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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Preferential Trade Agreements and Global Value Chains : Theory, Evidence, and Open Questions (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ruta, Michele Preferential Trade Agreements and Global Value Chains: Theory, Evidence, and Open Questions
    Kurzfassung: Preferential trade agreements today are more numerous and deeper than they were a quarter century ago. Do deep agreements promote countries' integration into global value chains? What are the economic mechanisms? How do countries choose their trade agreement partners? Would the undoing of deep agreements disrupt global value chains? What is the outlook for trade agreements and global value chains going forward? This paper reviews the small but growing literature on the role of deep agreements as the institutional underpinnings of global value chains. It discusses the available evidence and theoretical arguments, providing directions for future research in this area
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8190
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Are banks engines of export? : financial structures and export dynamics (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 8621
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Policy research working paper
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Minetti, Raoul Are Banks Engines of Export? Financial Structures And Export Dynamics
    Schlagwort(e): Exportwirtschaft ; Finanzsystem ; Internationale Bank ; Welt ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the impact of financial structures on the dynamics of the export sector using rich data from over 60 countries. The results reveal that bank-oriented financial systems boost the size of the export sector more than market-oriented financial systems. However, especially in middle- and low-income countries, this effect mostly stems from banks slowing down exporters' exit rather than promoting firms' entry into export. The reduced exit from the export sector appears to reflect domestic banks' tendency to evergreen loans to exporters ("soft budget constraint") more than banks' buffering role in difficult times. Foreign banks mitigate this effect and enhance the dynamism of the export sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8621
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Common transport infrastructure : a quantitative model and estimates from the Belt and Road Initiative (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice & Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 8801
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Policy research working paper
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als De Soyres, Francois Michel Marie Raphael Common Transport Infrastructure: A Quantitative Model and Estimates from the Belt and Road Initiative
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a structural general equilibrium model to analyze the effects on trade, welfare, and gross domestic product of common transport infrastructure. Specifically, the model builds on the framework by Caliendo and Parro (2015)-a Ricardian model with sectoral linkages, trade in intermediate goods and sectoral heterogeneity-to allow for changes in trade costs due to improvements in transportation infrastructure, financed through domestic taxation, connecting multiple countries. The model highlights the trade impact of infrastructure investments through cross-border input-output linkages. This framework is then used to quantify the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative. Using new estimates on the effects on trade costs of transport infrastructure related to the initiative based on Geographic Information System analysis, the model shows that gross domestic product will increase by up to 3.4 percent for participating countries and by up to 2.9 percent for the world. Because trade gains are not commensurate with projected investments, some countries may experience a negative welfare effect due to the high cost of the infrastructure. The analysis also finds strong complementarity between infrastructure investment and trade policy reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8801
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Is 3D printing a threat to global trade? : the trade effects you didn’t hear about : World Development Report 2020 background paper (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 9024
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Policy research working paper
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Freund, Caroline Is 3D Printing a Threat to Global Trade? The Trade Effects you Didn't Hear About
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: In the mid-2000s, the production of hearing aids shifted almost entirely to 3D printing. Using difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods, this paper examines the effects of this shift on trade flows. The analysis finds that trade increased roughly 60 percent following the introduction of 3D printing. Revealed comparative advantage was reinforced, with exports growing most rapidly for middle- and high-income countries. The analysis also finds that developing countries increased their imports of hearing aids as a result of the innovation, benefitting consumers. As a robustness check, the paper examines 35 products that are partially 3D printed and finds positive and significant effects on trade. The results counter widespread views that 3D printing will shorten supply chains and reduce trade
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9024
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Depreciations without Exports? Global Value Chains and the Exchange Rate Elasticity of Exports (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ahmed, Swarnali Depreciations without Exports? Global Value Chains and the Exchange Rate Elasticity of Exports
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes how the exchange rate elasticity of exports has changed over time and across countries and sectors, and how the formation of global value chains has affected this relationship. The analysis uses a panel framework covering 46 countries over the period 1996-2012, and first finds evidence that the elasticity of manufacturing export volumes to the real effective exchange rate has decreased over time. The paper then examines whether the formation of supply chains has affected this elasticity using different measures of global value chain integration. Intuitively, as countries are more integrated in global production processes, a currency depreciation only improves the competitiveness of a fraction of the value of final goods exports. In line with this intuition, the analysis finds evidence that the rise of participation in global value chains explains on average 40 percent of the fall in the elasticity, and that corrections of the real effective exchange rate for participation in global value chains do not present the same decreasing pattern in elasticity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7390
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Deep Integration and UK-EU Trade Relations (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Mulabdic, Alen Deep Integration and UK-EU Trade Relations
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the impact of deep agreements on United Kingdom-European Union trade relations. A standard gravity model is applied to assess the effect that European Union membership had on the United Kingdom's trade. The paper uses new information on the content of trade agreements to build a measure of "depth" based on the number of provisions the agreements cover. The analysis relies on information on goods, services, and value-added trade from the World Input Output Database. Deep trade agreements are found to increase goods and services trade by 42 percent, and value-added trade by 14 percent on average. European Union membership had a particularly strong effect on United Kingdom's services and global value chain trade. Because of its membership, the United Kingdom's services trade more than doubled, and the country's backward and forward participation in global value chains increased by more than 30 percent each. The paper uses these estimates to evaluate the future of United Kingdom-European Union trade under different scenarios. The findings show that United Kingdom-European Union trade declines under all scenarios, ranging between 6 and 28 percent for trade in value added. This drop is sharper (particularly for services and global value chain trade) the lower is the depth of the future arrangement relative to the depth of the European Union agreement. As trade flows adjust slowly to changes in trade costs, these effects are expected to emerge over time. But the trade-off between the depth of trade agreements and trade intensity will delimit policy choices going forward
