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  • Frobenius-Institut  (31)
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  • 2010-2014
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  • 1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers no. 41
    Schlagwort(e): Kenia Landwirtschaft ; Bauer ; Krisenbewältigung
    Kurzfassung: In the debate of sustainable rural livelihoods, diversification is seen as a way to secure incomes and to increase food security. On the basis of a data set on income security, this paper analyses to what extent this applies to small-scale farmers in Kakamega District, Kenya. Using the sustainable rural livelihoods approach, this paper draws the conclusion, that (1) diversification in agricultural production is not sufficient for securing rural livelihoods in Kakamega District; (2) a sufficient income diversification depends heavily on requirements like access to education, infrastructure, as well as investment capital; and (3) small-scale farmers in Kakamega District in most cases lack these requirements, therefore not being able to achieve secure household incomes or increased food security. (Abstract)
    Anmerkung: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 32-34Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (18 Seiten)
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers no. 52
    Schlagwort(e): Argentinien Finanzwesen
    Kurzfassung: This paper builds on institutional analysis to generate new conclusions about the economic viability of federalism. It does so by suggesting that Weingast´s seminal model of marketpreserving federalism falls short of accounting for the poor fiscal performance of multitiered systems in the developing world. This theoretical deficiency stems to a large extent from the insufficient attention paid by this model to the institutional complexity of federal systems, particularly the public policy effects of legislative malapportionment. Subsequent to an analytical discussion of the potential public spending and distributive politics distortions resulting from overrepresentation, we offer preliminary empirical evidence from Argentina, a federation exhibiting one of the most decentralized fiscal systems in the world and severe imbalances in the territorial distribution of legislative and economic resources. The findings show not only that said imbalances lead to sub-optimal fiscal results but also that they have a mutually-reinforcing relationship with regionalized patronage.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 24 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 60
    Schlagwort(e): Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche Rohstoff ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt
    Kurzfassung: Scholars of institutional design attribute large importance to the choice of new institutions. The comparative analysis of how Rwanda and Zambia crafted their new electoral systems and the systems of government regards procedural, structural and rational choice variables which may influence the option for particular solutions. External influences and the type of transition are determinants that can decide which actors make their interests prevail. The degree of innovation or conservatism of new institutions is mainly a result of the speed of the process and the kind of actors involved. However, rational reflections on how to produce legitimacy and minimize personal risks which take into consideration the state of conflict in the country decide on the speed and on innovative outcomes. The structured analysis of only two cases uncovers already that it is rather difficult to realise the transfer of design recommendations into reality.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 63
    Schlagwort(e): Afrika Afrika, Subsahara ; Ethnizität ; Konfliktmanagement
    Kurzfassung: Recent research on political parties and ethnicity has challenged the conventional wisdom about ethnicity as the major factor that explains voter alignment in Africa. The paper maintains that the cleavage model, although modified to include ethnicity, still provides heuristically the best foundation for the explanation of party formation and voting behaviour in Africa. It points out that inconclusive and contradicting research results about the salience of ethnicity can be attributed to a variety of unresolved methodological and conceptual problems linked to the `fluidity` of the concept of ethnicity. To overcome these problems refined research designs and more sophisticated analytical tools are required. Finally, it is safe to assume that the relevance of ethnicity for the formation of party systems and voter alignment is not a uniform pattern across Africa, but will differ from one country to the other.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 44
    Schlagwort(e): Südostasien Indonesien ; Philippinen ; Thailand ; Politik ; Politische Partei
    Kurzfassung: It is generally acknowledged that a higher degree of party and party system institutionalisation is positively correlated with the consolidation of democracy. It is, thus, useful to compare different levels and types of institutionalisation. In this article the distinction made by Levitsky (`value infusion` vs. `behavioural routinisation`) with reference to party institutionalisation will be employed. Moreover, institutionalised party systems are characterized, according to Mainwaring and Torcal, by `stability of interparty competition`. The empirical research of this paper finds that the early organisational consolidation of social cleavages, such as in Indonesia, enhances institutionalisation. Furthermore, the relation between central and local elites appears to be essential: strong bosses or cliques undermine institutionalisation in the Philippines and in Thailand respectively. Most Indonesian parties are better institutionalised than those in the Philippines and Thailand with reference to `value infusion`. In addition, the party system in Indonesia is better institutionalised in terms of `stability of interparty competition`.
