Abstract: Keynote Lecture -- Plenary Lectures -- Physical and Physicochemical Properties of Food -- Application of NMR to Food Engineering -- Mechanical Processing of Food -- Thermal and Mass Transfer Operations of Food -- Phase Change Operation -- Concentration and Dehydration Processes -- Reaction Kinetics in Food Processing -- Fermentation Processes -- Bioreactors Using Enzymes and Cells -- Separation and Purification Processes -- Membrane Processes -- Pasteurization and Sterilization Processes -- Aseptic Processes -- Packaging Science and Technology -- Fouling and Cleaning -- Processing under Unusual Conditions -- Transportation and Preservation of Food -- Sensors, Process Control, and Factory Automation -- Innovation in Equipment Design and Plant Operation -- Environmental Problems in Food Industry -- Innovation in Traditional Food Processing -- Design of Physiological Functions of Foods from Engineering Viewpoints.

Abstract: The necessity of prediction and fine control in the food manufacturing process is becoming more important than ever before, and food researchers and engineers must confront difficulties arising from the specificity of food materials and the sensitivity of human beings to taste. Fortunately, an overview of world research reveals that the mechanisms of the many complex phenomena found in the food manufacturing process have been gradually elucidated by skilful experiments using new analytical tools, methods and theoretical analyses. This book, the proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Engineering and Food (ICEF6), held for the first time in Asia - in Chiba, Japan May 23 -27, 1993 - summarizes the frontiers of world food engineering in 1993. Congress was joined by the 4th International Conference on Fouling and Cleaning. There were 476 active members from 31 countries participating in the Congress. The editors hope that readers will find this book to be a useful review of the current state of food engineering, and will consider future developments in this research field. The editors extend thanks to the members of the organizing committee of ICEF6, and the advisors, Dr. Ryozo Toei, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University and Dr. Masao Fujimaki, Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo. They also acknowledge the international advisory board members who helped the organizing committee in many ways, and the 10 foundations and 66 companies that financially supported the ICEF6. Finally, the editors are indebted to the reviewers of the manuscripts of these proceedings.

Abstract: 1 Base oils from petroleum -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Base oil composition -- 1.3 Products and specifications -- 1.4 Conventional base oil manufacturing methods -- 1.5 Modern catalytic processes -- 1.6 Future developments -- References -- 2 Synthetic base fluids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Polyalphaolefins -- 2.3 Alkylated aromatics -- 2.4 Polybutenes -- 2.5 Synthetic esters -- 2.6 Polyalkylene glycols -- 2.7 Phosphate esters -- References -- 3 Detergents/dispersants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Detergents -- 3.3 Dispersants -- 3.4 Other lubricants -- 3.5 Performance evaluation -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Oxidative degradation and stabilisation of mineral oil based lubricants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Autoxidation of hydrocarbons -- 4.3 Oxidation stability of base oils -- 4.4 Inhibition of oxidative degradation of lubricants -- 4.5 Application of antioxidants -- 4.6 Future antioxidant technology -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Viscosity index improvers and thickeners -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of VI improver chemistry -- 5.3 Chemistry and manufacture of commercial VI improvers -- 5.4 Function and properties -- 5.5 Performance -- 5.6 Prognosis for future developments -- References -- 6 Miscellaneous additives -- 6.1 Friction modifiers -- 6.2 Pour point depressants -- 6.3 Demulsifiers and antifoams -- 6.4 Corrosion inhibitors -- Reference -- 7 The formulation of automotive lubricants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What type of lubricant is wanted? -- 7.3 Why there are so many types oflubricant -- 7.4 Multifunctional lubricants -- 7.5 Definition oflubricant performance -- 7.6 Lubricant formulation—the physical phase -- 8 Industrial lubricants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Bearing lubricants -- 8.3 Compressor lubricants -- 8.4 Hydraulic lubricants (fluids) -- 8.5 Industrial gear lubricants -- 8.6 Turbine lubricants -- 8.7 Metalworking lubricants -- 8.8 Specialities -- References -- 9 Aviation lubricants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Lubrication of rotary engines -- 9.3 Lubrication of conventional aircraft piston engines -- 9.4 Lubrication of aircraft turbine engines -- 9.5 Aircraft hydraulic fluids -- 9.6 Helicopter gearboxes -- 9.7 Undercarriage lubrication -- 9.8 Airframe lubrication -- 9.9 Safety aspects of aircraft lubrication -- 9.10 Space lubrication -- References -- 10 Marine lubricants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Marine diesel engines -- 10.3 Fuel oil -- 10.4 Base oils -- 10.5 Additives -- 10.6 Properties and formulation of marine lubricants -- 10.7 System oils -- 10.8 Cylinder oils -- 10.9 Trunk piston engine oils -- 10.10 Used oil analysis -- References -- 11 Lubricating grease -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Structure and properties -- 11.3 Chemistry -- 11.4 Applications -- 11.5 Future developments -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Extreme-pressure and anti-wear additives -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Anti-wear additives -- 12.3 Extreme-pressure additives -- 12.4 Mechanisms of action of anti-wear and EP additives -- 12.5 Application of different classes of additive -- 12.6 Future developments -- References -- 13 Lubricants and their environmental impact -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Collection of waste lubricant -- 13.3 Treatment of collected lubricant -- 13.4 Re-refined base oil quality -- 13.5 Health and safety aspects of re-refined oil -- 13.6 Environmental considerations of waste lubricant -- 13.7 Environmental impact of ‘consumed’ lubricant -- 13.8 Biodegradation tests for oils -- 13.9 Future trends -- References -- Further reading.

Abstract: The use oflubricants began in ancient times and has developed into a major international business through the need to lubricate machines of increasing complexity. The impetus for lubricant development has arisen from need, so lubricatingpractice has precededan understandingofthescientificprinciples. This is not surprising as the scientific basis of the technology is, by nature, highly complex and interdisciplinary. However, we believe that the under­ standing of lubricant phenomena will continue to be developed at a mol­ ecular level to meet future challenges. These challenges will include the control of emissions from internal combustion engines, the reduction of friction and wear in machinery, and continuing improvements to lubricant performanceand life-time. More recently, there has been an increased understanding ofthe chemical aspects of lubrication, which has complemented the knowledge and under­ standing gained through studies dealing with physics and engineering. This book aims to bring together this chemical information and present it in a practical way. It is written by chemists who are authorities in the various specialisations within the lubricating industry, and is intended to be of interest to chemists who may already be working in the lubricating industry or in academia, and who are seeking a chemist's view of lubrication. It will also be of benefit to engineers and technologists familiar with the industry who requirea more fundamental understanding oflubricants.

Abstract: Climate, climate change, climate fluctuations and climatic trends are only a few of the terms used today, in not only conferences, scientific symposia and workshops, but also parliaments and in discussions throughout society. To climatologists these terms may be well known; to the vast majority of people, however, they are new, and they require definition and explanation. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) inherited an interest and involvement in the studies of climate and climate change from its predecessor, the International Meteorological Organization (IMo), which was established in 1873. By 1929 the IMO had set up a Commission for Climatology to deal with matters related to climate studies. When, in 1950, the World Meteorological Organization assumed the mantle of the IMO, it retained the commission which, among other responsibilities, had already recognized the need for the definition and explana­ tion of terms used in climatology. It must also be said that much of what we now know about climate derives from the scientific and technical programmes co­ ordinated by IMO and now, to a much greater extent, by WMO. In 1979, the First World Climate Conference made an assessment of the status of knowledge of climate and climate variability, and recommended the establishment of a World Climate Programme. This recommendation was fully endorsed by the Eighth World Meteorological Congress, and the World Climate Programme was subse­ quently established by WMO in co-operation with the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Abstract: Hydropower -- Lesotho Highlands Water Project: design and layout of underground works for ’Muela Hydropower Project -- Design and construction of the cooling water intake tunnel system for Point Aconi generating station, Nova Scotia -- Comparison of two classification systems as applied to the Alpe Devero tunnel, Italy -- Metro/Rail -- Planning and design of tunnels for the Jubilee Line extension, London -- New St Clair River tunnel, Canada-USA -- Application of NATM to design of underground stations in London Clay -- Water/Waste -- Underground works on Third Nairobi Water Supply Project -- Design and construction of caverns for an underground sewage treatment plant, Hong Kong -- The Snake: a rock tunnel for storing combined sewage water, Stockholm -- Tunnelling on the Penzance and St. Ives sewerage scheme, Cornwall, England -- Tunnel-boring Machines -- Two tunnel-boring machines for Lesotho: a design and case history -- Open TBM tunnelling in complex geology for railroad in Sweden -- Use of sedimentary rock impact indices in evaluation of tunnel-boring machine performance -- Development and performance of tunnel-boring machines on Phase II of the London Water Ring Main -- Environmental Issues -- Environmental planning for the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority’s MetroWest water supply tunnel -- Palais Bernheimer in Munich: tunnelling for parking space under a historic building -- Limiting the damage to historic buildings due to tunnelling: experience at the Mansion House, London -- Compensation grouting to limit settlements during tunnelling at Waterloo Station, London -- Ground movement model validation at the Heathrow Express trial tunnel -- Case Histories -- Gjøvik Olympic Mountain Hall, Norway -- Construction of new escalator shaft and passageways at London Underground’s Waterloo Station -- Water in TBM drives, Delivery Tunnel South, Lesotho Highlands Water Project -- Tunnel-boring Machines -- CEN safety standards for tunnelling machines and air locks -- Tunnels below waste disposal tips -- Machine tunnelling in the northwest of England -- EPB-shield tunnelling for the Taipei Metro, contract 201A -- TBM drive management by use of computerized systems -- Research -- Long-term measurements of loads on tunnel linings in overconsolidated clay -- Non-destructive investigation of tunnels -- Case Histories -- Design, construction and performance of a 700-m ‘cover and cut’ tunnel in soft clay, Norway -- Shotcrete in the construction of Pen-Y-Clip tunnel, North Wales -- Face support for a large Mix-Shield in heterogeneous ground conditions -- Design -- Tunnel ring design, development, testing and manufacture for the London Water Ring Main -- Medway tunnel detailed design -- Developments in precast concrete tunnel linings in the United Kingdom -- Case Histories -- Channel tunnel: French undersea crossover design and construction -- Design and construction of Metsovon road tunnel, Greece -- Construction of the ‘Passante Ferroviario’ link in Milan, Italy, lots 3P, 5P and 6P: excavation by large earth pressure balanced shield with chemical foam injection -- Pen-Y-Clip road tunnel, North Wales: achieving a dry lining through a pervious rock formation -- Hydropower -- Tunnel design in the design and construct context—the Pergau experience, Malaysia -- Serra da Mesa project, Brazil: excavation of shafts and penstocks -- Tunnel Machinery -- Rock cutting with roadheaders -- Increased productivity in construction of civil and mining tunnels through the use of high-capacity tunnel-boring machines and continuous belt conveyor muck haulage.

Abstract: It is now more than twenty years since a proposal was first mooted to hold an international tunnelling symposium in Britain. At the time of the first symposium, held in London in 1976, the Channel Tunnel pro­ ject had just been shelved. Last weekend a charity walk was held in the finished tunnel, which will be open for business later in the year. Tunnels have figured prominently, and at times spectacularly, in the development of national and international links and it is hoped that such links gather pace in the future. It is particularly pleasing that Alastair Biggart of Storebrelt has agreed to deliver the twenty-sixth Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecture of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, entitled 'The changing face of tunnelling', at the start of this event. * Although almost every edition of the technical journals on tunnelling reports another £1 billion scheme somewhere in the world, it would be unfair of me to suggest that tunnelling is restricted to these prestigious schemes for major transport links. Much of the work that makes mod­ ern life possible receives hardly a mention outside the technical press and one suspects that society at large applies the 'out of sight, out of mind' attitude even more readily to underground construction than it does to other forms of engineering. Clearly, there is a contiiming need to improve the capacity and performance of our infrastructure, while hav­ ing a careful regard for the environment.

Abstract: I Total System -- 1. Total Framework of the Toyota Production System -- II Subsystems -- 2. Adaptable Kanban System Maintains Just-In-Time Production -- 3. Supplier Kanban and the Sequence Schedule Used by Suppliers -- 4. Smoothed Production Helps Toyota Adapt to Demand Changes and Reduce Inventory -- 5. The Information System Between Toyota, Its Dealers, and Parts Manufacturers -- 6. Computer Control System in an Automobile Factory -- 7. How Toyota Shortened Production Lead Time -- 8. Reduction of Setup Time—Concepts and Techniques -- 9. Practical Procedure for Reducing Setup Time -- 10. Standard Operations Can Attain Balanced Production with Minimum Labor -- 11. Machine Layout, Multi-Function Workers, and Job Rotation Help Realize Flexible Workshops -- 12. Improvement Activities Help Reduce the Work Force and Increase Worker Morale -- 13. 5S—Foundation for Improvements -- 14. “Autonomous Defects Control” Assures Product Quality -- 15. Functional Management to Promote Company-Wide Quality Control and Cost Management -- III Quantitative Techniques -- 16. Sequencing Method for the Mixed-Model Assembly Line to Realize Smoothed Production -- 17. New Sequence Scheduling Method for Smoothing -- 18. Determining the Number of Kanban Pertinent to the Alternative Withdrawal Systems -- 19. Computer System for Kanban System Support -- 20. Numerical Analysis for Productivity Improvement -- IV Implementation -- 21. Review of Kanban System Principles -- 22. Prerequisites to Implementing the Toyota Production System -- 23. Applying the Toyota Production System Overseas -- Appendix 1: JIT Delivery System Can Ease Traffic Congestion and the Labor Shortage -- Appendix 2: Goals Coordination Method -- Appendix 3: Quantitative Analysis of Stocks in a JIT Multistage Production System Using the Constant Order Cycle Withdrawal Method -- Appendix 4: Quantitative Analysis of Lot Size in a JIT Production System Using Constant Order Quantity Withdrawal Method.

Abstract: The Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing system is an internal system in use by its founder, Toyota Motor Corporation, but it has taken on a new look. Toyota Production System, Second Edition systematically describes the changes that have occurred to the most efficient production system in use today. Since the publication of the first edition of this book in 1983, Toyota has integrated JIT with computer integrated manufacturing technology and a strategic informa­ tion system. The JIT goal of producing the necessary items in the necessary quantity at the necessary time is an internal driver of production and operations management. The addition of computer integrated technology (including expert systems by artificial intelligence) and information systems technology serve to further reduce costs, increase quality, and improve lead time. The new Toyota production system considers how to adapt production schedules to the demand changes in the marketplace while satisfying the goals of low cost, high quality, and timely delivery. The first edition of this book, Toyota Production System, published in 1983, is the basis for this book. It was translated into many languages including Spanish, Russian, Italian, Japanese, etc., and has played a definite role in inspiring production management systems throughout the world.

