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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (142)
  • HU Berlin
  • BVB
  • 2025-2025
  • 2010-2014  (55)
  • 2000-2004  (87)
  • Internationale Energieagentur  (142)
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (142)
  • HU Berlin
  • BVB
  • GBV  (1)
  • KOBV  (1)
Material
Language
Years
Year
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264200630
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energiepolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Energieforschung ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Energy Policy Highlights showcases what the 28 IEA member countries identified as key recent developments in their energy policies. Each country contribution covers a range of energy-related topics, with best practices and policy examples from their respective governments, including objectives, characteristics, challenges and successes, and shared lessons. Each contribution underscores the changing nature of both global and domestic energy challenges, as well as the commonality of energy concerns among member countries. For example, many of the policies highlighted identify an urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a clear objective. Electricity, enhancing energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix in a cost effective manner are likewise areas of common focus. Overall, the energy concerns reflect key areas of focus for the IEA – energy security, environmental protection and economic development. On the end-user side, increasing public awareness of domestic energy policies through improved transparency and engagement is an important facet of policy support among IEA member countries. The successful implementation of policies and other initiatives benefitted from efforts to inform the public. The IEA hopes that Energy Policy Highlights will provide a useful point of reference and dialogue for the 2013 IEA Ministerial, and will help advance the Agency’s well-established practice of co-operation and worldwide engagement through the sharing of experiences, best practices and lessons learned, among IEA member countries and partner countries alike.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264211483
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques énergétiques hors des pays de l'AIE ; Maroc 2014
    Keywords: Energy ; Morocco
    Abstract: The Kingdom of Morocco is over 90 % dependent on energy imports, so a major challenge is to develop indigenous resources. Topography and climate are favourable to wind, solar and additional hydropower. By 2020 Morocco aims to derive more than 40 % of its electrical capacity from these sources, strengthening both energy security and sustainability. At the same time, Rabat aims to retain its attractive investment conditions for oil and gas exploration. To reduce the burden of energy subsidies, transport fuels have progressively been brought up towards full market prices, and electricity tariffs are also being adjusted upward. Energy efficiency has been elevated to a national priority, with a range of measures on lighting, building standards, appliances and vehicles. Morocco’s electricity grid now covers more than 98 % of households. The sector is being progressively liberalised, with foreign investment in both renewables and coal-fired power stations. The energy mix is diversified further by imports of gas from Algeria and electricity from Spain. Morocco has established new national agencies to promote energy efficiency, renewable energy, and research and development. Co‑operation on climate change within the United Nations framework is widely perceived as exemplary. Persevering in this direction could help Morocco emerge as a regional leader in energy sector reform, as well as in the renewable energy technologies in which it has a natural advantage. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Morocco and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide policy makers in the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264223554
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries; Morocco 2014
    Keywords: Energy ; Morocco
    Abstract: Cette publication analyse les défis de la politique énergétique auxquels le Maroc doit faire face et fournit des recommandations pour de nouvelles améliorations de cette politique.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264208032
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The power of transformation
    DDC: 621.31
    RVK:
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiemarkt ; Welt ; Energy
    Abstract: Wind power and solar photovoltaics (PV) are crucial to meeting future energy needs while decarbonising the power sector. Deployment of both technologies has expanded rapidly in recent years, one of the few bright spots in an otherwise bleak picture of clean energy progress. However, the inherent variability of wind power and solar PV raises unique and pressing questions. Can power systems remain reliable and cost-effective while supporting high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE)? And if so, how? Based on a thorough review of the integration challenge, this publication gauges the economic significance of VRE integration impacts, highlights the need for a system-wide approach to integrating high shares of VRE and recommends how to achieve a cost-effective transformation of the power system. This book summarises the results of the third phase of the Grid Integration of VRE (GIVAR) project, undertaken by the IEA over the past two years. It is rooted in a set of seven case studies, comprising 15 countries on four continents. It deepens the technical analysis of previous IEA work and lays out an analytical framework for understanding the economics of VRE integration impacts. Based on detailed modelling, the impact of high shares of VRE on total system costs is analysed. In addition, the four flexible resources which are available to facilitate VRE integration – generation, grid infrastructure, storage and demand side integration – are assessed in terms of their technical performance and cost-effectiveness.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264211759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This How2Guide for Wind Energy (Wind H2G) is designed to provide interested stakeholders from both government and industry with the necessary tools to plan and implement a roadmap for wind energy technology at the national or regional level.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264211872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This roadmap aims to increase understanding among a range of stakeholders of the applications that electricity and thermal energy storage technologies can be used for at different locations in the energy system. Emphasis is placed on storage technologies that are connected to a larger energy system (e.g. electricity grid), while a smaller portion of the discussion focuses on off-grid storage applications. This focus is complemented by a discussion of the existing technology, policy, and economic barriers that hinder energy storage deployment. Specific actions that can be taken to remove these obstacles are identified for key energy system stakeholder groups.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264209602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Austria
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2014 review of Austria’s energy policy analyses the energy policy challenges facing Austria and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It finds that Austria's energy policy rests on three pillars – security of supply, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The country’s decarbonisation drive has strengthened as the economy and renewable energy use have continued to grow, while fossil fuel use has decreased. Notably, Austria has more than tripled the public funding for energy research, development and demonstration since 2007. Greenhouse gas emissions from energy use, which peaked in 2005, still need to be reduced further, and the transport sector offers prime opportunities for this. In the context of EU negotiations on an energy and climate policy framework to 2030, Austria should develop a strategy that also integrates security of supply and internal market dimensions. Closer cross-border integration of both electricity and natural gas markets and systems is required to build a single European market. This calls for increased co-ordination and co-operation with neighbouring countries. Austria should also encourage investment in networks, optimise demand response and integrate variable renewable energy supply in a cost-effective and market-based manner. A well-functioning internal market can help reduce the growing concerns over energy prices and costs, both for industry and for citizens. Austria could address these concerns also by implementing more energy efficiency measures and facilitating greater retail market competition.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : IEA
    ISBN: 9789264211728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264211391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Luxembourg and provides recommendations for each sector. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future and the development of its 2030 energy strategy. It finds that since 2008, Luxembourg’s energy policy has focused on mitigating CO2 emissions in transport and industry and on supporting renewable energies and energy efficiency towards 2020. Luxembourg’s greenhouse gas emissions have stabilised as energy-intensive industries have scaled back their activities and the government put strong energy efficiency policies in place, notably for buildings. Since 2009, the country’s research and development (R&D) policies have promoted eco-innovation and clean energy technologies. In 2012, government spending on energy R&D as a ratio of gross domestic product was the highest among IEA members. Luxembourg is creating a national platform for smart meters and electric vehicles, the first of its kind country-wide roll out. Nonetheless, Luxembourg faces several energy challenges. Oil consumption in transport is rising because of growing road fuel sales, largely the result of tax differences to neighbouring countries. This increases Luxembourg’s emissions and its oil stockholding needs. Because the country imports all of its energy needs, energy security is a priority. Luxembourg has sought to address this through greater regional integration such as merging its gas market with Belgium and increasing its electricity interconnection with France and Belgium. Yet the benefits of regional integration of wholesale energy markets have not yet translated to retail markets. Moreover, as regional electricity trade grows and neighbouring countries introduce ambitious decarbonisation policies and capacity markets, Luxembourg will need to define its priorities for an energy strategy through 2030.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264207646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Ensuring energy security and addressing climate change cost-effectively are key global challenges. Tackling these issues will require efforts from stakeholders worldwide. To find solutions, the public and private sectors must work together, sharing burdens and resources, while at the same time multiplying results and outcomes. Through its broad range of multilateral technology initiatives (Implementing Agreements), the IEA enables member and non-member countries, businesses, industries, international organisations and non-governmental organisations to share research on breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to build pilot plants and to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes across the energy sector. In short, their work can comprise any technology-related activity that supports energy security, economic growth, environmental protection and engagement worldwide. Some 40 Implementing Agreements carry out programmes in the areas of energy efficiency (buildings, electricity, industry, and transport), fossil fuels (clean coal, enhanced oil recovery, carbon capture and storage), fusion power (tokamaks, materials, technologies, safety, alternate concepts) and renewable energy technologies, and cross-cutting topics (technology transfer, research databases, and modeling). This publication highlights the most significant recent achievements of the IEA Implementing Agreements. The core of the IEA Energy Technology Network, these initiatives are a fundamental building block for facilitating the entry of new and improved energy technologies into the marketplace.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264090705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Resources to reserves 2013
    Keywords: Energiereserven ; Fossile Energie ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle ; Energietechnik ; Welt ; Energy ; Welt ; Energievorrat ; Fossiler Brennstoff ; Erdöl ; Erdgas ; Kohle
    Abstract: The availability of oil and gas for future generations continues to provoke international debate. In 2005, the first edition of Resources to Reserves found that the known hydrocarbon resources were sufficient to sustain likely growth for the foreseeable future. Yet the book also predicted that developing oil and gas resources – and bringing them to market – would become more technically demanding. Resources to Reserves 2013 – a comprehensive update to the 2005 edition – confirms these earlier findings and investigates whether oil and gas resources can be produced at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner, while also protecting environmentally sensitive areas. Released amid a boom in shale gas and oil development in North America that is transforming the global energy landscape, the book surveys the cutting-edge technologies needed to find, produce and bring these reserves to the market, and it reviews the challenges on greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuel production. With renewed interest in coal as a potential source of liquid and gaseous fuels, it also looks at technology advances for this fossil fuel.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264206052
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Energy efficiency has been referred to as a “hidden fuel”, one that extends energy supplies, increases energy security, lowers carbon emissions and generally supports sustainable economic growth. Yet it is hiding in plain sight: in 2011, investments in the energy efficiency market globally were at a similar scale to those in renewable energy or fossil-fuel power generation. The Energy Efficiency Market Report provides a practical basis for understanding energy efficiency market activities, a review of the methodological and practical challenges associated with measuring the market and its components, and statistical analysis of energy efficiency and its impact on energy demand. It also highlights a specific technology sector in which there is significant energy efficiency market activity, in this instance appliances and ICT. The report presents a selection of country case studies that illustrate current energy efficiency markets in specific sectors, and how they may evolve in the medium term. The energy efficiency market is diffuse, varied and involves all energy-consuming sectors of the economy. A comprehensive overview of market activity is complicated by the challenges associated with quantifying the components of the market and the paucity of comparable reported data. This report underscores how vital high-quality and timely energy efficiency data is to understanding this market. This first Energy Efficiency Market Report sits alongside IEA market reports for oil, gas, coal and renewable energy, highlighting its place as a major energy resource. It summarises in one place the trends and prospects for investment and energy cost savings in the medium term, up to 2020. This Report joins the IEA market reports for oil, gas, coal and renewable energy, highlighting energy efficiency’s place as a major energy resource. It summarises the trends and prospects for investment and energy cost savings in the medium term, up to 2020.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264191198
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (217 p.)