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  • 6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 59
    Schlagwort(e): Mittelamerika Krisenbewältigung ; Frieden ; Sicherheit ; Politisches System
    Kurzfassung: The termination of war is mostly seen as a basis not just for recovery but for a fundamental transformation or change in development paths towards peace, stability and development. The Central American peace processes of the last decades were one of the first laboratories for the liberal peace-building paradigm which assumes that the threefold transformation to peace, democracy and market economy is a self-strengthening process leading to sustainable development. Although none of the three countries slipped back into war, serious deficits remain. This paper introduces an analytical framework that aims at interrelating the threefold transformation with the impact generated by four processes. These include the repercussions generated by the international system on a country`s society, its historical, cultural and social foundations, the legacies of violence and the peacebuilding initiatives the country concerned has witnessed. The comparative analysis of changes in the public security sector, the political system, conflict resolution and the use of resources show why there is so much path dependency that can explain the deficits of transformation.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 61
    Schlagwort(e): Ägypten Tourismus ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Wirtschaftlicher Aspekt
    Kurzfassung: This article challenges claims that liberalising state regulated markets in developing countries may induce lasting economic development. The analysis of the rise of tourism in Egypt during the last three decades suggests that the effects of liberalisation and structural adjustment are constrained by the neo-patrimonial character of the Egyptian political system. Since the decline of oil rent revenues during the 1980s tourism development was the optimal strategy to compensate for the resulting fiscal losses. Increasing tourism revenues have helped in coping with macroeconomic imbalances and in avoiding more costly adjustment of traditional economic sectors. Additionally, they provided the private elite with opportunities to generate large profits. Therefore, sectoral transformations due to economic liberalisation in neo-patrimonial Rentier states should be described as a process, which has led to the diversification of external rent revenues, rather than to a general downsizing of the Rentier character of the economy.
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  • 8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 64
    Schlagwort(e): Honduras Landwirtschaft ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Wirtschaftlicher Wandel
    Kurzfassung: Local producers, in their interaction with local processors or exporters and international retailers have the possibility to acquire new skills and knowledge. The type of trust relationship and coordination pattern can determine how information flows and how firms upgrade. In addition, the implementation and compliance with standards provides opportunities for learning and acquiring skills and knowledge. Focusing on this kind of interactions, the study explains how local producers in Honduras engage in upgrading and whether this had an impact on the sales of those firms. The majority of the producers in the sample upgraded their products and internal processes. A limited number of producers engaged in functional upgrading. Most of the producers were aware of the important role of standards. They affirmed that in the process of implementing and complying with standards, they have gained new knowledge and were convinced that they succeeded in securing at better position in the value chain.
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  • 9
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 65
    Schlagwort(e): Mittelamerika Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Nicaragua ; Beziehungen, internationale ; Krisenbewältigung ; Korruption ; Gewalt ; Kriminalität
    Kurzfassung: It has become common to state that youth gangs and organized crime have seized Central America. For theories on contemporary Central American violence, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Nicaragua present important test cases, demonstrating the need to differentiate the diagnosis. First, national discourses on violence differ from country to country, with varying threat levels, patterns of attention, and discursive leitmotivs. Second, there are border-crossing discursive nodes such as the mara paradigm, the perception of grand corruption, and gender-based violence tied to cross-national, national or sub-national publics. The paper explores the ambiguity and plurivocality of contemporary discourses on violence, emanting from a variety of hegemonic and less powerful publics.
