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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (2,540)
  • HU Berlin
  • OECD  (2,540)
  • Governance  (2,179)
  • Transport  (416)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Developing Effective Online Dispute Resolution in Latvia (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264582880 , 9789264791572 , 9789264888821
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Efektīvas strīdu izšķiršanas tiešsaistē attīstība Latvijā
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Digitalisierung ; Internet ; Lettland ; Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: This report assesses the use of online dispute resolution (ODR) in Latvia. It looks at the country’s efforts to modernise its justice system and develop dispute resolution mechanisms, identifies areas for improvement in line with the OECD ODR Framework, and provides examples of the application of ODR in other countries. The assessment is enriched by the application of the OECD ODR Framework to three specific types of claims – simplified and warning procedures, and consumer claims. It provides recommendations for successfully implementing ODR in Latvia and broadly modernising the justice sector to ensure better access to justice for all.
    DOI: 10.1787/75ef5c4c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Taming wildfires in the context of climate change: The case of the United States (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Feuer ; Klimawandel ; Brandschutz ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Environment ; Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The frequency and severity of extreme wildfires are on the rise in the United States, causing unprecedented disruption and increasingly challenging the country’s capacity to contain losses and damages. These challenges are set to keep growing in the context of climate change, highlighting the need to scale up wildfire prevention and climate change adaptation. This paper provides an overview of the United States’ wildfire policies and practices and assesses the extent to which wildfire management in the country is evolving to adapt to growing wildfire risk under climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/ef69cc94-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2023 OECD Digital Government Index : Results and key findings (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.44
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Digital government is essential to transform government processes and services in ways that improve the responsiveness and reliability of the public sector. During the COVID-19 pandemic it also proved crucial to governments' ability to continue operating in times of crisis and provide timely services to citizens and businesses. Yet, for the digital transformation to be sustainable in the long term, it needs solid foundations, including adaptable governance arrangements, reliable and resilient digital public infrastructure, and a prospective approach to governing with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence. This paper presents the main findings of the 2023 edition of the OECD Digital Government Index (DGI), which benchmarks the efforts made by governments to establish the foundations necessary for a coherent, human-centred digital transformation of the public sector. It comprises 155 data points from 33 member countries, 4 accession countries and 1 partner country collected in 2022, covering the period between 01 January 2020 and 31 October 2022.
    DOI: 10.1787/1a89ed5e-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Efektīvas strīdu izšķiršanas tiešsaistē attīstība Latvijā (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264710412 , 9789264489547 , 9789264940451
    Language: Latvian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Developing Effective Online Dispute Resolution in Latvia
    Keywords: Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: Šajā ziņojumā novērtēts strīdu izšķiršanas tiešsaistē (ODR) izmantojums Latvijā. Tajā aplūkoti valsts centieni modernizēt tieslietu sistēmu un attīstīt strīdu izšķiršanas mehānismus, noteiktas jomas, kurās nepieciešami uzlabojumi saskaņā ar ESAO ODR sistēmu, un sniegti ODR piemērošanas piemēri citās valstīs. Novērtējumu papildina ESAO ODR regulējuma piemērošana trīs īpašiem prasību veidiem - vienkāršotām un brīdinājuma procedūrām, kā arī ar patērētāju tiesībām saistītām prasībām. Tajā sniegti ieteikumi, kā sekmīgi īstenot ODR Latvijā un kopumā modernizēt tieslietu nozari, lai nodrošinātu labāku tiesu pieejamību visiem.
    DOI: 10.1787/03bf2cc4-lv
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Addressing Inequality in Budgeting : Lessons from Recent Country Experience (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264996526 , 9789264451674 , 9789264920927
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (183 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Budgetinzidenz ; Kanada ; Frankreich ; Irland ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Niederlande ; Neuseeland ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Governance
    Abstract: In many countries, public expenditure, including transfers, plays a major role in reducing income inequality. The report reviews the various ways that budgeting can be used to this end. A first includes taking a broad approach to results-based budgeting, taking social and distributional goals into consideration. A second relies on integrating distributional impact analysis directly into the budget process. The report discusses the concrete experience of eight OECD countries in this area, analysing how they are integrating distributional impact assessment in spending and budgeting decisions. Finally, it discusses the tools, frameworks and data that are needed to take distributional considerations into account as part of evidence-informed policy making.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea80d61d-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Production transformation policy review of Bangladesh : investing in the future of a trading nation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264776869 , 9789264706255 , 9789264479456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD development pathways
    Keywords: Productive Capacities ; Structural Transformation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bangladesh ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Half a century after independence, Bangladesh has achieved impressive progress. The country has transformed from one of the poorest nations into a global textile manufacturing hub capable of meeting its medical needs almost entirely through domestic pharmaceutical production. The country will graduate from the least developed country (LDC) category in 2026 and aspires to be a high-income nation through industrialisation by 2041. Meeting this challenge requires accelerating economic transformation through diversification and innovation. This Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR), implemented with the support and collaboration of the European Union (EU), and in partnership with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), identifies concrete options for supporting Bangladesh's development. It calls for leveraging digitalisation to address persistent fragilities and it advocates for a new pact based on shared responsibilities between the national government, the private sector and international partners to shift to a new development phase and ensure sustainable, smooth and irreversible graduation.
    DOI: 10.1787/8b925b06-en
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Tax Policy Review of Andalusia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264532694
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (315 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Umweltabgabe ; Ökosteuer ; Andalusien ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Transport ; Spain
    Abstract: The Environmental Tax Policy Review of Andalusia provides a detailed review of the environmentally related tax framework in the areas of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, water usage and pollution, and waste and circular economy in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. For each thematic area, the study identifies the scope for action at the regional level, assesses how Andalusia’s existing environmentally related taxes align with environmental tax policy principles and provides strategic recommendations to support Andalusia to improve environmental outcomes and enhance national and global environmental performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/fe6d8b45-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Public Governance Reviews: Honduras : Inclusive and Effective Governance for Better Outcomes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264475700 , 9789264979222 , 9789264938915
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Estudios de la OCDE sobre gobernanza pública: Honduras : Gobernanza inclusiva y efectiva para obtener mejores resultados
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Sektor ; Governance-Ansatz ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; Honduras ; Governance ; Honduras
    Abstract: The OECD Public Governance Review of Honduras offers recommendations to strengthen the effectiveness, coherence and openness of the country’s public sector, and in particular its centre of government. It first provides an overview of Honduras’s public sector and assesses its performance across interrelated dimensions. It then examines important public governance areas such as the role of the centre of government in policy co-ordination, results-based management in government, efforts to build a sound monitoring and evaluation system, and the design and implementation of open government in Honduras. The recommendations of this report seek to support Honduras in the adoption of an inclusive and outcome-oriented approach to public governance capable of delivering better results for its citizens.
    DOI: 10.1787/e6bda0b2-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Progress Review of Peru's Telecommunications Regulator : Driving Performance (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264468641 , 9789264737341 , 9789264569751
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: The Governance of Regulators
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Informe sobre avances del Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones de Perú : Impulsando el desempeño
    Keywords: Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones ; Aufsichtsbehörde ; Telekommunikationspolitik ; Telekommunikationsrecht ; Governance ; Peru
    Abstract: Regulators act as “market referees”, balancing often competing interests of stakeholders, including governments, current and future actors in the markets, and consumers. At the same time, markets are changing at an unprecedented pace due to new technologies, the international drive toward carbon-neutral economies, shifts in consumer needs and preferences, and, more recently, the profound changes brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. Assessing the performance of economic regulators must therefore be a continuous effort. This progress review evaluates the changes put in place by Peru’s telecommunications regulator, OSIPTEL, since the previous OECD performance assessment review in 2018, in the interest of increasing the effectiveness of its regulatory activities and improving final outcomes for consumers and the economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6a74d3e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Safeguarding State-Owned Enterprises from Undue Influence : Implementing the OECD Guidelines on Anti-Corruption and Integrity in State-Owned Enterprises (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264921610 , 9789264724921 , 9789264339392
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Corporate Governance ; Staatliche Einflussnahme ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: State-owned enterprises (SOEs) remain vulnerable to being used as conduits for political finance, patronage, and personal or related-party enrichment. Lingering weaknesses in corporate governance and ownership arrangements can expose SOEs to such exploitation and undermine SOE efforts to uphold integrity. This report highlights these weaknesses and provides state owners with a better understanding of which activities are effective in insulating SOEs from undue influence. It also takes stock of how OECD member and participating countries are implementing relevant provisions of the OECD Guidelines on Anti-Corruption and Integrity in SOEs, serving as the first report on the implementation of the Guidelines since their adoption in 2019.
    DOI: 10.1787/47444e1c-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Professionalising the public procurement workforce : A review of current initiatives and challenges (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This policy paper describes the current state of play of the measures taken by countries to promote the professionalisation of the public procurement workforce. The paper focuses on the main elements of professionalising the public procurement workforce: i) assessing the current state of professionalisation, (ii) developing a professionalisation strategy, (iii) developing a competency model and a certification framework, (iv) developing capacity-building systems, (v) setting up incentive mechanisms, and (vi) promoting collaborative approaches with knowledge centres. The analysis is based on desk research and builds on data collected through the 2020 OECD Survey on Professionalisation and the 2018 OECD Survey on the Implementation of the 2015 OECD Recommendation on Public Procurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/e2eda150-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Organisation of public employment services at the local level in Sweden (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/03
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden is undergoing a major reform of its public employment service (PES) Arbetsförmedlingen, shifting its main role from providing in-house services towards monitoring of providers and working with different stakeholders in guiding and implementing labour market policies. At the same time, the PES is undergoing a significant restructuring, resulting in a downscaling of physical presence across the country and an increased digitalisation of services. To support this reform and services to jobseekers across urban and rural settings, this report a describes the main features of the Swedish labour market and employment system and analyses the challenges of the reform from a local perspective. In light of international examples, it outlines policy options for contracting services to ensure coverage in all places and for all jobseekers, managing the balance between physical and digital services, and coordinating services at the local level.
    DOI: 10.1787/24edca19-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Review of Lithuania’s National Agenda on the Prevention of Corruption : Strengthening Public Sector Integrity Strategies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264745087 , 9789264727380 , 9789264445710
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Litauen ; Governance ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This report examines the process for developing the Lithuania’s National Anticorruption Programme (NAPC) for 2022-2033. It assesses the NAPC’s past accomplishments as well as challenges in priority areas, and draws lessons for the coming period. It also highlights implementation gaps in at-risk areas and identifies opportunities for improving the design and implementation of the NAPC.
    DOI: 10.1787/e6efed26-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Public Governance Reviews: Czech Republic : Towards a More Modern and Effective Public Administration (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264920811 , 9789264744929 , 9789264777958
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (344 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Přehled o stavu veřejné správy: Česká Republika: Česká republika na cestě k modernější a efektivnější veřejné správě
    Keywords: Öffentliche Verwaltung ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Reform ; Tschechien ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The OECD Public Governance Review of the Czech Republic identifies priority governance areas for reform in the Czech Republic and offers recommendations to strengthen the effectiveness, agility and responsiveness of the country’s public sector. The review first provides a snapshot on the effectiveness of the public administration and its capacity to address contemporary governance challenges, such as digitalisation and climate change. It then analyses a number of critical and priority public governance areas including citizen engagement, centre-of-government-led co-ordination and strategic planning, evidence-informed policy making in the Czech public administration, public administration at the local and regional level, human resources management in the public administration, and digital government. It also includes a case study on governance arrangements and regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review provides recommendations for the Czech public administration to help it implement its Public Administration Reform Strategy: Client-oriented Public Administration 2030 (PAR), achieve the objectives of the PAR, and, ultimately, realise its longer-term sustainable development vision and commitments.
