian Sri Vaisnavism, 1350-1700; 3. British rule and temple politics, 1700-1826; 4. From bureaucracy to judiciary, 1826-1878; 5. Litigation and the politics of sectarian control, 1878-1925; 6. Rethinking the present: some contextual implications; Appendices; Bibliography; Index.
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  • 47
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 3
    Keywords: Afrika Frankreich ; Sicherheit ; Außenpolitik ; Beziehungen Afrika-Europa
    Abstract: Präsident Sarkozy gab bei seiner Südafrikareise am 28. Februar in einer Rede vor dem Parlament bekannt, dass sich die Beziehungen zwischen Frankreich und Afrika an einem entscheidenden Wendepunkt befänden: Frankreich habe nicht die Berufung, in Afrika auf ewig militärisch präsent zu sein. Bestehende Militärabkommen sollen neu verhandelt und dann offengelegt, die Afrikanische Union soll in ihrem Streben nach einer Sicherheitsgemeinschaft unterstützt und der EU soll mehr Verantwortung in der Sicherheitspolitik übertragen werden.
    Note: "Überarbeitete, gekürzte und aktualisierte Version des Beitrags "Aller Anfang ist schwer: Frankreich auf der Suche nach einer neuen Afrika-Politik" in der "DGAP Analyse Frankreich" Nr. 5 vom De zember 2007. Eine gekürzte englische Fassung dieser Analyse ist unter dem Titel "France in Search of a New Africa Policy" in der "Global Edition" der Zeitschrift "Internationale Politik" Nr. 1/2008 erschienen." (Seite 8)
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  • 48
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 6
    Keywords: Afrika Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Beziehungen Afrika-Europa ; Handelsbeziehung ; Europäische Union
    Abstract: Bis Ende Juni 2008 wollten die Europäische Union (EU) und die afrikanischen Staaten die Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) unter Dach und Fach bringen. Viele afrikanische Länder stehen den EPAs jedoch skeptisch gegenüber, weshalb sie noch zögern, die Verträge zu unterzeichnen.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 2
    Keywords: Afrika Klimawandel ; Beziehungen, internationale
    Abstract: Auf der Weltklimakonferenz vom 3. bis 14. Dezember 2007 in Bali wurde eine neue Etappe der internationalen Klimaverhandlungen eingeläutet. Die afrikanischen Länder werden von allen Verpflichtungen zur Reduzierung ausgeschlossen bleiben. Von den weiteren Verhandlungen erhoffen sie massive internationale Finanztransfers, um sich an die gravierenden Folgen des Klimawandels besser anpassen zu können.
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  • 50
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2008, Nr. 4
    Keywords: Afrika Politik ; Geschichte, politische ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Afrikanische Union
    Abstract: Am 1. Februar wurde der Außenminister Gabuns, Jean Ping, zum neuen Kommissionsvorsitzenden der Afrikanischen Union (AU) gewählt. Die Anforderungen an ihn sind beträchtlich: Er soll die regionale Integration des Kontinents vorantreiben, während sich gleichzeitig die ökonomische Spaltung zwischen den Regionalorganisationen Afrikas zu vertiefen droht.
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  • 51
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 5
    Keywords: Simbabwe Beziehungen, internationale ; Sanktion ; Politischer Wandel
    Abstract: Die Staatschefs der SADC forderten am 29. März 2007 die Aufhebung aller Sanktionen gegen das Regime Mugabe im krisengeschüttelten Simbabwe. Derweil hat die EU am 24. April als Reaktion auf die jüngsten Ausschreitungen in dem Land die Reisesankti onen gegen die politische Elite ausgeweitet. (Einleitung)
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 10
    Keywords: Togo Entwicklung, politische ; Politisches System ; Demokratisierung
    Abstract: Am 14. Oktober 2007 hat in Togo eines der ältesten despotischen Regime Afrikas ein neues Parlament unter Beteiligung von Oppositionsparteien wählen lassen. Von der EU-Wahlbeobachtung wurde die Wahl (vorläufig) als ein "wichtiger Schritt zur Demokratisierung" qualifiziert (Union Européenne 2007). Allerdings ist Togo noch weit entfernt vom Niveau der benachbarten Demokratien Ghana und Benin.