Abstract: Dedication -- Preface -- 1. Introduction and Historical -- 2. Bacteriology of the Heat Sterilization of Milk . -- 3. Chemical and Physical Changes in Milk at High Temperatures -- 4. Types of UHT Processing Plant -- 5. Performance of UHT Processing Plant . -- 6. Aseptic Filling -- 7. Cleaning and Sterilization of UHT Processing Plant and Aseptic Fillers -- 8. Connection of Aseptic Fillers to UHT Processing Plant -- 9. Properties of UHT -Processed Milk -- 10. Fouling of Heat Exchangers -- 11. Laboratory and Legislative Control.

Abstract: This book attempts to explain the scientific basis for UHT sterilization and aseptic filling, as well as describe the processes and equipment used. I have tried to avoid producing merely a catalogue of sterilizers and aseptic fillers. Instead I have attempted to explain the principles on which the different types of plant operate, and discuss the factors which influence performance, so that information given by manufac­ turers may be assessed by readers in relation to their own processing requirements. Statements are generally supported by references. Where no re­ ference is given, personal experience or my interpretation of the work of others is my justification. Although the book deals mainly with milk and milk products, I hope that the information it contains will be useful to those dealing with other products, since the principles of processing are in general the same. The book is based on more than 30 years' involvement with research into UHT processing and aseptic filling. During this time I have been fortunate to work with and to talk to many people from whom I have learned a great deal. I benefited from conta.cts with Dr T. R. Ashton (England) and Professor H. Hostettler. (Switzerland), who were pioneers in the commercial development of UHT milk. More recently I have been privileged to know and work with research workers in many countries having a common interest in UHT processing. Of these, I should mention particularly Professors E. L. Thomas, V. A.

Abstract: Section I Introduction -- 1 The i386/i486 Architecture -- Section II Real-Address Mode -- 2 Programming in Real-Address Mode -- Section III Protected Mode -- 3 Memory Management -- 4 Enter and Leave Protected Mode -- 5 Page Programming -- 6 Control Transfers -- 7 Multitasking -- 8 Debugging -- 9 Input/Output -- 10 Exceptions and Interrupts -- Section IV Virtual-8086 Mode -- 11V86 Mode Programming -- Section V Appendices -- Appendix A Sample i486 Programs -- Appendix B The i386/i486 Instruction Set -- Appendix C Assembler and Linker.

Abstract: This book gives x86 assembly language programmers a view about how to use the resources and features provided by the i386/i486 processor, the newest and most advanced microprocessor from the Intel x86 family. Because the i386/i486 processor is entirely compatible with its predecessor, the 8086/88 processor, this book concentrates on the enhanced features compared to its predecessor. We assume the reader is already familiar with the concepts of 8086/88 assembly language programming. Our goal is to show you the programming methods that apply to powerful features of the i386/i486. The i387 math coprocessor is not discussed in this book. A detailed explanation about how to use each i386/i486 instruction is not covered in this book. However, we list the complete i386/i486 instruction set in Appendix B. Organization of the Book This book is divided into sections to help readers start learning from the concepts that are similar to the 8086/8088 processor. Then, the discussion shifts to the resources and environment of the i386/i486 processor. Throughout the book, real-life program examples are used to illustrate in detail how you can use the enhanced features or functions of the processor. Chapter 1 introduces the i386/i486 architecture and its enhanced features. The discussion includes the operation mode, general registers, segment registers, system registers, and system data structures. Chapter 2 discusses the method that the i386/i486 processor uses to make itself fully compatible with the 8086/88 processor and to define the interrupt vector table address, which is different from the 8086/88 processor.

Abstract: I. Conversions and Equivalents -- II. Water Chemistry -- III. Enrichment Formulations -- IV. Hatchery Systems and Methods -- V. Plumbing and Materials -- VI. Feeds and Nutrition -- VII. Aquaculture Ponds -- VIII. Chemicals and Treatments -- References.

Abstract: As the aquaculture industry has expanded throughout the world, it has embraced the experiences of many fields of study to meet increasing technological challenges. The complexities of modern hatchery methodology, more intensive growout systems, and the application of diverse biological and physical sciences to aquatic animal husbandry have reached beyona the ability of most aquaculturists to enjoy an in-depth knowledge of all phases of the aquaculture process. More importantly, in order for tne culturist to have at hand the information necessary to make basic decisions, it requires an extensive library of textbooks and scientific literature. The Aquaculture Desk Reference serves as a concise compila­ tion of tables, graphs, conversions, formulas and design specifica­ tions useful to the aquaculture industry. It also provides examples, in a straightforward manner, of how information in tabulature can be used to derive values for specific system design and process strategies. Tables and graphs in this volume also provide back­ ground documentation and authority for further reference. The Aquaculture Desk Reference is a convenient source book that will alleviate the need for an extensive personal library to access basic information useful for practicing aquaculturists. Many thanks to Mrs. Ruth Aldrich for her assistance in the preparation of this book. My family, friends and associates also deserve my special appreciation for their encouragement and sup­ port.

Abstract: 1. Thermomechanics for Electronics Packaging -- 2. Thermal Expansivity and Thermal Stress in Multilayered Structures -- 3. Thermal Stresses in Anisotropic Multilayered Structures -- 4. Transient Thermal Stresses in Multilayered Devices -- 5. Temperature Dependence of Thermal Expansion of Materials for Electronics Packages -- 6. Thermal Stress Considerations in Die-Attachment -- 7. Die Stress Measurement Using Piezoresistive Stress Sensors -- 8. Analysis of the Thermal Loading on Electronics Packages by Enhanced Moiré Interferometry -- 9. Correlation of Analytical and Experimental Approaches to Determination of Thermally Induced Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Warpage -- 10. Thermal Stress-Induced Open-Circuit Failure in Microelectronics Thin-Film Metallizations -- 11. Thermal Stress and Stress-Induced Voiding in Passivated Narrow Line Metallizations on Ceramic Substrates -- 12. Predicted Bow of Plastic Packages of Integrated Circuit (IC) Devices -- 13. Thermal and Moisture Stresses in Plastic Packages -- 14. Solutions to Moisture Resistance Degradation During Solder Reflow of Plastic Surface Mount Components -- 15. Thermomechanical Fatigue of 63Sn-37Pb Solder Joints -- 16. A Prediction of the Thermal Fatigue Life of Solder Joints Using Crack Propagation Rate and Equivalent Strain Range -- 17. Microstructural Evaluation of Sn-Pb Solder and Pd-Ag Thick-Film Conductor Metallization Under Thermal Cycling and Aging Conditions -- 18. Solder Joint Reliability of Leadless Chip Carriers -- 19. Solder Creep-Fatigue Interactions with Flexible Leaded Surface Mount Components -- 20. Thermal Stress Issues in Plated-Through-Hole Reliability -- 21. Nonlinear Analysis of a Ceramic Pin Grid Array (PGA) Soldered to an Orthotropic Epoxy Substrate -- 22. Mechanics of Wirebond Interconnects -- 23. Corrosion in Microelectronics Packages -- Author Biographies.

Abstract: Microelectronics packaging and interconnection have experienced exciting growth stimulated by the recognition that systems, not just silicon, provide the solution to evolving applications. In order to have a high density/ performance/yield/quality/reliability, low cost, and light weight system, a more precise understanding of the system behavior is required. Mechanical and thermal phenomena are among the least understood and most complex of the many phenomena encountered in microelectronics packaging systems and are found on the critical path of neatly every design and process in the electronics industry. The last decade has witnessed an explosive growth in the research and development efforts devoted to determining the mechanical and thermal behaviors of microelectronics packaging. With the advance of very large scale integration technologies, thousands to tens of thousands of devices can be fabricated on a silicon chip. At the same time, demands to further reduce packaging signal delay and increase packaging density between communicat­ ing circuits have led to the use of very high power dissipation single-chip modules and multi-chip modules. The result of these developments has been a rapid growth in module level heat flux within the personal, workstation, midrange, mainframe, and super computers. Thus, thermal (temperature, stress, and strain) management is vital for microelectronics packaging designs and analyses. How to determine the temperature distribution in the elec­ tronics components and systems is outside the scope of this book, which focuses on the determination of stress and strain distributions in the electronics packaging.

Abstract: One Introduction to Total Quality Management (TQM) -- 1 — Total Quality Management — worldwide effect -- 2 — The management methodology -- 3 — TQM principles -- Two Implementation of TQM -- 4 — The executive/management role -- 5 — TQM structure and top-down requirements -- 6 — Quality policy -- 7 — Measurement -- 8 — Quality improvement teams -- 9 — Education and training -- 10 — Involvement and commitment -- 11 — Supplier strategy -- 12 — Time to market -- 13 — Organizational design -- 14 — Summary -- Three Tools and Techniques for TQM.

Abstract: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) - A COMPETITIVE EDGE In the context of the European and Western manufacturing challenge being set by the 'Far Eastern Machine', it is of critical importance that manufacturing competitiveness is improved in Western companies. The ability to export successfully is becoming even more critical to the economic well-being of developed countries worldwide. The Japanese domination of the motor cycle and domestic consumer markets has had a significant impact on the balance of payments in Western Europe and the USA. All the signs are that Japanese companies are ready and able to enter other markets aggressively, through takeovers, acquisitions and off-shore manufacturing facilities. In Western Europe, the creation of the 'Single Market' in 1992 has provided major opportunities for companies to increase their market share. Unfortunately, many companies in the West have shown an inability to succeed even in their market when faced with tough, well-organized opposition, such as that from the Far East. There is very little time left for Western companies to catch up - the challenge is becoming more fiercely competitive daily. The time to improve competitive edge may be too late for many companies, as the European frontiers are dismantled and the Japanese companies continue to build off-shore plants in Europe. For example, it is a fact that companies are increasingly x PREFACE being forced to achieve world class manufacturing capability in order to compete and, in many cases, survive.

Abstract: A Partnership (Program Status) -- SSC Education Initiatives -- Superconductors I -- Environment, Safety, and Health -- Magnets I -- Detectors I -- Cryogenics I -- Technical Poster Session I -- Quality Assurance I -- Magnets II SSC Dipoles -- Detectors II -- Cryogenics II -- Technology Transfer -- Superconductors II -- Quality Assurance II -- Magnets III Superconducting Magnet Technology -- Detectors III -- Accelerators -- Technical Poster Session II -- Parallel Technical Sessions IV -- Systems Engineering -- Magnets IV Magnet Fabrication and R&D Facilities, Tooling, and Component Analysis -- Detectors IV -- Attendees -- Author Index.

Abstract: The fourth annual International Industrial Symposium on the Super Collider, rrssc held March 4-6, 1992, in New Orleans was a great success. Present at this year's conference were 839 attendees representing 24 universities and colleges, 34 states, 13 countries, 17 national laboratories, 11 research centers, many government entities at the local, state and federal levels, and 235 businesses and companies. This year's symposium also included 101 exhibits by 78 organizations. In all categories, this year's participation exceeded the totals of previous years and is an example of the growing support for the Superconducting Super Collider Program. This year's program had many highlights. One of the best was a message from President George Bush, read by Linda Stuntz, Acting Deputy Secretary, Department of Energy. President Bush said that each of us "can be proud of the role that you are playing in building the Collider and in setting the stage for a new era of research and discovery in high energy physics. " The 1992 IISSC's theme was "SSC-Discovering the Future. " This theme was chosen in commemoration of the SOOth anniversary of Columbus's voyage of discovery and the relationship of the SSC with discovery. This theme was articulated by all the speakers in the opening plenary session. Progress on the program was also very evident at this year's symposium. In the pictorial session, 66 photographs from all over the world were displayed to highlight progress in making the SSC a reality.

Abstract: I: Lactic Microflora -- 1 The Lactic Microflora of Fowl -- 2 The Lactic Microflora of Pigs, Mice and Rats -- 3 Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Rumen -- 4 The Human Gastrointestinal Tract -- 5 The Lactic Microflora of the Oral Cavity -- II: Lactic Acid Bacteria and Health -- 6 Probiotics: A General View -- 7 The Effect of Probiotics on the Gut Micro-ecology of Farm Animals -- 8 Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Control of Plant Pathogens -- 9 The Antimicrobial Action of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Natural Food Preservation Systems -- 10 Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Control of Tumours -- 11 Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Support of Immunocompromised Hosts -- 12 Fermented Dairy Products and Health -- III: Agriculture and Ecology -- 13 Spoilage in the Sugar Industry -- 14 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Plant Silage -- 15 Storage of Waste Products for Animal Feed -- 16 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Coffee and Cocoa Fermentation -- 17 Sporolactobacilli -- 18 Critical Factors Governing the Competitive Behaviour of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Mixed Cultures.

Abstract: Historical Background lowe my interest in the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the late Dr Cyril Rainbow, who introduced me to their fascinating world when he offered me a place with him to work for a PhD on the carbohydrate meta­ bolism of some lactic rods isolated from English beer breweries by himself and others, notably Dr Dora Kulka. He was particularly interested in their preference for maltose over glucose as a source of carbohydrate for growth, expressed in most cases as a more rapid growth on the disaccharide, but one isolate would grow only on maltose. Eventually, we showed that maltose was being utilised by 'direct fermen­ tation' as the older texts called it, specifically by the phosphorolysis which had first been demonstrated for maltose by Doudoroff and his associates in their work on maltose metabolism by a strain of Neisseria meningitidis. I began work on food fermentations when I came to Strathclyde University, and I soon found myself involved again with the bacteria which I had not touched since completing my doctoral thesis. In 1973 lG. Carr, C. V. Cutting and G. c. Whiting organised the 4th Long Ashton Symposium Lactic Acid Bacteria in Beverages and Food and from my participation in that excellent conference arose a friendship with Geoff Carr. The growing importance of these bacteria was subsequently confirmed by the holding, a decade later, of the first of the Wageningen Conferences on the LAB.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 About Physical Optics -- 1.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- 1.3 Overview of the Following Chapters -- References -- Problems -- 2 Maxwell’s Equations and Plane Wave Propagation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Some Preliminaries -- 2.3 Monochromatic Plane Waves -- 2.4 Polychromatic Plane Waves -- 2.5 Propagation in Polarizing Optical Systems -- 2.6 Striated Media -- References -- Problems -- 3 Material Polarization and Dispersion -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Complexity in the Microscopic World -- 3.3 A Derivation of the Lorentz-Lorenz Relation -- 3.4 The Spring Model of Matter -- 3.5 Wave Propagation in Dispersive Media -- 3.6 Macroscopic Models of More Exotic Effects -- References -- Problems -- 4 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microscopic Basis for the Existence of an Index Tensor -- 4.3 Fresnel’s and the Index Ellipsoids -- 4.4 The Normal Surface and the Ray Surface -- 4.5 Some Propagation Effects in Crystals -- 4.6 Some Polarization Devices -- References -- Problems -- 5 Geometrical Optics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The WKB Approximation as it Relates to Geometrical Optics -- 5.3 The Eikonal Equation -- 5.4 Energy Flow and Radiometry -- 5.5 Paraxial Ray Optics -- 5.6 About Optical Instruments -- 5.7 Phase Space and Liouville’s Theorem -- References -- Problems -- 6 Interferenee -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Michelson Interferometer -- 6.3 Other Interferometers -- 6.4 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer -- 6.5 Young’s Interferometer and Spatial Coherence -- 6.6 Hanbury-Brown and Twiss Interferometer -- References -- Problems -- 7 Diffraetion -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Green’s Theorem and Scalar Diffraction -- 7.3 Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Theory -- 7.4 Van Cittert-Zemicke Theorem -- 7.5 Diffraction Gratings and Spectrometers -- References -- Problems.