    DOI: 10.1787/41fd9e5c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving decision making through policy evaluation in Belgium (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.31
    Keywords: Governance ; Belgium
    Abstract: This paper provides an analysis of the Belgian federal government’s practices regarding the institutionalisation, quality and impact of policy evaluations. The paper takes a holistic approach, which not only looks at individual practices, but also at how those can come together so that evaluation becomes an integral part of the policy cycle. Public policy evaluation promotes evidence-informed policymaking and ensures that policies improve outcomes by bringing an understanding of what works, why, for whom, and under what circumstances. Evaluation is also a core tool of sound public financial management, as it helps governments spend better and promotes accountability and transparency in spending. The paper proposes concrete policy recommendations for improving the Belgian federal government’s evaluation system.
    DOI: 10.1787/08f7aef5-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Risks of Illicit Trade in Counterfeits to Small and Medium-Sized Firms (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264681606 , 9789264875579 , 9789264564671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Produktpiraterie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. This study looks at damages caused by illicit trade in counterfeits to small and medium-sized enterprises. The robust evidence on the magnitude, scope and trends of this risk informs policy makers about the need to include anti-counterfeiting elements in policy packages designed to support SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa6d5089-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cadre d'action de l'OCDE sur la sécurité numérique : La cybersécurité pour la prospérité (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Policy Framework on Digital Security: Cybersecurity for Prosperity
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Le Cadre d'action de l'OCDE sur la sécurité numérique aborde la dimension économique et sociale de la cybersécurité, souligne l'approche de l'OCDE en matière de politiques publiques de sécurité numérique, et permet aux décideurs d'utiliser les Recommandations de l'OCDE dans ce domaine. Le Cadre identifie également les liens entre les normes de sécurité numérique et d'autres normes et outils de l'OCDE. L'OCDE est à l'avant-garde des efforts internationaux pour guider les décideurs dans le domaine des politiques publiques de sécurité numérique depuis 1990. L'OCDE est devenue la première instance internationale normalisatrice dans ce domaine. Les Recommandations de l'OCDE sur la sécurité numérique soutiennent les parties prenantes dans l'élaboration de politiques visant la prospérité économique et sociale, en accord avec la mission de l'OCDE d'aider les gouvernements à élaborer des "politiques meilleures pour des vies meilleures".
    DOI: 10.1787/a0517600-fr
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multi-dimensional Review of El Salvador : Strategic Priorities for Robust, Inclusive and Sustainable Development (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264956094 , 9789264644663 , 9789264930117
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (502 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Estudio multidimensional de El Salvador : Prioridades estratégicas para un desarrollo sólido, inclusivo y sostenible
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; El Salvador ; Education ; Governance ; Development ; El Salvador
    Abstract: El Salvador has made significant development progress in the past 30 years. The end of the civil war in 1992 marked the establishment of a liberal democracy and an open export-led development model, which led to a reduction in poverty and inequality. However, with economic growth averaging a modest 2.4% in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, and productivity growth of 0.1% over the past decade, the post-war model has not generated the economic momentum or the jobs that the country needs. Decisive action is necessary to kickstart more robust, inclusive and sustainable development. Based on a multi-dimensional analysis of development in El Salvador, this report makes four priority recommendations: 1) build the conditions for a productive transformation and modernisation of the economy; 2) increase the quantity, quality and relevance of education; 3) manage water resources better to deliver water and sanitation for all in a sustainable manner; and 4) modernise the State so it can effectively deliver key public goods, from security to education to health, and successfully steer the next stage in the country’s development.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f3d5e1f-en
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  • 19
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    Digital Government Review of Türkiye : Towards a Digitally-Enabled Government (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264542921 , 9789264999190 , 9789264976788
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (214 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; Türkei ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Türkiye
    Abstract: This Digital Government Review of Türkiye explores how the Government of Türkiye can use digital technology and data to help the public sector become more responsive, resilient and proactive. It evaluates the efforts made so far by Türkiye in achieving digital government maturity by looking at governance, institutional capacities, digital skills, public service design and delivery, enabling building blocks and the strategic management and use of data. The review provides policy recommendations intended to help the Government of Türkiye fully benefit from digital technologies and data to realise the potential of the digital age in transforming the public sector and the services provided to the public.
    DOI: 10.1787/3958d102-en
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lessons learned from the implementation of the European Competency Framework for Public Procurement Professionals : Towards an international competency framework (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.32
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Auftrag ; EU-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: Promoting the professionalisation of the public procurement workforce is gaining attention across EU Member States and OECD countries. To support professionalisation initiatives, the European Commission designed a scalable and structured tool to assess the skills and knowledge of public procurement professionals. This tool, known as ProcurCompEU, provides public organisations with the means to identify missing competences or areas where further capability-building initiatives could be implemented. To strengthen the relevance of the tool, the OECD has been supporting public administrations from several OECD countries in testing ProcurCompEU. This report provides insights on these pilots and draws lessons to further increase the scalability of the tool to different contexts and objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/a0b8c9b7-en
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  • 21
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    Comportement des ménages et environnement : Opérer des choix durables sur fond de crises interdépendantes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How Green is Household Behaviour?: Sustainable Choices in a Time of Interlocking Crises
    Keywords: Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Les choix des ménages – quoi manger, par quel moyen se rendre au travail, comment se chauffer, etc. – sont lourds de conséquences pour l’environnement. Alors qu’il est plus que jamais nécessaire d’agir en faveur de l’environnement et d’évoluer vers des modes de consommation plus soutenables, rendre ces choix plus durables promet de réduire notablement les incidences environnementales. Or, dans un contexte marqué par une accumulation de crises interdépendantes, les gouvernements peinent à accompagner les ménages afin de concrétiser ce potentiel. Le présent ouvrage passe en revue les résultats de l’enquête 2022 de l’OCDE sur la politique de l’environnement et l’évolution des comportements individuels. Cette enquête porte sur les attitudes et les comportements des ménages concernant l’énergie, les transports, les déchets et les systèmes alimentaires. Elle a été réalisée auprès de plus de 17 000 ménages dans 9 pays : Belgique, Canada, États-Unis, France, Israël, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Suède et Suisse. L’enquête a aussi servi à recueillir des informations sur les raisons pour lesquelles les personnes interrogées changent de comportement et sur les obstacles qu’elles doivent surmonter, et offre de ce fait une source unique de données empiriques pour éclairer l’action des pouvoirs publics en faveur de modes de consommation plus durables.
    DOI: 10.1787/6892a2e0-fr
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    Strengthening Romania's Integrity and Anti-corruption Measures (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264611122 , 9789264862807 , 9789264950474
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Korruption ; Rumänien ; Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: This report assesses Romania’s efforts to strengthen its integrity and anti-corruption system. It looks at the achievements of the 2021-2025 National Anticorruption Strategy (NAS) as well as the challenges that remain, including addressing structural issues such as political engagement, the role and placement of ethics offices and the design and review of integrity plans. The report provides recommendations for mainstreaming central government integrity policies into practical and concrete actions at the sectoral level, with a view to improving implementation of the 2021-2025 NAS as well as future strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/ff88cfa4-en
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  • 23
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance publique : Maroc : Pour une administration résiliente au service des citoyens (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264402492 , 9789264655652 , 9789264601932
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (295 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la gouvernance publique
    Keywords: Governance ; Morocco
    Abstract: Dans un contexte marqué par une succession de crises globales et par des défis transverses de long terme, le Maroc s’est engagé dans la modernisation de l’administration et le renforcement du cadre et des outils de gouvernance. Ces efforts s’inscrivent plus largement dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du Nouveau Modèle de Développement, document stratégique de référence et de long terme au Maroc qui érige la réforme de l’administration en levier prioritaire pour atteindre une croissance durable et inclusive. Cet Examen analyse plusieurs domaines de la gouvernance publique identifiés conjointement avec le Maroc et qui sont essentiels pour répondre à ces défis tels que le cadre de gouvernance et son adaptation au contexte actuel, le cadre budgétaire, la gestion de la fonction publique, l’intégrité publique et l’intégration des questions d’égalité femmes-hommes dans la gouvernance publique. Il fournit des recommandations concrètes pour moderniser l’administration publique, améliorer sa performance et lui donner les capacités de mener et d’appuyer les efforts de réformes actuels et la mise en œuvre des priorités du gouvernement afin d’atteindre les objectifs de développement du pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/1a0272c0-fr
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  • 24
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    Understanding and Applying the Precautionary Principle in the Energy Transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264382589 , 9789264461024 , 9789264698307
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Umweltvorsorge ; Risiko ; Governance
    Abstract: The precautionary principle has been an important aspect of regulatory delivery for nearly four decades. Now widely applied and with a global reach, the principle is often invoked whenever the scientific evidence surrounding the safety of a given technology is not conclusive. It is often applied where a safety risk is known to exist, but the probability and magnitude of harm are uncertain or unknown. The principle thus supports — and is an important element of — risk-based regulation. It is an important principle for the energy transition, in particular, though it is complex to apply in practice. The safety risk of technologies supporting the energy transition is immediate, which can lead regulators to operate and apply the principle over-cautiously — sometimes to the extent of complete inaction. This report examines how the precautionary principle can be used to support flexible decision making by helping regulators and operators manage risk through positive action.
    DOI: 10.1787/5b14362c-en
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  • 25
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    Emploi et gestion publics 2023 : Vers une fonction publique plus flexible (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264511248 , 9789264727977 , 9789264958760
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Public Employment and Management 2023: Towards a More Flexible Public Service
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance
    Abstract: Ce rapport est la deuxième édition d'une publication régulière sur les questions d'emploi et de gestion publics. Cette édition analyse en profondeur la thématique de la flexibilité des effectifs de la fonction publique, sous les angles de la mobilité des agents publics, de leur formation et de leur perfectionnement, et de leurs modalités de travail flexibles. Elle présente des données et une analyse comparatives ainsi que des études de cas nationaux pour aider les pouvoirs publics à imaginer et intégrer une plus grande flexibilité. Ce rapport contient également une synthèse de l’examen de l'OCDE sur le leadership et des aptitudes de la fonction publique de la fonction publique fédérale brésilienne. L’ensemble des éclairages apportés par la présente édition peuvent contribuer au cadrage et à la définition de pratiques de travail flexibles propices à une fonction publique performante.
    DOI: 10.1787/d90a3d11-fr
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    Gender Equality in the Czech Republic : Strengthening Government Capacity for Gender-sensitive and Inclusive Recovery (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264498327 , 9789264845107 , 9789264331891
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Gleichberechtigung ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Tschechien ; Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: Despite recent progress to improve gender equality in the Czech Republic, several gender gaps persist in different areas of the society and economy. Based on growing evidence on how gender-sensitive policymaking can underpin inclusive growth and resilience, this OECD review has been developed to help the government of the Czech Republic strengthen its capacities for implementing and mainstreaming gender equality across the whole of government. It assesses strategic enablers such as legal and strategic frameworks, the institutional set-up, and accountability mechanisms for gender mainstreaming in the country. It also examines the tools and practices that can be used to inform gender-sensitive policymaking in the Czech Republic. Drawing upon promising practices across OECD countries, it offers evidence-informed recommendations, tailored to the Czech context to improve governance and capacities for accelerating progress in gender equality.
