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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Occupational segregation and declining gender wage gap : the case of Georgia (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8583
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Khitarishvili, Tamar Occupational Segregation and Declining Gender Wage Gap: The Case of Georgia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the role of industrial and occupational segregation in explaining the gender wage gap and its evolution in Georgia between 2004 and 2015. It first documents the declining trends observed in the gender wage gap in Georgia during this period, commenting on some of the possible underlying factors driving such trends. It then presents evidence that employment patterns by industry and occupations are highly concentrated in the country and measures the degree of segregation using the Duncan index. Next, it analyzes if and how much industrial and occupational segregation have contributed to the gender wage gap and its decline by decomposing the gender wage gap into the within-category and between-category components. The results point to existing gender wage gaps within sectors, industries, and occupations being the primary drivers of the wage gap in Georgia, and find a smaller role of gender segregation per se in these categories
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8583
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why Should We Care about Care? : The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Despite significant progress in closing the gender gap in education, there is a significant disparity between male and female labor participation rates in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Among men aged 15 to 64 years, 65.7 percent participate in the labor force compared to only 41 percent of females in the same age group. It is estimated that BiH forgoes around 16 percent of gross national income due to gender disparities in labor force participation. The conflicting demand of women's time for care and work activities represents a fundamental barrier to economic participation and generates a vicious circle of low labor market attachment and prominence of the care provider role that leads to increased vulnerability and gender-based inequalities
    DOI: 10.1596/29548
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Maternity Leave and Women's Labor Market Status in Kosovo : Five Key Messages (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Labor market engagement of women is very low in Kosovo - only 12.5 percent of women of working age are employed compared to 41.3 percent of men - suggesting that women face obstacles to work and or being hired. These barriers can be related to a multiplicity of factors, including labor regulations - such as maternity provisions - but also others such as disincentives to work from taxes and social protection systems; limited flexible work arrangements; limited access to information, networks, and productive inputs such as credit; and lack of access to childcare, coupled with social norms and attitudes towards women. This note focuses specifically on regulations related to maternity and family leave, and their potential impact on women's labor market outcomes. Legislation on maternity leave in Kosovo was enacted with the law on labor on December 2010, providing mothers to nine months of paid leave and three months of unpaid leave. The note is organized around five main messages that emerge from reviewing the evidence of the impact of maternity leave on female labor force participation and employment, both through international benchmarking of maternity leave duration and payment forms in Kosovo, review of existing studies, and through data collection and analysis of Kosovo-specific qualitative evidence
    DOI: 10.1596/29549
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Women and STEM in Europe and Central Asia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: In the last decades, developed economies have witnessed significant declines in wages for low-skill workers, increases in employment in high-skill occupations, rapid diffusion of new technology, and expanding offshoring opportunities. Labor markets in developed countries have reallocated labor from manual to cognitive jobs and from routine to non-routine work. Overall, workers are now required to do more complex tasks than before. In a changing labor market, education systems should impart the right skills, ideally both foundational ones and additional skills that will be amenable to adaptation and re-training to match with job opportunities. This is even more important in the ECA region given the context of the increasing share of older people who will depend on today's generation of children when they join the working age population. Women's access to and progress in what is generally referred to as STEM fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are topics that have been growing in significance in recent years. The interest in gender segregation in STEM, as in other sectors, arises mainly from the role segregation plays in gender inequality in the labor markets. Gender differences in productivity and earnings are systematic and persistent as women exhibit lower average productivity and earn lower wages than men across the board. The report is organized into three chapters. The first one looks at education - including STEM content and fields of study that are within the education realm. The second one follows women into the labor market and looks at employment and wages in STEM sectors and for STEM occupations. The final section looks at policies, from the many initiatives and efforts in place to promote women's participation in STEM, with a focus on those that have documented results
    DOI: 10.1596/35463
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Why Should We Care about Care? : The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Serbia (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Despite a slight increase in female labor participation between 2012 and 2013, employment rates in Serbia stood at 40.1 percent for women in 2013, almost 15 percentage points below employment rates for men (at 54.9 percent). International evidence shows that support for childcare and eldercare affects women's labor market participation. This note examines the care needs of families with children and or elderly household members and the provision of formal care services in Serbia with an emphasis on the availability, price, and quality characteristics. Based on the analysis of an independent mixed-methods dataset collected in the Western Balkans region, this note documents the perceptions and barriers in the use of quality formal care in Serbia. Quality provision of formal eldercare can potentially improve health outcomes for the elderly through prevention, early detection, and consistent maintenance of chronic diseases, which may imply long-term cost savings in the healthcare sector