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  • 53
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 6
    Keywords: Afrika Armut ; Wirtschaftlicher Wandel ; Politische Ökonomie
    Abstract: Die Mehrheit der Staaten Afrikas verzeichnet seit etwa fünf Jahren hohes wirtschaftliches Wachstum, niedrige Inflation sowie sinkende Haushalts- und Handelsdefizite. Dennoch steht Afrika nicht vor einer wirtschaftlichen Trendwende
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 41
    Keywords: Kenia Landwirtschaft ; Bauer ; Krisenbewältigung
    Abstract: In the debate of sustainable rural livelihoods, diversification is seen as a way to secure incomes and to increase food security. On the basis of a data set on income security, this paper analyses to what extent this applies to small-scale farmers in Kakamega District, Kenya. Using the sustainable rural livelihoods approach, this paper draws the conclusion, that (1) diversification in agricultural production is not sufficient for securing rural livelihoods in Kakamega District; (2) a sufficient income diversification depends heavily on requirements like access to education, infrastructure, as well as investment capital; and (3) small-scale farmers in Kakamega District in most cases lack these requirements, therefore not being able to achieve secure household incomes or increased food security. (Abstract)
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 32-34Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 55
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 7
    Keywords: Nigeria Beziehungen Afrika-Europa ; Beziehungen, internationale ; Geschichte, politische
    Abstract: Beim G8-Gipfel in Heiligendamm (6.-8. Juni 2007) war Nigeria zwar eingeladen, nicht aber zur Gesprächsrunde mit den fünf aufstrebenden Mächten Brasilien, VR China, Indien, Mexiko und Südafrika.Nigeria ist der bevölkerungsreichste Staat Afrikas, in Westafrika die dominante Volkswirtschaft mit der schlagkräftigsten Armee. International war das Bild Nigerias in den letzten Jahren vor allem von der Wertschätzung für Präsident Olusegun Obasanjo und dessen Reformagenda bestimmt. Ein außenpolitisches Profil seines Nachfolgers, Umaru Yar`Adua, ist noch nicht erkennbar - jedoch überwiegt in der Außenpolitik traditionell die Kontinuität.
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  • 56
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 978-0-511-55797-2 , 978-0-521-44084-4 /Hb.
    Language: English
    Pages: XIV, 213 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: First published, paperback reissue
    Series Statement: Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology 92
    Keywords: Indien Süd-Indien ; Tamil Nadu ; Ländliches Gebiet ; Armut ; Film ; Popular Culture ; Sozialer Aspekt ; Madurai 〈Stadt, Tamil Nadu〉
    Abstract: This study of the Indian cinema is concerned particularly with cinema-goers in Madurai, a city in Tamil Nadu, South India. Sara Dickey reviews the history of Tamil film, explains the structure of the industry, and presents the perspective of the filmmakers. However, the core of the book is an analysis of the films themselves and the place they have in the lives of poor people, who organize fan clubs, discuss the films and the actors, and in various ways relate these fantasy worlds to their own lives. Dickey argues that the effect of these films is ultimately conservative, for they glorify poverty while holding out the hope of a better future. Her rich ethnography makes an interesting contribution to the study of film in India and, more generally, to the understanding of popular culture in an Indian city. (Verlagsangaben)
    Description / Table of Contents: List of illustrations -- Acknowledgements -- Note on transliteration -- Part I -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lives in Madurai -- 3. Activities and attitudes -- Part II -- 4. History of Tamil cinema -- 5. Films -- 6. Film themes -- Part III -- 7. Filmmakers -- 8. Audiences -- 9. Fan clubs and politics -- 10. Conclusions -- Appendix -- Notes -- List of references -- Index
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 195-202
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 8
    Keywords: Afrika, Subsahara Beziehungen Afrika-Europa ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Abstract: Zur "Halbzeit" der Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) zeigt sich eine ernüchternde Bilanz für das subsaharische Afrika. Mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit wird keines der Ziele bis 2015 verwirklicht. Ständige Erneuerungen von Entwicklungshilfeversprechen werden nicht ausreichen, um die Vorgaben doch noch umzusetzen. Damit enttäuschte Erwartungen nicht zu negativen Auswirkungen für die Region führen, ist eine veränderte Sicht auf die MDGs notwendig.