    DOI: 10.1787/c5a3086f-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Germany 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264596863 , 9789264665897 , 9789264369009
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Umweltprüfberichte: Deutschland 2023
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Deutschland ; Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Germany
    Abstract: Germany has continued to improve its environmental performance over the past decade. It has ambitious climate targets with the aim to reach climate neutrality by 2045 and achieve negative emissions after 2050. Nevertheless, Germany will need to further accelerate climate action, particularly in the buildings and transport sectors, and address the triple crisis of energy, climate and biodiversity in an integrated and holistic manner. As part of its energy crisis response, Germany has taken a series of measures, which are historic in size and scope. They are set to massively accelerate its green energy transition in the coming years. It is also scaling up its engagement on climate change adaptation across all government levels and has initiated an ambitious programme to foster investments in nature-based solutions. This is the fourth OECD Environmental Performance Review of Germany. It provides 28 recommendations to help Germany further improve its environmental performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/f26da7da-en
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    How Green is Household Behaviour? : Sustainable Choices in a Time of Interlocking Crises (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264556928 , 9789264172746 , 9789264922945
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (180 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comportement des ménages et environnement : Opérer des choix durables sur fond de crises interdépendantes
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Nachhaltiger Konsum ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Household choices – such as what to eat, how to get to work and how to heat our homes – have significant implications for the environment. With the urgency of environmental action and the need to shift to more sustainable consumption patterns, making more sustainable choices holds great potential to reduce environmental impacts. Yet in the context of interlocking crises, governments face challenges in supporting households with policies that realise this potential. How Green is Household Behaviour? presents an overview of results from the 2022 OECD Survey on Environmental Policies and Individual Behaviour Change. The survey investigates household attitudes and behaviour with respect to energy, transport, waste and food systems. It was carried out across more than 17 000 households in 9 countries, including Belgium, Canada, Israel, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The data collected also include information on self-reported motivations and barriers to change, providing a unique source of empirical evidence to inform policy efforts to shift to more sustainable consumption patterns.
    DOI: 10.1787/2bbbb663-en
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  • 29
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    Global Trends in Government Innovation 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264631113 , 9789264704770 , 9789264465930
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Innovation ; Politik ; Welt ; Governance ; Australia ; Belgium ; Brazil ; Colombia ; Italy ; Netherlands ; Sierra Leone ; Singapore ; Spain ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: In the face of what has increasingly been referred to as an ongoing “permacrisis”, governments must cope with and respond to emerging threats while already grappling with longstanding issues such as climate change, digital disruption and low levels of trust. In this context, understanding new approaches and spreading successful ideas has never been more important. To promote this, the OECD Observatory of Public Sector Innovation (OPSI) has analysed 1 084 innovative initiatives from 94 countries to derive and understand novel government practices. The report discusses four key trends: 1) new forms of accountability for a new era of government, 2) new approaches to care, 3) new methods for preserving identities and strengthening equity and 4) new ways of engaging citizens and residents. Ten case studies and dozens of supporting examples illustrate these trends.
    DOI: 10.1787/0655b570-en
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    Towards a Child-friendly Justice System in Egypt : implementing the sustainable development goals (2023)
    Paris : Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
    Details
    ISBN: 9264712720
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (129 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 337
    Keywords: Kinderschutz ; Kinder ; Justiz ; Rechtspolitik ; Ägypten ; International economic relations Social aspects ; Governance
    Abstract: This report analyses Egypt's legal and policy framework and takes stock of the Egyptian Government's efforts to co-ordinate child justice services and make the justice system in Egypt more child-friendly. It includes an analysis of specific design and delivery mechanisms of justice and support services based on the legal needs of children and identifies the roles, responsibilities and co-operation opportunities for relevant governmental stakeholders involved in child-friendly justice. The review considers a range of essential components of a child-friendly justice system in all its forms – criminal, civil and administrative justice. It highlights the results achieved so far and provides tailored policy recommendations to support Egypt in better meeting the justice needs of children, in line with international standards and treaties.
    DOI: 10.1787/9f5b0524-en
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    Decarbonisation, Coastal Shipping and Multimodal Transport : Summary and Conclusions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282161883
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports
    Keywords: Küstenschifffahrt ; Intermodaler Verkehr ; Frachtschifffahrt ; Küstenregion ; Dekarbonisierung ; Transport
    Abstract: Coastal shipping – maritime transport that takes place between ports on the same continent – represents around half of the global shipping market. It is also crucial to the connectivity of island regions and regional development. Decarbonising coastal shipping presents both challenges and opportunities, as does the growing concentration of ownership in the maritime transport sector. This report outlines the most pressing challenges the coastal shipping sector currently faces and provides governments and policy makers with concrete actions to help address them.
    DOI: 10.1787/be56aec1-en
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    Smart City Data Governance : Challenges and the Way Forward (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264573529 , 9789264952027 , 9789264962927
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (185 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Urban Studies
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Governance
    Abstract: Smart cities leverage technologies, in particular digital, to generate a vast amount of real-time data to inform policy- and decision-making for an efficient and effective public service delivery. Their success largely depends on the availability and effective use of data. However, the amount of data generated is growing more rapidly than governments' capacity to store and process them, and the growing number of stakeholders involved in data production, analysis and storage pushes cities data management capacity to the limit. Despite the wide range of local and national initiatives to enhance smart city data governance, urban data is still a challenge for national and city governments due to: insufficient financial resources; lack of business models for financing and refinancing of data collection; limited access to skilled experts; the lack of full compliance with the national legislation on data sharing and protection; and data and security risks. Facing these challenges is essential to managing and sharing data sensibly if cities are to boost citizens' well-being and promote sustainable environments.
    DOI: 10.1787/e57ce301-en
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    Enhancing international partnership and co-operation in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/17
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rafforzare il partenariato e la cooperazione internazionale in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italia
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Governance ; France ; Italy ; Spain
    Abstract: In recent years, international development co-operation has undergone a transition from a conventional donor-recipient model to a partnership-centred approach, including with regions and cities. Friuli Venezia Giulia, a small region in north-eastern Italy with extensive policy autonomy, has been active in international co-operation and is seeking to get more out of its actions both for the region and with its co-operation partners around the world. This paper evaluates its strategy on international partnership and co-operation and proposes recommendations, including more targeted initiatives that leverage the expertise of the region for greater impact in partner countries and for local benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/61e7fe2a-en
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    Strengthening environmental considerations in public investment in Ireland : Assessment and recommendations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.35
    Keywords: Öffentliche Investition ; Umweltverträglichkeit ; Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung ; Irland ; Environment ; Governance ; Ireland
    Abstract: Infrastructure is an essential consideration when it comes to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. It plays a pivotal role in achieving climate neutrality and resilience but is also susceptible to certain risks. As infrastructure has a long lifespan, it is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change over time. Poor planning and management of infrastructure assets can also increase dependency on fossil fuels and lock in climate risks. It is thus important that infrastructure is implemented in a way that helps address environmental and climate challenges. Developing effective strategies to meet environmental and climate objectives is one of the main priorities of the Irish Government. Project Ireland 2040 offers a unique opportunity to ensure that infrastructure investments support climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. Building on this impetus, the OECD has provided technical support to the Irish Government to strengthen climate and environmental considerations in its public infrastructure decision making process. This policy paper sets out a detailed overview of infrastructure planning, project appraisal and budgeting practice in Ireland, and identifies challenges and opportunities for environmental and climate considerations.
    DOI: 10.1787/83b97aca-en
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    Public procurement in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine – main challenges (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Nachkriegszeit ; Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Governance ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Post-war reconstruction in Ukraine will face challenges in public procurement, including corruption risks and lengthy procedures. Strengthening existing legal and institutional foundations, aligned with international standards, is crucial. Streamlining procurement, ensuring transparency, and promoting equality for domestic and foreign companies are vital. Central procurement institutions require support, extending to regional and local authorities. A transparent legal framework can pave the way for efficient and accountable procurement, enabling a resilient future. A unified legal framework for awarding all contracts for the reconstruction of Ukraine, regardless of the source of financing, would streamline the tendering process. It is recommendable that the framework, fully aligned with international standards, be based on the Ukrainian public procurement legislation. The multiplication of procedural rules and requirements would lead to an increase of the administrative burden and the time required of procurement officers as well as economic operators.
    DOI: 10.1787/c427b561-en
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    Strengthening the Innovative Capacity of the Public Sector of Latvia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264606494 , 9789264966901 , 9789264736726
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Innovation ; Innovationsmanagement ; Technologiepolitik ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Lettland ; Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: The assessment report explores the innovative capacity of the Latvian public sector to understand how innovation can be better supported and leveraged to improve the public sector's effectiveness and impact. It provides an evidence base for the development of a public sector innovation strategy and action plan.
    DOI: 10.1787/8d3102d9-en
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Costa Rica 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264387836 , 9789264585829 , 9789264486997
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Costa Rica 2023
    Keywords: Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: En tant que pays mégadivers, le Costa Rica est connu dans le monde entier pour avoir réussi à inverser la déforestation et à poursuivre un modèle de croissance fondé sur l'utilisation durable de ses ressources environnementales. Cependant, la consommation d'énergie et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre qui en découlent ont augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie. Les voitures particulières sont une source majeure et croissante d'émissions affectant le climat et la qualité de l'air. L'élimination des déchets repose encore sur les décharges et une grande partie des eaux usées n'est pas traitée. Le vaste réseau de zones protégées du Costa Rica et son programme pionnier de paiement pour les services écosystémiques ont contribué à réduire la perte de biodiversité et à accroître la capacité de séquestration du carbone par les forêts. Toutefois, davantage doit être fait pour lutter contre les pressions exercées sur la biodiversité par le développement des infrastructures et des établissements humains, le tourisme, l'agriculture et la pêche. L'ampleur des investissements nécessaires pour atteindre les Objectifs de développement durable exige d'améliorer l'efficacité des dépenses publiques, de mobiliser les financements privés, d'appliquer strictement les réglementations et de fournir des incitations adéquates. Il s'agit du premier Examen des performances environnementales du Costa Rica par l'OCDE. Il évalue les progrès réalisés par le pays en matière de développement durable, avec un chapitre spécial consacré à la biodiversité, et fournit 52 recommandations. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l'évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport.
    DOI: 10.1787/4de36769-fr
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    Civic Space Review of Romania (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264492912 , 9789264706217 , 9789264529496
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (220 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Bürgerrecht ; Bürgerbeteiligung ; Meinungsfreiheit ; Rumänien ; Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: The Civic Space Review of Romania provides an in-depth analysis of national legal frameworks, policies, institutions, and practices relevant to civic space protection. It reviews strengths and areas for improvement, and providing guidance on a wide range of issues. The Review assesses four key dimensions of civic space: civic freedoms, media freedoms and online civic space, the enabling environment for civil society organisations, and citizen participation in policy and decision making. The findings and recommendations offer a blueprint for a more transparent, responsive, participatory, and accountable governance in Romania that informs and engages citizens and empowers stakeholders to achieve shared objectives together.
