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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (3,145)
  • HeBIS  (15)
  • BSZ  (4)
  • München UB
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (2,990)
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis  (160)
  • Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
  • Economics  (3,150)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (3,145)
  • HeBIS  (15)
  • BSZ  (4)
  • München UB
  • GBV  (4)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The emergence of strategic budget initiatives (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The growth of strategic budget initiatives – such as gender budgeting and green budgeting - has been a prominent trend in OECD countries. This is driven by a desire to use the budget to help deliver transformational change in relation to key policy priorities demanding a whole-of-government response. This paper outlines the emergence of strategic budget initiatives across OECD countries and offers some preliminary observations on how these initiatives are being designed and implemented.
    DOI: 10.1787/8053099b-en
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 4 Forms of managing leisure time of European seniors of the 21st century (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032455068 , 9781032455082
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.)
    DDC: 305.26094
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics ; Microeconomics ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Labour economics ; Economics of aging; health economics; labour economics; structural change; composition of demand; European Union
    Abstract: This chapter is to demonstrate the challenges related to free time of seniors (especially EU residents) in the 21st century. The starting point for the considerations was to explain the concept of free time and to specify its characteristics, functions, and ways of using it. The structure of the seniors' time budget and leisure activities undertaken by this group were analyzed (based on Eurostat data). Subsequently, one of the important forms of free time management, that is, tourism, was studied. First, the essence of tourist activity was discussed and the reasons for undertaking it in the autumn of life. Second, the functions of senior tourism were distinguished and data on the participation of seniors from EU countries in it were presented. Third, taking into account that the concept of active aging is increasingly the participation in various types of courses, trainings, workshops, etc., the chapter defines the place of seniors in the process of lifelong learning. The tasks of the University of the Third Age (U3A) were systematized and the available data on the participation of European seniors in educational programs were analyzed. The conclusion emphasizes the heterogeneity of the silver head segment.
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Ageing (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003150398 , 9780367713324 , 9780367713454
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Routledge International Handbooks
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Population & demography ; Economics ; Medicolegal issues ; Age groups: the elderly ; Population and demography ; Labour / income economics ; economics of ageing,labour economics,generational accounting,health economics,Population Ageing,NTA,Pension Systems,Health Deficits,Pension Reforms,Assortative Matching,Younger Men,Labor Income,Normal Retirement Age,Public Transfers,Income Replacement Rate,OLG Model,Life Cycle Model,Age Profiles,Human Development Index,Retirement Age,Frailty Index,Dependency Ratio,Spousal Health,Differential Mortality,Vice Versa,Public Pension,Effective Retirement Ages,Healthcare Spending,Demographic Transition
    Abstract: Ageing populations pose some of the foremost global challenges of this century. Drawing on an international pool of scholars, this cutting-edge Handbook surveys the micro, macro and institutional aspects of the economics of ageing. Structured in seven parts, the volume addresses a broad range of themes, including health economics, labour economics, pensions and social security, generational accounting, wealth inequality and regional perspectives. Each chapter combines a succinct overview of the state of current research with a sketch of a promising future research agenda. This Handbook will be an essential resource for advanced students, researchers and policymakers looking at the economics of ageing across the disciplines of economics, demography, public policy, public health and beyond
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Digital Transformation and the Economics of Banking : Economic, Institutional, and Social Dimensions (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032374932 , 9781032374956 , 9781003340454
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Business & management ; Finance ; Banking ; Economics ; Business and Management ; Finance and the finance industry ; Banking; digital transformation; digitalization; financial institutions; FinTech; innovation and technology management; Insurance; CBDC, sustainability, privacy, central bank, digital currency, FinTech
    Abstract: Banking; digital transformation; digitalization; financial institutions; FinTech; innovation and technology management; Insurance; CBDC, sustainability, privacy, central bank, digital currency, FinTech
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cambodian Dollarization : Its Policy Implications for LDCs’ Financial Development (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003391418 , 9781000955552 , 9781032489162 , 9781032489179
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Globalization ; Economics
    Abstract: This book is the first study to provide a comprehensive picture of the reality and structure of dollarization in Cambodia, which has been achieving rapid economic and financial development since the end of 1998, when full piece reigned over the kingdom. It uses the micro-level data collected through nationwide surveys conducted jointly by the National Bank of Cambodia and JICA Ogata Sadako Research Institute in 2014 and 2017. By applying econometric analysis to collected data, the book analyses in detail the structures and mechanisms of dollarization in households, companies, and financial institutions. It also provides detailed information on the historical development of Cambodian dollarization, international comparisons with various cases of dollarization in countries around the world, and the impact of NBC's issuance of CBDC (particularly Bakong) on the use of local and foeign currencies. The Cambodian case shows that financial development of low- and middle-income countries is promoted mutually by dollarization and that policies to separate the two are necessary to curb dollarization. This book will be of interest to students, researchers and policy-makers concerned with dollarization and economics in Southeast Asia
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chapter 37 Global Ageing and Health (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367713324 , 9780367713454
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Additional Information: Enthalten in The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Ageing
    DDC: 305.26
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Economics ; Medicolegal issues ; Population & demography ; Age groups: the elderly ; Healthy Life Expectancy,Universal Health Coverage,Human Development Index,Medium Variant Projections,PLHIV,Lower Middle Income Countries,Healthy Ageing,Demographic Transition,Country Income Groups,ITU,Hypertensive Heart Disease,High Income Countries,Northern America,Age Related Hearing Loss,Lower Respiratory Infection,Population Ageing,Alzheimer’s Disease,WPP,Ageing World,Ischemic Heart Disease,Global Burden,Crude Death Rate
    Abstract: Ageing populations pose some of the foremost global challenges of this century. Drawing on an international pool of scholars, this cutting-edge Handbook surveys the micro, macro and institutional aspects of the economics of ageing. Structured in seven parts, the volume addresses a broad range of themes, including health economics, labour economics, pensions and social security, generational accounting, wealth inequality and regional perspectives. Each chapter combines a succinct overview of the state of current research with a sketch of a promising future research agenda. This Handbook will be an essential resource for advanced students, researchers and policymakers looking at the economics of ageing across the disciplines of economics, demography, public policy, public health and beyond.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Issues and Social Inclusion in a Sustainable Era : Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSOS 2022), Malang, Indonesia, 1-2 July 2022 (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003360483 , 9781003807582 , 9781032419398 , 9781032419381
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (444 p.)
    Keywords: Society & culture: general ; Civil engineering, surveying & building ; Economics
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the Paris Climate Agreement are examples of initiatives where countries show recognition of their interconnected interests and goals. This is particularly evident in the case of global environmental issues because they require global decision-making. The emergence of global environmental issues such as climate change, marine pollution and biodiversity loss has brought new challenges to governance and requires political support and innovation of global public policies. In addition, many social problems arise because of the environmental crisis. Environmental Issues and Social Inclusion in a Sustainable Era discusses environmental and social inclusion in a socio-economic perspective. The contributions analyse the management of global environmental problems at local, national and international levels, with a special focus on multilevel governance, innovative public policies, and economic development finance and business. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license. Funded by Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Local Content Requirements : Promises and Pitfalls (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003415794 , 9781003806912 , 9781032542218 , 9781032542232
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge-ERIA Studies in Development Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Public finance accounting
    Abstract: As anti-globalization and geopolitical tensions continue to rise, the use of local content requirements (LCRs) around the world has become more noticeable than ever before. The reasons for adopting LCRs range from ensuring domestic supply availability, job creation, and increasing value added to safeguarding national security. Ing and Grossman examine country-specific as well as firm-product level exercises to explain how LCRs reduce fair competition, resulting in lower trade and productivity, which ultimately lowers world economic output and overall human welfare. Countries around the world are investigated with specific attention to the US, China, Indonesia, and resource-intensive countries, including mining-intensive ones. The book also presents product- and firm-level analyses, answering the question of why countries adopted LCRs and how LCRs actually affect the world economy. This book is a useful resource that will interest policymakers, researchers, and advanced undergraduates interested in international trade, industrial policy, political economy, labour economics, and development economics
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 9
    Online Resource
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    Chapter 10 Sustainability, Public Security, and Privacy Concerns Regarding Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032374932 , 9781032374956
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Keywords: Banking ; Business & management ; Economics ; Finance
    Abstract: Around 100 central banks currently research or develop their own central bank digital currency (further CBDC). Two projects recently moved into the production phase. The introduction of CBDC by at least one major central bank in the coming years seems unavoidable, which would form a tipping point. CBDC would then enter the mainstream of the banking sector. This trend requires assessing CBDC projects broader than the central banks do. This chapter considers concerns regarding the introduction of CBDC and its design criteria. Addressing those issues at an early stage allows us to mitigate them. The most obvious concern concerns the central bank money's public security in the era of growing cyber threats. The other evident concern concerns privacy. However, one particular angle of discussions on CBDC does not get enough attention – sustainability. This chapter assesses whether and how current CBDC projects include sustainability, public security, and privacy. It then addresses areas worth further development to increase the implementation of sustainability by the central banks. Finally, this chapter reconstructs a design of CBDC that would be most desired from the perspective of sustainability, public security, and privacy, showing how taking those perspectives into consideration influences social acceptance of CBDC
    Note: English
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Ageing (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003150398 , 9780367713324 , 9780367713454
    Language: English
    Series Statement: Routledge International Handbooks
    DDC: 305.26
    Keywords: Labour economics ; Economics ; Medicolegal issues ; Population & demography ; Age groups: the elderly ; economics of ageing,labour economics,generational accounting,health economics,Population Ageing,NTA,Pension Systems,Health Deficits,Pension Reforms,Assortative Matching,Younger Men,Labor Income,Normal Retirement Age,Public Transfers,Income Replacement Rate,OLG Model,Life Cycle Model,Age Profiles,Human Development Index,Retirement Age,Frailty Index,Dependency Ratio,Spousal Health,Differential Mortality,Vice Versa,Public Pension,Effective Retirement Ages,Healthcare Spending,Demographic Transition
    Abstract: Ageing populations pose some of the foremost global challenges of this century. Drawing on an international pool of scholars, this cutting-edge Handbook surveys the micro, macro and institutional aspects of the economics of ageing. Structured in seven parts, the volume addresses a broad range of themes, including health economics, labour economics, pensions and social security, generational accounting, wealth inequality and regional perspectives. Each chapter combines a succinct overview of the state of current research with a sketch of a promising future research agenda. This Handbook will be an essential resource for advanced students, researchers and policymakers looking at the economics of ageing across the disciplines of economics, demography, public policy, public health and beyond.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Silver Economy (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003213406 , 9781032455068 , 9781032455082 , 9781003377313
    Language: English
    DDC: 305.26094
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics ; Microeconomics ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Labour economics ; Economics of aging; health economics; labour economics; structural change; composition of demand; European Union
    Abstract: The definition of “old” has evolved intensively over the years due to demographic changes, and the aging population is one of the most frequently discussed issues in recent decades. The profile of the 21st century senior is completely different from the senior in the second half of the 20th century, not to mention earlier periods in history. As an increasing group of benefactors of human activity, they create demand for products and experiences. The system of goods and services that aims to leverage their purchasing potential and satisfy their consumption needs, including living, health, tourism, cultural, information, and communication needs, has been referred to as the so-called Silver Economy. The book reviews the phenomenon of aging of the EU's population over 50. It also presents a multidimensional view of the potential for the development of this group's economic, social, medical, family, personal and technological demand in the early 21st century. The book analyzes the market behavior of seniors and argues that the Silver Economy will grow in importance and profitability every year in various areas, both public and private. This includes health, finance, employment, leisure and well-being, education, and the use of digital tools. This publication is recommended for policymakers and business players who are considering how to achieve economic development through the growing and changing demand of the aging population. For the world is now facing a challenge that no community has ever faced before - the coexistence of a long-lived population on the one hand and the growing popularity of digital technologies on the other.