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  • 58
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 978-0-521-09958-5 , 978-0-521-07825-2
    ISSN: 0068-6794
    Language: English
    Pages: XI, 388 Seiten, 2 ungezählte Blätter Bildtafeln , Illustrationen, Karten
    Edition: First paperback edition 1975, re-issued in this digitally printed version
    Series Statement: Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology 2
    Keywords: Thailand Buddhismus ; Religion ; Religionssoziologie ; Kult ; Geist ; Ritual und Zeremonie, buddhistisches ; Tradition ; Mythos ; Kosmologie ; Mönchtum
    Description / Table of Contents: List of tables -- List of illustrations -- 1. Introduction: the particular and the general -- 2. The stage and its setting -- 3. Cosmology -- 4. Primary village concepts -- 5. The institution of monkhood in historical perspective -- 6. The rules of conduct for monks, novices, and laymen -- 7. The phases of monkhood -- 8. The monastic routine and its rewards - 9. The ideology of merit -- 10. The cycle of collective wat rites and the agricultural calendar -- 11. Liberation through hearing: the sacred words of the monks -- 13. Sukhwan rites: the elders summon the spirit essence. -- 14. The co-existence of the brahman and the Buddhist monk -- 15. The cult of the guardian spirits -- 16. Myth and rite: the Naga symbol and the rocket festival -- 17. The afflictions caused by malevolent spirits -- 18. Exorcism as healing ritual -- 19. A kaleidoscopic view of the religious field .- 20. The parade of supernaturals -- 21. The past and present in the study of religion: continuities and transformations -- Bibliography -- Index
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 379-384
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  • 59
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 4
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 58
    Keywords: Kenia Migration ; Arbeit ; Geld
    Abstract: Migration and remittances are widely seen as major components of diversification strategies aimed at coping with risky environments in developing countries. The debate in the literature mainly concentrates on effects of and access to the strategy of migration. Against this background, the paper investigates patterns, determinants and the impact of internal migration on households based on data from a densely populated rural area in Western Kenya. The motivation behind migration is largely economic in kind. Accordingly, remittances account for a substantial share of household incomes. Results derived from a probit model estimation indicate that the likelihood of migration is independent from the wealth position of households. Instead, demographic household factors, education-related variables and migrant networks are of central importance. Migration and remittances are obviously more easily accessible than other opportunities of income diversification beyond farming for households across all levels of wealth, including the poorest households.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 43
    Keywords: Ruanda (Staat) Sambia ; Wahl ; Politischer Wandel ; Regierung
    Abstract: Scholars of institutional design attribute large importance to the choice of new institutions. The comparative analysis of how Rwanda and Zambia crafted their new electoral systems and the systems of government regards procedural, structural and rational choice variables which may influence the option for particular solutions. External influences and the type of transition are determinants that can decide which actors make their interests prevail. The degree of innovation or conservatism of new institutions is mainly a result of the speed of the process and the kind of actors involved. However, rational reflections on how to produce legitimacy and minimize personal risks which take into consideration the state of conflict in the country decide on the speed and on innovative outcomes. The structured analysis of only two cases uncovers already that it is rather difficult to realise the transfer of design recommendations into reality. (Abstract)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction -- 2. A Three-Dimensional Framework of Analysis: Process, Structure, Interests -- 3. Rwanda: A Set of Innovative Institutions Lacking Transparency -- 4. Zambia: A Set of Conservative and Easy-to-understand Institutions -- 5. Testing the Analytical Framework in Comparative Perspective -- 6. Some Concluding Explanations on the Interrelation of Processes and Interest
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 25-28Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 42
    Keywords: Europa Außenpolitik ; China ; Taiwan
    Abstract: On 1 May 2004, the world witnessed the largest expansion in the history of the European Union (EU). This process has lent new weight to the idea of an expanded EU involvement in East Asia. This paper will examine the question of whether there has been a change in the EU`s foreign policy with respect to its Taiwan policy after the fifth enlargement. It analyses the EU`s policy statements on Asia and China to find evidence. The political behaviour of the EU has not changed, although there has been a slight modification in rhetoric. The EU - notwithstanding its claim to be a global actor - currently continues to keep itself out of one of the biggest conflicts in East Asia. The new members` interests in the East Asia region are too weak to alter the EU`s agenda, and their economic priorities are rather linked to the programmes of the EU than vice versa. (Abstract)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Impact of Enlargement on Foreign Policy -- 3. Five Arguments for a Possible Modification in the EU-25`s Policy towards Taiwan -- 4. Five Arguments against Any Modification -- 5. The European Parliament as a Proponent of a New Policy towards Taiwan -- 6. The EU`s Policy Statements: Nothing New but Rhetoric -- 7. The Paradigmatic Debate about the Arms Embargo -- 8. Do Economic Relations with Taiwan Have Any Impact? -- 9. The CEECs` Relations with Taiwan -- 10. Conclusion: Still Just Talking Business