    DOI: 10.1787/f11191be-en
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    Policy Guidance on Mitigating the Risks of Illicit Financial Flows in Oil Commodity Trading : Enabling Integrity in the Energy Transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Orientations stratégiques pour atténuer les risques de flux financiers illicites dans le négoce de produits pétroliers : Favoriser l'intégrité dans le cadre de la transition énergétique
    Keywords: Energy ; Taxation ; Development ; Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: This Policy Guidance is a product of the Development Assistance Committee's multi-year programme of work on Illicit Financial Flows (IFFs) in oil commodity trading. It proposes a set of relevant, feasible actions for providers of official development assistance (ODA) to respond to IFFs in oil commodity trading. The aim is to enhance the mobilisation of domestic resources for the benefit of populations living in oil-producing developing countries, and enable integrity in their energy transition, particularly in carbon trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/4ab9053e-en
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    Bricks, Taxes and Spending : Solutions for Housing Equity across Levels of Government (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264464940 , 9789264449527 , 9789264980433
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (220 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies
    Keywords: Wohneigentum ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Grundsteuer ; Einkommensverteilung ; Südkorea ; Norwegen ; USA ; Belgien ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Governance ; Belgium ; Korea, Republic of ; Norway ; United States
    Abstract: This report addresses housing inequities through a series of analytical chapters and case studies. The cross-country chapters examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on housing demand, develop a proposal for a green land value tax, evaluate the dynamics between fiscal autonomy and housing supply responsiveness, as well as explore the drivers of inter-regional migration. The case studies unravel the changes of Korea's progressive national property tax and a programme to address regional imbalances, assess the impact of the US property tax system on housing, dive into Norway's property taxation in relation to inequality, as well as survey Belgium's approaches to housing policy. With a blend of empirical data and critical analysis, the report underscores the pressing need for comprehensive strategies in addressing housing inequities. It also offers insights for policymakers and scholars, highlighting the complex balance between national and local housing policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/7a22f9a6-en
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    Open Government Review of Romania (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264457867 , 9789264676855 , 9789264392601
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (291 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: E-Government ; Rumänien ; Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: The Open Government Review provides an evidence-based assessment of the country's open government agenda against the ten provisions of the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Open Government. The review takes stock of past reform efforts and provides guidance for Romania in designing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating an integrated policy agenda to improve the relationship between government and citizens and the way they interact. In particular, this review highlights areas of opportunity for Romania regarding transparency, citizen and stakeholder participation, and creating an open state. Moreover, it outlines steps towards the design of the country's first open government strategy, including an improved system of monitoring and evaluation.
    DOI: 10.1787/ff20b2d4-en
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  • 42
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Costa Rica 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264704251 , 9789264988477 , 9789264732940
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Costa Rica 2023 (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Costa Rica ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: A megadiverse county, Costa Rica is known globally for its success in reversing deforestation and pursuing a growth model based on the sustainable use of its environmental resources. However, energy use and related greenhouse gas emissions increased in the last decade. Private cars are a major and growing source of emissions affecting climate and air quality. Waste disposal still relies on landfills, and much wastewater is untreated. Costa Rica's extensive protected area network and pioneering programme of payments for ecosystem services have helped reduce biodiversity loss and extend forests' carbon sequestration capacity. However, more should be done to tackle pressures on biodiversity from development of infrastructure and settlements, tourism, farming and fishing. The sheer scale of investment needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals calls for improving the efficiency of public spending, mobilising private finance, strictly enforcing regulations and providing adequate incentives. This is the first OECD Environmental Performance Review of Costa Rica. It evaluates the country's progress towards sustainable development, with a special chapter focusing on biodiversity, and provides 52 recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/ec94fd4e-en
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    Common guideposts to promote interoperability in AI risk management (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.5
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD AI Principles call for AI actors to be accountable for the proper functioning of their AI systems in accordance with their role, context, and ability to act. Likewise, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises aim to minimise adverse impacts that may be associated with an enterprise’s operations, products and services. To develop ‘trustworthy’ and ‘responsible’ AI systems, there is a need to identify and manage AI risks. As calls for the development of accountability mechanisms and risk management frameworks continue to grow, interoperability would enhance efficiency and reduce enforcement and compliance costs. This report provides an analysis of the commonalities of AI risk management frameworks. It demonstrates that, while some elements may sometimes differ, all the risk management frameworks analysed follow a similar and sometimes functionally equivalent risk management process.
    DOI: 10.1787/ba602d18-en
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    Better regulation for the green transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: Climate change and other environmental threats require urgent government action. This policy paper discusses how governments can use better regulation instruments (good regulatory practices, risk-based and agile approaches, regulatory delivery, international regulatory cooperation, economic regulators, and behavioural insights) to design, implement and evaluate efficient and effective regulations for the environment. It explores the challenges governments face and presents good practices for environmental and other regulations, to ensure that all policy instruments coherently pursue environmental goals. Finally, the paper suggests how regulatory policy systems can meet present and future environmental challenges. It argues that to fully exploit the potential of better regulation for the environment, governments should implement measures that ensure an inclusive, cooperative, outcome-based and global approach to regulating.
    DOI: 10.1787/c91a04bc-en
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  • 45
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    Impacts of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine on the shipping and shipbuilding markets (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport ; Belarus ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine has had profound effects on the maritime sector. It directly disrupted maritime activities in the Black and Azov seas, causing the suspension of Ukrainian port operations and agricultural exports. Although an export corridor temporarily resumed activities, the termination of the agreement in July 2023 continues to affect Ukrainian shipping. International sanctions against Russia and Belarus have notably targeted shipowners and shipbuilders, restricting Russian ships' access to OECD ports. These sanctions have also halted orders for Russian ship owners in OECD countries, reducing new orders and vessel completions in Russian shipyards. While global seaborne trade and ship demand remain relatively unaffected, the war has prompted longer-term impacts such as altered trading routes, changes in energy demand and costs, potential implications for maritime decarbonisation, and an increase in "dark fleet" vessels.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f925e43-en
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    2023 OECD Open, Useful and Re-usable data (OURdata) Index : Results and key findings (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.43
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Open government data has become a vital instrument for addressing both longstanding and emerging policy issues. In particular, the recent pandemic and the green transition have underscored the need for governments to ensure access to timely, relevant, and high-quality data to foster resilience and facilitate a comprehensive whole-of-society response. This paper presents the main findings of the fourth edition of the OECD Open, Useful, and Re-usable data (OURdata) Index for 2023, which benchmarks efforts made by governments to design and implement national open government data policies. It encompasses over 670 data points collected from 36 OECD countries and 4 accession countries throughout 2022.
    DOI: 10.1787/a37f51c3-en
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    The state of play and prospects for measuring innovation in the public sector (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.67
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This paper provides a critical review of public sector innovation measurement approaches and related gaps. It explores alternative approaches to measure public sector innovation measurement which respond to different use cases, and paves the way for operationalising a measurement framework for public sector innovation. The paper proposes creating a continuous stocktake of public sector innovation measurement activities in Member countries, improving existing frameworks or creating new frameworks to guide public sector innovation measurement more systematically at country level, and identifying indicators that would be most useful for cross-country comparability.
    DOI: 10.1787/dca76af0-en
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    Open Government for Stronger Democracies : A Global Assessment (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264532489 , 9789264863156 , 9789264812338
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Open government is a powerful catalyst for driving democracy, public trust, and inclusive growth. In recognition of this, the OECD Council adopted the Recommendation on Open Government in 2017. To date, it remains the first - and only - internationally recognised legal instrument on open government and has guided many countries in designing and implementing their open government agendas. This report takes stock of countries' implementation of the Recommendation, its dissemination, and its ongoing significance. It is based on an OECD survey carried out in 2020/2021 among all countries that adhered to the Recommendation and other partner countries, as well as on further data collected through a perception survey with delegates to the OECD Working Party on Open Government.
    DOI: 10.1787/5478db5b-en
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    Preparing Infrastructure for Automated Vehicles (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282198612
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Automated vehicles are becoming more prevalent and capable, but they have different requirements than cars wholly controlled by human drivers. This report examines what is needed now to support automated vehicles, focusing on three policy-making areas: physical infrastructure, data and digital infrastructure, and institutional frameworks. It draws on the deliberations of an ITF Working Group, as well as interviews with policy makers, developers and experts.
    DOI: 10.1787/b96ca198-en
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    Improving the Legal Environment for Business and Investment in Central Asia : Progress Report (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264788534
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (131 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Совершенствование правовой среды предпринимательства и инвестиционной деятельности в странах Центральной Азии: отчет о прогрессе
    Keywords: Governance ; Development
    Abstract: While Central Asia has proven relatively resilient to the shocks of COVID-19, China’s slowdown and Russia’s war in Ukraine, declining trend rates of growth across the region, lacklustre productivity performance and lingering global uncertainty underscore the need to address weaknesses in the business and investment climate. The implementation of predictable rules, the creation of a level-playing field between firms and greater competition in markets, in particular, could encourage both local entrepreneurs and foreign investors to invest and grow in the region. This report presents an assessment of progress since the 2019-2020 analysis of the legal environment for business and investment in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan against the backdrop of the changing international context brought about by COVID and the war.
    DOI: 10.1787/33a28683-en
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    A Territorial Approach to Climate Action and Resilience (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264502130 , 9789264602755 , 9789264858107
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C as early as in 2030, with current climate action falling short of meeting the Paris Agreement goals and a mounting risk of tipping beyond the ability of human societies to adapt. Building on broader OECD work on climate, this report proposes a new OECD territorial climate indicator framework and demonstrates that the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to climate impacts and address vulnerabilities varies across different territories. The report also presents a policy framework of 9 recommended actions to help decision makers unleash more effective climate action and resilience, both by integrating a territorial approach into national and subnational climate policies and by mainstreaming climate objectives into urban, rural and regional policies. The report summarises the analysis into a checklist for national and local governments to implement a territorial approach to climate and resilience policies, as well as a compendium of 36 best practices from cities, regions and countries from all around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ec42b0a-en
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Israël 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264669468 , 9789264535619 , 9789264937840
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Israel 2023
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Israel
    Abstract: La rapide croissance économique et démographique que connaît Israël et son fort degré d’urbanisation continuent d’exercer des pressions significatives sur l’environnement. Le pays a relevé ses ambitions en matière de climat ces dernières années, mais n’est pas parti pour atteindre ses objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. De nouvelles mesures s’imposent pour mieux protéger la biodiversité, combattre la pollution de l’eau et s’adapter aux effets du changement climatique. Israël a pris une série de mesures importantes au service de ses ambitions de réduction à zéro des déchets et de circularité de l’économie. Il doit toutefois redoubler d’efforts pour améliorer la gestion des déchets et mettre l’économie dans son ensemble sur la voie de la circularité. L’examen formule 24 recommandations qui visent à aider Israël à améliorer ses performances environnementales, et accorde une attention particulière à la gestion des déchets et à l’économie circulaire. Avec ce deuxième Examen environnemental d’Israël, l’OCDE propose une évaluation indépendante, fondée sur des données factuelles, des performances environnementales du pays au cours de la dernière décennie. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/97b04926-fr
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    Fraude fiscale aux dividendes : Renforcer la sensibilisation aux montages d’arbitrage de dividendes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Dividend Tax Fraud: Raising Awareness of Dividend Stripping Schemes
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: L’arbitrage de dividendes est une forme de fraude commise par le truchement d’un dispositif complexe d’opérations de négociation, de vente et de rachat d’actions exécutées sur une période bien précise et dont le but est d’éluder l’impôt sur les dividendes ou de solliciter des remboursements illégitimes de la retenue à la source sur le dividende. Sous ses diverses variantes, l’arbitrage de dividendes représente une menace sérieuse en termes d’érosion de la base d’imposition pour de nombreuses juridictions. Il peut en outre engendrer des distorsions de marché qui portent atteinte à l’intégrité du système financier. Ce rapport a pour objet de sensibiliser aux pratiques frauduleuses reposant sur l’arbitrage de dividendes et offre aux pays plusieurs recommandations permettant d’identifier les risques posés par ce phénomène, d’améliorer la coordination entre les autorités nationales et de renforcer la coopération internationale. En particulier, la lutte contre ce phénomène exige une étroite coordination entre organismes publics nationaux, une forte coopération internationale et un réseau efficace d’échange de renseignements entre juridictions. À cet égard, les pays peuvent envisager des actions ciblées et des stratégies globales, qui associent les administrations fiscales et les autorités répressives, mais aussi les organismes de régulation et de surveillance financières, ainsi que les autorités compétentes en matière de lutte contre le blanchiment de capitaux. Dans certains cas, des modifications de la législation peuvent également s’avérer nécessaires.