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  • 10
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 48
    Schlagwort(e): Kenia Afrika, Subsahara ; Arbeit ; Geld ; Armut ; Ungleichheit
    Kurzfassung: Engagement in non-agricultural activities in rural areas can be classified into survival-led or opportunity-led. Survival-led diversification would decrease inequality by increasing the incomes of poorer households and thus reduce poverty. By contrast, opportunity-led diversification would increase inequality and have a minor effect on poverty, as it tends to be confined to non-poor households. Using data from Western Kenya, we confirm the existence of the differently motivated diversification strategies. Yet, the poverty and inequality implications differ somewhat from our expectations. Our findings indicate that in addition to asset constraints, rural households also face limited or relatively risky high-return opportunities outside agriculture.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 45
    Schlagwort(e): Sambia Ethnizität ; Wahl ; Politik ; Politische Partei
    Kurzfassung: Conventional wisdom holds that ethnicity provides the social cleavage for voting behaviour and party affiliation in Africa. Because this is usually inferred from aggregate data of national election results, it might prove to be an ecological fallacy. The evidence based on individual data from an opinion survey in Zambia suggests that ethnicity matters for voter alignment and even more so for party affiliation, but it is certainly not the only factor. The analysis also points to a number of qualifications which are partly methodology-related. One is that the degree of ethnic voting can differ from one ethno-political group to the other depending on various degrees of ethnic mobilisation. Another is that if smaller ethnic groups or subgroups do not identify with one particular party, it is difficult to find a significant statistical correlation between party affiliation and ethnicity - but that does not prove that they do not affiliate along ethnic lines.
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  • 12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 47
    Schlagwort(e): Lateinamerika Costa Rica ; Telekommunikation ; Reform
    Kurzfassung: As the 'Washington Consensus' reforms are losing momentum in Latin America, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is calling for shifting the focus from the content of policy choices to the political process of their implementation. As this paper studies the paradigmatic case of telecommunications reform in Costa Rica it underscores the importance of these 'politics of policies'. The analysis finds, however, that the failure of repeated liberalization initiatives was not only due to policy-makers' errors in steering the project through 'the messy world of politics' (IDB); instead, as liberalization remained unpopular, policy content indeed mattered, and only the interaction of both explains the outcome. Particular attention is drawn to the political feed-back effects, as the failed reform, precisely because it had been backed by bi-partisan support, became a catalyst for the disintegration of the country's long-standing two-party system.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 58
    Schlagwort(e): Kenia Migration ; Arbeit ; Geld
    Kurzfassung: Migration and remittances are widely seen as major components of diversification strategies aimed at coping with risky environments in developing countries. The debate in the literature mainly concentrates on effects of and access to the strategy of migration. Against this background, the paper investigates patterns, determinants and the impact of internal migration on households based on data from a densely populated rural area in Western Kenya. The motivation behind migration is largely economic in kind. Accordingly, remittances account for a substantial share of household incomes. Results derived from a probit model estimation indicate that the likelihood of migration is independent from the wealth position of households. Instead, demographic household factors, education-related variables and migrant networks are of central importance. Migration and remittances are obviously more easily accessible than other opportunities of income diversification beyond farming for households across all levels of wealth, including the poorest households.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: 38 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 54
    Schlagwort(e): Argentinien Politischer Wandel ; Gerichtsbarkeit
    Kurzfassung: This article aims to evaluate to what extent the Argentine Senate was able to fulfil its constitutional function of controlling the Executive`s prerogative to nominate judges between 1983 and 2006, as well as to examine the factors that influenced the exercise of this role. To do so, the paper focuses on the parliamentary procedure of the proposals submitted by the Executive for the nomination of all federal judges, the members of the so-called `national justice` of Buenos Aires and those of the Public Ministry. The findings show that the Senate`s powers depend on several factors, such as, the institutional resources with which presidents count in this chamber (which includes not only the size of the parliamentary majority but also their power in the Committee of Acuerdos), the category of the position to be filled (whether involving Supreme Court justices or not), presidential ambitions in other policy areas (such as re-election), and the rules regulating the selection and confirmation of candidates (such as the secrecy or publicity of the legislative process).