    Note: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 23rd Taiwan-European Conference: 'The Emerging Global Role and Tasks of the European Union', in Taipei, Taiwan, 19-20 December 2006.Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 35-39Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers no. 52
    Keywords: Argentinien Finanzwesen
    Abstract: This paper builds on institutional analysis to generate new conclusions about the economic viability of federalism. It does so by suggesting that Weingast´s seminal model of marketpreserving federalism falls short of accounting for the poor fiscal performance of multitiered systems in the developing world. This theoretical deficiency stems to a large extent from the insufficient attention paid by this model to the institutional complexity of federal systems, particularly the public policy effects of legislative malapportionment. Subsequent to an analytical discussion of the potential public spending and distributive politics distortions resulting from overrepresentation, we offer preliminary empirical evidence from Argentina, a federation exhibiting one of the most decentralized fiscal systems in the world and severe imbalances in the territorial distribution of legislative and economic resources. The findings show not only that said imbalances lead to sub-optimal fiscal results but also that they have a mutually-reinforcing relationship with regionalized patronage.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 56
    Keywords: Kuba Führer, politischer ; Weber, Max [Leben und Werk]
    Abstract: For theories of political succession and charismatic authority, the almost half-century long rule of Fidel Castro presents an extraordinary test case since Fidel in July 2006 handed over power `temporarily` to his deputy and brother Raúl. On the background of Max Weber`s work on charismatic rule, the paper analyzes the way in which the Cuban leadership has responded to the succession question and identifies four aspects in which it differs from the succession problems typically attributed to charismatic rule: Cuba`s longstanding exceptionalism regarding the `second man` behind the leader; the succession during the life-time of the leader with a sui generis modus of `cohabitation` between the outgoing and the incoming leader; the routinization of charisma which domestically allows a bureaucratic succession model with the Communist Party, rather than any individual, being postulated as Fidel Castro`s heir; and as a correlate to the latter, the ritual transmission of Fidel`s charisma to a heir beyond the nation-state, Venezuela`s Hugo Chávez, as the new charismatic leader to continue Fidel Castro`s universal revolutionary mission.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 55
    Keywords: Japan Wahl ; Politisches System
    Abstract: Electioneering for the Japanese Lower House has undergone significant changes in recent years. Not only institutional but also other environmental changes are pushing political actors in Japan to complement the hitherto dominant vote-mobilisation approach by vote-chasing strategies. Such strategies target in particular unaffiliated voters and emphasise party leaders. Yet, the notion of an `Americanisation` of campaigning in Japan seems premature at best. Notably, electioneering for the Lower House has become more party-oriented in the course of introducing new voter chasing strategies. It remains to be seen though whether specific campaign instruments and tactics used in recent general elections, such as the manifesto approach, can generate value-added in the longer term.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 51
    Keywords: Syrien Europa ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Abstract: The effect of `locking-in` economic reform and enhancing its credibility is generally re-garded as one of the most important potential effects of regional integration. Based on a detailed review of the theoretical debate, this paper develops a general framework for as-sessment to evaluate the ability of RIAs to serve as effective mechanisms for `commit-ment` and `signalling`. In the second part, this assessment framework is applied to the case of the Syrian-European Association Agreement (AA). Syria initialled an AA with the European Union in October 2004, but two and a half years later, this agreement is still pending formal signature. The empirical findings of this study show that despite several shortcomings, the Syrian-European AA, if it were to come into force, should be able to deliver an appropriate mechanism for signalling and commitment and thus to improve the credibility of the Syrian process of reform at home and abroad. A major loophole of the agreement, however, is represented by its lack of incentives to increase the `rewards for good policy`.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 Bl.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 42
    Keywords: Europa Außenpolitik ; China ; Taiwan
    Abstract: On 1 May 2004, the world witnessed the largest expansion in the history of the European Union (EU). This process has lent new weight to the idea of an expanded EU involvement in East Asia. This paper will examine the question of whether there has been a change in the EU`s foreign policy with respect to its Taiwan policy after the fifth enlargement. It analyses the EU`s policy statements on Asia and China to find evidence. The political behaviour of the EU has not changed, although there has been a slight modification in rhetoric. The EU - notwithstanding its claim to be a global actor - currently continues to keep itself out of one of the biggest conflicts in East Asia. The new members` interests in the East Asia region are too weak to alter the EU`s agenda, and their economic priorities are rather linked to the programmes of the EU than vice versa.
