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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the effects of fiscal policies on poverty and inequality : the case of Uruguay (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9499
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bucheli, Marisa Assessing the Effects of Fiscal Policies on Poverty and Inequality: The Case of Uruguay
    Keywords: Fiscal policy ; inequality ; income ; poverty ; Uruguay ; taxes ; social programs ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study looks at the redistributive effects of fiscal policy - in particular of direct taxation and expenditures - in Uruguay. This fiscal incidence analysis applies a widely recognized methodology to household survey data and government data for fiscal year 2017 and compares the results with the policies seen in 2009 to study the evolution of the distributional impacts of fiscal policy in the country. The study finds evidence that Uruguayan fiscal policy continues to reduce inequality, with government expenditures in the form of in-kind transfers leading to the largest decreases. While expenditures in basic education are benefitting the poorest, expenditures in tertiary education remain largely regressive. The personal income tax is found to be largely progressive, with the top quintile paying more than four-fifths of this tax. Uruguay's fiscal policies also lead to a reduction in poverty, mainly due to well-targeted direct transfers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9499
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Costs of Staying Healthy : COVID-19 in LAC (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: COVID-19 closures in Latin American and the Caribbean countries helped to curb the spread of the virus, but inevitably brought negative consequences for households, principally in the form of job losses, income reduction, and, in some cases, food insecurity. Future policy measures should aim to strike the right balance between saving lives and protecting livelihoods. Where closures are necessary, they should be adapted to a country's labor market and other localized conditions so as to minimize profound welfare losses. Governments should strive for robust and agile social safety net systems to be able to respond to the sudden falls in household welfare
    DOI: 10.1596/35623
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social Inclusion in Uruguay (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Abstract: Uruguay is a regional leader in the path toward social inclusion. Sustained economic growth and redistributive policies have made it the most egalitarian country in Latin America. However, some groups are still excluded. Afro-descendants, persons with disabilities, women particularly in female-headed households and LGBTI people are more likely to be excluded. They face unequal opportunities, lower accumulation of human capital and skills, and a lack of voice and agency to have their points of views and aspirations of development included in decision making. This translates into disadvantages in education, health, housing, political representation, and employment, among others, and a higher tendency to live in poorer regions and slums. Excluded groups are also confronted with glass ceilings in the job market, which result in lower incomes and fewer opportunities. Uruguay has a robust matrix of social policies and one of the highest levels of public social spending in the region, but atomization of social programs and lack of coordination between them compromises their effectiveness. Closing the remaining gaps is possible and may not require large additional spending. Very often, changes in preexisting programs is all it takes to make them more socially inclusive. Policies that put social inclusion at their core do not necessarily do more, but they do things differently
    DOI: 10.1596/34229
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mind the Gap : How COVID-19 is Increasing Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: The most vulnerable households in Latin America and the Caribbean have been disproportionately affected by the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, endangering the region's inclusive development path. High-Frequency Phone Surveys show that two months into the pandemic, in May 2020, the gaps between the most vulnerable and the least vulnerable households in terms of job loss and income loss. The uneven impacts went beyond monetary indicators, as disadvantaged households suffered from higher levels of food insecurity and had lower access to good quality health and education services, such as online sessions with a teacher. To prevent the pandemic from erasing years of progress against inequality, the most vulnerable households require short-term support to overcome their liquidity constraints via safety net transfers, thus guaranteeing that their basic needs are met. In the medium term, government efforts should be focused on the recovery of households' primary source of income through labor market policies that actively support the placement of the less advantaged groups and improve their employability. Equally important, it is necessary to curb losses related to human capital accumulation, given the long-term consequences that this entails. The return to in-person schooling, under strict bio-security protocols, is encouraged. When not possible, schools and parents should be provided with better tools to support distance learning
    DOI: 10.1596/36025
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Welfare Costs of Being Off the Grid (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Digital connectivity has been a critical mitigating factor for the adverse effects of lockdowns implemented in response to the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic on household welfare in Latin America and the Caribbean. Households with access to digital technologies were able to cope better with the shock. rates. More connected households also reported lower income losses, fewer instances of food insecurity and higher access to high quality remote learning. The Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has underlined the importance of ensuring that all segments of the population have access to digital technologies and of promoting digital skills throughout the lifecycle of individuals
    DOI: 10.1596/36026