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264190764
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: Since the IEA last reviewed Germany’s energy policies in 2007, the country has taken two fundamental policy decisions that will guide its energy policy in coming decades. In September 2010, the federal government adopted the Energy Concept, a comprehensive new strategy for a long-term integrated energy pathway to 2050. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011, Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 starting with the immediate closure of the eight oldest plants. This decision resulted in the adoption of a new suite of policy measures, determined renewable energy as the cornerstone of future energy supply, a set of policy instruments commonly known as the Energiewende. In order to achieve the ambitious energy transformation set out in the Energiewende, by 2030 half of all electricity supply will come from renewable energy sources; Germany must continue to develop cost-effective market-based approaches which will support the forecast growth of variable renewable generation. Furthermore, the costs and benefits need to be allocated in a fair and transparent way among all market participants, especially households. Renewable energy capacity must expand alongside the timely development of the transmission and distribution networks. In addition, a stable regulatory system is necessary to ensure long-term finance to network operators. Furthermore, close monitoring of Germany’s ability to meet electricity demand at peak times should continue in the medium term. Energy policy decisions in Germany inevitably have an impact beyond the country’s borders and must be taken within the context of a broader European energy policy framework and in close consultation with its neighbours. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Germany and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264190801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Estonia
    Abstract: This review of Estonia’s energy policies analyses the energy policy challenges and opportunities facing Estonia, and provides critiques and recommendations for future policy improvements. It finds that Estonia is actively seeking to reduce the intensity of its energy system. Many of these efforts are focused on oil shale, which the country has been using for almost a century and which meets 70% of its energy demand. While it provides a large degree of energy security, oil shale is highly carbon-intensive. The government is seeking to lessen the negative environmental impact by phasing out old power plants and developing new technologies to reduce significantly CO2 emissions. The efforts on oil shale complement Estonia’s solid track record of modernising its overall energy system. Since restoring its independence in 1991, Estonia has fully liberalised its electricity and gas markets and attained most national energy policy targets and commitments for 2020. It has also started preparing its energy strategy to 2030, with an outlook to 2050. Estonia is also promoting energy market integration with neighbouring EU member states.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789264178007
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264179684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: This 2012 IEA review of Swiss energy policies finds that Switzerland has taken bold decisions to gradually phase out nuclear power and to reduce by a fifth its greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 with domestic measures only. These are challenging objectives, and the country now needs to identify the most viable ways to meet them at least cost and minimum risk to energy security. In the absence of nuclear power, maintaining sufficient electricity capacity will require strong policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. Such measures have already been outlined, but they will likely not be enough. For baseload generation, gas-fired power plants would be the simplest option. Treating their CO2 emissions the same way as in the neighbouring countries would be a strong positive incentive for investors. Because Switzerland’s energy-related CO2 emissions come mostly from oil use in transport and space heating, action is most needed in these areas. Commendably, the country is making polluters pay by using a CO2 tax for financing decarbonisation efforts in space heating. Stronger efforts will be needed to reduce emissions from private car use, however. Since the 2007 IEA energy policy review, Switzerland has made clear progress in electricity market reform. Moving to a fully open market by 2015 would be a further positive step. The system of regulated end-user prices, however, is subsidising electricity consumption at a time when low-carbon power supply is becoming more constrained and expensive. It should be reconsidered. Switzerland should also continue to take an increasingly European approach to developing its electricity infrastructure, to its own benefit and to that of its neighbours.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264185029
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This roadmap explores the potential improvement of existing technologies to enhance the average fuel economy of motorised vehicles; the roadmap’s vision is to achieve a 30% to 50% reduction in fuel use per kilometre from new road vehicles including 2-wheelers, LDV s and HDV s) around the world in 2030, and from the stock of all vehicles on the road by 2050. This achievement would contribute to significant reductions in GHG emissions and oil use, compared to a baseline projection. Different motorised modes are treated separately, with a focus on LDV s, HDV s and powered two-wheelers. A section on in-use fuel economy also addresses technical and nontechnical parameters that could allow fuel economy to drastically improve over the next decades. Technology cost analysis and payback time show that significant progress can be made with low or negative cost for fuel-efficient vehicles over their lifetime use. Even though the latest data analysed by the IEA for fuel economy between 2005 and 2008 showed that a gap exists in achieving the roadmap’s vision, cutting the average fuel economy of road motorised vehicles by 30% to 50% by 2030 is achievable, and the policies and technologies that could help meet this challenge are already deployed in many places around the world.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789264187450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Ukraine’s energy sector faces unprecedented challenges, from a heavy reliance on expensive fossil-fuel imports to inefficient infrastructure and markets. Yet there is also potential for Ukraine to experience an energy revolution, one that could boost employment, lift economic growth and enhance energy security. Modernisation of Ukraine’s energy-supply sectors has only begun and will require investment on a huge scale, complemented by a fundamental reform of the business environment. A strong dependency on oil and gas imports and often-inefficient energy production, transportation and supply sectors means that reducing energy demand must be a greater priority. The potential for energy efficiency gains in the residential, district heating and industrial sectors is large. Endowed with large conventional energy reserves, alongside sizeable renewable potential, Ukraine can build the capacity to significantly increase its resource production. Releasing this potential will require deep regulatory reform and full implementation of international treaty provisions. Effective competition, alongside a progressive move towards market prices, will also help Ukraine attract investment to develop the sector. A draft energy strategy, which sets out a series of supply-side measures, was published in 2012. Broadening and implementing a comprehensive energy strategy, one that takes greater account of demand-side policies, could significantly improve progress in the medium term. This review analyses the large energy-policy challenges facing Ukraine and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide policy makers in the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264177987
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264177963
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264188471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264166752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The report shows how China, already the world’s largest wind market, could reach 1,000 GW of wind power by the middle of the century, an achievement that would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.5 gigatonnes per year, or roughly equivalent to the combined CO2 emissions of Germany, France and Italy in 2009. The China Wind Energy Roadmap is the first national roadmap that has been developed by a country with IEA support, drawing from its global roadmap series.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: Denmark is a leader among OECD member countries in terms of its well-designed policies for renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change. The country is a forthright voice in international fora for climate policy and a strong advocate of tougher climate-change mitigation measures. A long history of consensus-based policy making and political stability has been leveraged to develop Denmark's far-reaching and comprehensive energy policies, and also allowed a clear long-term vision to emerge. Denmark's long-term energy goal is to become completely independent of fossil fuels use by 2050. In 2011, the government published the Energy Strategy 2050, a detailed and ambitious policy document that sets out a series of new energy-policy initiatives. The strategy aims to transform Denmark into a low-carbon society with a stable and affordable energy supply. The first phase of the strategy focuses on a series of short-term initiatives that significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuels by strengthening and expanding existing policies in energy efficiency and renewable energy. The second and third phases will involve development and implementation of long-term energy solutions including building a green transport sector and promotion of smart grids. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Denmark as it develops and implements the ambitious policies outlined in the Energy Strategy 2050, and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements in particular sectors. The intent of the review is to assist Danish policy makers as they move towards a sustainable, low-carbon energy future.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173507
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: The Slovak Republic imports virtually all of its natural gas and crude oil from a single supplier, the Russian Federation. Energy security is therefore an overarching concern and priority in the Slovak Republic'fs energy policy agenda. The government is taking steps to diversify supplies and build on lessons learned from the gas supply disruption in 2009. Enhancing regional co-operation, particularly in the development of gas and electricity interconnections, is an essential step towards meeting the dual policy objectives of enhancing energy security and market competition. The Slovak Republic has moved forward with coupling its electricity market with the Czech Republic's, and supports the construction of a North-South pipeline connection that would link planned LNG terminals in Croatia and Poland, including an interconnector to Hungary. Despite a sharp decline in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since 1990, the Slovak Republic remains a GHG-intensive economy by OECD standards, with energy-related CO2 emissions accounting for over 70% of total GHG emissions. The country must continue to implement policies that ease the transition to a low-carbon economy. Nuclear power and renewable energy can play crucial roles in the Slovak Republic'fs efforts to decarbonise its electricity production. Significant efforts can also be made to improve energy efficiency, especially in the transport and building sectors. District heating is a notable area with huge potential for reducing national GHG emissions. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing the Slovak Republic, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264171473