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  • 12
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    L’autonomisation économique des femmes au Maroc : De l’engagement à la mise en œuvre (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264532243 , 9789264582149 , 9789264910720
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Morocco
    Abstract: Le Rapport De l’engagement à la mise en œuvre : assurer l’autonomisation économique des femmes au Maroc analyse les politiques publiques marocaines en faveur de l’autonomisation économique des femmes dans le cadre de la Recommandation du Conseil de l’OCDE sur l’égalité femmes-hommes dans l’éducation, l’emploi et l’entrepreneuriat à laquelle le pays a adhéré en 2018. Il fournit un cadre stratégique global visant à déverrouiller le potentiel économique des femmes, afin qu’elles puissent pleinement contribuer au développement durable du Maroc et bénéficier de ses retombées économiques et sociales. Ce cadre stratégique global - développé dans le cadre de la seconde phase du programme pays Maroc de l’OCDE - vise à soutenir la mise en œuvre du troisième Plan Gouvernemental pour l’Égalité (PGE III). Il préconise une approche multi-cibles et multi-sectorielle, mettant l'accent sur des politiques de soin transformatrices pour créer des emplois décents, alléger les tâches domestiques et de soin, et remettre en cause les stéréotypes de genre, soulignant l'importance de l'évolution des normes socio-culturelles pour favoriser l'intégration des femmes sur le marché du travail.
    DOI: 10.1787/d4312bd3-fr
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Handbook on the Compilation of Household Distributional Results on Income, Consumption and Saving in Line with National Accounts Totals (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264343115 , 9789264396784 , 9789264782051
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Privater Konsum ; Sparen ; Privater Haushalt ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: This publication presents guidance for the compilation of distributional results on household income, consumption and saving consistent with national accounts totals. These results are a key input for evidence-based policies targeting inequality and fostering inclusive growth, providing insights into key dimensions of material well-being across household groups. The results complement existing inequality measures by including elements that are often lacking from micro statistics and by providing inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic aggregates, broadening the scope for analyses, while also capturing households and transactions that are typically underrepresented in micro data. Moreover, while the estimates do require a number of statistical choices and assumptions, they have a high degree of international comparability because of the common methodology and their alignment to national accounts results. The handbook provides an overview of the conceptual framework underlying the distributional results and discusses various aspects in relation to the compilation and presentation of the distributional results. It aims to assist compilers in deriving high-quality distributional results and to provide users with more insights into the main benefits of these results as well as into the way that the results have been derived.
    DOI: 10.1787/5a3b9119-en
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  • 14
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    Examen des politiques de transformation économique : Gros plan sur l'internationalisation de la Guadeloupe (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264333956 , 9789264434745 , 9789264756182
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les voies de développement
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Production Transformation Policy Review: Spotlight on Guadeloupe's Internationalisation
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Development ; France
    Abstract: Située dans la mer des Caraïbes, la Guadeloupe est un département français d'outre-mer et une région européenne ultrapériphérique. Dans la série des examens des politiques de transformation économique, ce rapport examine les opportunités et les défis de cette région qui cherche une voie de développement économique plus durable. Il identifie des actions prioritaires dans plusieurs domaines, notamment la bioéconomie et l'économie circulaire, les secteurs créatifs et les énergies renouvelables. Ce Gros plan enrichit notre compréhension de la diversité des voies de développement, y compris celles des petits États insulaires en développement (PEID). Il est le fruit d'un vaste processus d'examen par les pairs auquel ont participé des acteurs publics et privés de Colombie, des pays des Caraïbes et d'autres régions ultrapériphériques de l'UE.
    DOI: 10.1787/3ba34e4a-fr
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  • 15
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    Addressing Inequality in Budgeting : Lessons from Recent Country Experience (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264996526 , 9789264451674 , 9789264920927
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (183 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Budgetinzidenz ; Kanada ; Frankreich ; Irland ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Niederlande ; Neuseeland ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Governance
    Abstract: In many countries, public expenditure, including transfers, plays a major role in reducing income inequality. The report reviews the various ways that budgeting can be used to this end. A first includes taking a broad approach to results-based budgeting, taking social and distributional goals into consideration. A second relies on integrating distributional impact analysis directly into the budget process. The report discusses the concrete experience of eight OECD countries in this area, analysing how they are integrating distributional impact assessment in spending and budgeting decisions. Finally, it discusses the tools, frameworks and data that are needed to take distributional considerations into account as part of evidence-informed policy making.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea80d61d-en
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  • 16
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    Managing Sustainable Luxury and Digitalization : Technology Trends and Ethical Challenges in the Swiss Luxury Watch Business (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003397205 , 9781032501772 , 9781003818168
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Luxury Management
    Keywords: Economics ; Sales and marketing ; Fashion and beauty industries ; Business strategy ; Research and development management ; censored luxury;sensored luxury;luxury watch industry;Rolex;counterfeit
    Abstract: This book offers new transdisciplinary perspectives on luxury, exploring the topical phenomenon of digitally retouched (censored) and blockchain-secured (sensored) luxury watches and outlining implications that emerge for the field of luxury studies and managerial practice. Based on a cross-disciplinary approach, the book integrates theoretical and empirical perspectives to advance the readers’ understanding of luxury. With a particular focus on the Swiss luxury watch context, the book thereby draws on qualitative, quantitative, and archival data to shed new light on recent luxury trends, integrating literature on aesthetics of labour, conspicuous consumption, Gestalt theory, ethical theory, functional theories of attitudes, and surveillance studies. Eight chapters take the readers through a range of topical challenges arising with the display and changing moral perceptions of luxury and shifts that the luxury watch sector is facing in light of the digital transformation impacting luxury goods and the luxury management environment. This unique book will be of value for academics, scholars, and upper-level students across management studies with a particular interest in the luxury and fashion industries, luxury management, brand management, business ethics, and digital transformation. With a foreword by Thomaï Serdari, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, New York University
    Note: English
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  • 17
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    Chapter 12 Social dimension of green finance : Covid-19 shines spotlight on companies’ vulnerable employment in supply chains (2024)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032257228 , 9781032257235
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Environmental economics ; social,sustainable,investment,life-cycle assessment,LCA,Covid-19,supply chain,corporate social responsibility,Vulnerable Employment,GHG Emission,High GHG Emission,Country Industry Level,Climate Transition,Life Cycle Inventories,Electric Vehicles,Life Cycle GHG Emission,Stacked Column Charts,Revenue Breakdown,Low GHG Emission,Supply Chain Impacts,Social Scores,Apparel Sector,Global Trade Analysis Project,Monetary Units,Financial Database,Supply Chain,SHDB,Mining Metals,Multi-regional Input Output Model,UN,Global Sustainable Investment Alliance,Food Manufacturing Sectors,ESG Rating
    Abstract: The speed with which the various economies recover from the Covid-19 pandemic will significantly determine the economic pressure placed on the environment in the medium-to-long-term. Furthermore, the pandemic has highlighted the strong interrelations between natural and societal systems, with societal resilience depending on a resilient environmental support system. In this context, the book argues that the pandemic represents a wake-up call for financial systems to be better prepared for the climate crisis and social risk, and has provided a stimulus to scale down the reliance of the global economy on fossil fuels. The first part of the book provides a deep and creative discussion between leading international researchers and experts on the policy options and financial instruments which can help to catalyze the green finance transition in the post-Covid-19 era. The contributions show that sustainable finance is emerging as a powerful tool to advance the transition towards a more environmentally and socially sustainable economic model. Instruments such as sovereign green bonds, green securities, and other sustainability-related securities can play a significant role in the post-Covid-19 world to fund economic stimulus and to lead the way to new and more sustainable future. The second part of the book supports the debate by highlighting a number of selected case studies on financing transitions in different regional contexts including Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The book marks a significant contribution to the literature on environmental economics and finance, climate change, and sustainability transitions
    Note: English
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  • 18
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    Independent fiscal institutions : A typology of OECD institutions and a roadmap for Latin America (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1789
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper reviews the diverse experience of OECD countries in establishing and running independent fiscal institutions, offering insights that could be useful for Latin American countries seeking to set-up and strengthen those institutions in the region. Through cluster analysis, we identify different types of OECD independent fiscal institutions and draw practical lessons from cases studies. We also identify key features that could serve as a road map for Latin American countries in their efforts to establish or enhance independent fiscal institutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/cbeaa057-en
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  • 19
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    Scaling-up infrastructure investment to strengthen sustainable development in Brazil (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1790
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Brasilien ; Economics
    Abstract: Infrastructure investment has been low in Brazil over the last decades, leaving significant gaps in all infrastructure sectors. To close these gaps, public investment will need to increase and become more effective, while additional private resources need to be mobilised. Improving strategic planning and effectively translating it into budget allocations over time would increase the quality of infrastructure projects. Promoting foreign participation in public procurement would raise competition and value for public money, while strengthening the governance of SOEs would enhance the quality of infrastructure services. Minimising policy and judicial risks would help to leverage more private infrastructure financing, including at longer maturities, while ensuring an adequate risk sharing between public and private actors.
    DOI: 10.1787/47d65b26-en
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    Breaking the Vicious Circles of Informal Employment and Low-Paying Work (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264700079 , 9789264352063 , 9789264592322
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Informelle Wirtschaft ; Niedriglohn ; Schwarzarbeit ; Qualifikation ; Soziale Mobilität ; Education ; Economics ; Development
    Abstract: This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.
    DOI: 10.1787/f95c5a74-en
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  • 21
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    A new measurement approach for identifying high-polluting jobs across European countries (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1795
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper develops a novel classification of high-polluting occupations for a large sample of European countries. Unlike previous efforts in the literature, the classification exploits country-level data on air polluting emission intensity by industry. The country-level data allows to capture important cross-country differences, due to differences in technology and in production focus. Applying the new classification to European Labour Force Survey data shows that, on average across the countries covered, about 4% of workers are employed in high-polluting jobs, ranging from 9% in Czechia and the Slovak Republic to around 2% in Austria. These shares do not exhibit any clear decreasing trend over the past decade. High-polluting jobs are unequally distributed, being over-represented among men, workers with lower and medium educational attainment and those living in rural areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/f5127e4c-en
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  • 22
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    Lost in the green transition? Measurement and stylized facts (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1796
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Greening the economy entails jobs contracting in “high-polluting” economic activities and expanding in environment-friendly activities. Minimizing the corresponding transition costs is crucial to accelerate decarbonisation and reduce displacement costs for affected workers. Using individual-level labour force data for a large sample of European countries, this paper finds that the shares of green and high-polluting jobs remained approximately stable between 2009 and 2019, hinting at a slow or yet-to-come green transition in labour markets. Green and high-polluting jobs are unequally distributed across socioeconomic groups: women are under-represented in both green and high-polluting jobs, while green jobs are associated with higher educational attainment, and high-polluting jobs with lower educational attainment. Equally important from a policy perspective, the results show that high-polluting jobs are concentrated in rural areas. These results are confirmed by analyzing labour market transitions: for instance, while women are more likely to transition from study to job, they are significantly less likely to get a green job. Overall, the results suggest that well designed and targeted policies are needed to support efficient and inclusive labour market transitions in the greening economy: to minimize scarring effects for displaced workers, help individuals’ upskilling and reskilling, and support the matching between workers and jobs in higher demand.
    DOI: 10.1787/dce1d5fe-en
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  • 23
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    Fully realising the economic potential of women in Australia (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1793
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Gender inequalities in Australia have steadily declined, but remain particularly visible in the labour market. Women in Australia have lower employment rates, hourly wages and hours worked than their male counterparts. Childbirth is particularly disruptive for their labour market experience. Reforms to the tax and benefits system, childcare and parental leave arrangements are all needed to reduce the barriers to female labour participation of mothers. At the same time, ensuring the adequacy of unemployment benefits will support the living standards of many low-income women given that they have become an increasing share of recipients. Single mothers face particularly high poverty risk and would also benefit from more robust arrangements around child support payments from non-custodial parents.