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt. und engl.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 Bl.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 41
    Schlagwort(e): Kenia Landwirtschaft ; Bauer ; Krisenbewältigung
    Kurzfassung: In the debate of sustainable rural livelihoods, diversification is seen as a way to secure incomes and to increase food security. On the basis of a data set on income security, this paper analyses to what extent this applies to small-scale farmers in Kakamega District, Kenya. Using the sustainable rural livelihoods approach, this paper draws the conclusion, that (1) diversification in agricultural production is not sufficient for securing rural livelihoods in Kakamega District; (2) a sufficient income diversification depends heavily on requirements like access to education, infrastructure, as well as investment capital; and (3) small-scale farmers in Kakamega District in most cases lack these requirements, therefore not being able to achieve secure household incomes or increased food security.
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  • 16
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 Bl.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 43
    Schlagwort(e): Ruanda (Staat) Sambia ; Wahl ; Politischer Wandel ; Regierung
    Kurzfassung: Scholars of institutional design attribute large importance to the choice of new institutions. The comparative analysis of how Rwanda and Zambia crafted their new electoral systems and the systems of government regards procedural, structural and rational choice variables which may influence the option for particular solutions. External influences and the type of transition are determinants that can decide which actors make their interests prevail. The degree of innovation or conservatism of new institutions is mainly a result of the speed of the process and the kind of actors involved. However, rational reflections on how to produce legitimacy and minimize personal risks which take into consideration the state of conflict in the country decide on the speed and on innovative outcomes. The structured analysis of only two cases uncovers already that it is rather difficult to realise the transfer of design recommendations into reality.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 57
    Schlagwort(e): Indien Brasilien ; Südafrika ; Beziehungen, internationale ; Außenpolitik
    Kurzfassung: How can weaker states influence stronger ones? This article offers a case study of one recent exercise in coalition building among Southern middle powers, the `India, Brazil, South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum`. The analysis outlines five major points: first, it argues that the three emerging players can be defined as middle powers in order to frame their foreign policy behavior and options at the global level. Second, soft balancing is a suitable concept to explain IBSA`s strategy in global institutions. Third, institutional foreign policy instruments are of pivotal significance in IBSA`s soft balancing strategy. Fourth, the potential gains of IBSA`s sector cooperation, particularly in trade, are limited due to a lack of complementarity of the three economies. And fifth, IBSA`s perspectives and impact on the international system will depend on four variables: IBSA`s ability to focus on distinct areas of cooperation, the consolidation of its common strategy of soft balancing, the institutionalization of IBSA, and its enlargement in order to obtain more weight in global bargains.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 18
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 Bl.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 42
    Schlagwort(e): Europa Außenpolitik ; China ; Taiwan
    Kurzfassung: On 1 May 2004, the world witnessed the largest expansion in the history of the European Union (EU). This process has lent new weight to the idea of an expanded EU involvement in East Asia. This paper will examine the question of whether there has been a change in the EU`s foreign policy with respect to its Taiwan policy after the fifth enlargement. It analyses the EU`s policy statements on Asia and China to find evidence. The political behaviour of the EU has not changed, although there has been a slight modification in rhetoric. The EU - notwithstanding its claim to be a global actor - currently continues to keep itself out of one of the biggest conflicts in East Asia. The new members` interests in the East Asia region are too weak to alter the EU`s agenda, and their economic priorities are rather linked to the programmes of the EU than vice versa.