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ireland
    Abstract: The IEA's 2012 review of Ireland's energy policies and programmes finds that Ireland has suffered a significant economic downturn, but remains committed to its ambitious energy targets to bring the country towards a low-carbon economy. Ireland’s location at the edge of the Atlantic Ocean ensures one of the best wind and ocean resources in Europe, and Ireland has set the ambitious target of producing 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Ireland is highly dependent on imported oil and gas. While the push to develop renewable energies is commendable, this will result in an increased reliance on natural gas, as gas-fired power plants will be required to provide flexibility in electricity supply when wind power is unavailable. With two-thirds of Ireland’s electricity already coming from gas-fired generation, this poses concerns with regard to gas security, particularly as 93% of its gas supplies come from a single transit point in Scotland. In order to meet Ireland’s ambitious renewable targets and improve the island’s level of energy security, the country must successfully develop a range of gas and electricity infrastructure projects and market solutions while continuing to integrate its energy markets with regional neighbours. Ireland also has a pro-active energy efficiency policy, including a detailed National Energy Efficiency Action Plan outlining 90 measures and actions to be implemented in order to achieve the target of 20% energy savings in 2020.This review analyses the energy-policy challenges currently facing Ireland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for the further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264130661
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications shows that carbon capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions from industrial applications by 4 gigatonnes in 2050. Such an amount is equal to roughly one-tenth of the total emission cuts needed to reduce emissions by 50% by the middle of the century. The roadmap focuses on five main industrial applications: high-purity CO2 sources, biomass conversion, cement, iron and steel and refineries. It sets out a vision of CCS in industrial applications up to 2050, including milestones that need to be achieved for technology, financing, policy and international collaboration.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Language: English
    Keywords: Geothermische Energie ; Geothermisches Kraftwerk ; Erdwärmesonde ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Entwicklung ; Potenzial
    Abstract: The technology roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power offers a strategic plan to maximise deployment of these energy resources by 2050. It projects that 1 400 TWh of electricity per year could come from geothermal power by 2050, up from 67 TWh at present. Additionally, geothermal heat (not including ground-source heat pump technology) could contribute 5.8 EJ (1600 TWh) annually by 2050. In order to reach these targets, policy makers, local authorities and utilities need to be more aware of the variety of geothermal resources available and of their possible applications. This roadmap describes the technological, economic and non-economic barriers facing geothermal deployment, and the steps stakeholders must take to overcome them
    Note: Title from content provider
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264113541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (209 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2011
    DDC: 303.48/33
    Keywords: Information society Statistical methods ; Digital divide ; Information technology
    Abstract: This OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Societyis a compilation of concepts, definitions, classifications and methods for information society measurement and analysis.
    Abstract: This OECD Guide to Measuring the Information Society is a compilation of concepts, definitions, classifications and methods for information society measurement and analysis
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Table of Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. ICT Products; Chapter 3. ICT Infrastructure; Chapter 4. ICT Supply; Chapter 5. ICT Demand by Businesses; Chapter 6. ICT Demand by Households and Individuals; Chapter 7. Content and Media; Chapter 8. The International Scene and the Road Ahead;
    Note: Gesehen am 16.08.2011 , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264111110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas
    DDC: 338.97
    Keywords: Mines and mineral resources Political aspects ; Mineral industries ; Business ethics
    Abstract: Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources is significant and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, gross human rights violations and hinder economic and social development. The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areasprovides step-by-step management recommendations endorsed by governments for global responsible supply chains of minerals in order for companies to respect human rights and avoid contributing to conflict through their mineral or metal purchasing decisions and practices. The Due Diligence Guidance may be used by any company potentially sourcing minerals or metals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas, and is intended to cultivate transparent, conflict-free supply chains and sustainable corporate engagement in the minerals sector.
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword; Table of Contents; Recommendation of the Council on Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict­Affected and High­Risk Areas; OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict­Affected and High-Risk Areas; Supplement on Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten;
    Note: Gesehen am 16.08.2011 , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264104013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (730 S.)
    Parallel Title: Print version Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries 2011
    DDC: 333.79/09172/4021
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Abstract: This volume contains data for 2008 and 2009 on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade, final consumption and oil demand by product. These tables also include preliminary estimates of 2010 production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil. The book also includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data and sources.In the 2011 edition of Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent.
    Description / Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS; INTRODUCTION; PART I - METHODOLOGY; PART II - STATISTICAL DATA; SUMMARY TABLES; COUNTRY-SPECIFIC CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OIL PRODUCTS; OIL DEMAND BY MAIN PRODUCT GROUP;
    Note: Gesehen am 16.08.2011
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264124912
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deploying renewables 2011
    Keywords: Erneuerbare Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse ; Welt ; Energiepolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Energy ; Erde ; Erneuerbare Energien
    Abstract: The global energy system faces urgent challenges. Concerns about energy security are growing, as highlighted by the recent political turmoil in Northern Africa and the nuclear incident in Fukushima. At the same time, the need to respond to climate change is more critical than ever. Against this background, many governments have increased efforts to promote deployment of renewable energy – low-carbon sources that can strengthen energy security. This has stimulated unprecedented rise in deployment, and renewables are now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix. This “coming of age” of renewable energy also brings challenges. Growth is focused on a few of the available technologies, and rapid deployment is confined to a relatively small number of countries. In more advanced markets, managing support costs and system integration of large shares of renewable energy in a time of economic weakness and budget austerity has sparked vigorous political debate. The IEA’s new report, Deploying Renewables 2011: Best and Future Policy Practice: · Provides a comprehensive review and analysis of renewable energy policy and market trends; · Analyses in detail the dynamics of deployment and provides best-practice policy principles for different stages of market maturity; · Assesses the impact and cost-effectiveness of support policies using new methodological tools and indicators; · Investigates the strategic reasons underpinning the pursuit of RE deployment by different countries and the prospects for globalisation of RE. This new book builds on and extends a 2008 IEA publication, drawing on recent policy and deployment experience world-wide. It provides guidance for policy makers and other stakeholders to avoid past mistakes, overcome new challenges and reap the benefits of deploying renewables – today and tomorrow.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264124585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Philibert, Cédric, 1954 - Solar energy perspectives
    Keywords: Sonnenenergie ; Welt ; Energy ; Welt ; Sonnenenergie
    Abstract: In 90 minutes, enough sunlight strikes the earth to provide the entire planet's energy needs for one year. While solar energy is abundant, it represents a tiny fraction of the world’s current energy mix. But this is changing rapidly and is being driven by global action to improve energy access and supply security, and to mitigate climate change. Around the world, countries and companies are investing in solar generation capacity on an unprecedented scale, and, as a consequence, costs continue to fall and technologies improve. This publication gives an authoritative view of these technologies and market trends, in both advanced and developing economies, while providing examples of the best and most advanced practices. It also provides a unique guide for policy makers, industry representatives and concerned stakeholders on how best to use, combine and successfully promote the major categories of solar energy: solar heating and cooling, photovoltaic and solar thermal electricity, as well as solar fuels. Finally, in analysing the likely evolution of electricity and energy-consuming sectors – buildings, industry and transport – it explores the leading role solar energy could play in the long-term future of our energy system.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264167681
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118 p.)