    DOI: 10.1787/add0773b-fr
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    Promovarea Metodologiei de Management a Riscurilor de Corupție în România : Aplicarea Intervențiilor Comportamentale în Integritatea Publică (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264890343 , 9789264573642 , 9789264456655
    Language: Romanian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promoting Corruption Risk Management Methodology in Romania: Applying Behavioural Insights to Public Integrity
    Keywords: Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: Managementul riscurilor de corupție este o măsură importantă pentru promovarea integrității publice în mod eficient și efectiv. Acest raport analizează metodologia actuală de management a riscurilor de corupție în cadrul administrației publice centrale din România din perspectiva domeniului intervențiilor comportamentale. După prezentarea metodologiei românești de management a riscurilor de corupție și analiza provocărilor legate de implementarea sa, raportul oferă patru căi concrete pentru asumarea și punerea în aplicare a metodologiei. Strategiile inspirate comportamental sunt concepute pentru a îmbunătăți capacitățile, oportunitățile și motivațiile oficialilor publici de a identifica riscurile de corupție, a evalua probabilitatea și impactul acestora și a proiecta măsuri de control mai eficiente.
    DOI: 10.1787/e41ef888-ro
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    Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions in Brazil (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264974746 , 9789264822597 , 9789264729353
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (161 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Building Trust in Public Institutions
    Keywords: Vertrauen ; Regierung ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Brasilien ; Governance ; Brazil
    Abstract: Brazil's public governance efforts have been seen as a model for other Latin American countries in areas such as civil service reform, open and digital government. However, in line with regional trends, trust in government and public institutions in Brazil has consistently declined in recent decades, hindering inclusive and sustainable growth, as well as social cohesion. The COVID-19 and other emerging crises have further exacerbated this trend and highlighted the need to strengthen the resilience of public institutions. Brazil is the first country in Latin America to undertake an OECD study on the main drivers of trust in public institutions, as part of a broader effort in building trustworthy relationships between the people and institutions. This report provides novel evidence on Brazilian people’s expectations and evaluation of government’s reliability, responsiveness, openness, integrity and fairness, based on the OECD Trust Survey. Based on this evidence, it identifies opportunities to further enhance trust, including improving the delivery and responsiveness of public services, enhancing foresight, planning, and preparedness to address long-term challenges, and promoting communication and engagement between the government and the people.
    DOI: 10.1787/fb0e1896-en
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    Відбудовуємо Україну через зміцнення регіонального та муніципального управління (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264820708 , 9789264318458 , 9789264670488
    Language: Ukrainian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (367 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rebuilding Ukraine by Reinforcing Regional and Municipal Governance
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Ukraine
    Abstract: До широкомасштабного вторгнення Росії 24 лютого 2022 року Україна досягла значного поступу в реалізації амбітних реформ регіонального розвитку та децентралізації. Результатом цих реформ стало створення 1 469 об’єднаних муніципалітетів, введення детальної багаторівневої структури планування регіонального розвитку, а також значне підвищення рівня надання місцевих державних послуг і державного фінансування регіонального та місцевого розвитку. Однак на шляху реформ виникли деякі проблеми, багато з яких були значно загострені війною Росії проти України. Ці проблеми включають збільшення регіональних економічних та демографічних розбіжностей і відмінностей у рівні добробуту, фрагментарну структуру фінансування регіонального розвитку, а також помітні розбіжності в адміністративних, кадрових і фіскальних можливостях муніципалітетів. У цьому звіті представлено глибокий аналіз поступу України у впровадженні реформ багаторівневого управління та досліджено роль місцевих органів влади в управлінні катастрофою. Виходячи з цього, у звіті рекомендуються можливі шляхи використання Україною разом з міжнародними партнерами багаторівневого управління, регіонального розвитку і децентралізації для підтримки процесів місцевої відбудови та відновлення з метою вирішення нагальних гуманітарних потреб, відновлення місцевої економіки та громад, а також посилення їхньої стійкості.
    DOI: 10.1787/a5a7939d-uk
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    Open Government Scan of Canada : Designing and Implementing an Open Government Strategy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264971073 , 9789264551879 , 9789264985278
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: E-Government ; Kanada ; Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: The Open Government Scan of Canada provides an evidence-based assessment of the governance of Canada’s efforts to foster transparency, accountability and citizen participation against key provisions of the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Open Government. The Scan seeks to support Canada in its ambition to design the country’s first holistic and integrated Open Government Strategy. It includes recommendations for strengthening the governance of Canada's open government agenda in the short, medium and long term. OECD Open Government Scans are short, tailored policy reviews that focus on specific key priorities of the commissioning government.
    DOI: 10.1787/1290a7ef-en
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    Informe sobre avances del Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Privada en Telecomunicaciones de Perú : Impulsando el desempeño (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264461154 , 9789264772052 , 9789264767225
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Gobernanza de reguladores
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Progress Review of Peru's Telecommunications Regulator: Driving Performance
    Keywords: Governance ; Peru
    Abstract: Los reguladores actúan como “árbitros del mercado” y equilibran los intereses – que a menudo compiten – de las partes implicadas, incluidos gobiernos, actores actuales y futuros de los mercados y consumidores. Al mismo tiempo, los mercados están cambiando a un ritmo sin precedentes debido a factores como las nuevas tecnologías, los esfuerzos internacionales para lograr economías neutrales en carbono, las variaciones en las necesidades y las preferencias de los consumidores y, más recientemente, los profundos cambios generados por la pandemia del coronavirus. Por lo tanto, el desempeño de los reguladores económicos debe evaluarse de forma continua. Este informe de avances evalúa los cambios puestos en marcha por el regulador de telecomunicaciones de Perú, el OSIPTEL, desde la previa evaluación de desempeño realizada por la OCDE en 2018, con el propósito de aumentar la eficacia de sus actividades regulatorias y mejorar los resultados finales para los consumidores y la economía.
    DOI: 10.1787/43c8758a-es
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    Shaping Post-Covid Mobility in Cities : Summary and Conclusions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.190
    Keywords: Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Stadtverkehr ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Transport
    Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has changed how people live and move, especially in urban environments. As many cities transition towards living with the virus, this presents challenges and opportunities to create more sustainable, resilient and equitable transport systems. This report explores how urban mobility changed during the pandemic, focusing on changes in how people work. Based on a review of international best practices, the report provides recommendations for better urban mobility in a post-Covid world.
    DOI: 10.1787/a8bf0bdb-en
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  • 60
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    Sustainability Policies and Practices for Corporate Governance in Latin America (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264323131 , 9789264966017 , 9789264323186
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Umweltmanagement ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Lateinamerika ; Governance
    Abstract: This report serves to support the development of Latin America’s legal and regulatory frameworks for sustainability disclosure, the responsibilities of company boards and shareholder rights. The report presents the results of two OECD surveys on sustainability practices of listed companies and asset managers in the region. It also draws upon an OECD dataset on the current trends and features of corporate sustainability at the global level.
    DOI: 10.1787/76df2285-en
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  • 61
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Portugal 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264878785 , 9789264918658 , 9789264946125
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Portugal 2023
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Portugal
    Abstract: Le Portugal a réussi à découpler plusieurs pressions environnementales de la croissance économique entre 2013 et 2019. Il a joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'approbation de la loi européenne sur le climat et a adopté la Loi-cadre portugaise sur le climat en 2021. Celle-ci doit être rapidement mise en œuvre pour atteindre la neutralité carbone d'ici 2050, améliorer la résilience aux effets du changement climatique et protéger les écosystèmes. Le Portugal a intensifié ses efforts d'adaptation, mais doit en faire davantage pour faire face aux multiples menaces, notamment l'érosion côtière, les inondations, les sécheresses et les feux de forêt. Le pays est à la traîne en matière de gestion des déchets. Par ailleurs, l'augmentation des prélèvements d'eau douce dans les régions du sud, où l'eau est rare, est préoccupante. Il s'agit du quatrième examen des performances environnementales du Portugal. Il fournit une évaluation, fondée sur des faits, des progrès du pays vers ses objectifs environnementaux au cours de la dernière décennie. Les 26 recommandations visent à aider le Portugal à améliorer ses performances environnementales, en accordant une attention particulière à la neutralité carbone. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/68938406-fr
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    Good practice principles for public communication responses to mis- and disinformation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.30
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This document presents the principles of good practice for public communication responses to mis- and disinformation. The Principles aim to help governments counter mis- and disinformation via the public communication function and other policy responses through strengthening domestic and international media and information ecosystems and reinforcing democracy. This document identifies nine common principles underpinning good practices for how governments can engage with partners across citizens, civil society and the private sector, based on evidence and interventions observed around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
    DOI: 10.1787/6d141b44-en
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  • 63
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    Estudio multidimensional de El Salvador : Prioridades estratégicas para un desarrollo sólido, inclusivo y sostenible (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264758193 , 9789264555716 , 9789264464360
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (528 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Caminos de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multi-dimensional Review of El Salvador: Strategic Priorities for Robust, Inclusive and Sustainable Development
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Development ; El Salvador
    Abstract: El Salvador ha consolidado importantes avances en su desarrollo en los últimos 30 años. El fin de la guerra civil en 1992 señaló el establecimiento de una democracia liberal y de un modelo de desarrollo abierto basado en la exportación, que contribuyó a reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad. Sin embargo, el modelo de la posguerra no ha generado el dinamismo económico o los puestos de trabajo que el país necesita. El crecimiento económico fue moderado en los años previos a la pandemia de COVID-19, promediando 2.4%, y la productividad creció al 0.1% durante la pasada década. Para impulsar un desarrollo más sólido, inclusivo y sostenible son necesarias acciones decisivas. Basándose en un análisis multidimensional del desarrollo en El Salvador este informe plantea cuatro recomendaciones prioritarias: 1) sentar las condiciones para la transformación productiva y la modernización de la economía; 2) aumentar la cantidad, calidad y pertinencia de la educación; 3) gestionar mejor los recursos hídricos para llevar agua y saneamiento a todos de manera sostenible; y 4) modernizar el Estado para que pueda generar bienes públicos clave – desde la seguridad ciudadana a la educación o la salud – de manera eficaz, y conducir el país hacia la próxima etapa de su desarrollo.
