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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New Evidence on Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa : More Unequal than we Thought (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 10723
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Atamanov, Aziz New Evidence on Inequality of Opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa: More Unequal than we Thought
    Keywords: Circumstances ; Consumpton Inequality ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Inequality of Opportunity ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development
    Abstract: Unequal access to economic opportunity for individuals with different innate characteristics, such as ethnicity or parents' socioeconomic status, is often seen as both morally undesirable and bad for economic growth. This paper estimates inequality of opportunity, or the share of inequality explained by birth characteristics, across 18 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. For many countries, this is the first time inequality of opportunity is measured. The paper uses nationally representative household survey data harmonized to allow for cross-country comparisons. Using consumption per capita as the outcome, the findings show that inequality of opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa is stark and more pronounced than previously estimated. On average, inherited circumstances explain more than half of inequality in the region. Estimates range from 40 to 60 percent in most countries and reach 74 percent in South Africa. The findings show that birthplace, parents' education, and ethnicity tend to be the most significant contributors, but there is large variation in the importance of circumstances across countries. This represents the most comprehensive estimate of inequality of opportunity to date in the poorest and one of the most unequal regions in the world, and it underscores the pressing need for policy makers to intensify their efforts to address inequality of opportunity to foster societies that are more equitable and unlock the full potential for growth in the region
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis, Literaturhinweise, Annex, Tabellen
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10723
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the front lines of the fight against poverty (2020)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464815478
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Fragiler Staat ; Politischer Konflikt ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: "Extreme poverty is in retreat today across much of the world, but Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations (FCS) are a stark exception. Not only is extreme poverty rising in economies characterized by conflict and fragility, but poor people in FCS are more likely than the poor elsewhere to experience multiple, overlapping non-monetary deprivations, further diminishing their chances to escape poverty and achieve a better life. And once countries enter conflict, it imposes heavy costs through its negative impact on economic development and welfare that can extend to future generations. The report argues that global efforts to end extreme poverty can only succeed with resolute engagement in FCS economies. It specifically proposes approaches that support evidence -based policy by tackling data deprivation, improving monitoring of country specific risk markers, prioritizing and targeting resources to the places most in need, and developing strategies to more effectively target investments in FCS"--
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1547-8
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lives and livelihoods : estimates of the global mortality and poverty effects of the Covid-19 pandemic (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9277
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Decerf, Benoit Lives and Livelihoods: Estimates of the Global Mortality and Poverty Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the global welfare consequences of increases in mortality and poverty generated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Increases in mortality are measured in terms of the number of years of life lost (LY) to the pandemic. Additional years spent in poverty (PY) are conservatively estimated using growth estimates for 2020 and two different scenarios for its distributional characteristics. Using years of life as a welfare metric yields a single parameter that captures the underlying trade-off between lives and livelihoods: how many PYs have the same welfare cost as one LY. Taking an agnostic view of this parameter, estimates of LYs and PYs are compared across countries for different scenarios. Three main findings arise. First, as of early June 2020, the pandemic (and the observed private and policy responses) has generated at least 68 million additional poverty years and 4.3 million years of life lost across 150 countries. The ratio of PYs to LYs is very large in most countries, suggesting that the poverty consequences of the crisis are of paramount importance. Second, this ratio declines systematically with GDP per capita: poverty accounts for a much greater share of the welfare costs in poorer countries. Finally, the dominance of poverty over mortality is reversed in a counterfactual "herd immunity" scenario: without any policy intervention, LYs tend to be greater than PYs, and the overall welfare losses are greater
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9277
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The roots of inequality : estimating inequality of opportunity from regression trees (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Development Research Group, Poverty and Inequality Team
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8349
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brunori, Paolo The Roots of Inequality: Estimating Inequality of Opportunity from Regression Trees
    Keywords: Bildungschancen ; Künstliche Intelligenz ; Entscheidungsbaum ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper proposes a set of new methods to estimate inequality of opportunity based on conditional inference regression trees. It illustrates how these methods represent a substantial improvement over existing empirical approaches to measure inequality of opportunity. First, the new methods minimize the risk of arbitrary and ad hoc model selection. Second, they provide a standardized way to trade off upward and downward biases in inequality of opportunity estimations. Finally, regression trees can be graphically represented; their structure is immediate to read and easy to understand. This will make the measurement of inequality of opportunity more easily comprehensible to a large audience. These advantages are illustrated by an empirical application based on the 2011 wave of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8349
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty? (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Data Group, Development Research Group & Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8869