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264111394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? To what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? And what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible? There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring co-ordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. And whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously. Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264111646
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity use is growing worldwide, providing a range of energy services: lighting, heating and cooling, specific industrial uses, entertainment, information technologies, and mobility. Because its generation remains largely based on fossil fuels, electricity is also the largest and the fastest-growing source of energy-related CO2 emissions, the primary cause of human-induced climate change. Forecasts from the IEA and others show that “decarbonising” electricity and enhancing end-use efficiency can make major contributions to the fight against climate change. Global and regional trends on electricity supply and demand indicate the magnitude of the decarbonisation challenge ahead. As climate concerns become an essential component of energy policy-making, the generation and use of electricity will be subject to increasingly strong policy actions by governments to reduce their associated CO2 emissions. Despite these actions, and despite very rapid growth in renewable energy generation, significant technology and policy challenges remain if this unprecedented essential transition is to be achieved. The IEA Climate and Electricity Annual 2011 provides an authoritative resource on progress to date in this area, with statistics related to CO2 and the electricity sector across ten regions of the world. It also presents topical analyses on meeting the challenge of rapidly curbing CO2 emissions from electricity, from both a policy and technology perspective.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264094734
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; New Zealand
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of New Zealand's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that New Zealand’s strong commitment to liberalised energy markets has delivered a relatively high level of energy security and economic prosperity for consumers. Since the previous IEA review in 2006, the government has built on the success of existing policy mechanisms and implemented a number of far-reaching changes in the electricity sector and environmental policy. But progress in some sectors, such as energy efficiency, has not been as strong as anticipated. In mid-2010, the government commenced a review of the New Zealand Energy Strategy. The result is the publication of a new energy strategy, which establishes clear long-term policy priorities and energy-savings goals. Implementing these strategies will bring many new challenges, including attainment of the government’s medium-term energy-savings targets. New Zealand enjoys the advantage of a diverse and balanced portfolio of renewable-energy resources, which contribute over 70% of electricity output – the third highest portion in IEA member countries. This resource base has the potential to deliver greater volumes of energy and the government aspires to increase this proportion to 90% of electricity generation by 2025. Meeting this target will bring many benefits but also tough challenges, such as maintaining a robust National Grid. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing New Zealand and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide New Zealand towards a more sustainable energy future.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098190
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Poland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive 2011 review Poland's energy policies and programmes. The review finds that Poland has made commendable efforts to develop a solid energy policy framework over the last years. As energy security is a high policy priority, the country is enhancing gas supply security by building an LNG terminal, expanding underground storage capacity and increasing domestic gas production. Polish plans for developing electricity and gas cross-border links will also contribute to regional security of supply. In addition, the government has announced an ambitious nuclear programme by 2030, envisaging the first unit to enter operation by 2022. Other achievements include energy intensity improvements, an increased share of renewables and a stronger focus on energy research and development (R&D). Despite these positive developments, there is room for improving Poland's energy strategy. First, a more integrated energy and climate policy is needed to put Poland firmly on a low-carbon path while enhancing energy security. Second, energy policy could put more emphasis on promoting competition to make the energy markets more efficient. Decarbonising Poland's power sector will be a particularly significant challenge requiring huge investments. Coal accounts for 55% of Polish primary energy supply and 92% of electricity generation, raising significant climate change and environmental challenges. To this end, Poland's efforts to improve energy efficiency and to diversify the country's energy mix are praiseworthy and should be pursued. The government's attention to R&D on clean coal technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS) is also encouraging. The government could put more focus on the positive role that gas can play in decarbonising the electricity mix, especially if Poland's potential resources of unconventional gas are confirmed. To tap these resources, it will be vital to put the necessary legal and regulatory framework in place. This in-depth review analyses the energy challenges facing Poland and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264118485
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The technology roadmap for Geothermal Heat and Power offers a strategic plan to maximise deployment of these energy resources by 2050. It projects that 1 400 TWh of electricity per year could come from geothermal power by 2050, up from 67 TWh at present. Additionally, geothermal heat (not including ground-source heat pump technology) could contribute 5.8 EJ (1600 TWh) annually by 2050. In order to reach these targets, policy makers, local authorities and utilities need to be more aware of the variety of geothermal resources available and of their possible applications. This roadmap describes the technological, economic and non-economic barriers facing geothermal deployment, and the steps stakeholders must take to overcome them.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264118492
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Buildings account for almost a third of final energy consumption globally and are an equally important source of CO2 emissions. Currently, both space heating and cooling as well as hot water are estimated to account for roughly half of global energy consumption in buildings. Energy-efficient and low/zero-carbon heating and cooling technologies for buildings have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 2 gigatonnes (Gt) and save 710 million tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) of energy by 2050. Most of these technologies – which include solar thermal, combined heat and power (CHP), heat pumps and thermal energy storage – are commercially available today. The Energy-Efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment Roadmap sets out a detailed pathway for the evolution and deployment of the key underlying technologies. It finds that urgent action is required if the building stock of the future is to consume less energy and result in lower CO2 emissions. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264124653
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Implementing energy efficiency policy
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: On the occasion of its 35th Anniversary in 2009, the International Energy Agency published the first edition of the Scoreboard focusing on 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years. In parallel, the IEA published Implementing Energy Efficiency Policies: Are IEA Member Countries on Track?. Both publications found that although IEA member countries were making progress in implementing energy efficiency, more work was needed. In the 2011 edition of the Scoreboard, the IEA has decided to focus on energy efficiency. The publication combines analysis of energy efficiency policy implementation and recent indicator development. The resulting Scoreboard 2011 provides a fuller picture of the progress as well as the challenges with implementing energy efficiency policy in IEA member countries.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098176
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2011 comprehensive review of Norways energy policies and programmes. The review finds that Norway has a unique twin role as a major oil and gas producer and a strong global advocate of climate change mitigation. As the third-largest exporter of energy in the world, it contributes to global energy security by providing reliable supplies to consuming countries. At the same time, the Norwegians highly value environmental sustainability and the country is taking climate policy very seriously. Norway also manages its petroleum resources and revenue in a commendable way, setting a model for other countries. The challenge now for the government is to stimulate further increases in natural gas and petroleum production from safe and environmentally sustainable operations. Norway’s large potential for hydropower generation is an asset, as European electricity markets are integrating and variable renewable energy generation is set to increase. More cross-border interconnections are needed to realise the full potential of hydropower for balancing variations in demand and supply in the regional market. Increased interconnections would also improve electricity security in Norway in times of low hydropower availability. Gas-fired power plants should also be considered for use for the same purpose. In order to meet its ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Norway needs to step up efforts at home. Although the dominance of low-carbon electricity in the energy mix limits the scope for domestic measures, large potential for emission reductions remains in oil and gas production, manufacturing and transport. However, measures to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy should be carefully designed, because they often focus on electricity and would thus not reduce emissions. Recent large increases in spending on energy RD&D and ongoing efforts to develop carbon capture and storage are very welcome.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098237
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Hungary
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2011 review of Hungary's energy policies and programmes. The review finds that regional co-operation is a vital element of Hungary's energy market and energy security policy. Hungary, which shares borders with seven countries, is well placed to improve regional energy security by catalysing the development of closely integrated regional markets for electricity and natural gas. A country strongly dependent on natural gas imports, Hungary has taken several commendable steps to manage risks to its supply. It has enhanced storage capacity and diversified cross-border capacity, and is developing new supply routes. Hungary is also working hard to strengthen the regional electricity market through new interconnectors and market coupling. Electricity demand within Hungary is expected to grow, while generating capacity is rapidly ageing. Investments are needed for grid improvements and generating capacity, both for increasing capacity (especially for low-carbon electricity) and replacing ageing plants. Ensuring predictable and attractive framework conditions for investing in energy infrastructure is crucial. The government is considering additional nuclear power units. The extent to which nuclear power capacity will be expanded should be clarified without unnecessary delay, as it will have broad implications for the viability of other current and future base-load technologies. Although per-capita energy consumption in Hungary is well below the OECD average, considerable potential remains for improving energy efficiency across all sectors. Measures to reduce consumption in the large existing building stock should be the government's top priority for energy policy. Gradually, Hungary should also replace broad subsidies for energy use with direct support to those in need.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264115071
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The development of smart grids – which the IEA defines as an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end users – is essential if the global community is to achieve shared goals for energy security, economic development and climate change mitigation. Unfortunately, existing misunderstandings of exactly what smart grids are and the physical and institutional complexity of electricity systems make it difficult to implement smart grids on the scale that is needed. This roadmap sets out specific steps needed over the coming years to achieve milestones that will allow smart grids to deliver a clean energy future.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264118461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Biofuels could provide up to 27% of total transport fuel worldwide by 2050. The use of transport fuels from biomass, when produced sustainably, can help cut petroleum use and reduce CO2 emissions in the transport sector, especially in heavy transport. Sustainable biofuel technologies, in particular advanced biofuels, will play an important role in achieving this roadmap vision. The roadmap describes the steps necessary to realise this ambitious biofuels target; identifies key actions by different stakeholders, and the role for government policy to adopt measures needed to ensure the sustainable expansion of both conventional and advanced biofuel production.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264096431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Greece
    Abstract: This 2011 review of energy policy in Greece finds that increasing competition and reducing the role of the state in the energy sector should add efficiency and dynamism to the economy. This, in turn, should help generate self-sustained employment and prosperity for the country. Reforming the electricity and gas markets is an economic and political imperative. In particular, regulatory authorities must be given the necessary power and independence to reduce the market power of dominant firms. Commendably, Greece adopted a law to this end in August 2011. The envisaged reforms are fundamentally sound and can help the economy grow. The government's key focus should now be on implementing this law in full without delay. Greece has a large potential for wind and solar energy and is rightly determined to fulfill this potential. The renewable energy sector also provides opportunities for new industrial development, in particular if linked with R&D activities. To facilitate renewable energy projects, the government recently improved investment conditions significantly by increasing feed-in tariffs, shortening and simplifying the licensing procedures and introducing stronger incentives for local acceptance. Greece's oil and gas sources are already well diversified. Gas use is projected to increase, as the country moves to decarbonise its coal-dominated power sector. Experience from IEA member countries has shown that enhancing energy efficiency can help improve energy security in a cost-effective way. This, in turn, can help mitigate climate change and deliver economic benefits.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264088047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap envisions that by 2050, photovoltaic could provide 11% of global electricity production (4 500 TWh per year), corresponding to 3 000 gigawatts of cumulative installed photovoltaic capacity. In addition to contributing to significant greenhouse gas emission reductions, photovoltaic will deliver substantial benefits in terms of the security of energy supply and socio-economic development. This roadmap also identifies technology goals and milestones that must be undertaken by different stakeholders to enable the most cost-efficient expansion of photovoltaic.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264088139