    DOI: 10.1787/926438d3-es
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    OECD-Umweltprüfberichte: Deutschland 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264703315 , 9789264929364 , 9789264583337
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (171 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD-Umweltprüfberichte
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Germany 2023
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Deutschland ; Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Germany
    Abstract: Die Umweltergebnisse haben sich in Deutschland in den vergangenen zehn Jahren weiter verbessert. Das Land verfolgt ehrgeizige Klimaziele, um bis 2045 Klimaneutralität und nach 2050 Negativemissionen zu erreichen. Dennoch muss Deutschland seine Klimamaßnahmen vor allem im Gebäude- und im Verkehrssektor weiter beschleunigen und sich ganzheitlich mit der Energie-, Klima- und Biodiversitätskrise auseinandersetzen. Als Reaktion auf die Energiekrise wurde eine Reihe von Maßnahmen ergriffen, deren Größenordnung und Reichweite historisch sind. Diese dürften die Energiewende in den kommenden Jahren deutlich schneller voranbringen. Außerdem verstärkt Deutschland sein Engagement in der Klimaanpassung auf allen staatlichen Ebenen und hat ein ehrgeiziges Förderprogramm für Investitionen in naturbasierte Lösungen aufgelegt. Dies ist die vierte Ausgabe des OECD-Umweltprüfberichts Deutschland. Er enthält 28 Empfehlungen, die Deutschland helfen sollen, seine Umweltergebnisse weiter zu verbessern.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a336992-de
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    Public Employment and Management 2023 : Towards a More Flexible Public Service (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264733046 , 9789264489981 , 9789264377912
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (121 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Emploi et gestion publics 2023 : Vers une fonction publique plus flexible
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Dienst ; Personalmanagement ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Nonprofit-Management ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Governance
    Abstract: This is the second edition of a regular publication on public employment and management issues. This edition explores the theme of flexibility in the public service workforce through the angles of workforce mobility, learning and development, and flexible working arrangements. It presents comparative data and analysis as well as country-specific case studies to help governments design and embed greater flexibility. This report also features a synthesis of the OECD review of public service leadership and capability in the Brazilian Federal Public Service. Taken together, the insights of this edition can help guide and shape flexible work practices for a high-performing public service.
    DOI: 10.1787/5b378e11-en
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    Towards a Child-friendly Justice System in Latvia : Implementing the Barnahus model (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264647237 , 9789264569874 , 9789264425217
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (154 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Rechtsordnung ; Verfahrensrecht ; Kinder ; Kinderschutz ; Lettland ; Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: Latvia’s current National Development Plan, approved in 2020, sets out a clear vision for the Latvian justice system by 2027. This includes establishing international standards and good practices in the development of national policies to build a child-friendly justice system. This report assesses the benefits of implementing the Barnahus model in Latvia as a child-friendly and interagency one-stop shop to support children exposed to violence or abuse as well as those who have witnessed violence. It examines a whole-of-state approach to promote a justice system that is more people- and child-friendly, incorporating sound governance mechanisms. This report provides recommendations for delivering more targeted and accessible child-friendly justice services in Latvia, as well as different approaches used in OECD Member and partner countries to close justice inequality gaps.
    DOI: 10.1787/83ab7bf5-en
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United States 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273498 , 9789264665484 , 9789264580060
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (169 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; USA ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; United States ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The United States, the world’s largest economy, has made progress in reducing several environmental pressures while maintaining one of the highest Gross Domestic Products per capita in the world. It has decoupled emissions of greenhouse gases, air pollutants, water abstractions and domestic material consumption from economic and population growth. However, high consumption levels, intensive agricultural practices, climate change and urban sprawl continue to put pressure on the natural environment. Despite the recent acceleration of action to address climate change, further efforts are needed to achieve the goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The United States is also among the major contributors to marine litter with serious consequences for communities and the environment. The review provides 30 recommendations to help the United States improve its environmental performance, with a special focus on marine litter and a cross-cutting focus on environmental justice. This is the third Environmental Performance Review of the United States. It provides an independent, evidence-based evaluation of the country’s environmental performance over the past decade.
    DOI: 10.1787/47675117-en
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    Lignes directrices pour la livraison efficiente d'infrastructures et de services associés pour les Jeux Olympiques (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264330238 , 9789264921733 , 9789264657151
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (89 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guidelines on the Effective Delivery of Infrastructure and Associated Services for the Olympic Games
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Ces lignes directrices abordent les problématiques transversales qui peuvent affecter la passation efficace des marchés publics d'infrastructures et de services associés nécessaires à l'accueil des Jeux Olympiques et Paralympiques. Conçues pour les comités d'organisation responsables de la livraison globale des Jeux, ces lignes directrices proposent des exemples, des bonnes pratiques et des outils concrets pour aider à atténuer ces risques. Elles proposent également des checklists pour aider les organisateurs de grands événements internationaux à évaluer leur exposition aux risques identifiés dans ce rapport.
    DOI: 10.1787/82eedd60-fr
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    Public Integrity in Malta : Improving the Integrity and Transparency Framework for Elected and Appointed Officials (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264924963 , 9789264759527 , 9789264399822
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (227 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Governance ; Malta
    Abstract: This report provides concrete recommendations for strengthening the legislative and institutional framework for elected and appointed officials in Malta. It reviews the institutional and procedural set-up of the Commissioner for Standards in Public Life and analyses the omissions, inconsistencies and overlaps in the Standards in Public Life Act. It also provides recommendations to the Government of Malta on developing the most feasible lobbying regulation, and identifies concrete measures to strengthen the existing codes of ethics for elected and appointed officials, as well as the system of asset and interest declarations.
    DOI: 10.1787/0ecc469e-en
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    The state of implementation of the OECD AI Principles four years on (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.3
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Regulierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: In 2019, the OECD Council adopted the Recommendation on Artificial Intelligence (the "OECD AI Principles"). These include five values-based principles and five recommendations for OECD countries and adhering partner economies to promote responsible and trustworthy AI policies. This report takes stock of initiatives launched by countries worldwide to implement the OECD AI Principles which were reported to the OECD.AI Policy Observatory as of May 2023. It provides an overview of national AI strategies, including their oversight and monitoring bodies, expert advisory groups, as well as their monitoring and evaluation frameworks. It also discusses the various regulatory approaches that countries are adopting to ensure AI trustworthiness, such as ethics frameworks, AI-specific regulations, and regulatory sandboxes. Additionally, the report offers policy examples for each of the ten OECD AI Principles to facilitate cross-learning among policymakers.
    DOI: 10.1787/835641c9-en
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    Coherence and co-ordination at the centre of government in Romania (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.34
    Keywords: Regierung ; Politik ; Koordination ; Rumänien ; Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: Governments operate in an increasingly volatile environment, marked by disruptive crises and cross-cutting policy challenges. This context has highlighted the importance centres of government (CoG) in setting up effective co-ordination systems, capable of developing and implementing coherent, whole-of-government responses to immediate threats, while steering the country towards a sustainable and resilient future. This policy paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current legal, organisational and policy framework and practices in Romania as they relate to policy co-ordination, within the CoG and between the CoG and ministries. It also provides recommendations for consolidating the General Secretariat of the Government's capacity and role in policy development and co-ordination, to improve the coherence of government action and, ultimately, achieve government priorities and commitments.
    DOI: 10.1787/3feaa33e-en
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    Promouvoir les talents à Bruxelles, Belgique (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264685734 , 9789264718326 , 9789264583047
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (173 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Revues de l'OCDE sur la création locale d'emplois
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Unleashing Talent in Brussels, Belgium
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Governance ; Belgium
    Abstract: Au cours de la dernière décennie, le marché du travail de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale s'est amélioré. De nombreuses offres de travail ouvrent des possibilités pour des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, faisant de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale une destination importante pour les talents belges, européens et internationaux. Or, malgré les perspectives de carrière offertes par la région, un nombre important de résidents est exclu du monde du travail. Les travailleurs moins diplômés se font concurrence pour un nombre de postes limités, en dépit des pénuries observées sur le marché du travail. Les facteurs qui mènent à l'exclusion de certains bruxellois et les solutions pour y remédier, doivent être un pilier de toute vision d'avenir de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Le marché du travail bruxellois récompense la formation. Faciliter l'accès aux formations disponibles en Région est donc une priorité, notamment pour qu'elles soient adaptées aux différents besoins de la population. Réduire les entraves à la formation est un autre levier d'action. Pour le service public de l'emploi, la simplification des parcours, la mobilité géographique des chercheurs d'emplois moins diplômés et une meilleure prise en compte de la dimension migratoire de l'exclusion peuvent, chacune à leur manière, aider un plus grand nombre de bruxellois à trouver un emploi de qualité.
    DOI: 10.1787/c1f728f8-fr
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    OECD Review of the Belgian Federal Planning Bureau : An Assessment of Institutional, Operational and Analytical Capacity (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264634046 , 9789264760110 , 9789264770874
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Politikberatung ; Politikfeldanalyse ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; Belgien ; Governance ; Belgium
    Abstract: This Review assesses the Federal Planning Bureau (FPB) and its institutional, operational and analytical performance as an independent fiscal institution. The FPB's responsibilities have been growing and this Review provides insights into how effectively the institution continues to serve the needs of its stakeholders. As part of this, it looks at the Bureau's performance related to its new mandate to undertake election budgetary costings and impact assessment, carried out for the first time in relation to the 2019 election.
    DOI: 10.1787/60830e19-en
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    Enhancing Rural Innovation in Scotland, United Kingdom (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264337442 , 9789264833807 , 9789264182677
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (184 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Innovation ; Technologiepolitik ; Ländliche Wirtschaft ; Schottland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Scotland (UK) is a strong innovator, ranking among the top 20% of economies among European regions, with strengths in university-firm collaborations and skills for innovation. With close to two-thirds of all growth in productivity from 2010 to 2018 coming from better use of resources in remote rural areas, rural areas are critical to economic prosperity. In addition to the valuable heritage that they offer, rural areas in Scotland have had remarkable achievements over the past decade in terms of economic growth, social innovation and progress for climate mitigation. Unlike the demographic decline perceived in OECD countries, the decline in rural areas of Scotland is much slower. In the case of accessible rural areas, the population is still growing. In part, much of the progress of ensuring well-being in rural areas, is supported by mechanisms to link entrepreneurs with researchers, regional support for entrepreneurs and an established system of social entrepreneurship. This report sets the scene, reviews main policies and programmes impacting rural innovation, and explores the importance of social innovation in rural areas. It provides recommendations to reinforce some of the good practices in Scotland, which is particularly important as the government implements the new National Innovation Strategy.
    DOI: 10.1787/33b8c803-en
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    Risk-based Regulatory Design for the Safe Use of Hydrogen (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264745353 , 9789264628809 , 9789264612327
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (432 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Low-emission hydrogen is expected to play an important role in the energy transition to tackle the climate crisis. It can decarbonate "hard-to-abate" sectors still relying on fossil fuels, turn low-carbon electricity into a fuel that can be transported using pipelines and provide a green transport alternative, in particular for heavy-duty and long-distance transport. Given its potential to combat climate change, it can allow for a net reduction in societal risks if managed responsibly. However, while its potential is widely acknowledged, its application is not yet meeting ambitions. Regulation is crucial to facilitate its application and ensure its safety. This report analyses trends, risks, and regulation of hydrogen technologies across economies. It supports the use of low-emission hydrogen as part of the energy transition, by making recommendations for effective risk-based regulation, regulatory delivery and governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/46d2da5e-en
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    Public Investment in Bulgaria : Planning and Delivering Infrastructure (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264985117 , 9789264406360 , 9789264955714
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Публични инвестиции в България: Планиране и изпълнение на инфраструктура
    Keywords: Öffentliche Investition ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Bulgarien ; Governance ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: This report outlines the findings of a review of public investment processes in Bulgaria and provides recommendations for improving its effectiveness and efficiency. It focuses on infrastructure planning, investment and delivery at the national and municipal levels. The report identifies what Bulgaria should retain and improve upon to ensure that investments made at the European, State and municipal levels achieve value for money and contribute to people's well-being and living standards.