    DOI: 10.1787/3470e5d8-en
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  • 24
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    Making the grass greener : The role of firm’s financial and managerial capacity in paving the way for the green transition (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1791
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Despite the ambitious carbon reduction targets set by policy makers worldwide, current investments fall well short of the net-zero emissions scenario. This paper analyses the factors holding back corporate green investment, with a particular focus on the role of firm capacity – specifically financing constraints and weak green management practices – and its interaction with environmental policy. Combining a variety of econometric techniques, including panel data models, difference-in-differences settings and instrumental variable approaches, our cross-country analysis on large listed companies shows that: i) both financing constraints and a lack of green managerial capacity reduce firms’ probability of investing in green technologies, leading to higher emission intensity; ii) well-designed environmental policies can mitigate these impacts. A case study using more granular data on Portuguese firms further shows that: iii) green investment is more elastic to financing conditions than other types of investment; iv) investment in integrated technologies is more sensitive to financing conditions and to managerial capacity compared to end-of-pipe solutions. Lastly, the paper discusses a wide range of policy options that may be considered to foster the green transition through upgrading firms’ capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/cdffe7eb-en
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    Achieving the transition to net zero in Australia (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1794
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Australia has committed to achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and more recently outlined a more ambitious intermediate target for emission reductions by 2030. However, achieving these targets will be challenging given a historical reliance on coal generation and the presence of significant mining and agriculture sectors. It will require a rapid transformation of the electricity grid, significant emissions reductions in highly-polluting sectors such as industry and agriculture, and sufficient offsets generated by “negative emissions” technologies and practices to counterbalance any emissions that cannot be fully eliminated. At the same time, Australia is particularly vulnerable to the physical impacts of climate change, as the driest inhabited continent on the planet with the majority of the population living on the coasts. Further significant reforms are required to meet the emission reduction goals, support the reallocation of workers and adapt to climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a56c9d2-en
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  • 26
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    Rafforzare l’impatto sociale delle università italiane : Il progetto ITA.CON (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Knowledge exchange and collaboration between universities and society in Italy: The ITA.CON Project
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: Nelle odierne società guidate dalla conoscenza, le università svolgono un ruolo cruciale nel promuovere l'innovazione e la crescita sostenibile all'interno dei loro ecosistemi. Migliorare le attività di scambio e collaborazione di conoscenze (KEC) all'interno del sistema universitario italiano è essenziale per il progresso della società, il benessere e l'aumento della produttività delle imprese di diverse dimensioni e fasi di sviluppo e generare valore per la società. Questo documento offre una proposta di riforma per le politiche di potenziamento del sistema di scambio e collaborazione di conoscenze tra università e società in Italia.
    DOI: 10.1787/43f77abc-it
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  • 27
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    OECD Secretary-General Report to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors on the Work of the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (Brazil, February 2024) (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This report presents developments of the work of the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA) to the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, and reflect on the IFCMA’s achievements one year on from its launch in February 2023.
    DOI: 10.1787/77e97c92-en
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  • 28
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    Vers des indicateurs de l’intensité carbone des produits plus granulaires, plus précis et disponibles plus rapidement : Note exploratoire (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Towards more accurate, timely, and granular product-level carbon intensity metrics: A scoping note
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: La présente note exploratoire propose une vue d’ensemble, de haut niveau, des principales approches utilisées pour le calcul des indicateurs de l’intensité carbone au niveau des produits et des secteurs ainsi que des difficultés rencontrées, notamment en ce qui concerne la collecte et la vérification des informations dans l’ensemble de la chaîne logistique. Bien que l’analyse porte essentiellement sur les approches utilisées dans les secteurs à forte intensité d’émissions et exposés aux échanges commerciaux (FIEEEC), les conclusions peuvent aussi être plus largement pertinentes dans d’autres secteurs. Dans cette analyse, les difficultés liées au calcul des indicateurs de l’intensité carbone au niveau des secteurs seront prises en compte, en particulier eu égard au fait que ces indicateurs peuvent servir eux-mêmes à la construction des indicateurs au niveau des produits.
    DOI: 10.1787/4dd6c948-fr
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  • 29
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    The OECD-UNSD Multinational Enterprise Information Platform (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2024/01
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD and the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) have developed jointly the new Multinational Enterprise Information Platform (MEIP). MEIP is built on past OECD and UN efforts to compile statistics on the scale and scope of the international activities of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). The new platform uses publicly available data to gather information on the world’s 500 largest MNEs in a timely manner, facilitating a comprehensive view of their physical and digital presence. It also includes a monitoring tool for large events such as Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A). The platform also provides a valuable benchmark for National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and researchers, allowing them to compare the national presence of an individual MNE to the global presence. Information on MNEs and their global network can also be visualised in a user-friendly dashboard.
    DOI: 10.1787/b7d90a06-en
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    Digital adoption during COVID-19 : Cross-country evidence from microdata (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2024/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unprecedented global economic downturn, affecting productivity, business dynamics, and digital technology adoption. Using a comprehensive commercial database from Spiceworks Ziff Davis, this study analyses the firm-level drivers of digitalisation during the pandemic across 20 European countries. The findings show that a considerable share of firms introduced new digital technologies during the COVID-19 crisis. Notably, firms that were larger, more digitalised, and more productive before the pandemic were more likely to introduce new digital technologies in 2020 and 2021. Additionally, firms with pre-existing complementary technologies had a higher likelihood of adopting digital applications that gained momentum during the pandemic (such as digital commerce, collaborative software, cloud, and analytics). These patterns may increase polarisation among the best-performing firms and the rest of the business population. Public policy can play a key role in fostering an inclusive digital transformation in the post-pandemic era.
    DOI: 10.1787/f63ca261-en
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    Knowledge exchange and collaboration between universities and society in Italy : The ITA.CON Project (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.47
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rafforzare l’impatto sociale delle università italiane: Il progetto ITA.CON
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: In today's knowledge-driven societies, universities play a crucial role in fostering innovation and sustainable growth within their ecosystems. Improving knowledge exchange and collaboration (KEC) activities within the Italian university system is essential for societal progress, well-being, and enhancing the productivity of firms of different sizes and stages of development and generate value for society. This document offers a reform roadmap proposal for policies to enhance the knowledge exchange and collaboration system between universities and society in Italy.
    DOI: 10.1787/ae130814-en
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  • 32
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    Targeting public spending: Means-testing and user charging (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: This paper argues that countries will need to better assess potential savings in the provision of universal benefits and providing services free to all at the point of delivery. Instead, programmes will need to be targeted at those truly in need, and services only free to those with limited ability to pay. It draws an analogy to the progressivity of the tax system where those with greater means pay higher taxes. A similar philosophy should be the basis of government spending. It highlights examples of the application of means-testing and user charging for key areas including retirement benefits, health care and education. The paper is meant to stimulate discussion among Senior Budget Officials.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f0da72b-en
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  • 33
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    Towards more accurate, timely, and granular product-level carbon intensity metrics : A scoping note (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches Papers no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Vers des indicateurs de l’intensité carbone des produits plus granulaires, plus précis et disponibles plus rapidement : Note exploratoire
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This scoping note presents a high-level overview of the main approaches to, and challenges faced when, calculating product-level carbon intensity metrics, including those applicable to collecting and verifying information across the supply chain. Though the analysis focuses on approaches used in emissions-intensive trade-exposed sectors (EITE), the findings also have broader relevance to other sectors. As part of the analysis, challenges relating to computing sector-level carbon intensity metrics are also considered, particularly as inputs to product-level metrics.
    DOI: 10.1787/4de3422f-en
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  • 34
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    Prospettive economiche dell'OCSE, Rapporto intermedio, febbraio 2024 : Consolidare le basi della crescita (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264377288 , 9789264774292 , 9789264324275
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE, Rapport intermédiaire, février 2024 : Consolider les fondements de la croissance
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report February 2024: Strengthening the Foundations for Growth
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: L'economia mondiale ha dimostrato di essere resiliente nel 2023, ma alcuni segnali lasciano intravedere una riduzione della crescita, sulla scia degli effetti dell'inasprimento monetario che iniziano a farsi sentire. Si prevede che la crescita globale rimarrà contenuta nel 2024 e nel 2025, con l'inflazione che tornerà all'obiettivo nella maggior parte dei Paesi entro il 2025. I principali rischi a breve termine sono rappresentati dalle tensioni geopolitiche, soprattutto se il conflitto in Medio Oriente dovesse portare a interruzioni nei mercati dell'energia, e dalle incertezze sull'entità dell'impatto a lungo termine dell'aumento dei tassi di interesse. Secondo il presente Rapporto intermedio la politica monetaria dovrebbe rimanere prudente per garantire che l'inflazione ritorni in modo sostenibile all'obiettivo, sebbene i tassi di riferimento possano essere abbassati man mano che l'inflazione cala. I governi devono adoperarsi per garantire la sostenibilità di bilancio, anche adottando misure per ridurre le future pressioni sulla spesa. Occorrono riforme strutturali per rafforzare le basi di una crescita sostenibile, concentrandosi in via prioritaria sull'accelerazione della decarbonizzazione, sul rilancio del commercio globale e sul potenziamento dei risultati scolastici. Il Rapporto intermedio fornisce un aggiornamento delle valutazioni riportate nelle Prospettive economiche dell'OCSE, Volume 2023, Numero 2 (n. 114).
    DOI: 10.1787/fd79beca-it
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    Addressing demographic headwinds in Japan: A long-term perspective (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1792
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Japan faces serious demographic headwinds. Under current fertility, employment and immigration rates, the population would fall by 45% by 2100 and employment by 52%. Given the challenges of a shrinking and ageing population, the government has pledged to “create a children-first economic society and reverse the birth rate decline”. One priority is to strengthen the weak financial position of youth, which leads many to delay or forgo marriage and children. Making it easier to combine paid work and family is also critical so that women are not forced to choose between a career and children. Policies should also cut the cost of raising children, the key obstacle to couples achieving their desired number of children. Given the challenge of reversing fertility trends, Japan needs to prepare for a low-fertility future by raising productivity and employment, particularly among women and older people. Breaking down labour market dualism, which disproportionately affects youth, women and older people, is a priority. Abolishing the right of firms to set a mandatory retirement age (usually at 60) and raising the pension eligibility age would also promote employment. Foreign workers are helping ease labour shortages, but more needs to be done to attract foreign talent. A comprehensive approach is needed to raise fertility, the employment rates of women and older persons and inflows of foreign workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/96648955-en
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    An ocean of data : The potential of data on vessel traffic (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2024/02
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Rising uncertainties and geo-political tensions, together with increasingly complex trade relations have increased the demand for monitoring global trade in a timely manner. Although it was primarily designed to ensure vessel safety, information from the Automatic Information System, which allows for the tracking of vessels across the globe, is particularly well suited for providing insights on port activity and maritime trade developments, which accounts for a large share of global trade. Data are available in quasi real time but need to be pre-processed and validated. This paper contributes to existing research in this field in two major ways. First, it proposes a new methodology to identify ports, at a higher level of granularity than in past research. Second, it builds indicators to monitor port congestion and trends in maritime trade flows and provides more granular information to better understand those flows. Those indicators will still need to be refined, by complementing the AIS database with additional data sources, but already provide a useful source of information to monitor trade, at the country and global levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/34b7a926-en
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  • 37
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    OECD performance budgeting framework (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Performance Budgeting Framework provides four building blocks to guide countries in strengthening their approach to performance budgeting. These are (i) tools and methods for developing meaningful performance information, (ii) accountability and transparency, (iii) a strong enabling environment, and (iv) the use of performance information to inform decisions around the budget.
    DOI: 10.1787/247e9dcb-en
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  • 38
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    Fostering Catastrophe Bond Markets in Asia and the Pacific (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264407848 , 9789264352001 , 9789264803077
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
    Abstract: As climate change increases exposure to natural disasters, countries need new solutions to mitigate risks of natural hazards. For many in Asia and the Pacific, mobilising existing resources is not enough: they need to consider a grand design of disaster risk financing strategies. Catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) can be an effective, market-based financing tool for the region. While the global CAT bond market has grown steadily since the 1990s, it remains weakly developed in Asia and the Pacific. Its successful development there requires robust purpose-built legal frameworks; developed general bond markets, especially in local currency; appropriate capacity building; and data-driven pricing models. This report explores each of these conditions along with policy suggestions for fostering them, and discusses the development of multi-country CAT bonds in Asia and the Pacific.