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The emerging technology known as concentrating solar power, or CSP, holds much promise for countries with plenty of sunshine and clear skies. For CSP to claim its share of the coming energy revolution, concerted action is required over the next ten years by scientists, industry, governments, financing institutions and the public. This roadmap is intended to help chart the course to broad development and deployment of CSP.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060449
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Canada
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Canada's energy policies and programmes. This 2010 edition finds that Canada, with its diverse and balanced portfolio of energy resources, is one of the largest producers and exporters of energy among IEA member countries. The energy sector plays an increasingly important role for the Canadian economy and for global energy security, as its abundant resource base has the potential to deliver even greater volumes of energy. The federal, provincial and territorial governments of Canada are all strongly committed to the sustainable development of the country’s natural resources and have a long-standing and informed awareness of the need for each to contribute to the development of the energy sector. Furthermore, the government of Canada seeks to achieve a balance between the environmentally responsible production and use of energy, the growth and competitiveness of the economy, and secure and competitively priced energy and infrastructure. Nonetheless, the long-term sustainability of the sector remains a challenge. Due to climatic, geographic and other factors, Canada is one of the highest per-capita CO2 emitters in the OECD and has higher energy intensity than any IEA member country. A comprehensive national energy efficiency strategy, coupled with a coordinated climate change policy targeted at the key emitting sectors, is needed. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a priority for the federal government and presents Canada with an opportunity to develop a new technology that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions on a large scale. The IEA recommends that Canada provide international leadership in the development of CCS technology. This review analyses the energy challenges facing Canada and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264043442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Italy
    Abstract: This 2009 IEA review of Italy's energy policies and programmes finds that the Italian government has made substantial progress in a number of sectors since the last IEA in-depth energy policy review in 2003. The success of the green certificate and white certificate schemes and continued reform of the electricity and natural gas supply markets are just a few examples and build on the recommendations contained in the previous review. Nonetheless, many challenges remain. Italy recognises the need to diversify its energy supply portfolio to reduce its heavy dependence on fossil fuels and electricity imports, and to decrease its growing greenhouse gas emissions. In 2008, the government announced its intention to recommence the country's nuclear power program and start building a new nuclear power plant by 2013. To do so, Italy must first develop an efficient process for identifying critical energy infrastructure, including nuclear power, and subjecting it to an effective, streamlined siting and permitting process. Italy will face another major challenge in complying with Europe’s new climate and energy package, particularly in relation to renewable energy and emissions targets. The government must step up efforts to comply with its new responsibilities, specifically by developing and putting in place a comprehensive climate change strategy for the years until 2020. In mid-2009, the legislature enacted a wide-ranging new law that will facilitate the emergence of a robust long-term energy policy. The government must respond to this opportunity and elaborate, with industry, a long-term strategy for the development of the energy sector. This review analyses the energy challenges facing Italy and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide Italy towards a more sustainable energy future.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264094710
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2010 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes. It analyses the energy challenges facing the Czech Republic and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future. It finds that the Czech Republic, rich in coal resources, is the third-largest electricity exporter in the European Union. The energy sector plays an important role for the country’s economy and for the regional energy security. Since the last IEA in-depth review in 2005, the Czech Republic has strengthened its energy policy, further liberalised its electricity and gas markets and made laudable efforts to enhance oil and gas security. The Czech government has a unique opportunity to develop coherent and balanced energy and climate strategies as it currently updates its policy documents. The draft State Energy Concept concentrates on energy security and on maintaining the Czech Republic as a net electricity exporter, through a diversified energy mix and a maximised use of indigenous resources, comprising coal, uranium and renewable energy. While the focus on energy security is praiseworthy, energy policy could be further improved. Energy policy should be better integrated with climate change considerations. At the same time, economic efficiency should be another key pillar of energy policy. To improve its energy security while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing economic development, the Czech Republic could take measures to: improve energy efficiency and broaden demand-side measures; focus on low-carbon technologies; integrate electricity and natural gas markets regionally; and optimise needed new infrastructure.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; France
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of France's energy policies and programmes. This 2009 edition finds that the energy policy of France seeks to achieve a balance between the environmentally responsible production and use of energy, the growth and competitiveness of the economy, and secure and competitively priced energy and infrastructure. To meet these objectives, the French government in 2007 launched an impressive environmental programme, Grenelle de l’Environnement, which sets ambitious targets, particularly in the buildings and transport sectors. The government has also made commendable efforts in enhancing gas supply security and forwarding initiatives to expand infrastructure and interconnections with neighbouring countries. These efforts should make regional electricity and gas markets more stable and secure. In the nuclear power sector, France has created an independent Nuclear Safety Authority and established a comprehensive framework for managing all kinds of radioactive waste and materials. Notwithstanding its policy successes, France faces a number of challenges. Its targets aimed at combating climate change are very ambitious. While greenhouse gas emissions in France are lower than the average among IEA countries due to the important role in electricity generation of nuclear power, emissions in the transport and buildings sectors increased from 1990 to 2008. Effective implementation of the announced policies and measures will be imperative for meeting France’s international and national commitments. In the electricity sector, the co-existence of regulated tariffs and market prices may impede mobilising the investment needed for maintenance and life extensions of nuclear power plants. The country also needs to boost the flexibility of electricity networks in order to achieve a structural balance between base load generation and increasing demand for peak-load. This review analyses the energy challenges facing France and provides sectoral critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264088191
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Almost one quarter of global electricity could be generated from nuclear power by 2050, making a major contribution to cutting greenhouse gas emissions. This is the central finding of the Nuclear Energy Technology Roadmap, published today by the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). Such an expansion will require nuclear generating capacity to more than triple over the next 40 years, a target the roadmap describes as ambitious but achievable.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060425
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Turkey
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Turkey's energy policies and programmes. This 2009 edition finds that Turkey will likely see the fastest medium to long-term growth in energy demand among the IEA member countries. It has a young and urbanising population and energy use is still comparatively low. Therefore, ensuring sufficient energy supply to a growing economy remains the government’s main energy policy concern. Turkey has also progressed significantly in all other areas of energy policy over the past few years. Large investments in energy infrastructure, especially in electricity and natural gas, are needed to avoid bottlenecks in supply and to sustain rapid economic growth. To attract that investment, the country needs to continue reforming its energy market. Power sector reform is well under way, but in the natural gas sector reform has been slower and needs to be accelerated. Improving energy efficiency is essential for responding to Turkey’s energy policy challenges, and considerable potential remains in all sectors. In a country where private cars are rapidly becoming more common and where significant new construction is foreseen, transport and buildings merit particular long-term attention from the decision makers. Energy-related CO2 emissions have more than doubled since 1990 and are likely to continue to increase rapidly over the medium and long term, in parallel with energy demand. The IEA urges Turkey to intensify efforts to further develop its approach concerning its post-2012 regime to combat climate change, and to consider setting a quantitative overall target for limiting emissions. This review analyses the broad range of energy challenges facing Turkey and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264090323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 S.)
    Note: Gesehen am 05.09.2011
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264014947
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.79
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The IEA’s basic institutional arrangements remain essentially as described in Volume I of The History, but this Supplement’s extensive treatment of budget and programme of work issues reflects significant changes in Agency practice, during a period when governments were engrossed in the management and financing of international organisations generally.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264108844
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (206 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Hydrogen & fuel cells
    DDC: 621.312429
    RVK:
    Keywords: Energiesubstitution ; Wasserstofftechnologie ; Energiequelle ; Energieforschung ; OECD-Staaten ; Brennstoffzelle ; Energy ; Wasserstoffenergietechnik ; Brennstoffzelle
    Abstract: Hydrogen and fuel cells are vital technologies to ensure a secure and CO2-free energy future. This book draws primarily upon information contributed by IEA governments. In virtually all the IEA countries, important R&D and policy efforts on hydrogen and fuel cells are in place and expanding. Some are fully-integrated, government-funded programs, some are a key element in an overall strategy spread among multiple public and private efforts. The large amount of information provided in this publication reflects the vast array of technologies and logistics required to build the “hydrogen economy”.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264108820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Technology Analysis
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Gielen, Dolf Prospects for CO2 capture and storage
    DDC: 363.73927
    RVK:
    Keywords: Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Klimawandel ; Klimaschutz ; Umwelttechnik ; Welt ; Energy ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Emissionsverringerung
    Abstract: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies can drastically reduce future CO2 emissions. This IEA study introduces a scenario analysis of the future role of CCS and presents the main uncertainties that surround a CCS policy strategy. It provides detailed estimates of the likely CO2 reductions available from CCS under a variety of technological and economic scenarios and suggests policies designed to achieve significant reduction of emissions.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264108004
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Portugal
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of Portugal's energy policies and programmes for 2004. The report finds that while security of gas supply has received a lot of attention in Portugal, progress towards compliance with the IEA emergency stock rules should be carefully monitored. Another concern is that energy demand is growing faster than the economy. The political initiative to establish an Iberian electricity market with Spain could increase competition in Portugal but implementation is behind schedule.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264019058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Energieweltwirtschaft ; Umwelt ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Zukunft ; Szenario
    Abstract: Analysing the interaction between energy and climate change mitigation issues requires the adoption of a long-term perspective – looking up to fifty years ahead. This volume examines ‘exploratory scenarios’ and ‘normative scenarios’. These long-term scenarios complement the IEA’s World Energy Outlook, which presents a mid-term business-as-usual scenario with some variants. The analysis in this volume seeks to stimulate new thinking in this critical domain.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264108073
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (496 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.2/7285
    Keywords: Gas industry ; Liquefied natural gas industry ; Natural gas reserves ; Energy ; Erdgasversorgung ; Erdgasmarkt ; Angebot ; Erdgasproduktion ; Erdgaspolitik
    Abstract: This book analyses the most recent developments in security of gas supply and reliability in all IEA regions. Reform has led to open markets, where supply and demand are balanced by the market. In the gas sector, supply is capacity-bound and large parts of the demand side are inelastic. The study looks at how governments and other stakeholders in IEA countries respond to the need to create a framework that enables the players to deliver secure and reliable gas supply at the border and all the way down to the final customer.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264020931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (426 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. The history of the International Energy Agency ; 1: Origins and structure
    RVK:
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Volume I of this History surveys at some length the institutional origins of the International Energy Agency in the 1973-1974 oil crisis, and examines the 1974 I.E.P. Agreement and other oil consumer actions which established the Agency as an operational intergovernmental institution. Volume I also considers the most important IEA relationships, the internal structure of the Agency, and the institutional arrangements which enabled the Agency to develop over the years into an effective instrument for energy policy co-operation among its Members.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264107960