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 59
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Krisenbewältigung ; Frieden ; Sicherheit ; Politisches System
    Abstract: The termination of war is mostly seen as a basis not just for recovery but for a fundamental transformation or change in development paths towards peace, stability and development. The Central American peace processes of the last decades were one of the first laboratories for the liberal peace-building paradigm which assumes that the threefold transformation to peace, democracy and market economy is a self-strengthening process leading to sustainable development. Although none of the three countries slipped back into war, serious deficits remain. This paper introduces an analytical framework that aims at interrelating the threefold transformation with the impact generated by four processes. These include the repercussions generated by the international system on a country`s society, its historical, cultural and social foundations, the legacies of violence and the peacebuilding initiatives the country concerned has witnessed. The comparative analysis of changes in the public security sector, the political system, conflict resolution and the use of resources show why there is so much path dependency that can explain the deficits of transformation.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 52
    Keywords: Argentinien Finanzwesen
    Abstract: This paper builds on institutional analysis to generate new conclusions about the economic viability of federalism. It does so by suggesting that Weingast´s seminal model of marketpreserving federalism falls short of accounting for the poor fiscal performance of multitiered systems in the developing world. This theoretical deficiency stems to a large extent from the insufficient attention paid by this model to the institutional complexity of federal systems, particularly the public policy effects of legislative malapportionment. Subsequent to an analytical discussion of the potential public spending and distributive politics distortions resulting from overrepresentation, we offer preliminary empirical evidence from Argentina, a federation exhibiting one of the most decentralized fiscal systems in the world and severe imbalances in the territorial distribution of legislative and economic resources. The findings show not only that said imbalances lead to sub-optimal fiscal results but also that they have a mutually-reinforcing relationship with regionalized patronage.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 53
    Keywords: Südafrika Beziehungen, internationale ; Außenpolitik ; Hegemonie
    Abstract: Regional powers can be distinguished by four pivotal criteria: claim to leadership, power resources, employment of foreign policy instruments, and acceptance of leadership. Ap-plying these indicators to the South African case, the analysis demonstrates the crucial significance of institutional foreign policy instruments. But although the South African government is ready to pay the costs of co-operative hegemony (such as capacity building for regional institutions and peacekeeping), the regional acceptance of South Africa`s leadership is constrained by its historical legacy. Additionally, Pretoria`s foreign policy is based on ideational resources such as its reputation as an advocate of democracy and human rights and the legitimacy derived from its paradigmatic behaviour as a `good global citizen`. However, the Mbeki presidency is more successful in converting these resources into discursive instruments of interest-assertion in global, rather than in regional bargains. In effect the regional power`s reformist South-oriented multilateralism is challenging some of the guiding principles of the current international system.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 45
    Keywords: Sambia Ethnizität ; Wahl ; Politik ; Politische Partei
    Abstract: Conventional wisdom holds that ethnicity provides the social cleavage for voting behaviour and party affiliation in Africa. Because this is usually inferred from aggregate data of national election results, it might prove to be an ecological fallacy. The evidence based on individual data from an opinion survey in Zambia suggests that ethnicity matters for voter alignment and even more so for party affiliation, but it is certainly not the only factor. The analysis also points to a number of qualifications which are partly methodology-related. One is that the degree of ethnic voting can differ from one ethno-political group to the other depending on various degrees of ethnic mobilisation. Another is that if smaller ethnic groups or subgroups do not identify with one particular party, it is difficult to find a significant statistical correlation between party affiliation and ethnicity - but that does not prove that they do not affiliate along ethnic lines.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 47
    Keywords: Lateinamerika Costa Rica ; Telekommunikation ; Reform
    Abstract: As the 'Washington Consensus' reforms are losing momentum in Latin America, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is calling for shifting the focus from the content of policy choices to the political process of their implementation. As this paper studies the paradigmatic case of telecommunications reform in Costa Rica it underscores the importance of these 'politics of policies'. The analysis finds, however, that the failure of repeated liberalization initiatives was not only due to policy-makers' errors in steering the project through 'the messy world of politics' (IDB); instead, as liberalization remained unpopular, policy content indeed mattered, and only the interaction of both explains the outcome. Particular attention is drawn to the political feed-back effects, as the failed reform, precisely because it had been backed by bi-partisan support, became a catalyst for the disintegration of the country's long-standing two-party system.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 73
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 62
    Keywords: Krisenbewältigung Bürgerkrieg ; Gesellschaft
    Abstract: In post-conflict societies, security is provided by a broad range of actors including the state as well as various non-state formations. The paper identifies three types of post-conflict societies and analyses dynamics of the security market in cases where international troops have intervened. A comparison of seven countries shows that intervention forces were able to establish themselves as market leaders when a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) program was successfully conducted in the immediate post-conflict period. Such a program should be embedded in an inclusive peace agreement that is backed up by a credible and robust troop commitment from the international community.