Abstract: This present text has emerged from the lecture notes for a one semester, first year, graduate level course which has been offered yearly since fall 1985 here in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Enrollment in the course, however, has not been limited to first year graduate electrical engineering students, but has included seniors, as well as more advanced students, from a variety of disciplines including other areas of engineering and physics. Although other Physical Optics texts exist, the most up-to-date ones are written primarily for undergraduate courses. As is discussed in slightly more depth in the introduction in the beginning of Chap­ ter 1, up-to-dateness is important in a Physical Optics text, as even classical optics has been greatly rejuvenated by the events of the last 30 years, since the demonstration of the laser. The perception of this author is that the needs of a graduate level text are quite different from that of an undergraduate text. At the undergraduate level, one is generally pleased if the student can qualitatively grasp a portion of the concepts presented and have some recollection of where to look them up if need be later in his/her career. A deeper insight is necessary at the graduate level and is generally developed through qualitative analysis of the problems within the subject area.

Abstract: 1 The Design-Build Concept -- 2 The Art of Selling to the Construction Prospect -- 3 New Business Attitudes -- 4 Finding the Prospective Customer -- 5 Qualifying the Lead -- 6 Selling the Prospect -- 7 Design-Build Capability -- 8 Signing Up the Prospect -- 9 Working with the Owner During Construction -- 10 The Construction Sales Department.

Abstract: With a jolt you pull your car to the side of the road, and read the job sign that can't be over one day old: New Home of ABC Inc.; General Contractor, XYZ Construction Co. You think out loud, "I knew the property had been sold," and your eyes roam over the real estate sign with the angled "sold" sticker pro­ claiming to all that the agent has been successful. "Thought the job would have come out on the bid list by now," you mutter as you move back onto the road and head for your office. Later in the day you get the agent on the phone: "Jim, how did XYZ get the ABC job? I saw nothing on the builders' exchange about it." "John, XYZ has been negotiating with ABC for the past six weeks. They did one fine job of selling on old McDuff. Understand they just called on him out of the blue asking for a chance. They put the whole package together, plans and all." "Didn't that tightwad McDuff get another price, Jim?" "Sure did; two, as a matter of fact. He asked me to get two other contractors capable of doing design-build projects. He liked XYZ better. I don't know the prices, but I really feel those boys impressed McDuff by going to him. Were you planning to bid the job?" "Thinking about it," you answer, trying to sound very casual.

Abstract: 1 Base oils from petroleum -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Base oil composition -- 1.3 Products and specifications -- 1.4 Conventional base oil manufacturing methods -- 1.5 Modern catalytic processes -- 1.6 Future developments -- References -- 2 Synthetic base fluids -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Polyalphaolefins -- 2.3 Alkylated aromatics -- 2.4 Polybutenes -- 2.5 Synthetic esters -- 2.6 Polyalkylene glycols -- 2.7 Phosphate esters -- References -- 3 Detergents/dispersants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Detergents -- 3.3 Dispersants -- 3.4 Other lubricants -- 3.5 Performance evaluation -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Oxidative degradation and stabilisation of mineral oil based lubricants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Autoxidation of hydrocarbons -- 4.3 Oxidation stability of base oils -- 4.4 Inhibition of oxidative degradation of lubricants -- 4.5 Application of antioxidants -- 4.6 Future antioxidant technology -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Viscosity index improvers and thickeners -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of VI improver chemistry -- 5.3 Chemistry and manufacture of commercial VI improvers -- 5.4 Function and properties -- 5.5 Performance -- 5.6 Prognosis for future developments -- References -- 6 Miscellaneous additives -- 6.1 Friction modifiers -- 6.2 Pour point depressants -- 6.3 Demulsifiers and antifoams -- 6.4 Corrosion inhibitors -- Reference -- 7 The formulation of automotive lubricants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What type of lubricant is wanted? -- 7.3 Why there are so many types of lubricant -- 7.4 Multifunctional lubricants -- 7.5 Definition of lubricant performance -- 7.6 Lubricant formulation—the physical phase -- 8 Industrial lubricants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Bearing lubricants -- 8.3 Compressor lubricants -- 8.4 Hydraulic lubricants (fluids) -- 8.5 Industrial gear lubricants -- 8.6 Turbine lubricants -- 8.7 Metalworking lubricants -- 8.8 Specialities -- References -- 9 Aviation lubricants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Lubrication of rotary engines -- 9.3 Lubrication of conventional aircraft piston engines -- 9.4 Lubrication of aircraft turbine engines -- 9.5 Aircraft hydraulic fluids -- 9.6 Helicopter gearboxes -- 9.7 Undercarriage lubrication -- 9.8 Airframe lubrication -- 9.9 Safety aspects of aircraft lubrication -- 9.10 Space lubrication -- References -- 10 Marine lubricants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Marine diesel engines -- 10.3 Fuel oil -- 10.4 Base oils -- 10.5 Additives -- 10.6 Properties and formulation of marine lubricants -- 10.7 System oils -- 10.8 Cylinder oils -- 10.9 Trunk piston engine oils -- 10.10 Used oil analysis -- References -- 11 Lubricating grease -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Structure and properties -- 11.3 Chemistry -- 11.4 Applications -- 11.5 Future developments -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Extreme-pressure and anti-wear additives -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Anti-wear additives -- 12.3 Extreme-pressure additives -- 12.4 Mechanisms of action of anti-wear and EP additives -- 12.5 Application of different classes of additive -- 12.6 Future developments -- References -- 13 Lubricants and their environmental impact -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Collection of waste lubricant -- 13.3 Treatment of collected lubricant -- 13.4 Re-refined base oil quality -- 13.5 Health and safety aspects of re-refined oil -- 13.6 Environmental considerations of waste lubricant -- 13.7 Environmental impact of ‘consumed’ lubricant -- 13.8 Biodegradation tests for oils -- 13.9 Future trends -- References -- Further reading.

Abstract: The use oflubricants began in ancient times and has developed into a major international business through the need to lubricate machines of increasing complexity. The impetus for lubricant development has arisen from need, so lubricatingpractice has preceded an understanding ofthe scientific principles. This is not surprising as the scientific basis of the technology is, by nature, highly complex and interdisciplinary. However, we believe that the under­ standing of lubricant phenomena will continue to be developed at a mol­ ecular level to meet future challenges. These challenges will include the control of emissions from internal combustion engines, the reduction of friction and wear in machinery, and continuing improvements to lubricant performanceand life-time. More recently, there has been an increased understanding of the chemical aspects of lubrication, which has complemented the knowledge and under­ standing gained through studies dealing with physics and engineering. This book aims to bring together this chemical information and present it in a practical way. It is written by chemists who are authorities in the various specialisations within the lubricating industry, and is intended to be of interest to chemists who may already be working in the lubricating industry or in academia, and who are seeking a chemist's view of lubrication. It will also be of benefit to engineers and technologists familiar with the industry who require a more fundamental understanding oflubricants.

Abstract: 1 Early Processes and Theories -- 2 Alchemy -- 3 From Alchemy to Chemistry -- 4 Phlogistic and Pneumatic Chemistry -- 5 Lavoisier and the Birth of Modern Chemistry -- 6 The Chemical Atom -- 7 Electrochemistry and the Dualistic Theory -- 8 The Foundation of Organic Chemistry -- 9 The Karlsruhe Congress and its Aftermath -- 10 Organic Chemistry since 1860 -- 11 Atomic Structure, Radiochemistry and Chemical Bonding -- 12 Inorganic Chemistry -- 13 Physical Chemistry -- 14 Analytical Chemistry -- 15 Chemistry and Society -- Appendix The Nobel Prize in Chemistry -- Name Index.

Abstract: This book is written as a result of a personal conviction of the value of incorporating historical material into the teaching of chemistry, both at school and undergraduate level. Indeed, it is highly desirable that an undergraduate course in chemistry incorporates a separate module on the history of chemistry. This book is therefore aimed at teachers and students of chemistry, and it will also appeal to practising chemists. While the last 25 years has seen the appearance of a large number of specialist scholarly publications on the history of chemistry, there has been little written in the way of an introductory overview of the subject. This book fills that gap. It incorporates some of the results of recent research, and the text is illustrated throughout. Clearly, a book of this length has to be highly selective in its coverage, but it describes the themes and personalities which in the author's opinion have been of greatest importance in the development of the subject. The famous American historian of science, Henry Guerlac, wrote: 'It is the central business of the historian of science to reconstruct the story of the acquisition of this knowledge and the refinement of its method or methods, and-perhaps above all-to study science as a human activity and learn how it arose, how it developed and expanded, and how it has influenced or been influenced by man's material, intellectual, and even spiritual aspirations' (Guerlac, 1977). This book attempts to describe the development of chemistry in these terms.

Abstract: 1 The Mechanisms of Hot Carrier Degradation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Injection of Channel Hot Carriers in MOSFETs -- 1.3 Characterization Techniques -- 1.4 Charge Trapping and Dit-Generation Under Uniform Hot-Carrier Injection in MOSFETs -- 1.5 Charge Trapping and Dit-Generation Under Nonuniform Hot-Carrier Injection in MOSFETs -- 1.6 Conclusions -- 1.7 Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Hot-Carrier Degradation Effects for DRAM Circuits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Hot-Carrier Degradation in MOSFETs -- 2.3 Hot Carrier Impact on Circuit Operation -- 2.4 Circuit Hot-Electron Effect Simulation -- 2.5 ESD Latent Damage and Hot-Electron Reliability -- 2.6 Future Issues -- 2.7 Conclusions -- 2.8 Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Hot Carrier Design Considerations in MOS Nonvolatile Memories -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Hot Carriers and EPROM -- 3.3 Hot Carriers and Flash Memory -- 3.4 Hot Carriers and Floating-Gate-Type EEPROMs -- 3.5 Hot Carriers and MNOS-Type EEPROMs -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 3.7 Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Hot-Carrier Degradation During Dynamic Stress -- 4.1 The Problem of AC Hot-Carrier Degradation -- 4.2 Discussion of Transient Effects -- 4.3 Dynamic Degradation in Circuits -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix I On the Mathematical Formalism of the Hot-Carrier Currents in Semiconductor DevicesCheng T. Wang -- A1.1 Introduction -- A1.2 Mathematical Formalism -- A1.3 Conclusion -- References -- Appendix II Non-Local Field Effects on Carrier Transport in Ultra-Small-Size Devices Cheng T. Wang -- A2.1 Introduction -- A2.3 Drift Velocity as a Function of Distance -- A2.4 A Comparative Study of Field Effect on Drift Velocity -- A2.5 Conclusion -- A2.6 Acknowledgments -- References.

Abstract: As device dimensions decrease, hot-carrier effects, which are due mainly to the presence of a high electric field inside the device, are becoming a major design concern. On the one hand, the detrimental effects-such as transconductance degradation and threshold shift-need to be minimized or, if possible, avoided altogether. On the other hand, performance­ such as the programming efficiency of nonvolatile memories or the carrier velocity inside the devices-need to be maintained or improved through the use of submicron technologies, even in the presence of a reduced power supply. As a result, one of the major challenges facing MOS design engineers today is to harness the hot-carrier effects so that, without sacrificing product performance, degradation can be kept to a minimum and a reli­ able design obtained. To accomplish this, the physical mechanisms re­ sponsible for the degradations should first be experimentally identified and characterized. With adequate models thus obtained, steps can be taken to optimize the design, so that an adequate level of quality assur­ ance in device or circuit performance can be achieved. This book ad­ dresses these hot-carrier design issues for MOS devices and circuits, and is used primarily as a professional guide for process development engi­ neers, device engineers, and circuit designers who are interested in the latest developments in hot-carrier degradation modeling and hot-carrier reliability design techniques. It may also be considered as a reference book for graduate students who have some research interests in this excit­ ing, yet sometime controversial, field.

Abstract: 1 Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Need for Trenchless Technology -- 1.2 Horizontal Boring Techniques -- 1.3 General Procedures -- 1.4 Selection of Method -- 1.5 Limitations -- 1.6 Future Outlook -- 1.7 Looking Ahead -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Early Underground Work -- 2.2 The Stimulus of the Industrial Revolution -- 2.3 Early Trenchless Methods—1890–1960 -- 2.4 Trenchless Methods—1960–1985 -- 3 Creating the Hole -- 3.1 Thrust Boring -- 3.2 Impact Moling -- 3.3 Impact Ramming -- 3.4 Rock Hammer -- 3.5 Auger Boring -- 3.6 Wet/Slurry Boring -- 3.7 Fluid Jet Cutting -- 3.8 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling -- 3.9 Rotary/Directional Drilling -- 4 Steerable Horizontal Boring -- 4.1 Methods of Steering the Bit -- 4.2 Available Systems -- 4.3 Planning the Job -- 4.4 Applications -- 4.5 Preventing and Controlling Problems -- 5 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling -- 5.1 Pipe Jacking -- 5.2 Microtunnelling -- 6 On-Line Replacement and Structural Renovation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Options -- 6.3 On-Line Replacement -- 6.4 Renovation -- 7 Instrumentation Systems for Guided Boring -- 7.1 Unguided Systems -- 7.2 Guided Boring -- 7.3 Guidance Instrumentation Systems -- 7.4 Equipment Selection -- 7.5 Needs and Future Trends -- 8 Economics of Trenchless Technology -- 8.1 Economic Costs -- 8.2 Open-Cut Method -- 8.3 Economic Studies and Models -- 8.4 Effect of Drilling Rate -- 8.5 System Utilization -- 9 Investigation, Routing, and Location -- 9.1 Selection of Trenchless Equipment -- 9.2 Planning and Design of Project -- 9.3 Job Implementation and Precautions -- 10 Case Histories -- 10.1 Case History 1: Horizontal Drilling -- 10.2 Case History 2: Guided Piercing Tool -- 10.3 Case History 3: Microtunnelling -- 10.4 Case History 4: Pipeline Insertion Machine -- 10.5 Case History 5: UTILX Guidedril Tunnelling Machine -- 10.6 Case History 6: Microtunnelling -- 10.7 Case History 7: Renovation -- 11 Future Needs -- 11.1 The Future in Perspective -- 11.2 Attitudes and Awareness -- 11.3 Technical Needs.