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (149 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of the Netherland's energy policies and programmes for 2004. It finds that the Netherlands is to be commended for the pragmatism and innovativeness of its energy policy. It has provided the country with secure energy supply and economic benefits arising from competition but with due regard paid to environmental issues. The major challenges are the reorganisation of the gas market structure and curbing the growth of energy demand in the transport sector.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264033986
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p)
    Keywords: Energy ; Economics ; Energiewirtschaft ; Handbuch ; Statistik
    Abstract: Detailed, complete, timely and reliable statistics are essential to monitor the energy situation at a country level as well as at an international level. Energy statistics on supply, trade, stocks, transformation and demand are indeed the basis for any sound energy policy decision. This manual is designed to provide a basic understanding of energy statistics to the layman.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264021006
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396 p)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Volume II of the History of the International Energy Agency takes up the energy policies and actions of the Agency during its first twenty years, from 1974 to 1994 inclusive. While the weak institutional situation of the industrial countries in the 1973-1974 crisis period made it all but impossible for them to adopt decisive and effective responses, when the time for action came, the reasons for their vulnerability to the oil producer countries were perhaps less their underdeveloped institutions than their essentially optimistic and passive oil management policies during the years preceding the crisis. Other policy choices which might have prevented or softened the crisis were available to them, as Volume II shows.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264107946
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: Swedish energy policy combines strong government involvement with the judicious use of market forces. This dual approach has generally worked well, giving Sweden a reliable, low-cost and environmentally sound energy supply. Sweden must now resolve the future of its nuclear power plants, which provide nearly 50% of the country’s electricity. The government must work with stakeholders to find a credible solution.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264019607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Finland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 comprehensive review of the energy policies and programmes of Finland. This edition finds that the most important development in the Finnish energy sector in recent years has been the construction of a new nuclear power plant. Scheduled to come on line in 2009 with a capacity between 1.0 and 1.6 GWe, the plant is expected to provide needed generating capacity with zero greenhouse gas emissions. The report suggests that the Finnish government should monitor the plant’s progress and stand ready to act should delay or other obstacles arise. Finland uses international trade and other tools to lower energy costs and increase energy security. Greater international co-operation through Nordpool, in international transmission lines and plans for backup power, and efforts to diversify natural gas supply options would reinforce this policy. While Finland’s light-handed approach to regulation has worked well, the report recommends areas of more proactive regulation, especially in the fields of electricity networks and district heating systems. Finland has agreed to keep GHG emissions at 1990 levels during the first Kyoto commitment period, yet projections show a 15% increase in emissions under business-as-usual conditions. Actively integrating international measures such as emissions trading into domestic programmes and more market-based approaches to renewable energy will ease the path towards Kyoto compliance.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264107984
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; France
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of France's energy policies and programmes for 2004. It finds that French energy policy – traditionally characterised by centralisation and strong government involvement – has been largely successful in achieving energy security, environmental protection and economic efficiency. The country must now adapt to a changing European energy context in which competition and an increased international scope will play important roles. Note : Les “Conclusions et recommandations-Synthèse” (9 pages) sont en français dans la publication.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: South America is now one of the most attractive regions for investment in natural gas exploration and production, pipelines, LNG facilities and gas-fired power generation. The continent boasts abundant and growing natural gas reserves and several cross-border gas pipelines link gas-rich countries with large energy-hungry markets in neighbouring countries. This study reviews current trends in South America’s gas sector and identifies the challenges ahead for the region to take advantage of its gas resources.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264099647
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 381/.456213121
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Expanding markets for clean and efficient technologies will increase energy security and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But many promising technologies are still too expensive or face other obstacles to commercial deployment. Governments need to consider deployment policies to create markets for the new technologies. This book explores the design of technology deployment programmes and the reasons behind their success, and features 22 case studies from IEA countries.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264105577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report looks at how investors have responded to the need to internalise investment risk in power generation and how these responses have affected the organisation of the power sector and technology choices. This study looks at several cases of volatile prices in IEA countries’ electricity markets, and finds that while market prices can be a sufficient incentive for new investment in peak capacity, government intervention into the market to limit prices may undermine such investment.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264019195
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Edition: 2003 Edition
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Energietechnische Anlage ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Zukunft
    Abstract: Producing electricity from renewable energy sources has undeniable appeal, both for environmental reasons and for reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. This book assesses the outlook for six leading renewable energy technologies: small hydro power, solar photovoltaic, concentrating solar power, bio power, geothermal power and wind power. It provides an update on current costs and analyses what future costs might be under different market scenarios. It also identifies key areas for further research and development.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264105041
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Competition ; Electric Utilities ; Electric utilities Government ownership ; Electric utilities Law and legislation ; Energy ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Liberalisierung ; Elektrizitätsmarkt ; Marktreaktionsfunktion
    Abstract: Highly volatile electricity prices are becoming a more frequent and unwanted characteristic of modern electricity wholesale markets. But low demand elasticity, mainly the result of a lack of incentives and consumers’ inability to control demand, means that consumer behaviour is not reflected in the cost of energy. This study analyses the impact of price-responsive demand and shows how pricing, policy and technology can be used to inform consumer behaviour and choice.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264105454
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Russian Federation ; Russland ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen
    Abstract: Russia is rich not only in oil, gas and coal, but also in wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass and solar energy – the resources of renewable energy. However, fossil fuels dominate Russia’s current energy mix, while its abundant and diverse renewable energy resources play little role. What are the near- and medium-term opportunities for renewables in Russia? This report demonstrates that renewable energy can offer a real means to address some of Russia’s energy and economic challenges.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264014794
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Switzerland's energy policies and programmes. This review finds that the SwissEnergy Programme constitutes the core of Swiss energy policy for the 2001 to 2010 period, with targets for saving fuel and electricity, use of renewables and climate change mitigation. Switzerland is to be commended for rigorously monitoring its policies and measures, but particular emphasis should be placed on ensuring their cost-effectiveness. Environmental issues are a central focus of Swiss energy policy but more effort is needed to meet the Kyoto target or the more stringent 10 percent national target for carbon dioxide reductions. To avoid excessive costs, programmes for emissions trading and other flexible mechanisms could usefully supplement new domestic measures such as voluntary commitments and the proposed CO2 “incentive” tax. Reform of the electricity and gas sectors is becoming urgent but presents a challenge due to the rejection of the Electricity Market Law in a public referendum held in September 2002. The report discusses possible approaches to increase efficiency in the electricity and gas sectors while respecting the referendum results.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264014732
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Ireland
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Ireland's energy policies and programmes. It finds that in the four years since the last in-depth Review, the Irish energy sector has seen a number of important developments, notably reform of the electricity and natural gas markets, and the move towards cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Market reform promises multiple economic benefits, although the government must ensure that the incumbent players do not enjoy undue advantages and that enough new competitors enter the market. Ireland’s climate change policy is making progress. One uncertainty, however, involves the closure of the coal-fired Moneypoint plant. While this could provide 22% of the country’s required emissions cuts, replacement generation capacity would be required. This could also make the country 80% dependent on natural gas for its electricity, leading to energy security concerns. Ireland should take steps to better integrate Kyoto mechanisms into its overall climate change strategy.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264014756
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Japan's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Japan has ratified the Kyoto protocol and is implementing its 2002 climate change plan. The country has developed an impressive range of policies to address rising CO2 emissions from the energy sector. Some of the measures could be strengthened however, and made more cost-effective. Industry’s use of Kyoto flexible mechanisms could also reduce costs. Nuclear power plays a key role in Japanese energy policy, but the government’s objective of increasing nuclear generation has been impeded by safety-related incidents in recent years. It is vital to restore public confidence, to clarify the role of nuclear power in the liberalised electricity market and to improve the performance of the existing nuclear units. Japan has begun to reform its electricity and natural gas markets, but little competition has developed. The report finds helpful new government measures to further reform markets, but points out that the markets should be closely monitored. More effective measures may be necessary if competition does not develop.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194359
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Austria
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Austria's energy policies and programmes. This review finds that in the four years since the last in-depth Review, the two most important developments in the Austrian energy sector have been market reform in the electricity and natural gas sectors, and the efforts made toward meeting the country’s emissions reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. Austria's security of supply is enhanced by extensive cross-border trading and recent efforts to diversify natural gas import supply sources. A regulatory framework now allows all customers to choose their natural gas and electricity suppliers. Austria has established an independent regulator and non-discriminatory third-party access rules. While reform of the gas sector is too recent to draw any meaningful conclusions, power sector reform has achieved mixed results. Industrial rates have fallen by up to 40% but residential rates have fallen little, if at all. Effective competition still faces obstacles including high system access charges and dominant incumbent suppliers who could wield market power and deter new entrants. Austria’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 13% remains a major challenge. Total greenhouse gas emissions increased nearly 2.5% from 1990 to 2000 with CO2 emissions rising 9% over the same period. The finalisation of a comprehensive climate change strategy in 2002 is an important step forward. Austria’s planned use of Kyoto flexible mechanisms could cut the costs of its climate change efforts, although the macroeconomic effect of all emission reduction measures requires constant monitoring. The support scheme for renewable energy and combined production of heat and power could be rendered more cost-effective, if a degression scheme were employed to lower support levels gradually.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194342
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Germany
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Germany's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Germany is pursuing several ambitious objectives in its energy policy, notably cutting greenhouse gas emissions and fully liberalising the electricity and gas markets, while phasing out nuclear power.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264014770
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Italy
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Italy's energy policies and programmes. This review finds that Italy has made substantial progress in implementing electricity and gas market reforms. The gas market is now fully opened to competition and the electricity market is proceeding towards full opening. The government has reduced its shareholding in ENEL and Eni. New market institutions, notably an energy sector regulator, are now operational. Italy ratified the Kyoto Protocol in June 2002 and launched a national strategy to mitigate climate change in December 2002. But Italy also faces some challenges. High reliance on imported oil and gas raises concerns about security of supply. Energy diversification is restricted since there are few options available apart from natural gas, given the limitations of renewable energy as a source of supply. Timely investments in energy production, transportation and interconnection are crucial for security of supply, but they often meet strong local resistance under the devolution of powers to local authorities. In spite of the progress made, continuous monitoring is needed to further develop competition in the gas and electricity markets and enable energy price reductions. While Italy enjoys relatively low energy and carbon intensities of its economy, these advantages may be eroded over time. More is required to mitigate climate change emissions. As part of the IEA’s periodic review process of its Member countries, this report analyses Italy’s energy sector and policies, and provides proposals and recommendations for the Italian government.