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  • 19
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 59 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 53
    Schlagwort(e): Südafrika Beziehungen, internationale ; Außenpolitik ; Hegemonie
    Kurzfassung: Regional powers can be distinguished by four pivotal criteria: claim to leadership, power resources, employment of foreign policy instruments, and acceptance of leadership. Ap-plying these indicators to the South African case, the analysis demonstrates the crucial significance of institutional foreign policy instruments. But although the South African government is ready to pay the costs of co-operative hegemony (such as capacity building for regional institutions and peacekeeping), the regional acceptance of South Africa`s leadership is constrained by its historical legacy. Additionally, Pretoria`s foreign policy is based on ideational resources such as its reputation as an advocate of democracy and human rights and the legitimacy derived from its paradigmatic behaviour as a `good global citizen`. However, the Mbeki presidency is more successful in converting these resources into discursive instruments of interest-assertion in global, rather than in regional bargains. In effect the regional power`s reformist South-oriented multilateralism is challenging some of the guiding principles of the current international system.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 20
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 24 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 49
    Schlagwort(e): Westafrika Migration ; Europa ; Handelsbeziehung
    Kurzfassung: The number of migrants from conflict regions in Africa has been increasing dramatically. The European Union shares dual responsibility for the continuing migration pressure: First, because it fostered over decades corrupt and autocratic regimes with dire disregard to principles of `good governance`. The aftermath of these regimes is still felt today and constitutes one of the underlying factors for politically motivated migration. Second, the EU contributed to Africa`s economic misery due to its selfish external trade policy. Nevertheless, the prevailing perspective of the EU and of its member countries concerning African immigration remains to be focused on security, the foreclosure of its external borders and prevention. Current EU programs and concepts to fight African migration are questionable. Even development-oriented approaches are bound to fail, if not backed by sustainable immigration policies.
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  • 21
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 55
    Schlagwort(e): Japan Wahl ; Politisches System
    Kurzfassung: Electioneering for the Japanese Lower House has undergone significant changes in recent years. Not only institutional but also other environmental changes are pushing political actors in Japan to complement the hitherto dominant vote-mobilisation approach by vote-chasing strategies. Such strategies target in particular unaffiliated voters and emphasise party leaders. Yet, the notion of an `Americanisation` of campaigning in Japan seems premature at best. Notably, electioneering for the Lower House has become more party-oriented in the course of introducing new voter chasing strategies. It remains to be seen though whether specific campaign instruments and tactics used in recent general elections, such as the manifesto approach, can generate value-added in the longer term.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
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  • 22
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 46
    Schlagwort(e): Entwicklungsländer HIV ; Beziehungen, internationale ; Globalisierung ; Politik ; Regierung ; Gesundheitswesen
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the role of actors from developing countries in global processes of policy making and governance. To systematically examine the channels of influence of Southern actors and the interactions in global governance it develops the concept of interfaces. It differentiates between organisational, discoursive, legal and resource-transfer interfaces in global governance. This approach is exemplified in the analysis of a specific field of global governance, the global fight against HIV/AIDS. The paper examines the role of Southern governments and non-state actors in the central organisations of global health, their influence in debates and discourses on strategies to fight HIV/AIDS, and the financing mechanisms that were introduced to fight HIV/AIDS in the developing world. It shows that albeit actors from Northern countries dominate global governance in general, in particular areas the current institutional setting of global governance provides significant opportunities for rather weak actors such as civil society organisations and governments from the South to influence strategies and policies.
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  • 23
    Buch
    Buch
    Hamburg : GIGA
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 62
    Schlagwort(e): Krisenbewältigung Bürgerkrieg ; Gesellschaft
    Kurzfassung: In post-conflict societies, security is provided by a broad range of actors including the state as well as various non-state formations. The paper identifies three types of post-conflict societies and analyses dynamics of the security market in cases where international troops have intervened. A comparison of seven countries shows that intervention forces were able to establish themselves as market leaders when a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) program was successfully conducted in the immediate post-conflict period. Such a program should be embedded in an inclusive peace agreement that is backed up by a credible and robust troop commitment from the international community.