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lakner, Christoph How Much Does Reducing Inequality Matter for Global Poverty?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and working toward a more equal distribution of income are prominent in international development and agreed upon in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 10. Using data from 164 countries comprising 97 percent of the world's population, this paper simulates a set of scenarios for global poverty from 2018 to 2030 under different assumptions about growth and inequality. This allows for quantifying the interdependence of the poverty and inequality goals. The paper uses different assumptions about growth incidence curves to model changes in inequality and relies on the Model-based Recursive Partitioning machine-learning algorithm to model how growth in GDP is passed through to growth as observed in household surveys. When holding within-country inequality unchanged and letting GDP per capita grow according to International Monetary Fund forecasts, the simulations suggest that the number of extreme poor (living below USD 1.90/day) will remain above 550 million in 2030, resulting in a global extreme poverty rate of 6.5 percent. If the Gini index in each country decreases by 1 percent per year, the global poverty rate could reduce to around 5.4 percent in 2030, equivalent to 100 million fewer people living in extreme poverty. Reducing each country's Gini index by 1 percent per year has a larger impact on global poverty than increasing each country's annual growth 1 percentage point above the forecasts, suggesting an important role for inequality on the path to eliminating extreme poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8869
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    March 2021 PovcalNet Update : What's New (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The March 2021 update to PovcalNet involves several changes to the data underlying the global poverty estimates. Some welfare aggregates have been changed for improved harmonization, and the CPI, national accounts, and population input data have been updated. This document explains these changes in detail and the reasoning behind them. In addition to the changes listed here, a large number of new country-years have been added, resulting in a total number of surveys of more than 1,900. Moreover, this update includes important revisions to the historical survey data and for the first time, poverty estimates based on imputed consumption data
    DOI: 10.1596/35340
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    September 2019 PovcalNet Update : What's New (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The September 2019 global poverty update from the World Bank includes revised survey data which lead to minor changes in the most recent global poverty estimates. The update includes revisions to 18 surveys from four countries. As a result of the revised data, the estimate of the global 1.90 US Dollars headcount ratio for 2015 increases slightly from 9.94 percent to 9.98 percent, whereas the number of poor increases from 731.0 million to 734.5 million people
    DOI: 10.1596/32478
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the Impact of the 2017 PPPs on the International Poverty Line and Global Poverty (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jolliffe, Dean Mitchell Assessing the Impact of the 2017 PPPs on the International Poverty Line and Global Poverty
    Keywords: Geographic Distribution Of Poverty ; Global Poverty ; Inequality ; Inflation ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; National Poverty Rate ; Poverty and Equity ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public-Private Partnership
    Abstract: Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are used to estimate the international poverty line (IPL) in a common currency and account for relative price differences across countries when measuring global poverty. This paper assesses the impact of the 2017 PPPs on the nominal value of the IPL and global poverty. The analysis indicates that updating the USD 1.90 IPL in 2011 PPP dollars to 2017 PPP dollars results in an IPL of approximately USD 2.15-a finding that is robust to various methods and assumptions. Based on an IPL of USD 2.15, the global extreme poverty rate in 2017 falls from 9.3 to 9.1 percent, reducing the count of people who are poor by 16 million. This is a modest change compared with previous updates of PPP data. The paper also assesses the methodological stability between the 2011 and 2017 PPPs, scrutinizes large changes at the country level, and analyzes higher poverty lines with the 2017 PPPs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9941
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Death and Destitution : The Global Distribution of Welfare Losses from the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Ferreira, Francisco H. G Death and Destitution: The Global Distribution of Welfare Losses from the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about massive declines in well-being around the world. This paper seeks to quantify and compare two important components of those losses'increased mortality and higher poverty-using years of human life as a common metric. The paper estimates that almost 20 million life-years were lost to COVID-19 by December 2020. Over the same period and by the most conservative definition, more than 120 million additional years were spent in poverty because of the pandemic. The mortality burden, whether estimated in lives or years of life lost, increases sharply with gross domestic product per capita. By contrast, the poverty burden declines with per capita national income when a constant absolute poverty line is used, or is uncorrelated with national income when a more relative approach is taken to poverty lines. In both cases, the poverty burden of the pandemic, relative to the mortality burden, is much higher for poor countries. The distribution of aggregate welfare losses-combining mortality and poverty and expressed in terms of life-years -depends on the choice of poverty line(s) and the relative weights placed on mortality and poverty. With a constant absolute poverty line and a relatively low welfare weight on mortality, poorer countries are found to bear a greater welfare loss from the pandemic. When poverty lines are set differently for poor, middle-income, and high-income countries and/or a greater welfare weight is placed on mortality, upper-middle-income and rich countries suffer the most
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9673
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intergenerational Mobility around the World (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: van der Weide, Roy Intergenerational Mobility around the World
    Abstract: Using individual data from over 400 surveys, this paper compiles a global database of intergenerational mobility in education for 153 countries covering 97 percent of the world's population. For 87 percent of the world's population, it provides trends in intergenerational mobility for individuals born between 1950 to 1989. The findings show that absolute mobility in education-the share of respondents that obtains higher levels of education than their parents-is higher in the developed world despite the higher levels of parental educational attainment. Relative mobility-measuring the degree of independence between parent and child years of schooling-is also found to be greater in the developed world. Together, these findings point to severe challenges in intergenerational mobility in the poorest parts of the world. Beyond national income levels, the paper explores the correlation between intergenerational mobility and a variety of country characteristics. Countries with higher rates of mobility have (i) higher tax revenues and rates of government expenditures, especially on education; (ii) better child health indicators (less stunting and lower infant mortality); (iii) higher school quality (more teachers per pupil and fewer school dropouts); and (iv) less residential segregation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9707
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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