    DOI: 10.1787/ab1e49ef-en
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  • 39
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    A Roadmap towards Circular Economy of North Macedonia (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264832619 , 9789264815957 , 9789264377301
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics ; Albania
    Abstract: This roadmap is designed to aid North Macedonia’s government in establishing a solid policy foundation for a successful transition to a circular economy. As an EU candidate country, North Macedonia has pledged to align with European climate objectives, endorsing the Sofia Declaration on the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans, with a particular focus on the circular economy transition. Acknowledging the pivotal role of this transition in national and regional development and actively addressing challenges posed by climate change, reliance on imported raw materials and increased waste, North Macedonia is ready for a strategic framework and concrete actions to initiate this transformative process. Derived from a comprehensive diagnostic of North Macedonia’s circular economy landscape, the roadmap strategically integrates existing policy initiatives, fostering synergies across sectors, measures and involved actors. It emphasises five key areas – circular business models for SMEs, construction, biomass and food, textile industry and mining and metallurgy – revealing over 40 policy recommendations. These recommendations, supported by a monitoring framework, are poised to be a cornerstone for propelling North Macedonia towards a more sustainable and circular future.
    DOI: 10.1787/1973c88c-en
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  • 40
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    Rise of non-standard policy Instruments: Can budgeting catch up? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: For implementing their economic and social policies, governments have traditionally relied on direct spending but increasingly use “non-standard” policy instruments, such as loans and guarantees. However, in many OECD countries, loans and guarantees are not yet submitted to the same scrutiny than direct spending as part of the budget process, and future costs associated with the use of these policy instruments are often not estimated, nor provisioned, making them appear initially costless. In turn, this generates risks of potentially biased budgetary decision making, deviations from medium-term spending plans and limited transparency. Considering experiences of OECD countries, this paper advises that budget offices take a leading role in proposing budgetary treatments for loans and guarantees that ensure an even-level playing field with traditional spending and put considerations of efficiency of spending above optimisation of short-term fiscal outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/b58f0956-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    The Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003161875 , 9780367752910
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (550 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge International Handbooks
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Routledge handbook of the gig economy
    Keywords: Industry & industrial studies ; Labour economics ; Economic history ; Economics ; International economics ; Industry and industrial studies ; Labour / income economics ; digital labour; Globalisation; platform economy; platform economy ; Crowdworking ; Arbeitsverhältnis ; Zeitarbeit ; Flexible Arbeitszeit
    Abstract: digital labour; Globalisation; platform economy; platform economy
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
    URL: https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Handbook-of-the-Gig-Economy/Ness/p/book/9780367752903
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    Public Goods and the Fourth Industrial Revolution : Inclusive Models of Finance, Distribution and Production (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003274681 , 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Public finance ; Microeconomics ; Economics ; Public finance and taxation ; fourth industrial revolution; Megatrends; public goods; public utility services
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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    The Informal Sector and the Environment (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003223856 , 9781032122663 , 9781032122687
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Economics ; International economics ; Development economics and emerging economies ; economic incentive policies; environmental regulation; heterodox economics;inclusive growth ; informal economy; pollution abating equipment; pollution fees; sustainable development; Sustainable Development Goals; the green economy
    Abstract: The informal economy - broadly defined as economic activity that is not subject to government regulation or taxation - sustains a large part of the world's workforce. It is a diverse, complex and growing area of activity. However, being largely unregulated, its impact on the environment has not been closely scrutinised or analysed. This edited volume demonstrates that the informal sector is a major source of environmental pollution and a major reason behind the environmental degradation accompanying the expansion of economic activity in developing countries. Environmental regulation and economic incentive policies are difficult to implement in this sector because economic units are unregistered, geographically dispersed and difficult to identify. Moreover, given their limited capital base, they cannot afford to pay pollution fees or install pollution abating equipment. The informal manufacturing units, often operate under unscientific and unhealthy conditions, further contributing to polluting the environment. The book emphasizes and examines these challenges, and solutions, faced by various sectors of the informal economy, including urban waste pickers, small-scale farmers, informal workers, home-based workers, street vendors, and more. If the informal sector is to ""Leave no one behind"" (as the Sustainable Development Goals promise) and contribute to ""Inclusive growth"" (an objective of the green economy), then its impact on the economy as well as the environment has to be carefully considered. This book marks a significant contribution to the literature on both the informal economy and sustainable development, and will be of great interest to readers in economics, geography, politics, environment studies and public policy more broadly
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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  • 44
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    Behavioral Finance in the Digital Era : Saving and Investment Decisions (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003400066 , 9781032508719 , 9781032508733
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance ; Economic theory & philosophy ; Investment & securities ; Business & management ; Economics ; Economic theory and philosophy ; Investment and securities ; Business and Management ; Finance and the finance industry ; Saving and investing; digital finance; finance; financial inclusion
    Abstract: Saving and investing; digital finance; finance; financial inclusion
    Note: English
    URL: teilw. kostenfrei
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    Chapter 6 Challenges for the education system in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Keywords: Microeconomics ; Public finance ; Economics
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Chapter 5 Local public goods and public utility services in municipalities (urbanized areas) (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Keywords: Microeconomics ; Public finance ; Economics
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Chapter 11 Liminal Precarity and Compromised Agency : Migrant experiences of gig work in Amsterdam, Berlin, and New York City (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367752903 , 9780367752910
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Keywords: Economic history ; Economics ; Industry & industrial studies ; International economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: This chapter examines what moves migrants in the Global North to take up gig work and stick with it for various periods of time despite its by now well documented precarious conditions, by investigating the role that gig platforms play in their life-building trajectories
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 48
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    An Economic Philosophy of Production, Work and Consumption : A Transhistorical Framework (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003057017 , 9781000654844 , 9780367522254 , 9780367522247
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in the History of Economics
    Keywords: Accounting ; Economic history ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: An Economic Philosophy of Production, Work and Consumption presents a new transhistorical framework of defining production, work and consumption. It shows that they all share the common feature of intentional physical transformation of something external to the agent, at some point in time. The book opens with a discussion of various theoretical traditions within economics, spanning mainstream and heterodox perspectives, and problems with production definitions in use today. Next, the author outlines various definitions in a more formal manner and provides a discussion on measurement and the production boundary. Unproductive work is redefined as socially reproductive, i.e. such that would not be performed on a Robinson Crusoe Island. Finally, the volume applies the new conceptual framework to various historical cases and discusses the future of production, work and consumption. This essential volume will be of interest to scholars of economic philosophy and methodology, the history of economic thought, economic history and national accounting
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Contemporary Research on Management and Business : Proceedings of the International Seminar of Contemporary Research on Business and Management (ISCRBM 2021), 18 December 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003295952 , 9781032282619 , 9781032282596 , 9781000777840
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (322 p.)
    Keywords: Management & management techniques ; Economics ; Project management ; Civil engineering, surveying & building
    Abstract: This book contains 74 selected papers presented at the 5th International Seminar of Contemporary Research on Business and Management (ISCRBM 2021), which was organized by the Alliance of Indonesian Master of Management Program (APMMI) and held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 18 December 2021. This online conference was hosted by the Master of Management Program of Indonesia University. This year, ISCRBM focused on research related to driving sustainable business through innovation. Business has had to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic, so a new approach towards managing business to survive competition is indispensable. Innovation is the key for all organizations in surviving in the new normal and beyond. The Seminar aimed to provide a forum for leading scholars, academics, researchers, and practitioners in the business and management area to reflect on the issues, challenges and opportunities, and to share the latest innovative research and best practices. This seminar brought together participants to exchange ideas on the future development of management disciplines: human resource, marketing, operation, finance, strategic management and entrepreneurship
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Chapter 22 Systemic Governance (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367700454 , 9780367700478
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Keywords: International economics ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: This chapter, being halfway between abstract economic theory and policy analysis, addresses one of the most contested issues in comparative economic studies, namely the role of human deliberation versus spontaneity at the macroeconomic level. To arrive at new insights. It adopts a cross-regional perspective and speculates, if the counter-intuitive practices of China, based on pragmatism and experimentation, trial and error, has indeed been superior to social engineering, as practiced in various forms across Europe. It also highlights the limitations to theoretical generalizations, i.e., making claims that remain valid at any time and any place, as mainstream economics suggests of its own insights
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Chapter 12 Individual Work Pricing by Non-fungible Personal Tokens ("NFT Gig Tokens") - a New Opportunity for Gig Workers (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032354118 , 9781032354125
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the way people operate in all fields of their activity - individual, social, economic, cultural, civic, to name the most essential spheres. One of the crucial changes to the rules existing within pre-pandemic societies was the modification of the work environment and principles (Ralph et al., 2020; Masood et al., 2022). The patterns developed within the gig economy, which are based on the idea of flexibility and the use of technological communication platforms, proved to be the most common response to the change (Diab- Bahman & Al-Enzi, 2020). When it comes to specific problems that were highlighted by the pandemic, the issue of labour pricing occurred to be of concern. The development of online communication tools created new opportunities to provide services and share results of one's work via the Internet. It is worth noting that even before the COVID-19, the issue of work valuation was crucial for some groups, for example, for artists. The token became an important way of work monetisation both for them and the new services providers. More and more one hears about artists converting their artworks (the results of their work) into non-fungible tokens (NFT tokens). But will only celebrities (artists, actors, and influencers) use this tool in the future? This question occurred to be an extremely relevant matter in a (post)pandemic world. It seems that NFT gig tokens are an answer to the challenges occurring on the labour market, related to the popularisation of the employment model in the gig economy and the issue of valuing work offered by gig workers
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Chapter Introduction (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032354118 , 9781032354125
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: This book focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changing labour markets and accelerating digitalisation of the workplace in Central and Eastern Europe. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted workplaces substantially. As the lockdowns or stay-at-home measures entered into force, a large proportion of the workforce was instructed to stay home and continue to work remotely if their functions made it possible. This policy accelerated the introduction of many digital solutions, requiring the establishment of new patterns of work, and new institutional logic guiding daily activity for both organisations and individuals. In a relatively short time, remote working has become a kind of commonly accepted new institution with its own new logic, structures, rules, and behaviours (Jacks, 2021). The trends contributing to a shift towards more flexible, digital working patterns were emerging before the pandemic (over the last decade) in response to societal developments, the increasing participation of women, and greater global competition. In 2020, the combined health and economic shocks have only deepened the concerns about technology-driven displacement of jobs, growing income inequality, and rising societal discord towards globalisation
    Note: English
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    Chapter 4 Posting of Workers During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the European Union : The Case of Slovenia (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032354118 , 9781032354125
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: Routledge Studies in Labour Economics
    Keywords: Economics ; Labour economics
    Abstract: The free movement of services, one of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union's (EU) internal market, allows companies to post their employees to other EU Member States. In Slovenia, the concept of cross-border posting became relevant after the country joined the EU in 2004. The number of posted workers in Slovenia has been growing steadily since then and is among the highest in the EU. An increase in posting has also been observed in the EU as well. One of the main reasons for the rapid increase in the number of workers posted to wealthier EU countries is the accession of ten new Member States in 2004, with significant differences in living standards between the `new´ and `old´ Member States. Focusing on Slovenia, an important reason for Slovenia's high numbers of posted workers is also its proximity to the countries of the former Yugoslavia and the strong migrant flows from these countries to the EU via Slovenian companies. As a result, the number of workers posted from Slovenia to other EU Member States has been one of the highest in the EU over the past decade
    Note: English
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    Chapter 4 Elements of an Evolutionary Approach to Comparative Economic Studies (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367700454 , 9780367700478
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Keywords: International economics ; Economics ; Economic theory & philosophy
    Abstract: This chapter delineates an evolutionary approach to the comparative analysis of economic systems and illustrates its usefulness via an exemplary application to recent developments in the European Union. The first part of the chapter describes the meta-theoretical foundations of the approach, i.e. its particular ontological and epistemological vantage points. This allows for an easier comparison (and, potentially, triangulation) with other approaches to comparative analyses, and already provides for some practical guidelines for applied work. The second part applies the approach and studies polarization patterns in the European Union. While this application is not meant as a fully self-contained analysis, it not only illustrates how the concepts of the approach can be operationalized and applied in practice, but also the application of several empirical methods that can be used fruitfully within such an evolutionary analysis. The chapter concludes with a non-exhaustive list of concepts and topics that are particularly insightful to consider when conducting an analysis in the spirit of an evolutionary approach to the comparative analysis of economic systems
    Note: English
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    Chapter 4 Exploring the environmental and social impact of informal market practices in the apparel industry (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032122687
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Economics ; International economics
    Abstract: This chapter explores global apparel consumption and its dependence on production supply chains in low-income countries where unsustainable and informal market practices are rampant. Recent life cycle studies of garments show that over 80 percent of environmental impact stems from the production phase of apparel. Up to 80 percent of this production is outsourced to the informal sector in developing countries. Besides the environmental impact, apparel manufacturing also affects sustainable development and includes many social issues related to poor working conditions and below living wages etc. Along with the growth of fast-fashion consumption, apparel production with its high dependence on low-income countries with coal-based energy sources, highly complex and untransparent industry structure with many tiers of suppliers, and the wide-spread use of informal market practices in the industry, is the reason why the environmental impact of the industry is accelerating rather than improving. Measures to mitigate the negative environmental and social impacts can spur a movement away from informal practices but can also risk moving informal practices further out in the tiers of the value chain and to domestic production, making such practices less transparent and the informally employed more vulnerable to lack of social security
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Urbanizing the Regional Sector to Strengthen Economy and Business to Recover from Recession : Proceedings of the 5th International Research Conference on Economics and Business (IRCEB 2021), Malang, Indonesia, 10–11 November 2021 (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781003303336 , 9781000830545 , 9781032300719 , 9781032300702
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (308 p.)