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: In IEA member countries, electrical appliances are the fastest growing energy users, after automobiles. Cost-effective technology exists that could improve the energy efficiency of appliances by more than one-third in ten years. The greenhouse gases emitted as a result of the use of appliances alone could be slashed by the equivalent of 322 million tonnes of CO2 per year by 2010. This book assesses the potential energy savings and carbon reductions to be achieved through technical improvements to appliances.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264014718
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Hungary
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2003 review of Hungary's energy policies and programmes. It finds that Hungary has made remarkable progress in liberalising its energy markets, as part of the government's aim to strike a balance between energy security, economic efficiency and environmental protection. A new Electric Power Act was passed in December 2001, partially opening the electricity market to competition by 2003 and to full competition by the time Hungary accedes to the European Union in 2004. A new law on gas will be approved in 2003 introducing competition in the gas market. Hungary still faces a number of challenges however. In the electricity sector, it needs to ensure that MVM, the largest utility, does not cause distortions through its market power. Security of gas supply is vital for Hungary. Opening the Hungarian upstream market to increase indigenous gas production and to facilitate competition is a positive step. But domestic production is not sufficient. Limited gas-to-gas competition, uncertainty as to future gas demand and the oligopolistic structure of gas distribution companies may constrain the development of competition. Finally, policies which cap energy prices to address social welfare concerns discourage energy saving, distort fuel choices and discourage investment by energy firms. As part of the IEA’s periodic review process of its Member countries, this report analyses Hungary’s energy sector and policies, and provides proposals and recommendations for the Hungarian government.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264196445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Electricity India ; Energy development India ; Power resources India ; Energy ; India ; Indien ; Elektrizitätswirtschaft ; Energieversorgung
    Abstract: The quality of Indian electricity, which is still provided mainly by the electricity boards of the several federal states, has deteriorated sharply. This has seriously impeded the country's economic growth. India needs now to meet the growing demand for electricity from more than a billion citizens. Vast amounts of domestic and foreign investment will be required to reach this goal. India's electricity market is moving in the right direction, but the implementation of planned reforms must be accelerated. First necessary steps include improving the administration of public utilities, reducing electricity losses from pilfering and non-payment, bolstering the utilities' revenues, expanding transmission grids and offering private players more freedom of action. This book chronicles and analyses India's progress toward liberalisation since the early 1990s. It offers constructive advice on how to overcome the immense challenges facing the Indian electricity sector today.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264175976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Distributed generation of electric power OECD countries ; Electric power Economic aspects ; OECD countries ; Energy ; Energiepolitik ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Liberalisierung
    Abstract: Electric power in OECD countries is mostly produced by large central generating stations, then transmitted along high voltage lines to local distribution systems that carry it to final consumers. Distributed generation plants are different. They produce power on an electricity consumer’s own site or at the local distribution substation and can supply power directly to the customer or to the local distribution network. Distributed generation technologies include engines, small turbines, fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems. Distributed generation technologies are already having a large impact, particularly for high- reliability applications, as a source of emergency capacity or as a way of deferring the expansion of a local network. In some markets, these plants are displacing more costly grid electricity. Globally, more capacity for distributed generation was ordered in 2000 than for nuclear power. This book provides a guide to energy policy makers on this growing phenomenon. It surveys the current situation and market status of distributed generation in selected OECD countries, including the impact of current energy policies.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264171022
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 363.738/74
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Klimaänderung ; Kohlendioxid ; Energiepolitik
    Abstract: Mitigating climate change will require profound changes in world energy production and use. While the full effects of climate change are not likely to be felt for decades, the need for action is more immediate, for changes in greenhouse gas concentrations are almost irreversible. Solutions exist in the form of energy efficiency improvements, fuel switching to non-carbon sources, and carbon recovery and storage. But the long-term costs of mitigation and the precise extent and pace of climate damage remain uncertain. So policy-makers face the task of conceiving and implementing measures in a context of uncertainty – and global inequity -, and run the risk of taking either excessive or insufficient action. This volume details the options available in the energy sector to reduce climate change. It explores the type of international agreement that could cope with the uncertainty inherent in implementing a climate program at the national and international level. It identifies mechanisms to deal with both international equity and economic uncertainty, and addresses the fundamental question: how can we proceed beyond Kyoto?
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264033917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.8/2311/094
    Keywords: Gas industry Europe ; Supply and demand ; Energy ; Erdgasversorgung ; Flexibilität
    Abstract: In most IEA Member countries, natural gas demand varies strongly during the year, according to temperature. Flexibility is needed to cover seasonal swings and variations in gas demand, especially for household customers. This book analyses how new flexibility tools and mechanisms are developing with market liberalisation and with the evolution of supply and demand trends. It highlights differences in flexibility requirements and provisions among IEA Member countries.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This survey, the first since 1995, describes the energy-security issues affecting Russian oil, gas, coal and nuclear power after decades of inadequate investment and maintenance.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264175945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.27240954
    Keywords: Energy ; India ; Statistik 1975-2000 ; Indien ; Kohlenbergbau ; Lagerstätte ; Bergwerk ; Energiewirtschaft ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Indien ; Steinkohle ; Braunkohle ; Vorrat ; Produktion ; Indien ; Energieträger ; Kohle ; Transport ; Rohstoffpreis ; Rohstoffmarkt
    Abstract: Indian coal reserves are the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. India is the third largest coal producer in the world and the eighth largest importer. With annual production of 310 million tonnes and imports of almost 25 million tonnes, coal provides one-third of energy supply in India. The Indian government forecasts huge increases in electricity capacity based on coal. Massive increases in coal supply would be required if these plans are realised, although it is not clear if they are feasible. The principal objective of Indian coal policy should be to improve the financial performance of the industry by creating a freely competitive coal industry. A financially viable electricity industry will be necessary to support reforms in the coal industry. This report describes the Indian coal sector, and comments on government policies and the performance of India’s largely state-owned coal companies. There is a substantial need for reforms in India’s coal sector to improve efficiency and competitiveness.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264177451
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 388.41322
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Buses ; Urban transportation Planning ; Energy ; Transport ; Omnibusverkehr ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Cities around the world face enormous problems of transport sustainability. Rapidly increasing populations and vehicle usage have created gridlock and sprawl, even in very poor cities, as well as unacceptably high levels of air pollution, noise, and accident rates. But improvements can be made. This book explores how the provision of better bus services can bring concrete solutions. "Bus rapid transit" systems emerging in Latin America provide fast, reliable and efficient urban travel for large numbers of people. Express busways, employing high-capacity buses and new technologies such as GPS-based bus tracking systems, can conveniently and reliably move up to 10 times as many people along a route as can cars – and be profitable. This book shows how bus rapid transit differs from traditional bus systems and how it can be developed around the world. There is a detailed look at clean fuels and advanced technologies such as "clean diesel", CNG, hybrid-electric and fuel cells. Case studies are made of six cities and of the steps each might take to encourage more sustainable transport systems.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and International Energy Agency
    ISBN: 9789264190726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Erdgasmarkt ; China ; Energiepolitik
    Abstract: Driven by an increasing recognition of the many advantages of natural gas and by the need to diversify its coal-dominated energy supply, China’s natural gas industry is poised for rapid expansion. This study describes China’s gas market situation and examines the key issues facing its industry and policy makers. Drawing on the experiences and lessons from developed gas markets around the world and taking into account the specific circumstances of the Chinese gas market, it also offers a number of policy suggestions for the Chinese government to consider in its effort to boost the country’s natural gas industry.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 comprehensive review of Korea's energy policies and programmes. This report comes at a time when Korea has become the 26th Member of the IEA and when the country’s energy policies are being substantially reformed, to mobilise investments and increase efficiency. The report brings information on all energy sectors (oil, gas, coal, nuclear, electricity, renewables) showing what role different energy sources could play in the context of a heavily dependency on external sources of energy. The report analyses the effect of efficiency measures to reduce the energy intensity of the Korean economy, still one of the highest of the IEA countries. A special attention is paid to the assessment of the energy policy reforms currently unfolding in Korea, in particular in the electricity and in the gas sectors. The report analyses in details the electricity reforms, the gradual emergence of an electricity market in Korea and their implications. KEPCO has now been restructured and its partial privatisation is a matter of time. The report shows how the government’s ambitious plans still require a number of measures for the market to achieve a satisfactory outcome, the role of nuclear remaining a source of uncertainty for future competition in the generation industry. Though less advanced, the reforms in the gas sector are progressing well. The report shows the main challenges which the government will need to resolve for the market to deliver its promises.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264174504