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Expansion of Djibouti's National Family Solidarity Program : Understanding Targeting Performance of the Updated Proxy Means Test Formula (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: In this paper, we present new Proxy Means Test (PMT) models for targeting based on the 2017 household survey data (EDAM4). The paper finds that the developed PMT models, with separate targeting formulas for rural and urban areas, appear to perform well vis-a-vis inclusion and exclusion errors observed in similar country contexts. Ex-ante simulations also show that the planned expansion of targeted social assistance program, PNSF, using the proposed targeting approaches will result in nearly 0.7 percentage point reduction in poverty nationally and 3.4- 4.1 percentage reductions in the regions. These results reinforce the effectiveness of PMT targeting approach for social assistance programs in Djibouti when carried out in combination with geographic targeting in high-poverty districts. The results also show the relevance and effectiveness of PMT as a national targeting approach in urban regions and for an expanded national social assistance program
    DOI: 10.1596/34447
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Indirect Tax Incidence in Brazil : Assessing the Distributional Effects of Potential Tax Reforms (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lara Ibarra, Gabriel Indirect Tax Incidence in Brazil: Assessing the Distributional Effects of Potential Tax Reforms
    Keywords: Distributional Impact ; Effective Tax Rate ; Fiscal Incidence ; Indirect Tax ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Burden ; Tax Reform ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Value Added Tax
    Abstract: Using recent expenditure survey data, this paper investigates the incidence of all indirect taxes in Brazil. It applies a novel approach to estimate the effective tax rate by computing the specific cumulative taxes levied on thousands of items available in the data set. The findings show that for every RD 100 of indirect tax revenue, the first and second deciles pay RD 2 and RD 3, respectively, while the ninth and tenth deciles pay RD 16 and RD 33, respectively. Meanwhile, indirect taxes represent between 23 and 45 percent of income among the poorest households. Simulations of a value-added tax reform suggest that it could be inequality reducing both horizontally and vertically. A flat value-added tax accompanied by excise taxes on fuel items, alcohol, and tobacco would also lead to lower decreases in expenditures. Households would spend 2.8 percent less on average, with those in the bottom (top) decile spending 7.0 percent (1.5 percent) less
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9891
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Jobs Interrupted : The Effects of COVID-19 in the LAC Labor Markets (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Given the importance of labor income in the region, there are several important questions about the effects of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the labor market. At the outset of the pandemic, 48 percent of Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) workers stopped working and 16 percent lost their job. Yet, were job losses similar for all workers? Has the COVID-19 shock exacerbated unfavorable labor market conditions for vulnerable groups over time? What happened to those workers who remained employed throughout the early months of the pandemic? And, what lessons can be drawn from the experience? This note sheds light on these inquiries using household data from the LAC high-frequency phone surveys (HFPS) which were collected between May and August of 2020 from 13 countries in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/35866
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating a Poverty Line for Brazil based on the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lara Ibarra, Gabriel Estimating a Poverty Line for Brazil based on the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Basic Needs ; Food Poverty ; Food Security ; Household Budget ; Household Survey ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This study applies the cost-of-basic-needs approach to estimate food and total poverty lines for the Brazilian case. Using detailed data on expenditures from a 2017/18 household budget survey and caloric information from the Brazilian Table of Food Composition, calorie intake is assigned to more than 1,400 items to estimate the cost per calorie for a representative group of the population. The preferred results estimate the value of the food poverty line at RD 258 (in 2018 urban Southeast prices), and the lower total poverty line (covering also nonfood necessities) at RD 455. Robustness checks show that varying the assumptions leads to qualitatively similar results. The findings are also close in value to lines found in earlier studies and the societal poverty line. Finally, this work provides a data-driven validation of the income threshold used to determine eligibility for Brazil's social registry
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9878
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Brazil 2020 Data Update : Methodological Adjustments to the World Bank's Poverty and Inequality Estimates (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNADC in Portuguese) is the main source of information for poverty monitoring in Brazil. The PNADC 2020 annual release was published in November 2021. The 2020 survey underwent methodological changes compared to earlier years. Most changes do not affect comparability with previous years. However, there is evidence of significant under-coverage of the "Auxilio Emergencial" (AE) program. While administrative records indicate over 68 million AE recipients, only about 20 million are observed in the survey. This paper describes an approach to impute AE beneficiary status as a way to complement the observed AE status as reported in the survey and to better capture the evolution of income and poverty in Brazil during COVID-19. Incorporating eligibility criteria from the AE (demographic, employment, and income), the method results in 42.2 million AE recipients in the survey - leading to a more reasonable undercoverage rate. Sensitivity analyses find similar results. The adjustments described in this paper are included in the World Bank's poverty and inequality estimates for Brazil 2020 (published in April 2022). The poverty estimates in 2020 are 13.1 percent at the USD 5.50 poverty line and 1.7 percent at the USD 1.90 line. The Gini coefficient is estimated at 0.488
    DOI: 10.1596/37513
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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