    Keywords: Finance ; Management & management techniques ; Economics ; Civil engineering, surveying & building
    Abstract: This pandemic does not only affect health aspects but also economic aspects. The world today faces a recession resulting from the covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia's economy continues to lead to a recovery, although not very significant. The current government continues to make various recovery efforts. One of the flagship programs includes encouraging and strengthening support for social protection and increasing the purchasing power of households as well as various business sectors, including small and medium-sized micro enterprises (MSMEs). This condition urges the world to create new breakthroughs to rise from this adversity. Academicians and practitioners need to work together to find the necessary solutions and developments. Surely, it will contribute to solve the problems in society by interdisciplinary cooperation. This collaboration will create innovations in science and technology especially business and economic field. This book includes in-depth discussions between academicians and practitioners, especially on how to strengthen the regional sectors to be the strong pillars of the country’s economy. Interestingly, various methods are used to observe the problems, to explore the solutions, and to develop the innovation. This book will be of interest to students, scholars, and practitioners of social empowerment, governance, and other related stakeholders. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license. Funded by State University of Malang
    Note: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Chapter 4 Health security as a public good in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Poland (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9781032228990
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Keywords: Microeconomics ; Public finance ; Economics
    Abstract: The fourth industrial revolution, characterized by digitization, artificial intelligence and augmented reality, and megatrends such as globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and the knowledge-based economy, will trigger a series of profound technological, economic, social and environmental changes that will permanently and irreversibly change the role of the state in meeting social needs. Industry 4.0 will also change the type, nature, and scope of public goods and how they are produced, financed, delivered, and consumed. This book redefines the current paradigm of public goods. It proposes a model of production and distribution of public goods that acknowledges the participation of entities from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. The authors argue that these entities would participate in the production, financing, distribution, and consumption of such goods. From a theoretical point of view, such an inclusive approach involving the expansion of the classical state - market dichotomy with new entities, including citizens themselves, leads to a new conceptualization and approach towards public goods. The model assumes shared responsibility, subsidiarity, and paternalistic libertarianism, and it allows the state to create new entities of an educational or fiscal nature, while remaining the regulator of public services and distribution. Additionally, the book analyzes changes regarding the perception of public goods, in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, across selected sectors such as healthcare and pension systems, education, local public goods, and public utility services. The book is primarily addressed to researchers, scholars and students across social and technical sciences, and it will also be a useful guide for central and local administration bodies responsible for public policy
    Note: English
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    Chapter 7 Made in France and Made in Paris : Luxury branding in the longue durée (2023)
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367754976 , 9780367762681
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Keywords: Economic history ; Economics ; Sales & marketing
    Abstract: Made in France examines the long history of the branding of the French nation, from the political imprint of Prime Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert to the present day. The politics of Made in France were articulated at several levels of power, which was centralised by the French state, but also exercised locally, as in Paris and in the wine producing regions. The French government has consistently fostered production that advertised its country-of-origin as a symbol of quality on domestic and international markets. This chapter discusses the luxury industries, especially haute couture. The experiences of this industry, and other luxury industries show that is possible to relocate production outside France, which has resulted in the massification of luxury-item production
    Note: English
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    Gender budgeting and intersectionality (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The economic and fiscal costs of gender inequalities, such as the gender employment gap, are high. Intersectional analysis improves understanding of gender gaps and the measures needed to address them. This paper looks at how gender budgeting can be expanded to include intersectional analysis, allowing for consideration of how gender inequalities intersect with inequalities based on race, socioeconomic class, sexual orientation and disability. It provides examples from governments that have started to incorporate an intersectional approach to gender budgeting. It also highlights the main benefits and challenges associated with intersectional analysis and considers what governments can do to support an intersectional approach to gender budgeting.
    DOI: 10.1787/ffdf0ba7-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Medium-term and top-down budgeting in OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This paper, based on preliminary results of the 2023 OECD SBO Survey on Budget Frameworks, takes stock of OECD countries’ practices in top-down and medium-term budgeting. It shows that OECD countries’ fiscal frameworks can be characterised by strong reliance on multiple fiscal rules or objectives for enforcing fiscal discipline, with medium-term and top-down budgeting not used yet to their full potential in some countries. Drawing on the OECD Spending Better Framework, this paper advises that countries that wish to strengthen their fiscal frameworks reinforce the processes and institutions that underpin effective medium-term and top-down budgeting systems. Central to this is producing and publishing more regularly baseline projections of government expenditures and setting credible multi-year expenditure ceilings that serve as stringent guidelines for budget planning, while also allowing for some degree of flexibility under clearly defined conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/39425570-en
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    Applying good budgeting practices to health (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Keywords: Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This journal article presents a set of high-level good budgeting practices in the health sector. The purpose of these good practices is to support countries in assessing their own budgeting arrangements for health, and in designing budgeting reforms. The article builds on 10 years of work by the OECD Joint Network of Senior Budget and Health Officials.
    DOI: 10.1787/b280297f-en
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    OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.36
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The "OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights" document SME and entrepreneurship financing trends, conditions and policy developments. The report provides official data on SME financing in close to 50 countries, including indicators on debt, equity, asset-based finance and financing conditions. Data for 2021 are complemented by available information for 2022, along with demand-side information and recent developments in public policy and private initiatives to support SME finance. Findings reveal that most economies showed the beginnings of a dynamic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis in 2021. However, data available for 2022 point to a deterioration in a number of SME finance indicators, due to high inflation and rising interest rates, exacerbated by the effects of Russia's war against Ukraine. These factors are impacting the accessibility and cost of debt finance for SMEs, and foreshadow a slowdown in lending. Likewise, equity finance showed a significant decline in 2022. In this context, governments should continue to foster the diversification of SME financing instruments and channels to enable them to build resilience and undertake crucial investments, such as those in digitalisation and greening.
    DOI: 10.1787/a8d13e55-en
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    Policies to strengthen the resilience of global value chains : Empirical evidence from the COVID-19 shock (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.141
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Widespread supply disruptions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have raised concerns among policy makers that globalised value chains expose domestic production to shocks from abroad. This paper uses new indicators of global value chain dependencies and exogenous pandemic shocks to econometrically estimate the effects of supply disruptions abroad on domestic output. The results suggest that the adverse effects of supply disruptions are particularly large when concentration of supplying countries and supplying firms is high. Counterfactual simulations of the econometric model suggest that diversification of suppliers would have sizeable benefits in terms of shielding domestic production against country-specific supply shocks, with partial onshoring of production having only small additional benefits. Technological innovation that reduces foreign dependencies, such as the substitution of renewable energies for fossil fuels, can have similar benefits as diversification.
    DOI: 10.1787/fd82abd4-en
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    Global value chain dependencies under the magnifying glass (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.142
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Policy makers are increasingly grappling with the stability implications of global value chains (GVCs), as widespread supply shortages following the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have disrupted the economic recovery and contributed to high inflation. This paper provides a tool to assess vulnerabilities in GVCs by drawing a detailed map of dependencies based on new indicators constructed from the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables. The key findings are as follows. First, GVC dependencies increase with both the size of foreign exposures and the length of foreign value chains. Second, in some industries, such as the automotive and ICT industries, vulnerabilities from high GVC dependence are amplified by high geographic concentration of suppliers or buyers. Third, the People’s Republic of China is the most critical choke point in GVCs across a broad range of industries, both as a dominant supplier and as a dominant buyer.
    DOI: 10.1787/b2489065-en
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    Towards net zero in the Czech Republic (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1754
    Keywords: Klimaneutralität ; Klimapolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Tschechien ; Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The Czech economy is very carbon-intensive and has among the highest greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP in the OECD. Getting on the path towards net zero will require rapid emission reductions over the coming decades. Coal still makes up close to one third of the energy supply and the government has pledged to phase it out by 2033, which will require a swift expansion in the use of renewable energy sources as well as increased energy efficiency. This can be achieved by adopting a comprehensive policy package that includes widely applied carbon pricing, incentives to raise energy efficiency, spending on renewable energy and cutting red tape hindering green investments. Compensating policies and adjustment support will be essential to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of climate policies and to increase public support. Active labour market policies including higher spending on re-training for the unemployed is key to facilitate the green transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/7ce7c9dd-en
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    Transitioning to a green economy in Greece (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1757
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: A changing climate is threatening livelihoods and economic activity in Greece and the world. Transitioning to a green economy – mitigating the causes of climate change and adapting to its effects, while sustaining activity and improving well-being – is among the greatest policy challenges of the coming decades. In Greece, legacies of high emission intensity, limited fiscal space and scarce private financing amplify the challenge. Greening Greece’s energy system is at the core of this transition. This entails swiftly developing its large potential for renewable energies and adapting energy consuming sectors. A well-chosen mix of policies – including carbon pricing, public infrastructure investments, and gradually tightening regulations on minimum energy efficiency standards, while providing financial support and protecting vulnerable households – would minimise the cost of this transition. Developing insurance coverage can better protect households and firms from damages resulting from a warming climate, while limiting fiscal exposure. Engaging all stakeholders and supporting those affected by the transition will help build the consensus for implementing these policies into the long-term.