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  • 74
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 5
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1862-3603
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 8
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 48
    Keywords: Kenia Afrika, Subsahara ; Arbeit ; Geld ; Armut ; Ungleichheit
    Abstract: Engagement in non-agricultural activities in rural areas can be classified into survival-led or opportunity-led. Survival-led diversification would decrease inequality by increasing the incomes of poorer households and thus reduce poverty. By contrast, opportunity-led diversification would increase inequality and have a minor effect on poverty, as it tends to be confined to non-poor households. Using data from Western Kenya, we confirm the existence of the differently motivated diversification strategies. Yet, the poverty and inequality implications differ somewhat from our expectations. Our findings indicate that in addition to asset constraints, rural households also face limited or relatively risky high-return opportunities outside agriculture.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 44
    Keywords: Südostasien Indonesien ; Philippinen ; Thailand ; Politik ; Politische Partei
    Abstract: It is generally acknowledged that a higher degree of party and party system institutionalisation is positively correlated with the consolidation of democracy. It is, thus, useful to compare different levels and types of institutionalisation. In this article the distinction made by Levitsky (`value infusion` vs. `behavioural routinisation`) with reference to party institutionalisation will be employed. Moreover, institutionalised party systems are characterized, according to Mainwaring and Torcal, by `stability of interparty competition`. The empirical research of this paper finds that the early organisational consolidation of social cleavages, such as in Indonesia, enhances institutionalisation. Furthermore, the relation between central and local elites appears to be essential: strong bosses or cliques undermine institutionalisation in the Philippines and in Thailand respectively. Most Indonesian parties are better institutionalised than those in the Philippines and Thailand with reference to `value infusion`. In addition, the party system in Indonesia is better institutionalised in terms of `stability of interparty competition`.
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  • 78
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 6
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 61
    Keywords: Ägypten Tourismus ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt
    Abstract: This article challenges claims that liberalising state regulated markets in developing countries may induce lasting economic development. The analysis of the rise of tourism in Egypt during the last three decades suggests that the effects of liberalisation and structural adjustment are constrained by the neo-patrimonial character of the Egyptian political system. Since the decline of oil rent revenues during the 1980s tourism development was the optimal strategy to compensate for the resulting fiscal losses. Increasing tourism revenues have helped in coping with macroeconomic imbalances and in avoiding more costly adjustment of traditional economic sectors. Additionally, they provided the private elite with opportunities to generate large profits. Therefore, sectoral transformations due to economic liberalisation in neo-patrimonial Rentier states should be described as a process, which has led to the diversification of external rent revenues, rather than to a general downsizing of the Rentier character of the economy.
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  • 80
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 11
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 60
    Keywords: Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche Rohstoff ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt
    Abstract: Scholars of institutional design attribute large importance to the choice of new institutions. The comparative analysis of how Rwanda and Zambia crafted their new electoral systems and the systems of government regards procedural, structural and rational choice variables which may influence the option for particular solutions. External influences and the type of transition are determinants that can decide which actors make their interests prevail. The degree of innovation or conservatism of new institutions is mainly a result of the speed of the process and the kind of actors involved. However, rational reflections on how to produce legitimacy and minimize personal risks which take into consideration the state of conflict in the country decide on the speed and on innovative outcomes. The structured analysis of only two cases uncovers already that it is rather difficult to realise the transfer of design recommendations into reality.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1862-3603
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 7
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 46
    Keywords: Entwicklungsländer HIV ; Beziehungen, internationale ; Globalisierung ; Politik ; Regierung ; Gesundheitswesen
    Abstract: This paper analyses the role of actors from developing countries in global processes of policy making and governance. To systematically examine the channels of influence of Southern actors and the interactions in global governance it develops the concept of interfaces. It differentiates between organisational, discoursive, legal and resource-transfer interfaces in global governance. This approach is exemplified in the analysis of a specific field of global governance, the global fight against HIV/AIDS. The paper examines the role of Southern governments and non-state actors in the central organisations of global health, their influence in debates and discourses on strategies to fight HIV/AIDS, and the financing mechanisms that were introduced to fight HIV/AIDS in the developing world. It shows that albeit actors from Northern countries dominate global governance in general, in particular areas the current institutional setting of global governance provides significant opportunities for rather weak actors such as civil society organisations and governments from the South to influence strategies and policies.
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  • 84
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 1
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  • 85
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 3
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  • 86
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    ISSN: 1862-3603
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 10
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  • 87
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 38 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 54
    Keywords: Argentinien Politischer Wandel ; Gerichtsbarkeit
    Abstract: This article aims to evaluate to what extent the Argentine Senate was able to fulfil its constitutional function of controlling the Executive`s prerogative to nominate judges between 1983 and 2006, as well as to examine the factors that influenced the exercise of this role. To do so, the paper focuses on the parliamentary procedure of the proposals submitted by the Executive for the nomination of all federal judges, the members of the so-called `national justice` of Buenos Aires and those of the Public Ministry. The findings show that the Senate`s powers depend on several factors, such as, the institutional resources with which presidents count in this chamber (which includes not only the size of the parliamentary majority but also their power in the Committee of Acuerdos), the category of the position to be filled (whether involving Supreme Court justices or not), presidential ambitions in other policy areas (such as re-election), and the rules regulating the selection and confirmation of candidates (such as the secrecy or publicity of the legislative process).