    DOI: 10.1787/b73ef3b4-en
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    Driving Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development : Accelerating Progress on the SDGs (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264740587 , 9789264388079 , 9789264504295
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Meeresschutz ; Maritime Wirtschaft ; Meeresnutzung ; Meerespolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance
    Abstract: This report highlights countries' practices in implementing the OECD Council Recommendation on Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD). It illustrates how governments can use institutional mechanisms for PCSD to address complex international problems together – including implementing the 2030 Agenda – and explores how policy coherence principles can be applied to promote whole-of-government approaches to policymaking. The report also applies a PCSD lens to the ocean – one of Earth's largest global public commons and an obvious cross-border policy challenge. A growing number of countries are developing ocean economy strategies to connect sectoral policy silos, manage ocean resources and regulate ocean activities in a way that supports sustainable development that leaves no one behind.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6cb4aa1-en
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    Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264946927 , 9789264877092 , 9789264535961
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (167 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Gleichstellungspolitik ; Gleichberechtigung ; Governance
    Abstract: The Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality 2023 is a practical resource to help governments, parliaments and judiciaries implement the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life. It contains self-assessment tools to guide governments and other decision-making institutions in assessing the strengths and weaknesses of their policies, mechanisms, and frameworks for gender equality, and in setting priorities for improvement. The Toolkit highlights a range of possible actions to take and pitfalls to avoid in implementing the various provisions of the Recommendation. A revision of the 2018 online Toolkit on Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality, it introduces concepts such as intersectionality and the future of work; includes expanded areas such as budgeting, public procurement and infrastructure; and provides the latest lessons and good practices from OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/3ddef555-en
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  • 79
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    Unleashing Talent in Brussels, Belgium (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264377479 , 9789264713352 , 9789264961371
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Promouvoir les talents à Bruxelles, Belgique
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitskräfte ; Brüssel (Region) ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Governance ; Belgium
    Abstract: The Brussels-Capital Region has witnessed significant improvements in its labour market over the past decade. Local job creation has been driven by ample opportunities for highly-skilled workers whom the Brussels-Capital Region attracts from its surrounding regions, the European Union, and beyond. However, not all of the region's population has seen their labour market prospects improve equally. Many workers with lower levels of education continue to compete for a small number of vacancies, despite the increasingly tightening labour market. A future vision for the Brussels-Capital Region, therefore, needs to be built on recognising and addressing the multiple and often distinct challenges faced by its young and diverse population. In a labour market that offers high rewards for skills formation, tailoring continuous education and training offerings to different groups while removing barriers to participation in such programmes will need to take priority. Simplifying processes for accessing employment services, streamlining labour market policies, supporting the geographic mobility of less-educated jobseekers, and removing barriers to employment for its migrant population could serve as building blocks to increase labour force participation and improve the employment quality of all local talent.
    DOI: 10.1787/7a495020-en
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  • 80
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    Why Do Countries Import Fakes? : Linkages and Correlations with Main Socio-Economic Indicators (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264429086 , 9789264944183 , 9789264581500
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Import ; Nachfrage ; Verbraucher ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Nationaleinkommen ; Altersstruktur ; Bildungsabschluss ; Internetnutzung ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report looks at the demand for counterfeit goods and identifies its key drivers. It discusses the specificity of the demand for counterfeit goods, including both deliberate and unintentional demand. Indeed, some consumers will deliberately buy counterfeit and pirated goods while others will be deceived into buying illicit products, thinking they are genuine. The report also examines the profiles of destination economies in the global trade of counterfeit and pirated goods. It uses quantitative analysis to study the economic characteristics of various economies, including the quantitative relationship between counterfeit intensity and certain observable socioeconomic factors. The identification of socio-economic factors, in particular, influencing the demand for counterfeit and pirated goods is crucial to help policymakers develop appropriate policies, including better targeting of consumer awareness campaigns.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a4a4508-en
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  • 81
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    Decarbonisation and the Pricing of Road Transport : Summary and Conclusions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282141014
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.191
    Keywords: Dekarbonisierung ; Straßengüterverkehr ; Straßenverkehr ; Transportkosten ; Maut ; Kraftfahrzeugsteuer ; Transport
    Abstract: Policies to mitigate climate change require a fundamental change to taxation in the transport sector. The shift to electric vehicles and continuing improvements in the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engine vehicles will extinguish revenues from fuel taxes. This report assesses the options for reforming vehicle and road-use taxes. It identifies potential packages of taxes and charges that could generate revenue more efficiently and maintain and enhance incentives for the transition to a sustainable transport system.
    DOI: 10.1787/54809337-en
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  • 82
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    The Compliance Without Borders Handbook : Strengthening Integrity in State-Owned Enterprises Through Peer Learning (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264697560 , 9789264589766 , 9789264420977
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Compliance-Management ; Anti-Korruption ; Standard ; Welt ; Governance
    Abstract: Corruption in state-owned enterprises has a unique ability to undermine governments, markets and citizens' wellbeing. While international standards promote integrity in the state-owned sector, their implementation remains a challenge. This handbook describes an innovative peer-learning programme – Compliance Without Borders – and its contributions to strengthening anti-corruption compliance in state-owned enterprises. It explains the benefits of galvanising the private sector to work with their state-owned counterparts in preventing corruption and levelling the playing field. By detailing how this new pair are successfully collaborating, the handbook also encourages others to join in leading by example.
    DOI: 10.1787/70514995-en
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  • 83
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    Rethinking Regional Attractiveness in the New Global Environment (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264959125 , 9789264577633 , 9789264470286
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Standortwettbewerb ; Standortfaktor ; Globalisierung ; Welt ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Ireland ; Italy ; Portugal ; Spain ; Sweden
    Abstract: The Rethinking Regional Attractiveness in the New Global Environment report highlights lessons learned from multiple regional case studies from five EU countries (Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Sweden), additional work with Latin American and Caribbean regions, and a series of webinars and one-on-one dialogues on rethinking regional attractiveness. The OECD's innovative multidimensional approach to assessing regional attractiveness considers global engagement beyond international connections and economic factors alone. The methodology considers more than 50 indicators to develop regional attractiveness profiles covering six domains of attractiveness: economic attraction, connectedness, visitor appeal, natural environment, resident well-being, and land-use and housing. The report helps regional and national policy makers to understand how individual regions fare in a new global environment that continues to deal with the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, compounded by the consequences of Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine and existing megatrends – all of which produce asymmetric impacts within and between countries and regions – and identify the policy levers available to enhance their attractiveness to the international target groups of investors, talent, and visitors. It also considers the need to co-ordinate across levels of government, across policy fields, and with private stakeholders, and highlights good practices to implement regional attractiveness policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/a9448db4-en
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  • 84
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    Mining Regions and Cities in the Region of Antofagasta, Chile : Towards a Regional Mining Strategy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264930285 , 9789264875289 , 9789264520080
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (143 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Kupferbergbau ; Lithium ; Bergbau ; Regionalentwicklung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Chile ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Chile
    Abstract: Antofagasta is a world leader in copper and lithium production, with strategic importance for the global energy transition and for the economic development of Chile. Located in north Chile, Antofagasta is carved by the natural contours of the Atacama Desert and home to diverse Indigenous communities. Despite the wealth brought by mining, communities in Antofagasta lag on a number of well-being dimensions. At the same time, Antofagasta's mining industry is entering a new phase of development, driven by the expected surge in global demand for its minerals and the imperative to adapt to the green and digital transitions. Against this backdrop, a new development vision with a long-term strategy is warranted in the region to leverage mining benefits to improve well-being standards and take advantage of the opportunities brought by the digital and green transition in mining. This study presents the diagnosis, rationale and building blocks for a new mining strategy in the region of Antofagasta, Chile that prioritises well-being standards and opportunities for local communities. This medium and long-term strategy aims to create a new pact amongst different societal stakeholders to build trust and unite efforts for more inclusive and sustainable growth in the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/336e2d2f-en
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  • 85
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    Generative artificial intelligence in finance (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.9
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The rapid acceleration in the pace of AI innovation in recent years and the advent of content generating capabilities (Generative AI or GenAI) have increased interest in AI innovation in finance, in part due to the user-friendliness and intuitive interface of GenAI tools. The use of AI in financial markets involving full end-to-end automation without any human intervention remains largely at development phase, but its wider deployment could amplify risks already present in financial markets and give rise to new challenges. This paper presents recent evolutions in AI in finance and potential risks and discusses whether policy makers may need to reinforce policies and strengthen protection against these risks.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac7149cc-en
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  • 86
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    Strengthening strategic planning and the role of PlanAPP in Portugal (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.42
    Keywords: Governance ; Portugal
    Abstract: This policy paper provides an analysis of the new the Portuguese Competence Centre for Planning, Policy and Foresight in Public Administration (PlanAPP) and its functions in Portugal, focusing on strategic planning and networking activities. It analyses the role of PlanAPP in aligning and harmonising the strategic planning process and in ensuring evidence-informed, inclusive and co-ordinated strategic planning, particularly through RePLAN, Portugal’s Public Administration Planning and Foresight Services Network. The paper makes recommendations to help Portugal effectively implement the competency centre model, consolidate its strategic planning process, better define and co-ordinate high-level priorities, and set a path to achieve them effectively and coherently.
    DOI: 10.1787/95f819e8-en
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  • 87
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    OECD Child-Friendly Justice Framework : Building a people-centred justice system (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.41
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Millions of children around the globe experience justice problems and legal needs, which are especially acute for children facing other adversities and disadvantages. To this end, this OECD Child-Friendly Justice Framework supports countries in developing a government-wide strategy to strengthen child-friendly practices in the justice system. Building on the analysis of the legal needs of children and challenges they face when confronting justice problems, this framework provides a basis for child-friendly reforms of justice systems, in line with international standards and obligations. Underpinned by a clear child-centric purpose, the framework provides guidance and good practice examples for (1) designing and delivering child-friendly justice services, (2) establishing the governance enablers and infrastructure to support child-friendly services, (3) empowering children and justice system workers to facilitate child-friendly justice, and (4) planning, monitoring and accountability needed to ensure that child justice reforms are effective and sustained.
    DOI: 10.1787/6a60970e-en
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  • 88
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    Melhorar o Processo de Decisão e de Desenvolvimento de Políticas Públicas em Portugal : O papel do PlanAPP (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Improving decision making and policy development in Portugal: The role of PlanAPP
    Keywords: Governance ; Portugal
    Abstract: Este relatório resume os resultados do trabalho de colaboração entre a OCDE e o PlanAPP, o Centro de Competências em Planeamento, Políticas e Prospetiva da Administração Pública em Portugal. Apresenta as principais conclusões e recomendações do projeto em quatro áreas estratégicas para o país: i) políticas públicas informadas por evidências e confiança nas instituições públicas, ii) avaliação das políticas públicas, iii) prospetiva e iv) planeamento estratégico.
    DOI: 10.1787/b542bffe-pt
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  • 89
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    Government at a Glance (Edition 2023) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Government at a Glance
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Panorama des administrations publiques (édition 2023)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Government at a Glance provides a dashboard of indicators assembled to help decision makers and the public analyse and benchmark governments across OECD members and partner countries. This database represents a selection of indicators as presented in the 2021 edition of the Government at a Glance publication. The database contains the most recent data on public finance and public employment, as well as a number of survey data on public practices and procedures (including for instance budgeting practices and procedures, human resource management, public sector integrity, regulatory governance, open government and risk management and communication).