    DOI: 10.1787/77cd54d8-en
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    Báo cáo Kinh tế của OECD: Việt Nam 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264690875 , 9789264759114 , 9789264574960
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (149 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Viet Nam 2023
    Keywords: Economics ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: Việt Nam đã đạt được tiến bộ kinh tế đáng kể trong những thập niên vừa qua, duy trì tốc độ tăng trưởng kinh tế cao. Nền kinh tế cũng chứng tỏ khả năng chống chịu trước các cú sốc, gồm cả đại dịch COVID-19. Những cải cách sâu rộng và liên tục kể từ cuối thập niên 1980 đóng vai trò then chốt trong thành tựu kinh tế này. Tuy nhiên, với những thách thức to lớn phía trước, Việt Nam cần nỗ lực hơn nữa để thúc đẩy những cải cách cơ cấu giúp tăng cường mạnh mẽ các lực lượng thị trường. Dân số đang già hóa nhanh, nên tăng năng suất là một ưu tiên cấp thiết. Điều này sẽ đòi hỏi cải cách nhiều hơn để giảm sự can thiệp của nhà nước, đặc biệt trong những lĩnh vực mạng lưới như viễn thông, và bảo đảm một sân chơi bình đẳng giữa tất cả các doanh nghiệp. Hội nhập thương mại sâu sắc hơn cũng hết sức quan trọng để tăng cường các chuỗi cung ứng trong bối cảnh kinh tế toàn cầu đang thay đổi. Dù đã tăng cường áp dụng kỹ thuật số, Việt Nam cần nâng cao kỹ năng của người lao động thông qua đào tạo nghề và giáo dục cho người trưởng thành. Cam kết đạt mức phát thải ròng bằng không vào năm 2050 đòi hỏi những thay đổi mạnh mẽ trong hệ thống kinh tế. Để giảm phụ thuộc vào nhiên liệu hóa thạch, cần phải chấm dứt đầu tư mới cho các nhà máy nhiệt điện than và đẩy nhanh việc thiết lập thị trường các-bon. Do những cải cách này sẽ đòi hỏi thêm nguồn lực tài khóa, cần mở rộng cơ sở thuế để tăng nguồn thu cho chính phủ. ĐẶC ĐIỂM NỔI BẬT: QUY ĐỊNH THỊ TRƯỜNG SẢN PHẨM; SỐ HÓA; TĂNG TRƯỞNG XANH
    DOI: 10.1787/7f5fe56b-vi
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    Études économiques de l'OCDE : Costa Rica 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264432062 , 9789264426917 , 9789264661684
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Costa Rica 2023
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Estudios Económicos de la OCDE: Costa Rica 2023
    Keywords: Economics ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: Le Costa Rica s'est bien remis de la récession provoquée par la pandémie. La performance soutenue et résiliente des exportations continue de soutenir la croissance, tandis que la consommation est entravée par une inflation et un chômage élevés. La situation budgétaire s'est améliorée mais reste difficile, nécessitant des efforts soutenus pour contenir les dépenses et renforcer l'efficacité du secteur public pendant plusieurs années. Le maintien et le renforcement de l'engagement en faveur des investissements directs étrangers et du commerce extérieur, qui ont été essentiels pour diversifier le panier d'exportations, et l'amélioration des conditions permettant aux entreprises nationales de prospérer sont des défis majeurs pour améliorer le niveau de vie et la création d'emplois formels. Il faudrait pour cela alléger le fardeau réglementaire, améliorer le panier fiscal, encourager la concurrence sur les principaux marchés et de poursuivre les efforts de décarbonisation et de protection de l'environnement. Le soutien à une plus forte participation des femmes au marché du travail et l'amélioration de la protection sociale permettront de s'adapter aux changements démographiques en cours et de favoriser l'égalité des chances. L'éducation et la formation sont une priorité pour le Costa Rica, qui leur consacre une part de dépenses parmi les plus élevées des pays de l'OCDE. Cependant, les résultats scolaires restent médiocres et les entreprises peinent à pourvoir leurs postes vacants, en particulier les postes techniques et scientifiques. Améliorer l'efficacité et la qualité des dépenses publiques dans l'éducation est nécessaire pour mieux soutenir la croissance et l'équité. CHAPITRES SPÉCIAUX : ÉDUCATION ET FORMATION ; COMPÉTENCES
    DOI: 10.1787/36c4db42-fr
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    Confronting the energy crisis: Changing behaviours to reduce energy consumption (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Energieeinsparung ; Energiekonsum ; Energieversorgung ; Energiepolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics
    Abstract: The current energy crisis calls for energy saving measures to accompany long-term technical and structural solutions. However, a range of barriers makes it hard for consumers to change their energy consumption. Changing behaviour is the result not only of responses to prices but also of expectations, habits, and biases. Policy makers should factor in these behavioural aspects when designing energy saving measures. The choice of message that policymakers send to consumers, how and when the information is provided to households and through which channels can make a difference in changing consumption behaviours. Moreover, it is crucial that the right incentives and policies are in place to ensure that behavioural changes can effectively take place. The effectiveness of energy saving measures should also be monitored to gauge evolutions in behaviours and identify solutions to behavioural barriers.
    DOI: 10.1787/5664e8a9-en
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    Assessment of policies, programmes and regulations relating to MSME and start-up development in Abu Dhabi (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.40
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services ; United Arab Emirates
    Abstract: Strengthening the performance and economic contribution of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and start-ups is central to Abu Dhabi’s goal of creating a more diversified and competitive economy. This report provides an assessment of policies, programmes and regulations relating to MSME and start-up development in Abu Dhabi. The assessment is structured around six thematic areas: i) access to finance, ii) the availability of skills and capabilities, iii) access to markets, iv) the business environment, v) innovation and digitalisation, and vi) future opportunities for MSME and start-up development. For each thematic area, an analysis of existing issues, challenges and policy approaches is provided, in addition to policy recommendations and relevant examples of international policy practices. The report was prepared by the OECD Secretariat and external experts based on information gathered by the OECD in Abu Dhabi in the form of written documentation, questionnaire responses, stakeholder interviews and roundtable meetings as well as desk research on policy practices in other countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9b92546e-en
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    Recovering lost learning opportunities in Ukraine: Key education policy strategies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Education ; Economics ; Ukraine
    Abstract: School destructions, population displacement or school closures mean that children in Ukraine have experienced varied disruptions in their education experience. Interventions that seek to reduce the variation in student learning levels need to accompany efforts to resume learning and deliver high-quality education for all. This brief puts the focus on academic interventions Ukraine could introduce to support learning recovery. It first examines strategies for assessing students’ skill levels and identifying potential learning losses in the current context. It then focuses on academic strategies the Ministry of Education can implement in the short and medium-term to help students recover lost learning opportunities, including adapting instructional strategies and pedagogies to individual needs, adapting the time of instruction, providing curricular flexibility and enabling fluid learning pathways within the school system. The brief concludes by putting forward a range of policy responses that can enhance the long-term effectiveness of learning recovery strategies in Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/c10085eb-en
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    How does corporate taxation affect business investment? : Evidence from aggregate and firm-level data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1765
    Keywords: Economics ; Taxation
    Abstract: Business investment in OECD countries has remained weak, in particular since the 2008 global financial crisis. At the same time, the cost of capital has significantly and steadily decreased over the last thirty years, reflecting a fall in both interest rates and corporate tax rates. This raises the question of whether business investment still responds to the cost of capital and thus whether corporate tax policy can support investment. This paper analyses trends in business investment and in the cost of capital in OECD countries over the past three decades. Then, it investigates empirically the sensitivity of business investment to corporate taxation, and how this sensitivity varies across firm, investment and tax-design characteristics. Panel regressions at the firm and industry levels confirm that business investment rates are negatively related to corporate taxation, measured by country-level forward-looking effective tax rates. However, the tax sensitivity of business investment has fallen significantly since the global financial crisis. It also differs significantly across firms, assets, and corporate tax design characteristics. Overall, the estimation results suggest that a nuanced and granular approach to corporate tax policy, accounting for heterogeneity in tax sensitivity, is needed to support investment effectively. The paper discusses possible policy options, including the reduction of non-profit taxes, the use of targeted corporate income tax instruments, and the use of more generous capital allowances where they may induce strong investment responses.
    DOI: 10.1787/04e682d7-en
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    The Future of Rural Manufacturing (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264572225 , 9789264361850 , 9789264433472
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Ländliche Industrie ; Slowenien ; Deutschland ; Italien ; Frankreich ; Ländlicher Raum ; Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: The Future of Rural Manufacturing provides insights on the transformations that have occurred in manufacturing across rural regions in recent decades. It describes opportunities and challenges in this context, highlighting those relating to climate and demographic change and digitalisation, as well as shifting patterns in globalisation. With support from the European Commission, the project combines a wide range of both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The former examines broad trends in manufacturing performance across OECD rural (TL3) regions between 2000 and 2019, with deeper dives that draw on more granular microdata in 14 OECD countries. Case studies were conducted across 12 regions in Slovenia, Germany, Italy, and France. They comprised interviews with over 300 local, regional, and national actors across government, private sector, universities, research institutes, NGOs and non-profit community organisations. The project also benefited from foresight and futures workshops conducted in January and July 2022 with experts and policymakers across OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/e065530c-en
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    Unleashing the productive potential of digitalisation in Lithuania (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1753
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Produktivität ; Litauen ; Economics ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Lithuania is digitalising its economy with visible success, but much scope remains for the integration of advanced technologies. The COVID-19 crisis confirmed the importance of digitalisation to sustain activity. Increased private investment in innovation is essential to speed up digitalisation. The take-up of R&D tax incentives is low, however, despite relatively generous provisions, and many smaller firms have not been inclined to innovate. More effective public support for business R&D and stronger research-business collaboration on innovation are important. There is also a need to promote digital uptake, especially among smaller firms that lag behind. Improving access to equity finance for young innovative firms, reducing remaining gaps in digital infrastructure, along with better information on digital tools and how to use them, can help smaller firms digitalise. The public sector too has to become more digitalised. Addressing weaknesses in foundational skills through education reforms and responding more effectively to labour market needs for digital skills would enable a wider adoption of advanced technologies and higher productivity growth, while ensuring that the digitalisation dividends are distributed fairly. Increased participation in adult learning, especially among the less educated, is the way forward to adapt to increased job automation in the digital era.
    DOI: 10.1787/7965209f-en
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    Production Transformation Policy Review : Spotlight on Guadeloupe's Internationalisation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264979000 , 9789264390928 , 9789264848375
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Globalisierung ; Kleine Inselentwicklungsländer ; Guadeloupe ; Economics ; Energy ; Development ; France
    Abstract: Located in the Caribbean Sea, Guadeloupe is a French Overseas Department and a European Outermost Region in search of a more sustainable economic development pathway. In support of that endeavour, this Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) Spotlight looks at the region's opportunities and challenges, identifying priority actions in several areas, including the bio- and circular economy, creative sectors and renewable energies. The Spotlight enriches our understanding of the diversity of development pathways, including those of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It is the result of an extensive peer-review process involving public and private stakeholders from Colombia, Caribbean countries and other EU outermost regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac8c5b0d-en
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    Tableau de bord de l'OCDE sur le financement des PME et des entrepreneurs : Faits saillants 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs Scoreboard: 2023 Highlights
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Les Faits saillants 2023 du Tableau de bord sur le financement des PME et des entrepreneurs rendent compte des tendances, des conditions et des évolutions des politiques publiques en matière de financement des PME et des entrepreneurs. Le rapport propose des données officielles sur le financement des PME dans près de 50 pays, et notamment des indicateurs relatifs aux conditions de financement et au financement par l'endettement, par apport de capitaux propres ou par nantissement d'actifs. Les données au titre de l'année 2021 sont complétées par les informations disponibles pour 2022, ainsi que par des informations sur la demande et par les récentes initiatives publiques et privées en faveur du financement des PME. Il en ressort que la plupart des économies montrent des signes d'une reprise dynamique suite à la pandémie de COVID-19 de 2021. Les données pour l'année 2022 révèlent toutefois une dégradation de certains indicateurs du financement des PME, en raison d'un fort niveau d'inflation et de la hausse des taux d'intérêt, aggravés par la guerre menée par la Russie contre l'Ukraine. Ces facteurs pèsent sur l'accessibilité et le coût du financement des PME par l'emprunt, laissant présager un ralentissement des financements. De la même manière, le financement par apport de capitaux propres a enregistré un net recul en 2022. Dans ce contexte, les pouvoirs publics devraient continuer de promouvoir la diversification des instruments et des sources de financement des PME et leur permettre ainsi de renforcer leur résilience et d'engager des investissements essentiels, notamment dans les transitions numérique et verte.
    DOI: 10.1787/e3156420-fr
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    Doing green things: skills, reallocation, and the green transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1763
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics
    Abstract: The need to rapidly decarbonise economies raises questions about whether countries’ workforces possess the requisite skills to achieve the net zero transition as well as the capacity to redeploy workers from “brown” to “green” jobs. This paper applies a task-based framework to granular data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) and country-specific employment sources to generate new indicators of the green skills structure of labour markets for a large number of OECD countries and non-OECD EU countries. Significant cross-country differences emerge in the underlying supply of green skill and the potential of economies to reallocate brown job workers to green jobs within their broad occupation categories. In a majority of detailed brown occupations, workers have in principle the necessary skills to transition to green jobs, with the exception of those in production occupations, who may require more extensive re-skilling. In contrast, workers from most highly automatable occupations are generally not found to have the sufficient skills to transition to green jobs, suggesting more limited scope for the net-zero transition to reinstate labour displaced by automation.
    DOI: 10.1787/286a5007-en
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  • 78
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    Public policy uses of the SEEA stocks and flows accounts (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: The System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA CF) was adopted in 2012. In one decade, it has expanded to 92 countries, including most OECD countries. However, there is still work to be done by national statistics producers to increase the use of SEEA statistics. This paper focuses on the SEEA stocks and flows accounts, providing examples of where they are already used to support public policy making in high-priority areas such as climate change, environmental sustainability, the circular economy, and management of ecosystems and freshwater, as well as feeding into indicators, dashboards and other frameworks. Although these examples show that SEEA statistics are already informing public policy making in many countries, there are still important “influence gaps”. The second part of this paper discusses why these gaps exist and what can be done about them.