    Note: Zsfassung in dt. und engl.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 63
    Keywords: Afrika Afrika, Subsahara ; Ethnizität ; Konfliktmanagement
    Abstract: Recent research on political parties and ethnicity has challenged the conventional wisdom about ethnicity as the major factor that explains voter alignment in Africa. The paper maintains that the cleavage model, although modified to include ethnicity, still provides heuristically the best foundation for the explanation of party formation and voting behaviour in Africa. It points out that inconclusive and contradicting research results about the salience of ethnicity can be attributed to a variety of unresolved methodological and conceptual problems linked to the `fluidity` of the concept of ethnicity. To overcome these problems refined research designs and more sophisticated analytical tools are required. Finally, it is safe to assume that the relevance of ethnicity for the formation of party systems and voter alignment is not a uniform pattern across Africa, but will differ from one country to the other.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 57
    Keywords: Indien Brasilien ; Südafrika ; Beziehungen, internationale ; Außenpolitik
    Abstract: How can weaker states influence stronger ones? This article offers a case study of one recent exercise in coalition building among Southern middle powers, the `India, Brazil, South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum`. The analysis outlines five major points: first, it argues that the three emerging players can be defined as middle powers in order to frame their foreign policy behavior and options at the global level. Second, soft balancing is a suitable concept to explain IBSA`s strategy in global institutions. Third, institutional foreign policy instruments are of pivotal significance in IBSA`s soft balancing strategy. Fourth, the potential gains of IBSA`s sector cooperation, particularly in trade, are limited due to a lack of complementarity of the three economies. And fifth, IBSA`s perspectives and impact on the international system will depend on four variables: IBSA`s ability to focus on distinct areas of cooperation, the consolidation of its common strategy of soft balancing, the institutionalization of IBSA, and its enlargement in order to obtain more weight in global bargains.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 64
    Keywords: Honduras Landwirtschaft ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Wirtschaftlicher Wandel
    Abstract: Local producers, in their interaction with local processors or exporters and international retailers have the possibility to acquire new skills and knowledge. The type of trust relationship and coordination pattern can determine how information flows and how firms upgrade. In addition, the implementation and compliance with standards provides opportunities for learning and acquiring skills and knowledge. Focusing on this kind of interactions, the study explains how local producers in Honduras engage in upgrading and whether this had an impact on the sales of those firms. The majority of the producers in the sample upgraded their products and internal processes. A limited number of producers engaged in functional upgrading. Most of the producers were aware of the important role of standards. They affirmed that in the process of implementing and complying with standards, they have gained new knowledge and were convinced that they succeeded in securing at better position in the value chain.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 65
    Keywords: Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Beziehungen, internationale ; Krisenbewältigung ; Korruption ; Gewalt ; Kriminalität
    Abstract: It has become common to state that youth gangs and organized crime have seized Central America. For theories on contemporary Central American violence, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Nicaragua present important test cases, demonstrating the need to differentiate the diagnosis. First, national discourses on violence differ from country to country, with varying threat levels, patterns of attention, and discursive leitmotivs. Second, there are border-crossing discursive nodes such as the mara paradigm, the perception of grand corruption, and gender-based violence tied to cross-national, national or sub-national publics. The paper explores the ambiguity and plurivocality of contemporary discourses on violence, emanting from a variety of hegemonic and less powerful publics.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 Bl.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 41
    Keywords: Kenia Landwirtschaft ; Bauer ; Krisenbewältigung
    Abstract: In the debate of sustainable rural livelihoods, diversification is seen as a way to secure incomes and to increase food security. On the basis of a data set on income security, this paper analyses to what extent this applies to small-scale farmers in Kakamega District, Kenya. Using the sustainable rural livelihoods approach, this paper draws the conclusion, that (1) diversification in agricultural production is not sufficient for securing rural livelihoods in Kakamega District; (2) a sufficient income diversification depends heavily on requirements like access to education, infrastructure, as well as investment capital; and (3) small-scale farmers in Kakamega District in most cases lack these requirements, therefore not being able to achieve secure household incomes or increased food security.
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  • 93
    Book
    Book
    Hamburg : GIGA
    ISSN: 1862-3603
    Language: German
    Pages: [8] S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 9
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 49
    Keywords: Westafrika Migration ; Europa ; Handelsbeziehung
    Abstract: The number of migrants from conflict regions in Africa has been increasing dramatically. The European Union shares dual responsibility for the continuing migration pressure: First, because it fostered over decades corrupt and autocratic regimes with dire disregard to principles of `good governance`. The aftermath of these regimes is still felt today and constitutes one of the underlying factors for politically motivated migration. Second, the EU contributed to Africa`s economic misery due to its selfish external trade policy. Nevertheless, the prevailing perspective of the EU and of its member countries concerning African immigration remains to be focused on security, the foreclosure of its external borders and prevention. Current EU programs and concepts to fight African migration are questionable. Even development-oriented approaches are bound to fail, if not backed by sustainable immigration policies.
