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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gindling, T. H Self-Employment in the Developing World
    Abstract: This paper analyzes heterogeneity among the self-employed in 74 developing countries, representing two-thirds of the population of the developing world. After profiling how worker characteristics vary by employment status, it classifies self-employed workers outside agriculture as "successful" or "unsuccessful" entrepreneurs, based on two measures of success: whether the worker is an employer, and whether the worker resides in a non-poor household. Four main findings emerge. First, jobs exhibit a clear pecking order, with household welfare and worker education highest for employers, followed by wage and salaried employees, non-agricultural own-account workers, non-agricultural unpaid family workers, and finally agricultural workers. Second, a substantial minority of own-account workers reside in non-poor households, suggesting that their profits are often a secondary source of household income. Third, as per capita income increases, the structure of employment shifts rapidly, first out of agriculture into unsuccessful non-agricultural self-employment, and then mainly into non-agricultural wage employment. Finally, roughly one-third of the unsuccessful entrepreneurs share similar characteristics with their successful counterparts, suggesting they have the potential to be successful but face constraints to growth. The authors conclude that although interventions such as access to credit can benefit a substantial portion of the self-employed, effectively targeting the minority of self-employed with higher growth potential is important, particularly in low-income contexts. The results also highlight the potential benefits of policies that facilitate shifts in the nature of work, first from agricultural labor into non-agricultural self-employment, and then into wage and salaried jobs
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bonn : IZA
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Discussion paper series / IZA No. 3286
    DDC: 306.87432086942097286
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: IZA discussion papers 3279
    RVK:
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Discussion paper series / IZA No. 3279
    DDC: 304.8728607285
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Buch ; Online-Publikation ; Als Aufsatz endgültig erschienen
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8754
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gindling, T. H Are Public Sector Workers in Developing Countries Overpaid? Evidence from a New Global Data Set
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the public sector wage premium using nationally representative household surveys from 91 countries. The public sector generally pays a wage premium compared to all private sector salaried employees, but the size of the premium is sensitive to the choice of the private sector comparator and varies considerably by worker characteristics. For most countries, the average premium disappears when the public sector is compared to only formal sector private employees, especially when controlling for occupation. The public sector wage premium is higher for women and low-skilled workers. In contrast, high-skilled public sector employees are most often paid the same as their private sector counterparts or may even pay a penalty for working in the public sector. Consistent with this, the public sector premium is greater for employees with less education, those working in lower paid occupations, and those whose earnings fall in the lower part of the conditional earnings distribution. Across countries, the wage premium is only weakly associated with countries' level of development. These findings nuance the existing consensus that public sector workers tend to enjoy a significant wage premium over their private sector counterparts, and that this premium is especially large in low-income countries
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9781464810619
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (146 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Social Spending ; Institutional Development ; Cost Effectivity ; Incidence Analysis ; Efficiency
    Abstract: Central America has come a long way both in terms of economic and political stability. Increasingly the region is focusing on implementing productivity-enhancing reforms as well as supporting reductions in poverty and inequality. This report analyzes recent trends in public social spending in Central America from 2007 to 2014, conducts international benchmarking, examines measures of the effectiveness and efficiency of social spending, and discusses the quality of selected institutions influencing this spending. We examine total social spending, as well as detailing its four components: public spending on the education, health, and social protection and labor (SPL) sectors. In analyzing public social spending, the report addresses three crucial policy issues: (a) how to improve the coverage and redistributional incidence of public social spending; (b) how to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of public social spending; and (c) how to strengthen the institutions governing public spending in the social sector. While based heavily on a series of recent analytical social spending studies in six countries in the subregion-Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama-this report also takes a broader regional perspective and includes some comparisons to countries in other regions
    Note: Description based on print version record
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (464 p.)
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Employment & unemployment ; Economic growth
    Abstract: Using a range of countries from the Global South, this book examines heterogeneity within informal work by applying a common conceptual framework and empirical methodology. The country studies use panel data to study the dynamics of worker transitions between formal and heterogeneous, informal work. The range of country studies in the book (covering Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa) allow us to present a comparative perspective across developing countries. Each country study provides a nuanced view of informality, dividing workers into six work status groups: formal wage-employees, upper-tier informal wage-employees, lower-tier informal wage-employees, formal self-employed, upper-tier informal self-employed, and lower-tier informal self-employed. Based on this common conceptual framework, the country studies examine the distribution of workers between each of these work status groups. Using panel data, the country studies document transition patterns across different formality and work status groups. The panel data analysed in each country study gives a basis for making statements about labour market transitions that are not warranted when using comparable cross sections. In addition to measuring the distribution of workers and transitions between work status groups, each country study also examines individual-level and household-level characteristics associated with workers in each work status. Using these characteristics, each country study constructs a ‘job ladder’ that ranks each work status. The country studies then examine the characteristics of workers that are associated with transitions up (and down) the job ladder
    Note: English
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