Abstract: In the past decade, the field of trenchless technology has expanded rapidly in products, equipment, and utilization. This expansion would not have occurred without a strong increase in economic incentives to the user. Because the operating environment has changed, trenchless technology is often the preferred alternative to traditional methods of digging holes and installing conduits. The infrastructure in which we live has become more congested and has to be shared by several users. In addition, the cost of restoring a road or landscaped area after construction may be higher than the cost of installing the conduit. These factors add to the need for trenchless technology-the ability to dig holes without disturbing the surface. In some ways, trenchless technology is a futuristic concept. Ruth Krauss in a children's book of definitions wrote, "A Hole .. .Is to Dig." But this statement is not necessarily true. Today, a hole could be to bore.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Program Design and Initiation -- 3 Comprehensive Descriptive Method -- 4 Quality Ratings Method -- 5 “In/Out” Method -- 6 Difference-from-Control Method (Degree of Difference) -- Appendix 1 Basic Data Analysis Methods -- Graphical Summaries -- Summary Statistics -- Confidence Intervals -- Appendix 2 Statistical Hypothesis Testing -- Type I and Type II Errors -- Example of a Statistical Hypothesis Test -- Appendix 3 The Statistical Design of Sensory Panels -- Randomized (Complete) Block Designs -- Balanced Incomplete Block Designs -- Appendix 4 Multivariate Methods -- Multivariate Summary Statistics -- Principal Components/Factor Analysis -- Cluster Analysis -- Appendix 5 Statistical Quality Control -- Control Charts -- R-Charts -- I-Charts -- Statistical Control Versus Specifications -- Panel Maintenance -- References.

Abstract: This book addresses an important, but so far neglected, topic: the application of sensory evaluation to quality control. Although several articles have been pub­ lished that have discussed concepts of quality control/sensory evaluation (QC/sen­ sory) programs, Sensory Evaluation in Quality Control is the first publication that addresses this topic in a comprehensive and practical way. This book is com­ prehensive, in that it presents the sensory and statistical information that is needed to design and implement several types of QCfsensory programs at the plant level. The book is practical, in that it provides a step-by-step description of the complete process to implement such programs, and it illustrates this process through real examples encountered by various consumer products companies (e. g. , foods, personal care products, paper products). With this practical information, sensory and quality professionals can design and implement sound QC/sensory programs at the plant level. This book was developed to provide the sensory and quality professional with an overview and guide to apply, in a production facility, the unique techniques that are used to measure sensory responses. Therefore, the book is intended for QC and/or R&D personnel (e. g. , sensory managers and analysts, and quality profes­ sionals) in charge of implementing an in-plant program, as well as for the plant management and plant technical personnel (sensory coordinator and quality pro­ fessionals) who are ultimately responsible for the routine operation of the estab­ lished program.

Abstract: Local ATM -- Architecture of Local and Metropolitan ATM Networks: New Trends -- Supercomputer Communications as an Application for ATM Local Area Networks -- Gigabit Local Area Networks -- Congestion Control I -- An Overview of Bandwidth Management Procedures in High-Speed Networks -- Performance of the Buffered Leaky Bucket Policing Mechanism -- Congestion Control II -- Explicit Foward Congestion Notification in ATM Networks -- A Novel Architecture and Flow Control Scheme for Private ATM Networks -- Gateway Congestion Controls in High-Speed Backbone Networks -- Standards -- What’s New in B-ISDN Standards? -- Routing -- Routing in ATM Networks -- A Queueing-Network Model for Half-Duplex Routing in Data Communication Networks -- Transport Protocols -- The Xpress Transfer Protocol -- Radiology Communications for Imaging Systems -- High-Speed Transport Protocol Evaluation in the VISTAnet Project -- Traffic Measurements -- Traffic Models for ISDN and B-ISDN Users -- Traffic Characterization in a Wide Area Network -- Telecommunications Software Engineering -- Engineering of Telecommunications Software -- Reliability of Telecommunications Software: Assessing Sensitivity of Least Squares Reliability Estimates -- Software Metrics and the Quality of Telecommunication Software.

Abstract: TriComm '92 was the fifth in the series of Research Triangle conferences on Computer Communications. This series emerged from a need to provide a forum for the people who are actively involved in Research and Development in the Research Triangle area in which they could present and discuss new ideas in Computer Communications. TriComm '92 was dedicated to High Speed networks. In particular, the program was developed around the following themes: local ATM, preventive and reactive congestion control. routing. transport protocols. traffic measurements, software engineering for telecommunication systems. and standards. I would like to thank all the speakers who agreed to present a paper. and the members of the program committee who patiently refereed the papers despite their busy schedules. I would also like to thank Mr. Ed Bowen, IBM, Research Triangle Park, for covering the expenses for the preparation of the pre-conference proceedings. and Dr. Raif Onvural. IBM, Research Triangle Park, for overseeing the photocopying of the proceedings. I would also like to thank my "Guardian Angel" Ms. Margaret Hudacko. Center for Communications and Signal Processing. State University, who made all the local arrangements. North Carolina Without her help, this conference would have been a complete disaster. Many thanks also go to Norene Miller. Center for Communications and Signal Processing. North Carolina State University. Finally. I would like to thank Mr. Charles Lord, Eastern NC Chapter of the IEEE Communications SOCiety. for providing us with mailing lists.

Abstract: 1 Sweetness and food selection -- 2 The carbohydrate—sucrose -- 3 Non-sucrose carbohydrates -- 4 Sugar alcohols -- 5 Intense sweeteners -- 6 Natural high potency sweeteners -- 7 Sweetener markets, marketing and product development -- 8 Sweeteners and dental health -- 9 Sweeteners and metabolic disorders -- 10 Sweeteners and body weight -- 11 Sweeteners: statutory aspects.

Abstract: The study of sweetness and sweeteners has recently been an area well­ served by books at all levels, but this volume was planned to fill what we perceived as a gap in the coverage. There appeared to be no book which attempted to combine a study of sweetness with a thorough but concise coverage of all aspects of sweeteners. We set out to include all the important classes of sweeteners, including materials which do not yet have regulatory approval, so that clear comparisons could be made between them and their technological advantages and disadvantages. To achieve our first aim, of sufficient depth of coverage, the accounts within this volume are comprehensive enough to satisfy the requirements of a demanding readership, but cannot be exhaustive in a single volume of moderate proportions. The second aim, of breadth and conciseness, is satisfied by careful selection of the most pertinent material. For the purposes of this book, a sweetener is assumed to be any substance whose primary effect is to sweeten a food or beverage to be consumed, thus including both the nutritive and non-nutritive varieties, from the ubiquitous sucrose to the lesser known, newer developments in alternative sweeteners. The volume has its contents structured in a logical manner to enable it to be used in an ordered study of the complete subject area or as a convenient reference source.

Abstract: 1. Introduction: The role of landscape boundaries in the management and restoration of changing environments -- 2. Fundamental ecological characteristics of landscape boundaries -- 3. Climatic constraints and issues of scale controlling regional biomes -- 4. Potential responses of landscape boundaries to global environmental change -- 5. Simulation of the scale-dependent effects of landscape boundaries on species persistence and dispersal -- 6. Human impact on the functioning of landscape boundaries -- 7. Restoration of human impacted land-water ecotones -- 8. Summary: Landscape boundaries in the management and restoration of changing environments.

Abstract: We live in a changing world; one in which there is much concern and discussion about the topics of global change, loss of biodiversity, and increasing threats to the sustainability of ecosystems. The effects these changes may have on the environment have lead governments and sCientists to make predictions as to how soon changes might occur, where, and with what impact for large and small regions of the Earth. Along with this concern for change in various regions has come the need to understand the role of boundaries between these regions and between landscape elements. Much previous ecological research has dealt with processes within relatively homogeneous landscape units or even the collective characteristics of a composite landscape. Now, however, there is an appreciation that abiotic and biotic components move across heterogeneous landscapes and that the boundaries between these units take on important control functions in this dynamic spatial system. Furthermore, landscape boundaries (or ecotones) are important not only in satisfying life-cycle needs of many organisms, but generally are characterized by high biological diversity.

Abstract: Overview Section -- Section A: Nitrogenase Biochemistry and Chemical Models -- Section B: Plant-Microbe Interactions -- Section C: Limiting Factors in Nitrogen Fixation -- Section D: Nitrogen Fixation and the Environment -- Section E: Bacterial Systems -- Section F: Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture and Industry -- Section G: Plant Function -- Section H: Nitrogen Fixation and Evolution -- Section I: Summing up the Congress -- Author Index.

Abstract: We are witnessing an increased awareness of the earth's environment. Examples are easily seen in the rise of 'Green Parties' across Europe, North America, Australasia, and lately Eastern Europe. The public outcry following industrial mishaps in Alaska, Chernobyl, Basel, and Bhopal, as well as the renewed legislative activity, such as the Clean Air Act in the USA and the European Community directive to member nation concerning the control of release of genetically engineered organisms are further examples of the general interest in the biosphere. The 'Ozone hole', 'Greenhouse gases', and 'Genetically engineered Microorganisms' have gained public profiles, and are discussed widely in newspapers, magazines and the electronic media. A recent educational survey of nations, belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) showed that school children are more literate with ecological terms (as listed above) than with 'pure' scientific terms, like 'phloem', 'mitosis', 'proton', or 'Jurasic period'. Perhaps the increase in awareness is cyclical, being fed by non-scientific, sociological and economic advances. The late 1960s/early 1970s saw a major increase in environmental consciousness. Anti-pollution groups were founded, healthfood shops and naturopathy became acceptable as did recycling, the use of lead-free gasoline, and the reduced usage of environmental toxins, like DDT and PCB. For example, Monsanto Chemical Company instigated a self-imposed halt to the manufacture of PCB in the mid-seventies. Chemical companies started to look at biodegradable herbicides, slow release fertilizers, and specifically targeted pesticides.

Abstract: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

Abstract: This edition of well over 50,000 entries not only updates its predecessor but considerably increases the coverage of Latin America and Eastern Europe. I have been aided in this work by two colleagues at Glasgow University Library, Dr Lloyd Davies and Barbara MacMillan, and in general revision by Kate Richard. Close on 20% of the text has been altered. The equivalences, introduced into the last edition, linking acronyms in different languages for the same organization, have been extended. New to this edition is the cross-referencing between a defunct organization and its successor. Otherwise the policies adopted in previous editions have been retained: strictly local organizations are omitted, but the subject scope includes activities of all kinds; the country of origin of a national organization is given in brackets, unless it is the home country of the title language or can be readily deduced from the title itself. Acronyms of parent bodies of subsidiary organizations are also added in brackets. A select bibliography guides the reader to specialist works providing more detailed information. Particularly at a time of such widespread political change affecting organizational structures in so many countries, it is impossible to ensure complete up-to-date accuracy in a work of this kind. Readers are earnestly invited to inform me of any errors and omissions for attention in a later edition of this work. H. H. Bibliography Acronyms, Initialisms and Abbreviations Dictionary. 13th edn. Gale Research Co. , Detroit, 1989.

Abstract: 1 What are Lamprophyres? — History, Definitions, Classification -- 2 When and Where? — Global Distribution, Igneous Associations -- 3 Field Geology and Petrography — Macroscopy and Microscopy -- 4 Cognate Mineralogy -- 5 Whole-rock Geochemistry -- 6 Inclusion Suites — Macrocrysts, Xenocrysts, Xenoliths, etc. -- 7 Plutonic and Volcanic Equivalents of Lamprophyres -- 8 Nature, Origin and Evolution of Lamprophyre Melts -- 9 Economic Geology -- 10 A Selective Lamprophyre Bibliography -- Appendix A Abbreviations and Symbols -- Appendix B Glossary of lamprophyres and ambiguous petrological terms -- Appendix C Global Compilation of Lamprophyre Occurrences -- Table Cl Confirmed occurrences of cale-alkaline lamprophyres -- Table C2 Confirmed occurrences of alkaline lamprophyres -- Table C3 Confirmed occurrences of ultramafic lamprophyres -- Table C4 Confirmed occurrences of lamproites -- Table C5 Additional documentation for the appinite suite and vaugnérite series -- Table C6 Confirmed mixed or transitional occurrences (covering two or more branches) -- Table C7 Unconfirmed occurrences of “lamprophyres” -- Table C8 Apocryphal occurrences of “lamprophyres” -- Appendix D The computerized lamprophyre database LAMPDA.

Abstract: Following their recognition by GUmbel (1874), lamprophyres were treated for an entire century as little more than obscure curiosities. Although this situation has changed recently, with a flowering of publications and active workers, lamprophyres remain almost the only group of igneous rocks which have not yet received attention in a dedicated monograph. In five exploratory reviews (1977-1987), the writer aimed to set out what was known about these rocks. The lUGS Subcommission on igneous rock systematics had meanwhile presented its nomenclatural framework (Streckeisen 1979). All this has now been overtaken by a recent explosion of interest, epitomized not least by lamprophyres' greater prominence in the 4th International Kimberlite Conference Proceedings. More data have become available since 1985 than over the entire previous century, and it is obviously impossible for such an extraordinary outpouring to be fully reviewed in this first, preliminary book. At the risk of dissatisfying some readers, therefore, this book concentrates on factual matters, and on a broad overview rather than minutiae. Because not even a world map of known lamprophyres was previously available, almost half the book is deliberately taken up by the first global lamprophyre compilation, and its commensurately extensive Bibliography. Such a compendium of largely objective information is believed to be of more immediate interest and lasting value than a premature pottage of petrogenetic polemic. Chapters 1-7 bring previous studies up to date, and concentrate on factual information.

Abstract: 1. The Number System -- 2. Irrational Numbers, Imaginary Numbers, and Other Curiosities -- 3. From Arithmetic to Algebra -- 4. Graphic Algebra -- 5. The Geometry of Straight Line Figures -- 6. The Geometry of the Circle and Trigonometry -- 7. Analytic Geometry -- 8. The Calculus and Mathematics in Science -- Epilogue.