    DOI: 10.1787/116778b3-en
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  • 79
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    Corporate cost of debt in the low-carbon transition : The effect of climate policies on firm financing and investment through the banking channel (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1761
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses to what extent markets with sophisticated investors and large firms price transition risks due to climate policies. The analysis exploits longitudinal data on firms’ economic and environmental performances - as measured by emission intensity, patenting activity in mitigation technologies, and ESG scores – and syndicated loan data. It provides three main results. First, firms with good environmental performance (in terms of emission intensity or patenting activity in mitigation technologies) benefit from a significantly lower cost of debt as climate-change mitigation policies become more stringent. Second, ESG scores and their environmental pillar are not sufficiently informative to assess and price domestic climate policy risks. Third, more stringent mitigation policies encourage investment in green firms by reducing the cost of debt: an increase of about EUR 10/t CO2 in carbon taxes raises investment by about 12% for firms with high patenting activity in mitigation technologies while it decreases investment by about 11% for firms with high emission intensity. The paper discusses policies to improve the available information on firms’ environmental performance metrics so as to enable investors who are smaller and less sophisticated than those participating in the syndicated-loan market to assess firms’ climate transition risks and to allocate capital in line with emission reduction targets.
    DOI: 10.1787/35a3fbb7-en
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  • 80
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    COVID-19 and productivity-enhancing digitalisation: Firm-level evidence from Slovenia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1766
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This paper provides evidence on the impact of digitalisation on productivity in Slovenia during the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic affected overall labour productivity negatively. Nonetheless, results show that firms that were more ICT-intensive before the pandemic experienced a smaller decline in their labour productivity growth compared to their less ICT-intensive peers in the same 2-digit level sector. This resilience effect was strongest for firms that are integrated in global value chains. A second finding is that COVID-19 resulted in productivity-enhancing reallocation of labour to ICT-intensive firms, reflecting that these firms registered higher employment growth relative to their less ICT-intensive peers during the pandemic. A third finding is that high levels of state ownership in a sector was associated with less productivity-enhancing reallocation. This suggests that state-owned enterprises retained workers that could be redirected to more productive firms. Together, these findings highlight the potential of digitalisation to support resilience and stronger productivity growth, although labour market rigidities and state ownership hamper the positive impact of digitalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/5f7e9340-en
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  • 81
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    Improving the business regulatory environment in Poland (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1764
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: A competition-friendly business regulatory environment is essential for the well-functioning of markets. It ensures that important policy goals are addressed, and market failures tackled. However, regulation can also create barriers to the entry and expansion of firms that may limit and distort competition and hinder the efficient allocation of resources, negatively affecting productivity and growth. Some of these barriers are necessary, but others may go beyond what is needed to address the policy objectives and the market failure(s) regulation is intended to solve. This paper relies on the last vintage of the Product Market Regulation indicators to determine to what extent Poland's National Recovery and Resilience Plan aims to create a more competition-friendly business environment. The analysis suggests that only a limited number of the measures included in the Plan may address regulatory weaknesses identified by these indicators. Therefore, the paper suggests OECD best practices that the country could consider to remove unnecessary regulatory barriers and boost the benefits that the investments envisaged in the Plan could bring about.
    DOI: 10.1787/caa5b5cc-en
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  • 82
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    Institutional shareholding, common ownership and productivity : A cross-country analysis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1769
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The increase in institutional ownership, the shift towards passive portfolio management and the rise of common ownership have transformed OECD countries financial markets in the last decades. The paper investigates the potential consequences of these transformations on firm's productivity, using granular data on firms financial and ownership structure as well as a variety of econometric methods. The analysis suggests that the rise of institutional investors is overall not a major concern from a productivity standpoint: firms displaying higher institutional ownership tend to have higher productivity levels and growth rates compared to their peers, though the positive relationship tends to vanish when institutional investors' time horizon is short. Moreover, inter-industry common ownership is related to higher firm-level productivity and this positive relation is stronger for firms operating in intangible-intensive and digital sectors, potentially hinting to an easing of vertical relationships and/or technological spillovers when firms operating in different sectors are owned by the same equity holders. On the contrary, the correlation with intra-industry common ownership appears negative, though not always significantly, potentially due to lower competition.
    DOI: 10.1787/d398e5b4-en
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  • 83
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    Estudios Económicos de la OCDE: Perú 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264375505
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (157 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Surveys: Peru 2023
    Keywords: Economics ; Peru
    Abstract: El sólido marco macroeconómico de Perú ha impulsado un crecimiento económico sustancial y la reducción de la pobreza en las últimas dos décadas. Si bien la economía se recuperó rápidamente de la pandemia, esta reveló debilidades estructurales, como la alta informalidad y marcadas disparidades regionales en el acceso a servicios públicos. Más recientemente, el crecimiento se ha desacelerado y la inflación sigue siendo alta aunque está disminuyendo. Mirando hacia el futuro, los principales desafíos para aumentar la productividad y la inversión incluyen fortalecer la competencia, mejorar el marco regulatorio, diversificar las exportaciones y mejorar la infraestructura. Mejoras en la gobernanza y el estado de derecho son pilares esenciales para lograr un crecimiento sostenible a largo plazo y la cohesión social. Expandir el acceso a una educación de calidad, reducir las contribuciones sociales, especialmente para los trabajadores de bajos ingresos, y proporcionar un nivel básico de protección social universal para todos los trabajadores, formales e informales por igual, ayudaría a reducir la amplia informalidad y las desigualdades. Esto requerirá aumentar los ingresos tributarios y mejorar la eficiencia del gasto. Los desafíos y riesgos ambientales son importantes, pero también ofrecen oportunidades significativas para el futuro. Para abordar los desafíos ambientales, Perú necesita frenar la deforestación y aprovechar su potencial de energía renovable para reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles. CARACTERÍSTICAS ESPECIALES: AUMENTAR LA PRODUCTIVIDAD, AMPLIAR LA PROTECCIÓN SOCIAL, REDUCIR LA INFORMALIDAD LABORAL
    DOI: 10.1787/f67c8432-es
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  • 84
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    Prospettive economiche dell'OCSE, Rapporto intermedio, settembre 2023 : Far fronte a un'inflazione elevata e a una crescita debole (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264875104 , 9789264547612 , 9789264489530
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report September 2023: Confronting Inflation and Low Growth
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE, Rapport intermédiaire, septembre 2023 : Faire face à une inflation élevée et une croissance faible
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le prospettive globali a breve termine sono caratterizzate dagli effetti sempre più visibili dell'inasprimento della politica monetaria attuato dalla maggior parte delle principali banche centrali, nonché dalle tensioni riscontrate nell'economia cinese. Per il periodo 2023-24, si prevede che la crescita globale rallenti, mantenendosi al di sotto della tendenza, e che l'inflazione sia più contenuta, pur rimanendo al di sopra dell'obiettivo. Tra i principali rischi al ribasso figurano la possibilità di un rallentamento più marcato del previsto in Cina e di un continuo rincaro dei prezzi del petrolio. Il rapporto intermedio afferma che la politica monetaria dovrebbe continuare a concentrarsi sul riallineamento dell'inflazione all'obiettivo e sottolinea la necessità di maggiori sforzi da parte dei governi per ripristinare i margini di bilancio e rispondere alle sfide future, compresa la transizione climatica. Occorre rilanciare gli sforzi di politica strutturale per rafforzare le prospettive, attribuendo priorità al rinvigorimento del commercio globale. Il Rapporto intermedio fornisce un aggiornamento delle valutazioni riportate nell'edizione di giugno 2023 delle Prospettive economiche dell'OCSE (numero 113).
    DOI: 10.1787/25e2a726-it
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  • 85
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    From local to national: Delivering and financing effective long-term care (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.45
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Employment ; Governance
    Abstract: This study provides an in-depth examination of the fiscal and governance decentralisation of long-term care (LTC) across OECD countries, offering projections of future fiscal burdens of LTC spending across levels of government. With rapid population ageing and a decrease in the supply of informal care, LTC spending has increased significantly. The paper introduces a novel methodology to estimate LTC expenditures across different government levels, including central and subnational governments. By analysing country cases, it explores the responsibilities assigned to each government level and the implications for service delivery and intergovernmental coordination. The study also discusses the overall anticipated increase of LTC expenditure to 2.3% of GDP by 2040, identifying the most impacted countries. This research contributes to our understanding of LTC systems, highlights the challenges of increasing LTC costs and provides insights for optimising governance and fiscal expenditure.
    DOI: 10.1787/578b296f-en
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  • 86
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    Improving the business environment to accelerate convergence in Croatia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1783
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Raising productivity growth is central to closing the gap with the incomes and well-being enjoyed in many OECD countries. Croatia has internationally competitive firms, and a dynamic economy with many young and potentially productive firms. However, overall performance has been limited by the presence of many less productive firms and more productive firms that often fail to grow. This likely reflects a business environment that weakens competitive pressures and makes investments more costly and risky. Reducing the burdens of lengthy and unpredictable regulatory procedures, resolving legal disputes faster with a more efficient judicial system, and improving public sector integrity, will be key for boosting productivity growth. Developing public equity markets and expanding R&D support would improve access to finance for young and innovative firms. State-owned enterprises play a comparatively large role in Croatia’s economy but tend to underperform financially and in delivering goods and services. Improving their governance, by strengthening the state’s oversight and governance arrangements, can improve outcomes. This Working Paper relates to the 2023 OECD Economic Survey of Croatia.
    DOI: 10.1787/3c89c005-en
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  • 87
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    Immigration in Iceland : Addressing challenges and unleashing the benefits (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1772
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: Immigration has increased rapidly since the late 1990s, driven largely by strong economic growth and high standards of living. By mid-2023, foreign citizens made up around 18% of the population. This has brought important economic benefits to Iceland, including by boosting the working age population and helping the country to meet labour demands in fast-growing sectors. However, there are important challenges regarding the integration of immigrants and their children that need to be addressed through a comprehensive approach, helping to make the most of immigration. Successful labour market integration of immigrants requires more effective language training for adults and an improvement in skills recognition procedures. At the same time, immigrants need more opportunities to work in the public sector and the adult learning system should be adjusted to better encompass their training needs. Strengthening language skills is key to improving the weak educational outcomes of immigrant students. Enhancing teachers’ preparedness to accommodate students’ diverse educational needs is another pre-requisite. Strengthening integration further hinges upon meeting the housing needs of the immigrant population, including through an increase in the supply of social and affordable housing.
    DOI: 10.1787/645ca1ac-en
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  • 88
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    Labour market and education reforms are needed to create more and better jobs in Türkiye (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1782
    Keywords: Economics ; Türkiye
    Abstract: The Turkish economy grew strongly over the past two decades and created many jobs. However, given its young and growing workforce, Türkiye needs to ramp up efforts to achieve high-quality formal job creation. A sizeable share of the workforce, mostly female workers, does not actively participate in the labour market. While informality has decreased significantly, it is still widespread and entrenches productivity differences across firms. Rigid labour market rules, particularly the high severance pay but also minimum wages, impede formal job creation. More flexible labour markets should be part of a comprehensive reform programme that shifts job loss protection to a broader-based unemployment insurance scheme, supported by well-designed activation policies. While educational attainment has risen impressively, a growing number of vacancies, significant skill mismatches and a low level of adult skills highlight the need to address the quality of education and to improve on the matching of talent to jobs.
    DOI: 10.1787/54657452-en
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  • 89
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    Employment dynamics across firms during COVID-19 : The role of job retention schemes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1788
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses employment dynamics across firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of job retention schemes (JRS) in shaping these dynamics. It relies on a novel collection of high-frequency harmonised micro-aggregated statistics, computed using administrative data on employment and wages from electronic payroll records across 12 countries linked to monthly information on policy support during COVID-19, as well as on a new indicator of JRS de-jure generosity. The analysis highlights four key findings: i) the employment adjustment margins varied over time, adjusting mainly through the intensive margin in 2020, while both the intensive and the extensive margins contributed to employment changes in 2021; ii) the reallocation process remained productivity enhancing, although to a lower extent on average compared to 2019; iii) JRS were successful in their purpose of cushioning the effect of the crisis on employment growth and firm survival; iv) JRS support did not distort the productivity-enhancing nature of reallocation.