    DOI: 10.1787/952a322b-en
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  • 90
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : États-Unis 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264726550 , 9789264859210 , 9789264779952
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United States 2023
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; United States
    Abstract: Première économie mondiale, les États-Unis ont progressé dans la réduction de plusieurs pressions environnementales tout en conservant l’un des produits intérieurs bruts par habitant les plus élevés au monde. Les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de polluants atmosphériques, les prélèvements d’eau et la consommation intérieure de matières y ont été découplés de la croissance économique et démographique. Les niveaux de consommation élevés, les pratiques agricoles intensives, le changement climatique et l’étalement urbain continuent toutefois d’exercer des pressions sur le milieu naturel. Malgré l’accélération récente de l’action publique face au changement climatique, des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour atteindre l’objectif de neutralité en gaz à effet de serre d’ici à 2050. Par ailleurs, les États-Unis figurent parmi les principaux producteurs de déchets marins, lesquels ont de graves conséquences pour les populations et l’environnement. Le présent rapport contient 30 recommandations visant à aider les États-Unis à améliorer leurs performances environnementales, et accorde une attention particulière à l’enjeu des déchets marins et à la problématique transversale de la justice environnementale. Troisième Examen environnemental consacré aux États‑Unis, il propose une évaluation indépendante, fondée sur des données factuelles, des performances environnementales du pays au cours de la dernière décennie. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site Internet de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/0b0ca2ea-fr
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  • 91
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    Enhancing Rural Innovation in the United States (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264866683 , 9789264697263 , 9789264367203
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (218 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; United States
    Abstract: When it comes to high-tech innovations, the United States leads the path amongst OECD economies. However, in the context of the national record-breaking activities in high tech innovation, there lies distinct and growing geographical disparities. This report dives into strategies for better understanding innovation that occurs in rural places, and places outside major metropolitan areas, often going beyond science and technology. It provides analysis and recommendations to support regional development initiatives aimed at closing the gaps in innovation between rural and urban areas. The report includes a special topic chapter on the role of broadband and education in rural areas, exploring trends and providing policy recommendations to enhance rural innovation through these specific and critical framework conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/22a8261b-en
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  • 92
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    Enhancing Strategic Planning and Innovation Services : Supporting Romanian Regional Development Agencies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264620261 , 9789264548411 , 9789264942868
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Romania
    Abstract: Regional development is rooted in place-based strategic planning and strengthened regional innovation systems. In Romania, the eight Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) are responsible for strategic planning for regional development and delivering innovation support services to regional and local actors. They also manage the public investment funds dedicated to these activities. These are challenging tasks. Many RDAs face difficulties in ensuring that regional and sub-regional development objectives and priorities align, expanding the definition of innovation, and activating their regional innovation ecosystem. Equally difficult is keeping stakeholders engaged and committed to the regional development and innovation agendas. This report synthesises the regional development and innovation challenges facing Romania’s RDAs and potential activities to overcome these in three areas – strategic planning and performance measurement, finance and implementation, and communication and stakeholder engagement. It also offers insights and recommendations for higher-levels bodies to further support RDAs through guidance, facilitating peer-exchange, and actively engaging the RDAs in regional development decision making.
    DOI: 10.1787/8d80ef62-en
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  • 93
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    Misuse of Citizenship and Residency by Investment Programmes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264853775
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation
    Abstract: Citizenship and residency by investment (CBI/RBI) programmes are government-administered programmes that grant citizenship or residency to foreign investors by expediting or bypassing normal migration processes. These programmes can help spur economic growth through foreign direct investment, but they are also attractive to criminals and corrupt officials seeking to evade justice and launder the proceeds of crime reaching into the billions of dollars. This report highlights how CBI programmes can allow criminals more global mobility and help them hide their identity and criminal activities behind shell companies in other jurisdictions. It highlights the vulnerabilities of these complex and international investment migration programmes, including the frequent use of intermediaries, involvement of multiple government agencies, abuse by professional enablers and lack of proper governance of the CBI/RBI programmes. The report proposes measures and examples of good practice, that can help policy makers and those responsible for managing the investment migration programmes address these risks. These include an in-depth analysis and understanding of how criminals can exploit CBI or RBI programmes and incorporating risk mitigation measures, such as multi-layer due diligence, in the design of the investment migration programme.
    DOI: 10.1787/ae7ce5fb-en
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  • 94
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    Совершенствование правовой среды предпринимательства и инвестиционной деятельности в странах Центральной Азии : отчет о прогрессе (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264673915
    Language: Russian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (148 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Improving the Legal Environment for Business and Investment in Central Asia: Progress Report
    Keywords: Governance ; Development
    Abstract: Хотя Центральная Азия оказалась относительно устойчивой к потрясениям COVID-19, замедлению темпов роста в Китае и войне России на Украине, снижение темпов роста в регионе, низкая производительность труда и сохраняющаяся глобальная неопределенность указывают на необходимость устранения недостатков делового и инвестиционного климата. Внедрение предсказуемых правил, создание равных условий для компаний и усиление конкуренции на рынках, в частности, может стимулировать как местных предпринимателей, так и иностранных инвесторов к инвестированию и развитию в регионе. В настоящем отчете представлена оценка прогресса, достигнутого после проведения в 2019-2020 гг. анализа правовой среды для бизнеса и инвестиций в Казахстане, Кыргызстане, Таджикистане, Туркменистане и Узбекистане на фоне изменения международного контекста, вызванного COVID-19 и войной.
    DOI: 10.1787/6151f6c2-ru
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  • 95
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    Digital Government Review of Romania : Towards a Digitally Mature Government (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264424128 , 9789264317130 , 9789264578845
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (121 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Romania
    Abstract: The Digital Government Review of Romania evaluates the efforts made by the government to transition towards digital government. It provides in-depth analysis and actionable policy recommendations to improve institutional governance, digital investments, digital talent and skills, government service delivery and the strategic use of data, including open government data. The findings can help Romania use digital technology and data to make its public sector more responsive, resilient and proactive in serving citizens and businesses.
    DOI: 10.1787/68361e0d-en
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  • 96
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    The Public Governance of Anticipatory Innovation Ecosystems in Latvia : Exploring Applications in Key Sectors (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264779563 , 9789264963900 , 9789264706507
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (143 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: This report presents a case study of applying the OECD anticipatory innovation governance framework to develop and manage anticipatory innovation ecosystems as vehicles for knowledge generation, innovation governance and co-ordinated action to achieve policy goals. Part I establishes the case for anticipatory innovation ecosystems and sets out how they can be governed through a multi-level approach. In Part II, opportunities and challenges for applying this approach in the Latvian context are identified, and recommendations are made for developing anticipatory innovation ecosystems in Latvia.
    DOI: 10.1787/83170d2e-en
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  • 97
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    Improving the Landscape for Sustainable Infrastructure Financing (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264893757 , 9789264284593 , 9789264720800
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This report examines how to promote sustainable infrastructure investment. It discusses data needs for infrastructure investment and the current environment, social and governance (ESG) approaches before offering policy recommendations to help ensure that investors are better equipped to make investment decisions related to infrastructure assets. The report explores legal and regulatory barriers to quality infrastructure investment, and considers how governments can help infrastructure actors promote quality infrastructure projects, ensure project objectives and reporting correspond with investor expectations, and how to mobilise funding and financing for inclusive and quality infrastructure investment in both regions and cities.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc2757cd-en
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  • 98
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    Modernising Staffing and Court Management Practices in Ireland : Towards a More Responsive and Resilient Justice System (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264372313 , 9789264443587 , 9789264562806
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (258 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Rechtsberufe ; Justiz ; Management ; Personalmanagement ; Irland ; Governance ; Ireland
    Abstract: Ireland has launched an ambitious strategy to build a more inclusive, efficient and sustainable justice sector. Irish citizens recognise these efforts: Ireland is one of the OECD countries with a higher percentage of citizens trusting their government and courts, according to the recent OECD Survey on the Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions. This study aims to support these efforts by analysing the judicial workforce and relevant support structures and processes currently employed by the Irish courts. In particular, the study seeks to contribute to the deliberations of the Irish Judicial Planning Working Group, which was established to identify reform initiatives and evaluate staffing needs to enhance the efficient administration of justice over the next five years.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a5c52d0-en
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  • 99
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    Policy Options for Labour Market Challenges in Amsterdam and Other Dutch Cities (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264818453 , 9789264640603 , 9789264375765
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Keywords: Städtischer Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Amsterdam ; Niederlande ; Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Labour markets across the Netherlands recovered quickly from the COVID-19 shock and Dutch cities are now facing an unprecedented level of labour market tightness. The high demand for workers presents a unique opportunity for Dutch municipalities to find pathways into employment for those with the lowest labour market attachment and alleviate the pressure faced by local employers that struggle to find suitable workers. Supporting the diverse population in Dutch cities in finding their way into the labour market requires the efficient use of existing labour market instruments, advancing innovative methods of skills-based job matching and improving the cooperation between national, regional and local labour market institutions. This OECD report analyses current and future bottlenecks that could hamper the effective provision of local labour market services. It highlights policy options for strengthening the capacity of municipalities to support different population groups in making the transition from social welfare recipients to workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/181c0fff-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 100
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    Joining Forces for Gender Equality : what is Holding us Back? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264825833
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (337 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agir ensemble pour l'égalité des genres (version abrégée) : Quelles priorités ?
    Keywords: Gleichstellungspolitik ; Gleichberechtigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: OECD countries continue to face persistent gender inequalities in social and economic life. Young women often reach higher levels of education than young men, but remain under-represented in fields with the most lucrative careers. Women spend more time on unpaid work, face a strong motherhood penalty, encounter barriers to entrepreneurship and fare worse in labour markets overall. They are also under-represented in politics and leadership positions in public employment. These elements permeate many policy areas and economic sectors - from international trade and development assistance to energy and the environment - in which policy often lacks a strong gender focus. Violence against women, the most abhorrent manifestation of gender inequality, remains a global crisis. This publication analyses developments and policies for gender equality, such as gender mainstreaming and budgeting, reforms to increase fathers' involvement in parental leave and childcare, pay transparency initiatives to tackle gender pay gaps, and systems to address gender-based violence. It extends the perspective on gender equality to include foreign direct investment, nuclear energy and transport. Advancing gender equality is not just a moral imperative; in times of rapidly ageing populations, low fertility and multiple crises, it will strengthen future gender-equal economic growth and social cohesion
    Description / Table of Contents: Women at work in OECD countries -- The labour market integration challenges of Ukrainian refugee women -- Global goals in gender equality -- Improving policy implementation to end gender-based violence -- Foreword -- Gender gaps in Vocational Education and Training (VET) and adult learning -- Governance tools and evidence to promote inclusive decision making -- Gender equality in public leadership -- Gender balance in the nuclear sector -- Mainstreaming gender equality -- Tax systems and gender -- Gender differences in financial literacy and resilience -- Supporting equal parenting: Paid parental leave -- Addressing gender disparities in access to finance for business creation -- Gender gaps in entrepreneurship remain -- Gender differences in career expectations and feminisation of the teaching profession -- Women entrepreneurs and international trade -- Ensuring the availability, quality and affordability of childcare -- The gender wage gap and the role of firms -- Gender diversity in energy -- The gender gap in school engagement and retention -- Harnessing foreign direct investment for gender equality -- Gender mainstreaming in environmental policies -- Assessing gender equality in transport policies -- Pay transparency to close the gender wage gap -- Participation and performance of girls and boys in education -- Women and the social economy -- Executive summary -- Gender gaps in asset-backed pension arrangements -- Gender diversity on boards and in senior management -- Systems and legal frameworks to address gender-based violence -- Legal frameworks, institutional design and strategic planning for gender mainstreaming -- The potential of digitalisation for women's economic empowerment in MENA countries -- Improving gender equality in public employment -- Teleworking through a gender lens.
    DOI: 10.1787/67d48024-en
    URL: kostenfrei
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