Abstract: We have designed and written this book. not as a text nor for the professional mathematician. but for the general reader who is naturally attracted to mathematics as a great intellec­ tual challenge. and for the special reader whose work requires him to have a deeper understanding of mathematics than he acquired in school. Readers in the first group are drawn to mental recreational activities such as chess. bridge. and various types of puzzles. but they generally do not respond enthusiastically to mathematics because of their unhappy learning experiences with it during their school days. The readers in the secondgrouptum to mathematics as a necessity. but with painful resignation and considerable apprehension regarding their abilities to master the branch ofmathematics they need in their work. In either case. the fear of and revulsion to mathematics felt by these readers usually stem from their earlier frustrating encounters with it. vii viii PREFACE This book will show these readers that these fears, frustrations, and general antipathy are unwarranted, for, as stated, it is not a textbook full of long, boring proofs and hundreds of problems, rather it is an intellectual adventure, to be read with pleasure. It was written to be easily accessible and with concern for the mental tranquilityofthe reader who willexperience considerable fulfillment when he/she sees the simplicity of basic mathematics. The emphasis throughout this book is on the clear explanation of mathematical con­ cepts.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Distinctions Between Patents, Copyrights, Trade Secrets, and Trademarks -- Constitutional Basis and Underlying Philosophy for Patents and Copyrights -- Patents -- Design Patents -- Plant Patents -- Plant Variety Protection Act -- Copyrights -- Trade Secrets -- Trademarks and Service Marks -- 3 Jurisdiction for Administering and Enforcing Laws Concerning Intellectual Property -- The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and Appeals Therefrom -- United States District Courts and Appeals Therefrom -- US Claims Court and Appeals Therefrom -- International Trade Commission (ITC) and Appeals Therefrom -- Copyright Office -- State Courts -- Laws Related to Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights -- Resolution of Disputes by Nonlitigation Methods -- 4 Patentability and Inventorship -- Patentability -- What Can Be Patented -- Utility -- Double Patenting -- Novelty and 35 USC § 102 -- Nonobviousness Requirement for Patentability USC § 103 -- Case Law Application of 35 USC § 103 -- Inventorship -- 5 The Patent Application -- Abstract of the Disclosure -- Description Portion of the Specification -- Written Description of the Invention -- Enablement -- Best Mode -- Drawings -- Models -- Claims -- Preamble of the Claim -- Transitional Phrase of the Claim -- Body of the Claim -- Types of Claims -- Doctrine of Equivalents -- Oath or Declaration -- Statutory Invention Registration (SIR) -- 6 Prosecution of Patent Application -- Requirements for Obtaining a Filing Date -- Classification of Application for Examination Purposes -- Initial Substantive Review of Application by Examiner -- Response by Applicant -- Examination of Claims on Their Merits -- Response to Office Action -- Final Rejection of Claims and Response -- Appeal to Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences -- Interferences -- Review by Quality Control -- Notice of Allowance -- Certificates of Correction -- Reissues -- Reexamination -- Intervening Rights -- Protests -- Patent marking -- Types of Related Patent Applications -- 7 Reexamination -- Citation of Prior Art -- Request for Reexamination -- Substantial New Question of Patentability -- The Order to Reexamine -- Reexamination Proceeding -- Some Factors of Concern When Deciding to Reexamine or Whether to Take Some Other Action -- License Agreements and Reexamination -- 8 International Patent Treaties -- Paris Convention of 1883 -- Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) -- European Patents and the European Patent Convention (EPC) -- Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI) -- African Regional Industrial Property Organization (ARIPO) -- Inventor’s Certificate -- 9 Trade Secrets and Commercial Considerations -- Trade Secrets -- Maintaining Secrecy -- Protection Afforded by Trade Secrets -- Patent or Keep Secret -- Commercial Considerations -- Restrictions on Exploitation of Patents -- Record Keeping -- Invention Disclosures -- Ownership of Invention -- Invention Incentive Programs -- 10 Searching -- Search Facilities at the United States Patent and Trademark Office -- Searching Organizations -- Reasons for Searching -- 11 Government Patent Policy -- General Considerations -- Small Business and Nonprofit Organizations -- March-In Rights -- Federal Technology Transfer Act -- 12 Trademarks and Service Marks -- Federal Trademark Registrations -- Categories of Terms and Secondary Meaning -- Benefits From Federal Registration -- Likelihood of Confusion -- Trade Names -- Trade Dress -- Searching -- 13 Copyrights and Semiconductor Chip Protection -- Copyrights -- Protection for Semiconductor Chips -- Important Addresses -- Acronyms -- Appendices A-S.

Abstract: The primary purpose of the first edition of this book was to provide inventors and those who manage technology with sufficient understanding of the patent system to permit them to make use of it with the greatest possible degree of comfort. From the comments that I have received from readers of the first edition, it seems that this purpose was achieved to an appreciable extent. In fact, the audience for the book went beyond this and has been of use to those entering the patent profession and general attorneys who have technology-based clientele. This second edition discusses important changes in the law since the first, including the enactment of new laws as well as new insights into or inter­ pretations of already existing statutes. Along with updating material, I have expanded certain discussions including more examples to illustrate some of the more complex issues covered. In writing this book, I have tried not to lose sight of the underlying philosophy of the patent laws as expressed in ARTICLE 1, SECTION 8 of the United States Constitution: The Congress shall have the power to promote the sciences and useful arts, by securing for limited time to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. Encouragement of communication between an inventor and the general public is, therefore, the primary purpose and objective of the patent laws.

Abstract: 1 Developments in polymerization -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Radical addition polymerization -- 1.3 Ionic and coordination addition polymerization -- 1.4 Stepwise polymerization -- References -- 2 Group transfer polymerizations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Features of group transfer polymerization -- 2.3 Kinetics and mechanism -- 2.4 Aldol group transfer polymerization -- 2.5 Copolymers -- 2.6 Telechelics -- 2.7 Related and anionic polymerizations -- 2.8 Applications -- References -- 3 Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclic alkenes -- 3.1 Scope of ring-opening metathesis polymerization -- 3.2 Monomers for ring-opening metathesis polymerization -- 3.3 Catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization of cycloalkenes -- 3.4 Mechanism of ring-opening metathesis polymerization -- 3.5 Molecular weight distribution in polyalkenylenes -- 3.6 Stereochemistry of ring-opening metathesis polymerization -- 3.7 Thermodynamics of ring-opening polymerization -- References -- 4 Transformation reactions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Historical development of transformation reactions -- 4.3 Transformations between anionic and cationic polymerization -- 4.4 Transformations between ionic and free radical polymerization -- 4.5 Transformations involving other modes of polymerization -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Chemical modification of preformed polymers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Chemical reactions of polymers: general aspects -- 5.3 Modification of polymers -- References -- 6 Terminally reactive oligomers: telechelic oligomers and macromers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The synthesis of terminally reactive oligomers -- 6.3 Reactions and reactivity of telechelic oligomers and macromers -- 6.4 Uses of terminally functionalized oligomers -- References.

Abstract: Most practitioners and students of polymer chemistry are familiar, in general terms at least, with the established methods of polymer synthesis - radical, anionic, cationic and coordination addition polymerization, and stepwise con­ densation and rearrangement polymerization. These methods are used to synthesize the majority of polymers used in the manufacture of commercially important plastics, fibres, resins and rubbers, and are covered in most introduc­ tory polymer chemistry textbooks and in most undergraduate and graduate courses on polymer science. Fewer polymer chemists, however, have much familiarity with more recent developments in methods of polymer synthesis, unless they have been specifically involved for some time in the synthesis of speciality polymers. These developments include not only refinements to established methods but also new mechanisms of polymerization, such as group transfer and metathesis polymerization and novel non-polymerization routes to speciality polymers involving, for example, the chemical modification of preformed polymers or the linking together of short terminally functionalized blocks.

Abstract: Physiology of Insect Cold Hardiness -- 1. A Tribute to R. W. Salt -- 2. Principles of Insect Low Temperature Tolerance -- 3. The Water Relations of Overwintering Insects -- 4. Biochemistry of Cryoprotectants -- 5. Hemolymph Proteins Involved in Insect Subzero-Temperature Tolerance: Ice Nucleators and Antifreeze Proteins -- Impact on Development and Survival -- 6. Cold Shock and Heat Shock -- 7. Effects of Cold on Morphogenesis -- 8. Relationship between Cold Hardiness and Diapause -- 9. Thermoperiodism -- Species Adaptations -- 10. Winter Habitats and Ecological Adaptations for Winter Survival -- 11. Freezing Tolerance in the Goldenrod Gall Fly (Eurosta solidaginis) -- 12. Behavioral and Physiological Adaptations to Cold in a Freeze-Tolerant Arctic Insect -- 13. Comparative Invertebrate Cold Hardiness -- 14. Adaptations to Alpine and Polar Environments in Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods -- 15. Overwintering of Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates -- Practical Applications -- 16. Cryopreservation of Insect Germplasm: Cells, Tissues, and Organisms -- 17. Cryobiology of Drosophila melanogaster Embryos -- 18. Silkworm Eggs at Low Temperatures: Implications for Sericulture -- 19. Overwintering in Honey Bees: Implications for Apiculture -- 20. Implications of Cold Hardiness for Pest Management -- Taxonomic Index -- Contributors.

Abstract: The study of insects at low temperature is a comparatively new field. Only recently has insect cryobiology begun to mature, as research moves from a descriptive approach to a search for underlying mechanisms at diverse levels of organization ranging from the gene and cell to ecological and evolutionary relationships. Knowledge of insect responses to low temperature is crucial for understanding the biology of insects living in seasonally varying habitats as well as in polar regions. It is not possible to precisely define low temperature. In the tropics exposure to 10-15°C may induce chill coma or death, whereas some insects in temperate and polar regions remain active and indeed even able to fly at O°C or below. In contrast, for persons interested in cryopreservation, low temperature may mean storage in liquid nitrogen at - 196°C. In the last decade, interest in adaptations of invertebrates to low temperature has risen steadily. In part, this book had its origins in a symposium on this subject that was held at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Louisville, Kentucky, USA in December, 1988. However, the emergence and growth of this area has also been strongly influenced by an informal group of investigators who met in a series of symposia held in Oslo, Norway in 1982, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 1985 and in Cambridge, England in 1988. Another is scheduled for Binghamton, New York, USA (1990).

Abstract: Within the past decade there has been a veritable explosion of interest in the relationship between food and human behavior. It seems that there is an insatiable desire to find connections between what we eat and what we do. A clear example of this is the proliferation of books, magazine and newspaper articles, and television and radio programs devoted to the topic. More important, however, is the increased attention the scientific community is giving to the study of nutrition and behavior as evidenced by the growth of research, the development of undergraduate and graduate programs, and the number of scientific conferences addressing the prob­ lems in this area. The burgeoning scientific interest in this field makes it a very appropriate time for this book. The principal goal of Nutrition and Behavior: New Perspectives is to provide a comprehensive examination of the scientific evidence dealing with relationships between nutritional variables and behavior. Although findings in research using experimental animals will be introduced, the primary emphasis will be on investigating the nutrition-behavior relation­ ship in our own species. The first chapter provides a historical introduction to the area and examines the techniques used in the scientific assessment of nutrition and behavior. This material gives the reader the necessary background to place recent research on nutrition and behavior within a wider perspective and to evaluate its reliability and validity

Abstract: Stage:Program Planning -- Step 1: Evaluate Neighborhoods -- Step 2: Determine Appropriate Production Model(s) -- Step 3: Determine Potential Producers -- Step 4: Collect Data on Resources -- Step 5: Collect Detailed Neighborhood Data -- Step 6: Adopt Appropriate Production Model(s) -- Step 7: Set Program Construction Standards -- Step 8: Develop Financing Forms and Guidelines -- Step 9: Customize the Inspection Checklist -- Step 10: Customize the Specmaster Database -- Step 11: Develop a Contractor Qualification System -- Step 12: Set Up a Contractor Recruitment and Evaluation System -- Step 13: Select Contract Documents -- Step 14: Develop an Internal Record-Keeping and Tracking System -- Step 15: Develop Formal Program Procedures -- Stage: Design and Feasibility -- Step 16: Perform Specification Inspection -- Step 17: Prepare Work Write-up (With Prices) -- Step 18: Perform a Sources-and-Uses Analysis -- Step 19: Secure Preliminary Project Approval -- Stage: Bidding -- Step 20: Match Potential Bidders to the Job -- Step 21: Prepare Bid Documents -- Step 22: Conduct Bid Review and Clarification -- Step 23: Select and Notify Contractor -- Step 24: Perform Final Sources-and-Uses Analysis -- Step 25: Conduct Pre-Construction Walk-Through -- Step 26: Have Bidder Execute Contract -- Step 27: Have Owner Execute Contract and Financing Agreement -- Stage: Construction -- Step 28: Issue Notice to Proceed -- Step 29: Verify Job Start -- Step 30: Conduct Progress Inspections and Make Payments -- Step 31: Perform Change Order and Contingency Inspections -- Step 32: Conduct Substantial Completion Inspections -- Step 33: Perform Retainage Release Inspection -- Stage: Post-Construction -- Step 34: Fill Out Evaluations -- Step 35: Perform Warranty Inspections -- Addenda.

Abstract: The procedures in this manual distill six years of learning about the most efficient acquisition and construction methods in this country for high volume production of housing affordable to low-income people. The people in the Rehab Work Group at The Enterprise Foundation have gathered this information first-hand and conveyed it in training workshops on produQtion management throughout the country. Over 2000 participants in the workshops have included rehab specialists from city housing departments, con­ struction managers of single and multifamily rehab projects, program managers from both nonprofit housing development organizations and city rehab depart­ ments, as well as students in colleges and universities. They are becoming the backbone of a new cadre of effective producers of affordable housing. In the 30 cities and several rural areas where we have both learned and applied these production management techniques, they have resulted in savings of 5, 10, even 25 percent of the cost of housing development. The Enterprise Foundation is a national, nonprofit organization that my wife Patty and I launched in 1982. The Foundation's mission is to see that all very low-income Americans have the opportunity for fit and affordable housing within a generation, and work their way up and out of poverty into the main­ stream of American life.

Abstract: 1 Quality costing: an introduction -- 2 Definitions of quality costs -- 3 Collection of quality costs -- 4 Reporting of quality costs -- 5 Uses of quality costs -- 6 Case study, company 1 -- 7 Case study, company 2 -- 8 Case study, company 3 -- 9 Case study, company 4 -- 10 Setting up a quality costing system.

Abstract: This book is one of the few English language texts devoted to the subject of quality costing. The material is based on research work carried out by the authors at the Manchester School of Managememt, UMIST, over the last nine years or so. The research has been mainly in manufac­ turing organizations but work has also been conducted in non-manufac­ turing concerns (e. g. marketing and service operations, and commerce). The book will provide managers with sound practical advice on how to define, collect, analyse, report and use quality costs. The text covers all the main aspects of quality costing and an attempt has been made to structure the book in the sequence by which organizations should set about a quality costing exercise. The book opens by examining the background of quality costing. This is followed by chapters on definitions of quality costs, collection of quality costs, analysis and reporting of quality costs, and the uses of quality costs. Examples from manufacturing organizations and non­ manufacturing situations are used throughout the first five chapters to illustrate the key points discussed in the text. The next four chapters are case studies which provide considerable detail on quality costing in companies from the mechanical and electronics industries. To preserve anonymity the companies are not referred to by name.