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  • 95
    Language: German
    Pages: 8 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 12
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 S.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 50
    Keywords: Beziehungen, internationale Postmoderne ; Hegemonie
    Abstract: The paper tries to shed light on the conceptual link between international crises like the one following September 11, 2001, the Asian financial crisis of 1997/1998, the end of the Cold War or major international conflicts, and processes of change in the international system. It argues that cultural structures rest on their continuous instantiation through social practices, thereby making them coterminous with process. Process is constituted by meaningful acts of social agents, and can thus only be grasped by analysing meaning. Meaning is transmitted by language. Meaningful language is never reducible to individual speakers; it is a social act. In the paper, I call this process discourse. Linking Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with the theory of hegemony developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, I will finally be able to show how hegemonic discourses serve as the nexus between crises and cultural structures and how they make cultural change possible.
    Note: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 Bl.
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers 43
    Keywords: Ruanda (Staat) Sambia ; Wahl ; Politischer Wandel ; Regierung
    Abstract: Scholars of institutional design attribute large importance to the choice of new institutions. The comparative analysis of how Rwanda and Zambia crafted their new electoral systems and the systems of government regards procedural, structural and rational choice variables which may influence the option for particular solutions. External influences and the type of transition are determinants that can decide which actors make their interests prevail. The degree of innovation or conservatism of new institutions is mainly a result of the speed of the process and the kind of actors involved. However, rational reflections on how to produce legitimacy and minimize personal risks which take into consideration the state of conflict in the country decide on the speed and on innovative outcomes. The structured analysis of only two cases uncovers already that it is rather difficult to realise the transfer of design recommendations into reality.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Focus. Afrika 2007, Nr. 2
    Keywords: Südafrika Hegemonie ; Außenpolitik
    Abstract: Die Rolle Südafrikas auf dem Kontinent wird kontrovers diskutiert - vor allem auch im Lande selbst. Aufgrund seiner wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung und militärischen Stärke wird das Land als "afrikanischer Hegemon" gesehen. Diese Sicht wird vor allem von afrikanischen Regierungen und von akademischen Beobachtern geteilt. Die USA, die EU, aber auch südafrikanische Thinktanks schreiben dem Land deshalb eine strategische Führungsrolle zu, in der sich auch die Regierung sieht - eine Rolle, die bisweilen aber auch problematisch ist.
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  • 99
    Book
    Book
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 978-0-521-77177-1 , 978-0-521-77746-9
    Language: English
    Pages: XIII, 203 Seiten
    Edition: First published
    Series Statement: New Departures in Anthropology
    Keywords: Indien Sri Lanka ; Süd-Asien ; Kultur und Politik ; Politik ; Demokratie ; Gewalt ; Politik und Gesellschaft ; Anthropologie, politische ; Beziehungen, interethnische ; Nationalismus ; Staat ; Säkularisierung ; Differenzierung ; Frieden ; Feminismus ; Konflikt, politischer ; Konflikt, ethnischer
    Abstract: In recent years anthropology has rediscovered its interest in politics. Building on the findings of this research, this book, first published in 2007, analyses the relationship between culture and politics, with special attention to democracy, nationalism, the state and political violence. Beginning with scenes from an unruly early 1980s election campaign in Sri Lanka, it covers issues from rural policing in north India to slum housing in Delhi, presenting arguments about secularism and pluralism, and the ambiguous energies released by electoral democracy across the subcontinent. It ends by discussing feminist peace activists in Sri Lanka, struggling to sustain a window of shared humanity after two decades of war. Bringing together and linking the themes of democracy, identity and conflict, this important new study shows how anthropology can take a central role in understanding other people's politics, especially the issues that seem to have divided the world since 9/11
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Series Statement: GIGA Working Papers No. 47
    Keywords: Lateinamerika Costa Rica ; Telekommunikation ; Reform
    Abstract: As the 'Washington Consensus' reforms are losing momentum in Latin America, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is calling for shifting the focus from the content of policy choices to the political process of their implementation. As this paper studies the paradigmatic case of telecommunications reform in Costa Rica it underscores the importance of these 'politics of policies'. The analysis finds, however, that the failure of repeated liberalization initiatives was not only due to policy-makers' errors in steering the project through 'the messy world of politics' (IDB); instead, as liberalization remained unpopular, policy content indeed mattered, and only the interaction of both explains the outcome. Particular attention is drawn to the political feed-back effects, as the failed reform, precisely because it had been backed by bi-partisan support, became a catalyst for the disintegration of the country's long-standing two-party system.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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