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  • 24
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (39 Seiten)
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers no. 42
    Schlagwort(e): Europa Außenpolitik ; China ; Taiwan
    Kurzfassung: On 1 May 2004, the world witnessed the largest expansion in the history of the European Union (EU). This process has lent new weight to the idea of an expanded EU involvement in East Asia. This paper will examine the question of whether there has been a change in the EU`s foreign policy with respect to its Taiwan policy after the fifth enlargement. It analyses the EU`s policy statements on Asia and China to find evidence. The political behaviour of the EU has not changed, although there has been a slight modification in rhetoric. The EU - notwithstanding its claim to be a global actor - currently continues to keep itself out of one of the biggest conflicts in East Asia. The new members` interests in the East Asia region are too weak to alter the EU`s agenda, and their economic priorities are rather linked to the programmes of the EU than vice versa. (Abstract)
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Impact of Enlargement on Foreign Policy -- 3. Five Arguments for a Possible Modification in the EU-25`s Policy towards Taiwan -- 4. Five Arguments against Any Modification -- 5. The European Parliament as a Proponent of a New Policy towards Taiwan -- 6. The EU`s Policy Statements: Nothing New but Rhetoric -- 7. The Paradigmatic Debate about the Arms Embargo -- 8. Do Economic Relations with Taiwan Have Any Impact? -- 9. The CEECs` Relations with Taiwan -- 10. Conclusion: Still Just Talking Business
    Anmerkung: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 23rd Taiwan-European Conference: 'The Emerging Global Role and Tasks of the European Union', in Taipei, Taiwan, 19-20 December 2006.Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 35-39Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 25
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten)
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers no. 43
    Schlagwort(e): Ruanda (Staat) Sambia ; Wahl ; Politischer Wandel ; Regierung
    Kurzfassung: Scholars of institutional design attribute large importance to the choice of new institutions. The comparative analysis of how Rwanda and Zambia crafted their new electoral systems and the systems of government regards procedural, structural and rational choice variables which may influence the option for particular solutions. External influences and the type of transition are determinants that can decide which actors make their interests prevail. The degree of innovation or conservatism of new institutions is mainly a result of the speed of the process and the kind of actors involved. However, rational reflections on how to produce legitimacy and minimize personal risks which take into consideration the state of conflict in the country decide on the speed and on innovative outcomes. The structured analysis of only two cases uncovers already that it is rather difficult to realise the transfer of design recommendations into reality. (Abstract)
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Introduction -- 2. A Three-Dimensional Framework of Analysis: Process, Structure, Interests -- 3. Rwanda: A Set of Innovative Institutions Lacking Transparency -- 4. Zambia: A Set of Conservative and Easy-to-understand Institutions -- 5. Testing the Analytical Framework in Comparative Perspective -- 6. Some Concluding Explanations on the Interrelation of Processes and Interest
    Anmerkung: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 25-28Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
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  • 26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers No. 47
    Schlagwort(e): Lateinamerika Costa Rica ; Telekommunikation ; Reform
    Kurzfassung: As the 'Washington Consensus' reforms are losing momentum in Latin America, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is calling for shifting the focus from the content of policy choices to the political process of their implementation. As this paper studies the paradigmatic case of telecommunications reform in Costa Rica it underscores the importance of these 'politics of policies'. The analysis finds, however, that the failure of repeated liberalization initiatives was not only due to policy-makers' errors in steering the project through 'the messy world of politics' (IDB); instead, as liberalization remained unpopular, policy content indeed mattered, and only the interaction of both explains the outcome. Particular attention is drawn to the political feed-back effects, as the failed reform, precisely because it had been backed by bi-partisan support, became a catalyst for the disintegration of the country's long-standing two-party system.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 Seiten)
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers No. 48
    Schlagwort(e): Kenia Afrika, Subsahara ; Arbeit ; Geld ; Armut ; Ungleichheit