Abstract: Distribution of gold in the Earth’s crust -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Gold in rock-forming minerals -- 1.3 Gold in igneous rocks -- 1.4 Gold in sediments and sedimentary rocks -- 1.5 Gold in metamorphic rocks -- 1.6 Concluding summary -- 1.7 Mineral data -- References -- The hydrothermal geochemistry of gold -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The inorganic chemistry of gold -- 2.3 Gold complexing in hydrothermal solutions -- 2.4 Gold deposition -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- 3 Archaean lode gold deposits -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Nature of deposits -- 3.3 Regional distribution -- 3.4 Constraints on genetic models -- 3.5 Genetic models -- 3.6 Tectonic setting of gold mineralization -- 3.7 Potential exploration significance -- 3.8 Brief summary -- References -- 4 Phanerozoic gold deposits in tectonically active continental margins -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Distribution of Phanerozoic lode gold deposits in space and time -- 4.3 Geological and geochemical characteristics -- 4.4 Genetic models -- 4.5 Comparisons of Phanerozoic mesothermal deposits to other types of gold Mineralization -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Epithermal gold deposits in volcanic terranes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Exploration case studies -- 5.4 Active geothermal systems -- 5.5 Metal transport in epithermal systems -- 5.6 Physico-chemical conditions in the depositional regime -- 5.7 Epithermal deposits through geologic time -- 5.8 Exploration -- 5.9 Summary -- References -- 6 Intrusion-related gold deposits -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Geotectonic settings -- 6.3 Intrusion-hosted stockwork/disseminated deposits -- 6.4 Deposits in carbonate rocks -- 6.5 Stockwork, disseminated and replacement deposits in non-carbonate rocks -- 6.6 Breccia-hosted deposits -- 6.7 Vein-type deposits -- 6.8 Deposit interrelationships and metal zoning -- 6.9 Genetic considerations -- 6.10 Possible relationships with other gold deposit types -- 6.11 Concluding remarks -- References -- 7 The geology and origin of Carlin-type gold deposits -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classification of Carlin-type deposits -- 7.3 Regional geological and tectonic setting -- 7.4 Characteristics of the deposits -- 7.5 Ore deposit models -- 7.6 Exploration guidelines -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- 8 Auriferous hydrothermal precipitates on the modern seafloor -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Gold in seafloor polymetallic sulphide deposits -- 8.3 Mineralogy and geochemistry of gold in seafloor hydrothermal systems -- 8.4 Gold in sub-seafloor stockwork mineralization -- 8.5 Gold in hydrothermal plumes and associated metalliferous sediments -- 8.6 Transport and deposition of gold in seafloor hydrothermal systems -- 8.7 Secondary enrichment of gold in supergene sulphides and gossans -- 8.8 Gold in ancient seafloor hydrothermal systems -- References -- 9 Ancient placer gold deposits -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Geological setting -- 9.3 The palaeosurfaces -- 9.4 The placer sediments -- 9.5 Metamorphism -- 9.6 Structural control -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10 Geochemical exploration for gold in temperate, arid, semi-arid, and rain forest terrains -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Geochemical signatures of gold mineralization -- 10.3 Examples and case histories -- 10.4 Operating procedures -- 10.5 Alternative sampling techniques -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Geochemical exploration for gold in glaciated terrain -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Glacial dispersal -- 11.3 Glacial stratigraphy and ice-movement directions -- 11.4 Sampling and analytical methods -- 11.5 Occurrence of gold in till and soil and the effects of weathering -- 11.6 Drift prospecting for gold -- 11.7 Source of placer gold in glaciated terrains -- 11.8 Conclusions and future trends -- References -- 12 Geophysical exploration for gold -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Geological and geophysical models -- 12.3 Exploration strategy and methods -- 12.5 Conclusions -- 12.6 Glossary of geophysical terms -- References -- 13 Economics of gold deposits -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Market setting -- 13.3 Gold-mine production -- 13.4 Economic evaluation of gold deposits -- 13.5 Characteristics of economic gold deposits -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Within the last decade, the high and continuing demand for gold has prompted a global gold rush on a scale never before seen, not even in the heady days of Ballarat, California and the Yukon. Gold is being sought on every continent and, with very few exceptions, in every country around the world. Such interest and fierce competition has demanded considerable innovation and improvement in exploration techniques paralleled by a rapid expansion of the geological database and consequent genetic modelling for the many different types of gold deposits now recognized. This proliferation of data has swamped the literature and left explorationist and academic alike unable to sift more than a small proportion of the accumulating information. This new book represents an attempt to address this major problem by providing succinct syntheses ofall major aspects ofgold metallogeny and exploration, ranging from the chemical distribution of gold in the Earth's crust, and the hydrothermal chemistry of gold, to Archaean and Phanerozoic lode deposits, epithermal environments, chemical sediments, and placer deposits, and culminates in chapters devoted to geochemical and geophysical exploration, and the economics of gold deposits. Each chapter is written by geoscientists who are acknowledged internationally in their respective fields, thus guaranteeing a broad yet up-to-date coverage. In addition, each chapter is accompanied by reference lists which provide readers with access to the most pertinent and useful publications.

Abstract: 1 Glossary -- 2 Polymer Chemistry -- 3 Plastic Materials/Properties and Applications -- 4 Extrusion Processes -- 5 Injection Molding of Plastics -- 6 Design Considerations for Injection Molds -- 7 Injection Mold Manufacturing -- 8 Injection Molding of Thermosets -- 9 Compression and Transfer Molding -- 10 Designing Molds for Thermoset Processing -- 11 Molded Part Design -- 12 Blow Molding of Thermoplastics -- 13 Thermoforming of Plastic Film and Sheet -- 14 Rotational Molding -- 15 Calendering -- 16 Vinyl Dispersions -- 17 Powder Coatings -- 18 Reinforced Plastics and Composites -- 19 Cellular Plastics -- 20 Radiation Processing -- 21 Material and Parts Handling -- 22 Compounding -- 23 Finishing and Machining Plastics -- 24 Joining and Assembling Plastics -- 25 Design Standards for Inserts -- 26 Decorating Plastics -- 27 Performance Testing of Plastics Products.

Abstract: I am pleased to present the Fifth Edition of the Plastics Engineering Handbook. Last published in 1976, this version of the standard industry reference on plastics processing incorporates the numerous revisions and additions necessitated by 14 years of activity in a dynamic industry. At that last printing, then-SPI President Ralph L. Harding, Jr. anticipated that plastics pro­ duction would top 26 billion pounds in 1976 (up from 1.25 billion in 1947, when the First Edition of this book was issued). As I write, plastics production in the United States had reached almost 60 billion pounds annually. Indeed, the story of the U.S. plastics industry always has been one of phenomenal growth and unparalleled innovation. While these factors make compilation of a book such as this difficult, they also make it necessary. Thus I acknowledge all those who worked to gather and relate the information included in this 1991 edition and thank them for the effort it took to make the Plastics Engineering Handbook a definitive source and invaluable tool for our industry. Larry L. Thomas President The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.

Abstract: The procedures in this manual distill six years of learning about the most efficient acquisition and construction methods in this country for high volume production of housing affordable to low-income people. The people in the Rehab Work Group at The Enterprise Foundation have gathered this information first-hand and conveyed it in training workshops on production management throughout the country. Over 2000 participants in the workshops have included rehab specialists from city housing departments, con­ struction managers of single and multifamily rehab projects, program managers from both nonprofit housing development organizations and city rehab depart­ ments, as well as students in colleges and universities. They are becoming the backbone of a new cadre of effective producers of affordable housing. In the 30 cities and several rural areas where we have both learned and applied these production management techniques, they have resulted in savings of 5, 10, even 25 percent of the cost of housing development. The Enterprise Foundation is a national, nonprofit organization that my wife Patty and I launched in 1982. The Foundation's mission is to see that all very low-income Americans have the opportunity for fit and affordable housing within a generation, and work their way up and out of poverty into the main­ stream of American life.

Abstract: I. Compressed Gases and Related Equipment -- 1. Compressed and Liquefied Gases Today -- 2. Regulations Pertaining to Compressed Gases -- 3. General Properties of Gases -- 4. Compressed Gas Containers and Appurtenances -- 5. Safety Guidelines for Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Liquids -- II. Specific Technical Information for Compressed Gas Equipment -- 6. Handling Bulk Shipments of Liquefied Compressed Gases -- 7. Pressure Relief and Safety Devices -- 8. Cylinder Valve, Cylinder Ancillary Equipment, and Bulk Transfer Connections -- 9. Compressed Gas Cylinders: Marking, Labeling, Inspection, Testing, Filling, Disposition -- 10. Cleaning Components, Equipment and Systems for Oxygen Service -- III. Compressed Gases and Gas Mixtures: Properties, Manufacture, Uses, and Special Requirements for Safe Handling -- Acetylene -- Air -- Ammonia (Anhydrous) -- Argon -- Arsine -- Boron Trichloride -- Boron Trifluoride -- 1, 3-Butadiene (Butadiene) -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Carbon Tetrafluoride -- Chlorine -- Diborane -- Dichlorosilane -- Ethane -- Ethylene -- Ethylene Oxide -- Fluorine -- Fluorocarbons -- Helium -- Hydrogen -- Hydrogen Bromide -- Hydrogen Chloride, Anhydrous -- Hydrogen Fluoride -- Hydrogen Sulfide -- Liquefied Petroleum Gases -- Methane -- MAPP® Gas -- Methylamines (Anhydrous) -- Methyl Bromide -- Methyl Chloride -- Nitric Oxide -- Nitrogen -- Nitrogen Dioxide -- Nitrogen Trifluoride -- Nitrous Oxide -- Oxygen -- Phosgene -- Phosphine -- Rare Gases: Krypton, Neon, Xenon -- Silane -- Sulfur Dioxide -- Sulfur Hexafluoride -- Vinyl Chloride -- Gas Mixtures -- IV. Appendices -- Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms -- Appendix 2: List of Abbreviations -- Appendix 3: State Regulatory Agencies and Codes 603 Appendix 4: Publications of the Compressed Gas Association.

Abstract: In the field of compressed gases and related equipment, there is an expanding core of essential knowledge that people handling and using these materials should be familiar with or should know where to find when necessary. The focus of this book concerns the properties and the accepted means of trans­ portation, storage, and handling of compressed gases. This Handbook is simul­ taneously intended as an overview of the subject and a source of supplementary information. It is also intended to serve as a guide to pertinent federal regulatory requirements and published standards of the Compressed Gas Association and other standards-writing bodies. Readers are advised that the CGA technical pamphlets remain the official state­ ment of policy by the Association on a particular matter. Reference is made throughout this text to the numerous technical pamphlets published by the Com­ pressed Gas Association. Some of these publications have been incorporated by reference into federal, state, provincial, and local regulations. Since these pam­ phlets are reviewed on a periodic basis, wherever the text of this Handbook may be found in conflict with corresponding information in the CGA technical pam­ phlets, the latter shall take precedence.

Abstract: 1 Biology of the Channel Catfish -- 1. General Biology -- 2. Life History and Reproductive Biology -- 3. Genetics -- 4. Environmental Requirements -- 5. Nutrition -- 2 Cultural Practices -- 6. Breeding -- 7. Egg and Fry Production -- 8. Fingerling and Food-Fish Production in Ponds -- 9. Water Quality Management In Ponds -- 10. Feeds and Feeding Practices -- 11. Infectious Diseases -- 12. Harvesting and Transporting -- 13. Alternative Culture Systems -- Appendices.

Abstract: Although catfish have been farmed for about 30 years and catfish farm­ ing is the most successful aquacultural enterprise in the United States, there are those who contend that catfish farming is still as much of an "art" as it is a science. This position is difficult to refute completely, particularly considering that some practices used in catfish farming ap­ pear to have little scientific basis. Skill coupled with a small dose of mysticism certainly playa role in the culture of catfish, and the catfish producer is faced with the unenviable task of rearing an animal in an environment that requires considerable management. Certain aspects may still be an "art" because research and technical information needed to support the industry have lagged behind industry growth; however, the basic principles underlying catfish farming are based on sound scientific evidence whose foundation was laid in the 1950s by work conducted at state and federal fish hatcheries in the southeastern and midwestern United States. Since that time, several university and government laboratories have expanded the scientific base for catfish farming. As a result, considerable information is available, but it is gen­ erally fragmented and exists in a multitude of diverse scientific and trade journals. The material is often too technical or abstract to be com­ prehensible to fish culturists and personnel in allied industries. This book fits the definition of the term handbook in the sense that it is intended as a book of instruction or guidance as well as a reference.