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7947
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Deep trade agreements and global value chains (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 8491
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Policy research working paper
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Laget, Edith Deep Trade Agreements and Global Value Chains
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Preferential trade agreements have become deeper over time, often encompassing policy areas that go beyond traditional trade policy, such as investment, competition, and intellectual property rights protection. In the literature, a prominent argument why countries sign "deep" agreements is to promote and facilitate the operation of global value chains. This paper exploits a new data set on the content of trade agreements and data on trade in value added and in parts and components, to quantify the impact of the depth of trade agreements on bilateral cross-border production linkages. The results show that adding a policy area to a trade agreement increases the domestic value added of intermediates (forward global value chain linkages) and the foreign value added of intermediates (backward global value chain linkages) by 0.48 and 0.38 percent, respectively. At the sectoral level, the positive impact of deep trade agreements is higher for higher value-added industries, suggesting that deep agreements help countries to integrate in industries with higher levels of value added. For a larger sample of countries and years, the results confirm that an additional provision in a trade agreement increases bilateral trade in parts and components by 0.3 percent. The content of trade agreements also matters for global value chain integration, but the impact varies by income group. Provisions outside the current mandate of the World Trade Organization (investment and competition policy) drive the effect of trade agreements on North-South trade in parts and components. Provisions under the current World Trade Organization mandate (tariff reduction and customs facilitation) drive the effect of trade agreements on South-South trade in parts and components
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8491
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    How much will the Belt and Road Initiative reduce trade costs? (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice, Middle East and North Africa Region, Development Research Group
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 8614
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Policy research working paper
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als de Soyres, Francois How Much Will the Belt and Road Initiative Reduce Trade Costs?
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the impact of transport infrastructure projects of the Belt and Road Initiative on shipment times and trade costs. Based on a new data on completed and planned Belt and Road transport projects, Geographic Information System analysis is used to estimate shipment times before and after the Belt and Road Initiative. Two sets of data are computed to address different research questions: a global database based on an analysis of 1,000 cities in 191 countries and 47 sectors and a regional database that focuses on more granular information (1,818 cities) for Belt and Road economies only. The paper uses sectoral estimates of "value of time" to transform changes in shipment times into changes in ad valorem trade costs at the country-sector level. The findings show that the Belt and Road Initiative will significantly reduce shipment times and trade costs. For the world, the average reduction in shipment time will range between 1.2 and 2.5 percent, leading to reduction of aggregate trade costs between 1.1 and 2.2 percent. For Belt and Road economies, the change in shipment times and trade costs will range between 1.7 and 3.2 percent and 1.5 and 2.8 percent, respectively. Belt and Road economies located along the corridors where projects are built experience the largest gains. Shipment times along these corridors decline by up to 11.9 percent and trade costs by up to 10.2 percent. The paper also shows that these effects are magnified by policy reforms that reduce border delays and improve corridor management
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8614
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Trade effects of the New Silk Road : a gravity analysis (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 8694
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Policy research working paper
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Baniya, Suprabha Trade Effects of the New Silk Road: A Gravity Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This paper takes a first look at the trade effects of China's Belt and Road Initiative, also referred to as the New Silk Road, on the 71 countries potentially involved. The initiative consists of several infrastructure investment projects to improve the land and maritime transportation in the Belt and Road Initiative region. The analysis first uses geo-referenced data and geographical information system analysis to compute the bilateral time to trade before and after the Belt and Road Initiative. Then, it estimates the effect of improvement in bilateral time to trade on bilateral export values and trade patterns, using a gravity model and a comparative advantage model. Finally, the analysis combines the estimates from the regression analysis with the results of the geographical information system analysis to quantify the potential trade effects of the Belt and Road Initiative. The paper finds that (i) the Belt and Road Initiative increases trade flows among participating countries by up to 4.1 percent; (ii) these effects would be three times as large on average if trade reforms complemented the upgrading in transport infrastructure; and (iii) products that use time sensitive inputs and countries that are highly exposed to the new infrastructure and integrated in global value chains have larger trade gains
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8694
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Third-country effects of regional trade agreements : a firm-level analysis (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 9064
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Policy research working paper
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Woori Lee Third-Country Effects of Regional Trade Agreements: A Firm-Level Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Do regional trade agreements negatively impact non-members? This paper revisits this long-standing trade policy question using firm-level data and detailed information on the content of trade agreements. Differently from the conventional view on trade diversion, the analysis identifies a positive spillover effect of regional trade agreements: they increase the probability of export and entry of third-country firms that previously exported to one of the member countries. This spillover effect is driven by deeper trade agreements, as they make member countries more "similar" in terms of the regulatory environment. Indeed, firms exporting regulation-intensive products benefit disproportionately more from deep trade agreements in destination markets, especially if the agreement includes nondiscriminatory provisions and addresses regulatory issues
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9064
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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