    Kurzfassung: Engagement in non-agricultural activities in rural areas can be classified into survival-led or opportunity-led. Survival-led diversification would decrease inequality by increasing the incomes of poorer households and thus reduce poverty. By contrast, opportunity-led diversification would increase inequality and have a minor effect on poverty, as it tends to be confined to non-poor households. Using data from Western Kenya, we confirm the existence of the differently motivated diversification strategies. Yet, the poverty and inequality implications differ somewhat from our expectations. Our findings indicate that in addition to asset constraints, rural households also face limited or relatively risky high-return opportunities outside agriculture.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 50
    Schlagwort(e): Beziehungen, internationale Postmoderne ; Hegemonie
    Kurzfassung: The paper tries to shed light on the conceptual link between international crises like the one following September 11, 2001, the Asian financial crisis of 1997/1998, the end of the Cold War or major international conflicts, and processes of change in the international system. It argues that cultural structures rest on their continuous instantiation through social practices, thereby making them coterminous with process. Process is constituted by meaningful acts of social agents, and can thus only be grasped by analysing meaning. Meaning is transmitted by language. Meaningful language is never reducible to individual speakers; it is a social act. In the paper, I call this process discourse. Linking Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with the theory of hegemony developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, I will finally be able to show how hegemonic discourses serve as the nexus between crises and cultural structures and how they make cultural change possible.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 51
    Schlagwort(e): Syrien Europa ; Entwicklung, wirtschaftliche ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Kurzfassung: The effect of `locking-in` economic reform and enhancing its credibility is generally re-garded as one of the most important potential effects of regional integration. Based on a detailed review of the theoretical debate, this paper develops a general framework for as-sessment to evaluate the ability of RIAs to serve as effective mechanisms for `commit-ment` and `signalling`. In the second part, this assessment framework is applied to the case of the Syrian-European Association Agreement (AA). Syria initialled an AA with the European Union in October 2004, but two and a half years later, this agreement is still pending formal signature. The empirical findings of this study show that despite several shortcomings, the Syrian-European AA, if it were to come into force, should be able to deliver an appropriate mechanism for signalling and commitment and thus to improve the credibility of the Syrian process of reform at home and abroad. A major loophole of the agreement, however, is represented by its lack of incentives to increase the `rewards for good policy`.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 56
    Schlagwort(e): Kuba Führer, politischer ; Weber, Max [Leben und Werk]
    Kurzfassung: For theories of political succession and charismatic authority, the almost half-century long rule of Fidel Castro presents an extraordinary test case since Fidel in July 2006 handed over power `temporarily` to his deputy and brother Raúl. On the background of Max Weber`s work on charismatic rule, the paper analyzes the way in which the Cuban leadership has responded to the succession question and identifies four aspects in which it differs from the succession problems typically attributed to charismatic rule: Cuba`s longstanding exceptionalism regarding the `second man` behind the leader; the succession during the life-time of the leader with a sui generis modus of `cohabitation` between the outgoing and the incoming leader; the routinization of charisma which domestically allows a bureaucratic succession model with the Communist Party, rather than any individual, being postulated as Fidel Castro`s heir; and as a correlate to the latter, the ritual transmission of Fidel`s charisma to a heir beyond the nation-state, Venezuela`s Hugo Chávez, as the new charismatic leader to continue Fidel Castro`s universal revolutionary mission.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 17 S.
    Serie: GIGA Working Papers 52
    Schlagwort(e): Argentinien Finanzwesen
    Kurzfassung: This paper builds on institutional analysis to generate new conclusions about the economic viability of federalism. It does so by suggesting that Weingast´s seminal model of marketpreserving federalism falls short of accounting for the poor fiscal performance of multitiered systems in the developing world. This theoretical deficiency stems to a large extent from the insufficient attention paid by this model to the institutional complexity of federal systems, particularly the public policy effects of legislative malapportionment. Subsequent to an analytical discussion of the potential public spending and distributive politics distortions resulting from overrepresentation, we offer preliminary empirical evidence from Argentina, a federation exhibiting one of the most decentralized fiscal systems in the world and severe imbalances in the territorial distribution of legislative and economic resources. The findings show not only that said imbalances lead to sub-optimal fiscal results but also that they have a mutually-reinforcing relationship with regionalized patronage.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in dt.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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