Abstract: 1 Basic Concepts of Structural Analysis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Framed Structures -- 1.3 Deformations in Framed Structures -- 1.4 Actions and Displacements -- 1.5 Equilibrium -- 1.6 Compatibility -- 1.7 Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy -- 1.8 Structural Mobilities -- 1.9 Principle of Superposition -- 1.10 Action and Displacement Equations -- 1.11 Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices -- 1.12 Equivalent Joint Loads -- 1.13 Energy Concepts -- 1.14 Virtual Work -- References -- Problems -- 2 Fundamentals of the Flexibility Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Flexibility Method -- 2.3 Examples -- 2.4 Temperature Changes, Prestrains, and Support Displacements -- 2.5 Joint Displacements, Member End-Actions, and Support Reactions -- 2.6 Flexibilities of Prismatic Members -- 2.7 Formalization of the Flexibility Method -- Problems -- 3 Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Stiffness Method -- 3.3 Examples -- 3.4 Temperature Changes, Prestrains and Support Displacements -- 3.5 Stiffness of Prismatic Members -- 3.6 Formalization of the Stiffness Method -- Problems -- 4 Computer-Oriented Direct Stiffness Method -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Direct Stiffness Method -- 4.3 Complete Member Stiffness Matrices -- 4.4 Formation of Joint Stiffness Matrix -- 4.5 Formation of Load Vector -- 4.6 Rearrangement of Stiffness and Load Arrays -- 4.7 Calculation of Results -- 4.8 Analysis of Continuous Beams -- 4.9 Example -- 4.10 Plane Truss Member Stiffnesses -- 4.11 Analysis of Plane Trusses -- 4.12 Example -- 4.13 Rotation of Axes in Two Dimensions -- 4.14 Application to Plane Truss Members -- 4.15 Rotation of Axes in Three Dimensions -- 4.16 Plane Frame Member Stiffnesses -- 4.17 Analysis of Plane Frames -- 4.18 Example -- 4.19 Grid Member Stiffnesses -- 4.20 Analysis of Grids -- 4.21 Space Truss Member Stiffnesses -- 4.22 Selection of Space Truss Member Axes -- 4.23 Analysis of Space Trusses -- 4.24 Space Frame Member Stiffnesses -- 4.25 Analysis of Space Frames -- Problems -- 5 Computer Programs for Framed Structures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 FORTRAN Programming and Flow Charts -- 5.3 Program Notation -- 5.4 Preparation of Data -- 5.5 Description of Programs -- 5.6 Continuous Beam Program -- 5.7 Plane Truss Program -- 5.8 Plane Frame Program -- 5.9 Grid Program -- 5.10 Space Truss Program -- 5.11 Space Frame Program -- 5.12 Combined Program for Framed Structures -- References -- 6 Additional Topics for the Stiffness Method -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rectangular Framing -- 6.3 Symmetric and Repeated Structures -- 6.4 Loads Between Joints -- 6.5 Automatic Dead Load Analysis -- 6.6 Temperature Changes and Prestrains -- 6.7 Support Displacements -- 6.8 Oblique Supports -- 6.9 Elastic Supports -- 6.10 Translation of Axes -- 6.11 Member Stiffnesses and Fixed-End Actions from Flexibilities -- 6.12 Nonprismatic Members -- 6.13 Curved Members -- 6.14 Releases in Members -- 6.15 Elastic Connections -- 6.16 Shearing Deformations -- 6.17 Offset Connections -- 6.18 Axial-Flexural Interactions -- 6.19 Axial Constraints in Frames -- References -- Problems -- 7 Finite-Element Method for Framed Structures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Stresses and Strains in Continua -- 7.3 Virtual-Work Basis of Finite-Element Method -- 7.4 One-Dimensional Elements -- 7.5 Application to Framed Structures -- References -- General References -- Notation -- Appendix A. Displacements of Framed Structures -- A.1 Stresses and Deformations in Slender Members -- A.2 Displacements by the Unit-Load Method -- A.3 Displacements of Beams -- A.4 Integrals of Products for Computing Displacements -- References -- Appendix B. End-Actions for Restrained Members -- Appendix C. Properties of Sections -- Appendix D. Computer Routines for Solving Equations -- D.1 Factorization Method for Symmetric Matrices -- D.2 Subprogram FACTOR -- D.3 Subprogram SOLVER -- D.4 Subprogram BANFAC -- D.5 Subprogram BANSOL -- References -- Appendix E. Solution without Rearrangement -- Answers to Problems -- Order Form for Diskette.

Abstract: Matrix analysis of structures is a vital subject to every structural analyst, whether working in aero-astro, civil, or mechanical engineering. It provides a comprehensive approach to the analysis of a wide variety of structural types, and therefore offers a major advantage over traditional metho~ which often differ for each type of structure. The matrix approach also provides an efficient means of describing various steps in the analysis and is easily programmed for digital computers. Use of matrices is natural when performing calculations with a digital computer, because matrices permit large groups of numbers to be manipulated in a simple and effective manner. This book, now in its third edition, was written for both college students and engineers in industry. It serves as a textbook for courses at either the senior or first-year graduate level, and it also provides a permanent reference for practicing engineers. The book explains both the theory and the practical implementation of matrix methods of structural analysis. Emphasis is placed on developing a physical understanding of the theory and the ability to use computer programs for performing structural calculations.

Abstract: 1 Some fundamentals of geological maps -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The topographic base map -- 1.3 Geological aspects -- 1.4 Summary chapter -- 1.5 Selected further reading -- 2 The nature of geological maps: the Ten Mile map of the UK and the 1: 2 500 000 map of the USA -- 2.1 Introduction: cartographic matters -- 2.2 Interpretation of the maps: geology and relief -- 2.3 Map patterns and geological structure -- 2.4 Conclusion -- 2.5 Summary of chapter -- 3 The three-dimensional aspect: structure contours -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The nature of structure contours -- 3.3 Examples of structure contours on maps -- 3.4 Structure contours derived from borehole/well information -- 3.5 Structure contours derived from topography: the theory -- 3.6 Structure contours derived from topography: the practice -- 3.7 Structure contours from topography and boreholes -- 3.8 Straight structure contours -- 3.9 Summary of chapter -- 3.10 Selected further reading -- 4 Measurements in three dimensions: strike and dip, formation thickness and depth -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Strike and dip -- 4.3 Apparent dip -- 4.4 Formation thickness -- 4.5 Formation depth -- 4.6 The ‘three-point’ method -- 4.7 Summary of chapter -- 4.8 Selected further reading -- 5 Geological cross-sections -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Line of section -- 5.3 Scale and vertical exaggeration -- 5.4 Manual drawing of cross-sections -- 5.5 Structure and stratigraphic sections -- 5.6 Three-dimensional diagrams -- 5.7 Summary of chapter -- 5.8 Selected further reading -- 6 Visual assessment of outcrop patterns -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Horizontal formation -- 6.3 Dipping formations -- 6.4 Vertical formations -- 6.5 Assessment of formation thickness -- 6.6 Summary of chapter -- 6.7 Exercises on visual assessment -- 7 Unconformities -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Terminology -- 7.3 Recognition on maps -- 7.4 Associated features -- 7.5 Use on maps -- 7.6 Palaeogeological maps -- 7.7 Summary of chapter -- 7.8 Selected further reading -- 8 Folds -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Description from maps -- 8.3 Visual assessment on maps -- 8.4 Measurements on maps -- 8.5 Summary of chapter -- 9 Faults: the fundamentals -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fault parts, orientation and dimensions -- 9.3 Fault displacement -- 9.4 Classification of faults -- 9.5 Visual assessment on maps -- 9.6 Measurements on maps -- 9.7 Summary of chapter -- 10 More on faults: contraction (thrust), extension, and strike-slip faults -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Contraction (thrust) faults -- 10.3 Extension faults -- 10.4 Strike-slip faults -- 10.5 Summary of chapter -- 10.6 Selected further reading -- 11 Igneous and metamorphic rocks; mineral deposits -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Igneous rocks -- 11.3 Metamorphic rocks -- 11.4 Mineral deposits -- 11.5 Summary of chapter -- 11.6 Selected further reading -- 12 Geological history from maps -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Sedimentary successions -- 12.3 Deformed rocks -- 12.4 Non-sedimentary rocks -- 12.5 Reading a geological map -- 12.6 Writing a map report -- 12.7 Summary of chapter -- 13 The production of geological maps -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The field survey -- 13.3 Preparation of maps for publication -- 13.4 Map reports -- 13.5 Availability of maps -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 14 The heritage of geological maps -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 A short history of geological maps -- 14.3 The contributions of some individuals -- 15 Current trends in geological maps -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 New technologies in geologicam mps -- 15.3 New forms in geological maps -- 15.4 Specialised and thematic maps -- 15.5 Summary of chapter -- 15.6 Selected further reading -- References.

Abstract: A recent national survey of geology students indicated that, In a subject so fundamental and yet so varied, every although they saw the need for a basic training in map­ geologist will have his own views on geological maps - the work, the three-dimensional aspects involved formed the matters needing emphasis, the best methods of interpreta­ single most difficult part of an introductory geology tion, good examples of maps, and so on. Instructors may course, and that it was generally taught in a way both ab­ therefore urge in their taught courses different priorities stract and dull. At the same time, there was no book which from those given here, and, although a wide range of maps puzzled students could turn to for explanations; no book and map exercises is included, will prefer to continue to which told them more about real geological maps. This use their own 'pet' examples. But this is meant primarily to book is an attempt to fill that need. It is based on the view be a book for the student - to turn to for clarification, for that in these days of increasing specialisation the geological further information, and simply to learn a little more about map remains the vital coordinating document, and that the geological maps.

Abstract: What is Plant Disease? -- Plant Pathology in the United States -- Principals of Control -- 1. Garden Chemicals and Their Application -- Fungicides -- Bactericides -- Nematicides -- Virocides -- Sources of Pesticides -- Applying the Chemicals -- Mixing the Chemicals -- All-Purpose Sprays and Dusts -- Integrated Pest Management -- 2. Classification of Plant Pathogens -- Fungi -- Bacteria -- Viruses -- Nematodes -- 3. Plant Diseases and Their Pathogens -- Anthracnose -- Bacterial Diseases -- Black Knot -- Blackleg -- Black Mildew -- Black-spot -- Blights -- Blotch Diseases -- Broomrapes -- Cankers and Diebacks -- Club Root -- Damping-off -- Dodder -- Downy Mildews -- Fairy Rings -- Fruit Spots -- Galls -- Leaf Blister and Leaf Curl Diseases -- Leaf Scorch -- Leaf Spots -- Lichens -- Mistletoe -- Molds -- Needle Casts -- Nematodes -- Nonparasitic Diseases -- Powdery Mildews -- Rots -- Rusts -- Scab -- Surf -- Slime Molds -- Smuts -- Snow-mold -- Sooty Mold -- Spot Anthracnose -- Virus Diseases -- White Rusts -- Wilt Diseases -- Witchweed -- 4. Host Plants and Their Diseases -- List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural Experiment Stations in The United States -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: It was a compliment to me to be asked to prepare the fourth edition of Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, and the decision to accept the responsi­ bility for the fourth edition and now the fifth edition was not taken lightly. The task has been a formidable one. I have always had a great respect professionally for Dr. Cynthia Westcott. That respect has grown considerably with the completion of the two editions. I now fully realize the tremendous amount of effort expended by Dr. Westcott in developing the Handbook. A book such as this is never finished, since one is never sure that everything has been included that should be. I would quote and endorse the words of Dr. Westcott in her preface to the first edition: "It is easy enough to start a book on plant disease. It is impossible to finish it. " This revision of the Handbook retains the same general format contained in the previous editions. The chemicals and pesticides regulations have been updated; a few taxonomic changes have been made in the bacteria, fungi, and mistletoes; the changing picture in diseases caused by viruses and/or viruslike agents has been described. A few new host plants have been added, and many recently reported diseases as well as previously known diseases listed now on new hosts have been included. In addition, photographs have been replaced where possible, and the color photograph section has been retained.

Abstract: 1 Formulas from Algebra, Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry -- 2 Elements of Analysis -- 3 Vector Analysis -- 4 Tensors -- 5 Functions of a Complex Variable -- 6 Ordinary Differential and Difference Equations -- 7 Special Functions -- 8 First Order Partial Differential Equations -- 9 Partial Differential Equations of Second and Higher Order -- 10 Integral Equations -- 11 Transform Methods -- 12 Asymptotic Methods -- 13 Oscillations -- 14 Perturbation Methods -- 15 Wave Propagation -- 16 Matrices and Linear Algebra -- 17 Functional Approximation -- 18 Numerical Analysis -- 19 Mathematical Models and Their Formulation -- 20 Optimization Techniques -- 21 Probability and Statistics.

Abstract: Most of the topics in applied mathematics dealt with in this handbook can be grouped rather loosely under the term analysis. They involve results and techniques which experience has shown to be of utility in a very broad variety of applications. Although care has been taken to collect certain basic results in convenient form, it is not the purpose of this handbook to duplicate the excellent collections of tables and formulas available in the National Bureau of Standards Handbook of Mathematical Functions (AMS Series 55, U.S. Government Printing Office) and in the references given therein. Rather, the emphasis in the present handbook is on technique, and we are indeed fortunate that a number of eminent applied mathe­ maticians have been willing to share with us their interpretations and experiences. To avoid the necessity of frequent and disruptive cross-referencing, it is expected that the reader will make full use of the index. Moreover, each chapter has been made as self-sufficient as is feasible. This procedure has resulted in occasional duplication, but as compensation for this the reader may appreciate the availability of different points of view concerning certain topics of current interest. As editor, I would like to express my appreciation to the contributing authors, to the reviewers, to the editorial staff of the publisher, and to the many secretaries and typists who have worked on the manuscript; without the partnership of all of these people, this handbook would not have been possible.

Abstract: 1 Ornamental Grasses -- Types and Kinds -- Garden Types -- Adaptation -- Uses -- Selected Species -- Reference -- 2 Bamboo -- Origin, Types, Propagation, and Growth Habit -- Economic and Horticultural Importance -- Establishment, Maintenance, and Eradication -- Shade Tolerance and Winter Hardiness -- Uses -- Selected Species -- References -- 3 Grasslike Plants -- Variation among Grasslike Plants -- Plant Tolerance -- Winter Hardiness -- Uses -- Selected Species -- References -- 4 Rushes and Sedges -- Composition, Characteristics, and Distribution -- Cyperaceae or Sedge Family -- Winter Hardiness, Size, Form, Color, and Growth Habit -- The Rush Family, Juncaceae -- Selected Species -- References -- Appendix 1 Uses of Ornamental Grasses -- Appendix 2 Uses of Bamboo -- Appendix 3 Uses of Grasslike Plants -- Appendix 4 Uses of Rushes and Sedges -- Appendix 5 Plant Hardiness Zones Map.

Abstract: The Gramineae, or grass family, is second in size only to the Compositeae, or sunflower family. It is among the most important plant families in the world. The major food crops of the world are found in the grass family. From time immemorial, grasses have provided food and shelter for humanity, domesticated livestock, and wildlife; without grasses, these forms of life might cease to exist. The grass family is large in size, diverse in habit, and ubiquitous in distribution. Earth would be bleak and bare, indeed, in the absence of this life-sustaining plant family. In addition to its economic and industrial value, the grass family has some ornamental value. It provides us with physical sustenance and gives us much pleasure and satisfaction in its ornamental forms. The purpose of this book is to point out the value and usefulness of grasses as ornamentals and to deline:tte their attributes and uses in the home, in the garden, and in the landscape. Ornamental grasses serve a unique and significant purpose in ornamental horticulture. Horticulturists, other plant scientists, and nursery personnel are more fully aware of the value and usefulness of grasses as ornamentals than is the general public. It is mainly for this reason that this work is directed toward the home gardener and the scientist alike, in the hope of enhancing reader appreciation of the roie grasses play in ornamental horti­ culture.