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This book analyses the impact of electricity market reform on investment in the power industry. It considers the implications of more open and competitive markets for the security of electricity supply. Some of electricity’s uses are essential components of modern life. Security of electricity supply is an important policy objective in virtually all modern economies because of the limited possibilities for replacing electricity by other forms of energy. Adequate investment is the basic prerequisite for a secure supply of electricity. Despite the highly-publicized problems experienced in California, the international picture is reassuring. Large investment has taken place and OECD electricity markets are generally reliable. There are, however, major investment needs in some areas, particularly in the development of infrastructures for transmission, which remains for the most part a regulated activity. Through policies and regulations, governments continue to play a key role in determining investment and security standards in a liberalised market. Energy policies on fuel use, authorisation processes, regulatory risk, capacity mechanisms and price caps, among other instruments, play a large role in promoting adequate investment or hindering it.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195790
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Turkey
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Turkey's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Turkey aspires to link the oil- and gas-rich Caspian area to Western markets. Several pipelines through Turkey are nearing completion. The projects could enhance diversity and security of supply in consuming countries. They could also relieve the environmental strain of heavy ship traffic through the Bosporus. Numerous attempts have been made to open Turkey’s energy markets to competition and to ensure that energy supply grows in step with population and demand. Turkey has made early and extensive use of build-own-operate and build-own-transfer schemes to promote investment in power-plant capacity. In the last two years, decisive progress has been made. The concept of privatisation was introduced into the Turkish constitution. Legislation was adopted in February 2001 to allow competition in the electricity market and to adapt Turkey’s legislation for European Union membership. A new Gas Market Law was adopted in May 2001, despite the macro-economic turmoil that Turkey has experienced since late 2000. These reforms must now be implemented. Turkey’s carbon emissions are growing rapidly. They will grow even faster if coal use quadrupled by 2020, as the government expects. Air pollution is also a significant problem. Turkey has not signed the United Nations’ Climate Convention. But the government aims to comply with the general provisions of the Convention and to exploit the country’s energy efficiency potential. These efforts should be reinforced.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Greece
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's periodic review of Greece's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Greece produces little energy, almost all of it from lignite, which is the main source for electricity generation but which creates environmental problems. Energy consumption is growing rapidly making Greece increasingly dependent on imported energy, and electricity supply is expected to be tight over the next three or four years. A well-designed market reform is essential in both the electricity and gas sectors to attract private investment.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194335
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of the UK's energy policies and programmes. It finds that the UK energy sector has performed remarkably well during the 1990s. The gas and electricity markets opened up to competition. Real gas and electricity prices fell. Domestic natural gas replaced coal in the power industry, and carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution declined as a result. Increased oil and gas production on the UK continental shelf has contributed significantly to these developments. Central to the success of the energy sector however, was a readiness to adjust policies and regulatory measures when shortcomings became apparent. The last major adjustment was the introduction of the New Electricity Trading Rules in March 2001. These rules provided the decisive step towards a fully competitive power market. Thanks to energy market reform and the resulting "dash for gas" in power generation, the UK is likely to meet its 12.5% greenhouse gas reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol. But the country has a national target to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20% below 1990 levels by 2010. Meeting this target will require extra efforts. In the gas market, capacity auctions at the St. Fergus entry point into the UK’s onshore pipeline system have fetched very high bid prices in recent years. This has revealed bottlenecks at the St. Fergus terminal and farther afield. But so far the high prices have not resulted in capacity expansion. The regulatory regime may have to be adjusted to give stronger incentives for new pipeline construction.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194908
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the Czech Republic's energy policies and programmes. The Czech Republic became the twenty-fifth member of the IEA in February 2001. In its transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, the Czech Republic has thoroughly reformed its energy policies and regulatory framework and restructured its energy sector. The country established a new energy regulator in 2001 and adopted a schedule for opening its electricity and gas markets to competition. The effective introduction of competition, however, will depend on regulatory details still to be defined and the privatisation of the state energy companies that still dominate the internal market. The Czech Republic has only limited energy resources. Coal is still the leading fuel for power generation but its role is declining. This trend will accelerate with the commissioning of a second nuclear power plant, at Temelín. Oil and gas imports have been diversified and the Czech electricity grid has been connected to Western Europe. Emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants in the Czech Republic have been reduced, but remain higher than average for IEA Europe. There is also room for improvement in energy efficiency, which would contribute to the country's environmental goals as well as enhance its economic competitiveness.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Norway
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of the energy policies and programmes of Norway. It finds that oil and gas contribute about 40% of Norway’s exports, and up to 16% of GDP, depending on world oil prices. The government used production controls as a means of influencing prices in 1986, in 1998 and again in 2002. Important changes are occurring in the oil and gas sector. Statoil has been partially privatised, the State Direct Financial Interest in oil and gas developments has been restructured, and the Gas Negotiations Committee is to be abolished. Private marketing of gas should be a guiding principle in future marketing policy, and depletion policy generally should balance the goals of optimising recovery with ensuring competition. Growth in energy consumption has been limited by government policies, but consumption is rising with strong economic growth. A new agency has been established to promote energy efficiency and new renewables. Norway has the highest per capita electricity consumption in the world. New large-scale hydro is unlikely, and the future of gas-fired power is uncertain. New generating and transmission capacity may be necessary to avoid price instability or even failure of supply in a dry year. There are limited opportunities for reducing greenhouse gases in the energy sector in Norway because of the extensive use of hydro in electricity generation. The Kyoto flexible mechanisms are therefore particularly important. Decisions on developing new generating capacity will also be influenced by environmental policies.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264033894
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Denmark
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Denmark's energy policies and programmes. It finds that over the past four years, Danish energy policy has made good progress towards meeting its high standards of environmental protection while opening its gas and power industries to competition. The concurrent pursuit of economic efficiency, energy policy and environmental protection is an issue of prime importance in Denmark. The country has adopted both international and national greenhouse-gas emissions targets. A host of measures is in place to reach these targets, and to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The targets are within reach. But actually attaining them requires the continued application of a system of power plant carbon dioxide quotas. The Danish power market has been opened to competition beyond the requirements of the EU directive, but the scope for effective competition continues to be limited by priority dispatch for wind energy and combined heat and power plants. The gas market has been opened, but much less fully. The gas industry’s debt problem was addressed through industry restructuring, but this has led to a dominant position for the state-owned gas pipeline company DONG. The report recommends that foreign suppliers be encouraged to enter the market, in order to stimulate competition in electricity and gas markets. This report discusses the energy policies of Denmark based on a review visit in October 2001, before the recent general elections.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264191976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; United States
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of US energy policies and programmes. It finds that US energy policy has an influence on energy policy throughout the world. The 2001 National Energy Policy is an important development. The US is taking unilateral action as an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol. This report urges consideration of legislation on carbon dioxide and adoption of policies allowing international trading in emissions. Strengthening fuel economy standards is an encouraging approach to energy use in transport. Different standards for cars and light trucks should be addressed as a priority. Policies to promote new sources of energy supply should be balanced by continuing effort to enhance efficient use of energy. Regional Transmission Operators are a sensible means of ensuring access to transmission and the functioning of a competitive wholesale market. The power crisis in California has slowed progress on market reform; confidence should be restored to reactivate reform and to create certainty for new investment. Harmonised electricity industry standards and regulations could help promote competition and encourage investment. Barriers to exploration for oil and gas need to be addressed. Drilling in new onshore and offshore areas, meeting acceptable environmental standards, is necessary or imports must rise. Refineries are operating at full capacity; pressure could be eased by reducing the range of products they are required to produce to meet regional standards. Coal use will remain important and could be environmentally sustainable with advanced clean coal technology. Re-licensing of existing nuclear plants, consistent with safety standards, could ensure nuclear power plays a continuing role, even if new plants remain uneconomic. The decision on the Yucca Mountain repository will be important for the future of nuclear power worldwide.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194915
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: International emission trading will be one of the most important tools in the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The reason is clear: emission trading can bring impressive cost savings. While the private sector has embraced the concept and is well equipped to use it, implementation at the international level remains incomplete. This book offers a comprehensive review of international emission trading, from the “perfect” system envisaged in economic models to a more realistic view of how trading can actually work. It is based on market experiments and modelling undertaken by the International Energy Agency and other institutions. It takes an in-depth look at implications for the power-generation sector, and considers how developing countries could be included in a future trading regime. With this work, we move from the question of “whether” to trade to the more operational question: “how”.
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