    DOI: 10.1596/29547
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Why Should We Care about Care? : The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This note examines the provision of childcare and eldercare in FYR Macedonia with an emphasis on the availability, price, and quality of care, and suggests policy priorities that address the identified challenges. The analysis in this note is based on a study aimed at exploring childcare and eldercare in the Western Balkans region, drawing primarily from a new mixed-methods dataset, described in the following section, and building on relevant quantitative surveys and data sources specific to Western Balkans countries. The note is structured as follows: section two introduces the new, independent mixed methods data set that is the basis for the analysis and findings presented. Section three describes the use of formal care arrangements in FYR Macedonia, based on the analysis of perspectives both from families with care needs and from care providers and discussing the role of norms and perceptions of childcare and eldercare use, the following sections are dedicated to the description of supply and demand of childcare and eldercare, respectively. Sections four and five focuses on the supply and demand of childcare, and sections six and seven describe supply and demand of eldercare. Section eight concludes by examining what we know in terms of policies that can support families in informal care provision in a sustainable and incentive-compatible manner
    DOI: 10.1596/29546
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The economics of the gender wage gap in Armenia (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8409
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez-Chamussy, Lourdes The Economics of the Gender Wage Gap in Armenia
    Keywords: 2008 - 2015 ; Lohnstruktur ; Armenien ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Armenia, the proportion of women among employed workers increased from 45 to 48 percent between 2008 and 2015. This evolution was accompanied by a fall in the gender earnings gap; however, the difference in average wages of men and women is still among the largest in comparison with countries in the Europe and Central Asia region. This study documents the gender wage gap in Armenia through stylized facts and further investigates its sources. The paper finds that the gender wage gap in hourly pay is 20 percent on average. Looking at the different percentiles, the disparity in wages in Armenia in 2015 shows an inverted U-shaped form with a larger differential in wages between men and women in the middle of the distribution. Using a reweighted, re-centered influence function decomposition, the analysis estimates the contribution of each covariate on the wage structure and composition effects along the wage distribution. The decomposition shows that the wage gap in Armenia is mostly driven by the wage structure effect (unexplained component), which accounts for almost all the wage gap in the middle part of the distribution (30th to 55th percentiles) and is even greater at the top, but better endowments of women offset it to some extent. In the bottom part of the distribution however, the composition effect is larger, consistent with lower endowments among women, for example, of skills and human capital
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8409
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Cashing in on education : women, childcare, and prosperity in Latin America and the Caribbean (2016)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464809033
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Latin American development forum series
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 331.41144098
    Keywords: Women Employment ; Latin America ; Women Employment ; Caribbean Area ; Child care services Latin America ; Child care services Caribbean Area ; Economic development Latin America ; Economic development Caribbean Area ; Economic development ; Women Employment ; Economic development ; Women Employment ; Child care services ; Child care services
    Abstract: Economic gains from increasing women's participation in the labor market -- Why is childcare a key policy? -- Female labor force participation in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Use of childcare services -- Childcare provision: service features for working mothers -- International benchmarking: female labor supply and childcare -- Assessing childcare demand: a case study -- Taking childcare programs to scale: a basic package -- Challenges ahead
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0902-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Voter Response to Natural Disaster Aid : Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Drought Relief Payments in Mexico (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Fuchs, Alan Voter Response to Natural Disaster Aid
    Abstract: The paper estimates the effects on presidential election returns in Mexico of a government climatic contingency transfer that is allocated through rainfall-indexed insurance. The analysis uses the discontinuity in payments that slightly deviate from a pre-established threshold, based on rainfall accumulation measured at local weather stations. It turns out that voters reward the incumbent presidential party for delivering drought relief compensation. The paper finds that receiving indemnity payments leads to significantly greater average electoral support for the incumbent party of approximately 7.6 percentage points. The analysis suggests that the incumbent party is rewarded by disaster aid recipients and punished by non-recipients. The paper contributes to the literature on retrospective voting by providing evidence that voters evaluate government actions and respond to disaster spending
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6836
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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