Abstract: 1. Introduction to Rheology -- 1.1 What is Rheology? -- 1.2 Why Rheological Properties are Important -- 1.3 Stress as a Measure of Force -- 1.4 Strain as a Measure of Deformation -- 1.4.1 Strain Measures for Simple Extension -- 1.4.2 Shear Strain -- 1.5 Rheological Phenomena -- 1.5.1 Elasticity; Hooke’s Law -- 1.5.2 Viscosity -- 1.5.3 Viscoelasticity -- 1.5.4 Structural Time Dependency -- 1.5.5 Plasticity and Yield Stress -- 1.6 Why Polymeric Liquids are Non-Newtonian -- 1.6.1 Polymer Solutions -- 1.6.2 Molten Plastics -- 1.7 A Word About Tensors -- 1.7.1 Vectors -- 1.7.2 What is a Tensor? -- 1.8 The Stress Tensor -- 1.9 A Strain Tensor for Infinitesimal Deformations -- 1.10 The Newtonian Fluid -- 1.11 The Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics -- 1.11.1 The Continuity Equation -- 1.11.2 Cauchy’s Equation -- 1.11.3 The Navier-Stokes Equation 40 References -- 2. Linear Viscoelasticity -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Relaxation Modulus -- 2.3 The Boltzmann Superposition Principle -- 2.4 Relaxation Modulus of Molten Polymers -- 2.5 Empirical Equations for the Relaxation Modulus -- 2.5.1 The Generalized Maxwell Model -- 2.5.2 Power Laws and an Exponential Function -- 2.6 The Relaxation Spectrum -- 2.7 Creep and Creep Recovery; The Compliance -- 2.8 Small Amplitude Oscillatory Shear -- 2.8.1 The Complex Modulus and the Complex Viscosity -- 2.8.2 Complex Modulus of Typical Molten Polymers -- 2.8.3 Quantitative Relationships between G*(?) and MWD -- 2.8.4 The Storage and Loss Compliances -- 2.9 Determination of Maxwell Model Parameters -- 2.10 Start-Up and Cessation of Steady Simple Shear and Extension -- 2.11 Molecular Theories: Prediction of Linear Behavior -- 2.11.1 The Modified Rouse Model for Unentangled Melts -- 2.11.1.1 The Rouse Model for Dilute Solutions -- 2.11.1.2 The Bueche Modification of the Rouse Theory -- 2.11.1.3 The Bueche-Ferry Law -- 2.11.2 Molecular Theories for Entangled Melts -- 2.11.2.1 Evidence for the Existence of Entanglements -- 2.11.2.2 The Nature of Entanglement Coupling -- 2.11.2.3 Reptation -- 2.11.2.4 The Doi-Edwards Theory -- 2.11.2.5 The Curtiss-Bird Model -- 2.11.2.6 Limitations of Reptation Models -- 2.12 Time-Temperature Superposition -- 2.13 Linear Behavior of Several Polymers 94 References -- 3. Introduction to Nonlinear Viscoelasticity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Nonlinear Phenomena -- 3.3 Theories of Nonlinear Behavior -- 3.4 Finite Measures of Strain -- 3.4.1 The Cauchy Tensor and the Finger Tensor -- 3.4.2 Strain Tensors -- 3.4.3 Reference Configurations -- 3.4.4 Scalar Invariants of the Finger Tensor -- 3.5 The Rubberlike Liquid -- 3.5.1 A Theory of Finite Linear Viscoelasticity -- 3.5.2 Lodge’s Network Theory and the Convected Maxwell Model -- 3.5.3 Behavior of the Rubberlike Liquid in Simple Shear Flows -- 3.5.3.1 Rubberlike Liquid in Step Shear Strain -- 3.5.3.2 Rubberlike Liquid in Steady Simple Shear -- 3.5.3.3 Rubberlike Liquid in Oscillatory Shear -- 3.5.3.4 Constrained Recoil of Rubberlike Liquid -- 3.5.3.5 The Stress Ratio (N1/?) and the Recoverable Shear -- 3.5.4 The Rubberlike Liquid in Simple Extension -- 3.5.5 Comments on the Rubberlike Liquid Model -- 3.6 The BKZ Equation -- 3.7 Wagner’s Equation and the Damping Function -- 3.7.1 Strain Dependent Memory Function -- 3.7.2 Determination of the Damping Function -- 3.7.3 Separable Stress Relaxation Behavior -- 3.7.4 Damping Function Equations for Polymeric Liquids -- 3.7.4.1 Damping Function for Shear Flows -- 3.7.4.2 Damping Function for Simple Extension -- 3.7.4.3 Universal Damping Functions -- 3.7.5 Interpretation of the Damping Function in Terms of Entanglements -- 3.7.5.1 The Irreversibility Assumption -- 3.7.6 Comments on the Use of the Damping Function -- 3.8 Molecular Models for Nonlinear Viscoelasticity -- 3.8.1 The Doi-Edwards Constitutive Equation -- 3.9 Strong Flows; The Tendency to Stretch and Align Molecules -- References -- 4. Steady Simple Shear Flow and the Viscometric Functions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Steady Simple Shear Flow -- 4.3 Viscometric Flow -- 4.4 Wall Slip and Edge Effects -- 4.5 The Viscosity of Molten Polymers -- 4.5.1 Dependence of Viscosity on Shear Rate -- 4.5.2 Dependence of Viscosity on Temperature -- 4.6 The First Normal Stress Difference -- 4.7 Empirical Relationships Involving Viscometric Functions -- 4.7.1 The Cox-Merz Rules -- 4.7.2 The Gleissle Mirror Relations -- 4.7.3 Other Relationships 176 References -- 5. Transient Shear Flows Used to Study Nonlinear Viscoelasticity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Step Shear Strain -- 5.2.1 Finite Rise Time -- 5.2.2 The Nonlinear Shear Stress Relaxation Modulus -- 5.2.3 Time-Temperature Superposition -- 5.2.4 Strain-Dependent Spectrum and Maxwell Parameters -- 5.2.5 Normal Stress Differences for Single-Step Shear Strain -- 5.2.6 Multistep Strain Tests -- 5.3 Flows Involving Steady Simple Shear -- 5.3.1 Start-Up Flow -- 5.3.2 Cessation of Steady Simple Shear -- 5.3.3 Interrupted Shear -- 5.3.4 Reduction in Shear Rate -- 5.4 Nonlinear Creep -- 5.4.1 Time-Temperature Superposition of Creep Data -- 5.5 Recoil and Recoverable Shear -- 5.5.1 Creep Recovery -- 5.5.1.1 Time-Temperature Superposition; Creep Recovery -- 5.5.2 Recoil During Start-Up Flow -- 5.5.3 Recoverable Shear Following Steady Simple Shear -- 5.6 Superposed Deformations -- 5.6.1 Superposed Steady and Oscillatory Shear -- 5.6.2 Step Strain with Superposed Deformations -- 5.7 Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear -- 5.8 Exponential Shear; A Strong Flow -- 5.9 Usefulness of Transient Shear Tests -- References -- 6. Extensional Flow Properties and Their Measurement -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Extensional Flows -- 6.3 Simple Extension -- 6.3.1 Material Functions for Simple Extension -- 6.3.2 Experimental Methods -- 6.3.3 Experimental Observations for LDPE -- 6.3.4 Experimental Observations for Linear Polymers -- 6.4 Biaxial Extension -- 6.5 Planar Extension -- 6.6 Other Extensional Flows -- References -- 7. Rotational and Sliding Surface Rheometers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Error for Drag Flow Rheometers -- 7.2.1 Instrument Compliance -- 7.2.2 Viscous Heating -- 7.2.3 End and Edge Effects -- 7.2.4 Shear Wave Propagation -- 7.3 Cone-Plate Flow Rheometers -- 7.3.1 Basic Equations for Cone-Plate Rheometers -- 7.3.2 Sources of Error for Cone-Plate Rheometers -- 7.3.3 Measurement of the First Normal Stress Difference -- 7.4 Parallel Disk Rheometers -- 7.5 Eccentric Rotating Disks -- 7.6 Concentric Cylinder Rheometers -- 7.7 Controlled Stress Rotational Rheometers -- 7.8 Torque Rheometers -- 7.9 Sliding Plate Rheometers -- 7.9.1 Basic Equations for Sliding Plate Rheometers -- 7.9.2 End and Edge Effects for Sliding Plate Rheometers -- 7.9.3 Sliding Plate Melt Rheometers -- 7.9.4 The Shear Stress Transducer -- 7.10 Sliding Cylinder Rheometers -- References -- 8. Flow in Capillaries, Slits and Dies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Flow in a Round Tube -- 8.2.1 Shear Stress Distribution -- 8.2.2 Shear Rate for a Newtonian Fluid -- 8.2.3 Shear Rate for a Power Law Fluid -- 8.2.4 The Rabinowitch Correction -- 8.2.5 The Schummer Approximation -- 8.2.6 Wall Slip in Capillary Flow -- 8.3 Flow in a Slit -- 8.3.1 Basic Equations for Shear Stress and Shear Rate -- 8.3.2 Use of a Slit Rheometer to Determine N1 -- 8.3.2.1 Determination of N1 from the Hole Pressure -- 8.3.2.2 Determination of N1 from the Exit Pressure -- 8.4 Pressure Drop in Irregular Cross Sections -- 8.5 Entrance Effects -- 8.5.1 Experimental Observations -- 8.5.2 Entrance Pressure Drop—the Bagley End Correction -- 8.5.3 Rheological Significance of the Entrance Pressure Drop -- 8.6 Capillary Rheometers -- 8.7 Flow in Converging Channels -- 8.7.1 The Lubrication Approximation -- 8.7.2 Industrial Die Design -- 8.8 Extrudate Swell -- 8.9 Extrudate Distortion -- 8.9.1 Surface Melt Fracture—Sharkskin -- 8.9.2 Oscillatory Flow in Linear Polymers -- 8.9.3 Gross Melt Fracture -- 8.9.4 Role of Slip in Melt Fracture -- 8.9.5 Gross Melt Fracture Without Oscillations -- References -- 9. Rheo-Optics and Molecular Orientation -- 9.1 Basic Concepts—Interaction of Light and Matter -- 9.1.1 Refractive Index and Polarization -- 9.1.2 Absorption and Scattering -- 9.1.3 Anisotropic Media; Birefringence and Dichroism -- 9.2 Measurement of Birefringence -- 9.3 Birefringence and Stress -- 9.3.1 Stress-Optical Relation -- 9.3.2 Application of Birefringence Measurements -- References -- 10. Effects of Molecular Structure -- 10.1 Introduction and Qualitative Overview of Molecular Theory -- 10.2 Molecular Weight Dependence of Zero Shear Viscosity -- 10.3 Compliance and First Normal Stress Difference -- 10.4 Shear Rate Dependence of Viscosity -- 10.5 Temperature and Pressure Dependence -- 10.5.1 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity -- 10.5.2 Pressure Dependence of Viscosity -- 10.6 Effects of Long Chain Branching -- References -- 11. Rheology of Multiphase Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Effect of Rigid Fillers -- 11.2.1 Viscosity -- 11.2.2 Elasticity -- 11.3 Deformable Multiphase...

Abstract: This book is designed to fulfill a dual role. On the one hand it provides a description of the rheological behavior of molten poly­ mers. On the other, it presents the role of rheology in melt processing operations. The account of rheology emphasises the underlying principles and presents results, but not detailed deriva­ tions of equations. The processing operations are described qualita­ tively, and wherever possible the role of rheology is discussed quantitatively. Little emphasis is given to non-rheological aspects of processes, for example, the design of machinery. The audience for which the book is intended is also dual in It includes scientists and engineers whose work in the nature. plastics industry requires some knowledge of aspects of rheology. Examples are the polymer synthetic chemist who is concerned with how a change in molecular weight will affect the melt viscosity and the extrusion engineer who needs to know the effects of a change in molecular weight distribution that might result from thermal degra­ dation. The audience also includes post-graduate students in polymer science and engineering who wish to acquire a more extensive background in rheology and perhaps become specialists in this area. Especially for the latter audience, references are given to more detailed accounts of specialized topics, such as constitutive relations and process simulations. Thus, the book could serve as a textbook for a graduate level course in polymer rheology, and it has been used for this purpose.

Abstract: 1 Horizontal and dipping strata -- Contours, section drawing, vertical exaggeration; Dip, structure contours, construction of structure contours, section drawing; True and apparent dip; Calculation of thickness of a bed, vertical and true thickness; Width of outcrop; Inliers and outliers. -- 2 ’Three-point’ problems -- Construction of structure contours; Insertion of outcrops; Depth in boreholes. -- 3 Unconformities -- Overstep; Overlap; Sub-unconformity outcrops. -- 4 Folding -- Anticlines and synclines; Asymmetrical folds, overfolds and isoclinal folds; Similar and concentric folding; Two possible directions of strike. -- 5 Faults -- Normal and reversed faults; The effects of faulting on outcrops; Classification of faults, dip-slip, strike-slip and oblique-slip faults; Dip faults and strike faults; Calculation of the throw of a fault; Wrench or tear faults; Pre- and post-unconformity faulting; Structural inliers and outliers; Posthumous faulting; Isopachytes. -- 6 More folds and faulted folds -- Plunging folds, calculation of the amount of plunge; The effect of faulting on fold structures; Displacement of folds by strike-slip (wrench) faults, calculation of strike-slip displacement; Faults parallel to the limbs of a fold; Sub-surface structures; Posthumous folding; Polyphase folding; Bed isopachytes. -- 7 Complex structures -- Nappes; Thrust faults; Axial plane cleavage. -- 8 Igneous rocks -- Concordant intrusions, sills; Lava flows and tuffs; Discordant intrusions, dykes, ring- dykes, cone-sheets, stocks, bosses and batholiths, volcanic necks. -- Description of a geological map; Geological history of Map 28. -- Numerical answers.

Abstract: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X.

Abstract: 1. Molecular and Ionic Mechanisms of Chemoreception and Chemotransduction -- 2. Arterial Chemoreceptors – Biochemistry and Electrophysiology -- 3. Arterial Chemo0Receptors in Physiological and Experimental Conditions -- 4. Arterial Chemoreceptors –Reflex Mechanisms in Exercise and Hypoxia -- 5. Almitrine and Arterial Chemoreflexes -- 6. Central Neuronal Organization of Arterial Chemoreceptor Reflexes -- 7. Arterial Chemoreflexes in Pathological Conditions.

Abstract: This volume records the papers presented in Warsaw on the meeting of the International Society of Arterial Chemoreception (LS. A. C. ) organized as a Satellite Symposium of the XXXI International Congress of the Union of Physiological Sciences (I. U. P. S. ) in Helsinki in July 1989. It is a 30 years old tradition to hold periodically international meetings on recent developments in chemoreceptor research and to exchange information between those of us interested in chemoreception. The first meeting was organized by B. B. Lloyd in Oxford in 1959. Later on, similar international meetings were held at irregular intervals. In 1966, R. W. Torrance organized the second meeting again in Oxford. In 1973, the third meeting was organized in Bristol (U. K. ) by M. J. Purves. In 1974, a fourth meeting combined with the XXVI I. U. P. S. Congress in Delhi was organized by A. S. Paintal in Srinagar (Kashmir, India). In 1976, H. Acker organized the fifth meeting in Dortmund (F. R. G. ), and in 1979, C. Belmonte in Valla­ dolid (Spain) organized the sixth international meeting commemorating the 50th anniversary of Fernando de Castro publishing his classical work on the structure and possible function of the carotid body. In 1982, the seventh meeting was due to D. J. Pallot in Leicester (U. K. ), in 1985 - the eighth one due to A. J.