    DOI: 10.1787/33388537-en
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  • 90
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    Entrepreneurial opportunities and working conditions of self-employed online freelancers in the platform economy : Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.45
    Keywords: Economics ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the experiences of self-employed online freelancers working on digital labour platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on interviews with freelancers and platform managers and experts in Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. Their experiences during COVID-19 reveal issues of asymmetric power vis-à-vis platforms. Notably, they reported lack of transparency and certainty in their contracts with platforms, lack of power in negotiating with clients, and limited ability to engage with clients on other platforms. In addition, they often experienced difficulties in accessing government temporary supports for businesses during the pandemic. The paper puts forward policy recommendations to address these issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/ebc310de-en
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  • 91
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    Long-term scenarios: incorporating the energy transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.33
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes the latest update of the OECD’s long-term scenarios, which are done every 2-3 years to quantify some of the most important long-term macroeconomic trends and policy challenges facing the global economy. For the first time, this update incorporates the effect of the low-carbon energy transition. The study first presents a baseline projection that acts as a business-as-usual scenario against which the economic effects of the transition can be gauged. Next, it outlines extensions to the OECD global long-term model (LTM) to consider energy use and associated CO2 emissions and describes an alternative stylised scenario in which OECD and non-OECD G20 countries successfully transition to low-carbon energy in a way broadly consistent with a net-zero target for greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. These extensions rely on a variety of sources, but most crucially on simulations of CO2 mitigation costs with the OECD’s ENV-Linkages model. Finally, the model’s extensions are used to explore some fiscal implications of the energy transition, in particular how the negative economic effects of carbon mitigation could be alleviated by fiscal or other structural reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/153ab87c-en
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  • 92
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    Promoting gender equality to strengthen economic growth and resilience (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1776
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promouvoir l'égalité des genres pour renforcer la croissance économique et la résilience
    Keywords: Economics ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Women’s employment rates and wages are still lagging those of men across OECD countries, with average employment and wage gaps now around 15% and 12% respectively. Gaps narrowed at a relatively modest pace over the past decade, calling for further policy action. A lack of affordable high-quality childcare is often an obstacle to women’s participation in the labour market and notably to working full time. A very unequal sharing of parental leave between parents and challenges upon return to work further hampers women’s careers. Biases in the tax system may discourage women from working in some countries. Women face disadvantage in accessing management positions and entrepreneurship. A range of policies can help reduce gender gaps, including better childcare provision, incentivising parents to better share parental leave, re-skilling and upskilling on return from parental leave, encouraging gender equality within firms, integration programmes for foreign-born women, promoting women entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, and levelling taxation for second earners. Moreover, the multiple dimensions and root causes of gender inequality call for mainstreaming gender across policy domains.
    DOI: 10.1787/54090c29-en
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  • 93
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    Environmental policy stringency and CO2 emissions : Evidence from cross-country sector-level data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1773
    Keywords: Economics ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence on the short and long-term sectoral effect of environmental policy stringency on CO2 emissions, exploiting longitudinal data covering 30 OECD countries and more than 50 sectors. The analysis relies on the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index, a composite index tracking climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. Estimates obtained from panel regressions suggest that more stringent environmental policies are associated with lower emissions, that the effect builds over time and differs across sectors depending on their fossil fuel intensity. A one unit increase in the EPS index (about one standard deviation), is associated with 4% lower CO2 emissions in the sector with median fossil fuel intensity after two years and by 12% after 10 years. For sectors in the top decile of the fossil fuel intensity distribution, the estimates point to a decline in emissions by 11% after two years and 19% after ten years. Environmental policies targeted at energy, manufacturing and transport sectors have the largest potential impact on emissions. Illustrative policy scenarios based on these results indicate that achieving emission reductions consistent with net-zero targets will require raising the stringency of environmental policies more drastically and rapidly than in the past.
    DOI: 10.1787/53ddcef7-en
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  • 94
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    The law of the strongest? Exploring the drivers of firm performance during the COVID-19 crisis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1779
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Using data on more than 150.000 non-financial companies operating in both manufacturing and services sectors around the world, we analyse the drivers of firm performance throughout the whole COVID cycle (until end 2021). We highlight three key results. First, if anything, larger and older firms did worse than smaller and younger ones in terms of revenues and investment spending, both during COVID-19 and the subsequent recovery. Even in sectors that were under scrutiny from a competition standpoint, such as technology and healthcare, larger firms did not systematically over-perform. Second, ex-ante financial strength attenuated the effects of the shock on revenues during the COVID cycle. Third, there is some evidence of debt overhang: firms that entered the crisis with a higher leverage ratio invested less than others, including on R&D, both in 2020 and in 2021, while firms that became more debt-burdened during the pandemic tended to record weaker investment spending during the recovery. These insights shed light on market power, competition, and more generally on the performance of the corporate sector since the start of COVID-19 pandemic.
    DOI: 10.1787/98397076-en
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  • 95
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    Climate policies and Sweden’s green industrial revolution (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1778
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden is among OECD best performers in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, much thanks to a comprehensive policy framework and relatively efficient policies. There is nonetheless room to further improve consistency of targets and policies, notably for transport, agriculture and carbon removals. Sweden’s long record as a climate frontrunner is also threatened by policy changes moving the 2030 reduction target out of reach unless compensated by new ambitious measures. A green industrial revolution is gaining momentum in Sweden’s north, fuelled by an abundant supply of clean electricity. Considerable investments in electricity generation, storage and transmission are needed, but long planning and permitting procedures slow many key projects down. The green revolution depends on people and skills to run industry and complementary public services. This is a challenge for northern regions and municipalities already facing labour shortages.
    DOI: 10.1787/c0f4fa26-en
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  • 96
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    Do governments re-prioritise spending? : First insights from COFOG data on public spending reallocation in OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1785
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study investigates the capacity of governments to reallocate spending across different functions of the government. It mobilises the COFOG dataset for the period 1996 - 2017, which allows comparing public spending mixes at detailed levels in ways that are consistent across countries and over time. Three main empirical findings are established. Firstly, countries differ in their propensity to reallocate public spending across functions and countries that reallocate more are also countries with sounder governance and tighter fiscal rules in place. Secondly, obstacles to reallocation are identified, with governments avoiding nominal cuts, especially in health and social expenditures. Thirdly, while the analysis underlines some degree of convergence among OECD countries in terms of public spending allocation, this convergence is not universal. A cluster of Nordic countries persists, and Greece is identified as diverging from the rest of countries included in the sample.
    DOI: 10.1787/56dda017-en
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  • 97
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    Promouvoir l'égalité des genres pour renforcer la croissance économique et la résilience (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1776
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promoting gender equality to strengthen economic growth and resilience
    Keywords: Economics ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Les taux d'emploi et les salaires des femmes restent inférieurs à ceux des hommes dans les pays de l'OCDE, avec des écarts moyens d'emploi et de salaire désormais autour de 15% et 12% respectivement. Les écarts se sont réduits à un rythme relativement modeste au cours de la dernière décennie, ce qui appelle de nouvelles mesures politiques. Le manque de services de garde d'enfants abordables et leur qualité insuffisante constituent souvent un obstacle à la participation des femmes au marché du travail et notamment au travail à temps plein. Un partage très inégal du congé parental entre les parents et les difficultés rencontrées lors du retour au travail entravent encore davantage les carrières des femmes. Les biais du système fiscal peuvent décourager les femmes de travailler dans certains pays. Les femmes sont désavantagées dans l’accès aux postes de direction et à l’entrepreneuriat. Différentes politiques peuvent contribuer à réduire les écarts entre les genres, notamment une meilleure offre de garde d'enfants, l'incitation des parents à mieux partager le congé parental, la reconversion et la formation au retour du congé parental, l'encouragement de l'égalité des genres au sein des entreprises, des programmes d'intégration pour les femmes nées à l'étranger, la promotion de l’entrepreneuriat féminin et l’inclusion financière, ainsi que l’égalisation de la fiscalité sur les deuxièmes apporteurs de revenu. En outre, les multiples dimensions et causes profondes des inégalités de genre soulignent l’importance d’intégrer la dimension de genre dans tous les domaines de l’action publique.
    DOI: 10.1787/d1f7a204-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 98
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    Economic effects of the EU’s ‘Fit for 55’ climate mitigation policies: A computable general equilibrium analysis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1775
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study analyses the economic effects of the EU's ‘Fit for 55’ climate mitigation policies using the OECD ENV-Linkage model, a dynamic, global Computable General Equilibrium model. The model projects macroeconomic, sectoral, energy and emission trends for the EU, and for the five largest EU economies separately, up to 2035. Policy scenarios combine carbon pricing with regulations to reach the ‘Fit For 55’ emission reduction target in 2030. Additional scenarios analyse i) harmonised carbon pricing across countries and sectors, ii) different forms of revenue recycling from carbon pricing, iii) the effect of the EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on competitiveness, and iv) the effect of Russia’s war against Ukraine on mitigation costs. Given the short time horizon of the analysis (until 2035), the model does not assess the positive economic benefits associated with fewer climate impacts and extreme climate events. ‘Fit for 55’ policies are projected to lead to a loss of GDP per capita of 2.1% in 2035 compared to the reference scenario (pre-‘Fit for 55’ policies), reflecting increasing production costs on the back of higher carbon pricing. Higher carbon pricing is also projected to lead to a loss of competitiveness in energy-intensive industries. The EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism may only partly mitigate the loss of competitiveness of energy-intensive industries. Harmonising carbon pricing across sectors would help limit the loss to GDP per capita, as a uniform carbon price is lower and allows for directing emission reduction efforts to sectors and countries with the lowest abatement costs. Finally, Russia’s war against Ukraine has not substantially increased the GDP costs of mitigation. Without the war, lower fossil fuel import prices would have led to higher fossil fuel demand, ultimately requiring more stringent mitigation action.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1a8cfa2-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 99
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    Gender diversity in senior management and firm productivity : Evidence from nine OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper investigates the link between gender diversity in senior management and firm-level productivity. For this purpose, it constructs a novel cross-country dataset with information on firms’ senior management group and other firm characteristics, covering both publicly listed and unlisted firms in manufacturing and non-financial market services across nine OECD countries. The main result from the analysis is that productivity gains from increasing gender diversity in senior management are highest among firms with low initial diversity. Increasing the female share to the sample average of 20% in firms with initially lower shares would increase aggregate productivity by around 0.6%. This suggests that improving women’s access to senior management positions matters not only for equity but could yield significant productivity gains.
    DOI: 10.1787/58ad664a-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 100
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    The cost of job loss in carbon-intensive sectors: Evidence from Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1774
    Keywords: Economics ; Employment ; Germany
    Abstract: The green transformation of the economy is expected to lead to a sharp reduction in employment in carbon-intensive industries. For designing policies to support displaced workers, it is crucial to better understand the cost of job loss, whether there are specific effects of being displaced from a carbon-intensive sector and which workers are most at risk. By using German administrative labour market data and focusing on mass layoff events, we estimate the cost of involuntary job displacement for workers in high carbon-intensity sectors and compare it with the displacement costs for workers in low carbon-intensity sectors. We find that displaced workers from high carbon-intensity sectors have, on average, higher earnings losses and face stronger difficulties in finding a new job and recovering their earnings. Our results indicate that this is mainly due to human capital specificity, the regional clustering of carbon-intensive activities and higher wage premia in carbon-intensive firms. Workers displaced in high carbon-intensity sectors are older, face higher local labour market concentration and have fewer outside options for finding jobs with similar skill requirements. They have a higher probability to switch occupations and sectors, move to occupations that are more different in terms of skill requirements compared to the pre-displacement job, and are more likely to change workplace districts after displacement. Women, older workers and those with vocational degrees as well as workers in East Germany, experience particularly high costs in case they are displaced from high carbon-intensity sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/6f636d3b-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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