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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tenure Security Premium in Informal Housing Markets : A Spatial Hedonic Analysis (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Tenure Security Premium in Informal Housing Markets: A Spatial Hedonic Analysis
    Abstract: This paper estimates slum residents' willingness to pay for formalized land tenure in Pune, India. In so doing, it offers evidence that the legal assurance of slum residents' occupancy of their lands could benefit them. Previous studies have discussed legal and non-legal factors that substantially influence the tenure security of residents in informal settlements. However, it remains unclear to what extent, and how, the assignment of legal property rights through the formalization of land tenure improves the tenure security of residents in informal settlements and living conditions, even in the presence of other legal and non-legal factors that also contribute to their tenure security. To address the question, this study focuses on the city of Pune, India, where government agencies have formalized slums by legally ensuring the occupancy of the residents under "slum declaration." Applying a hedonic price model to an original household survey, this paper investigates how slum residents evaluate formalized land tenure. A spatial econometrics method is also applied to account for spatially autocorrelated unobserved errors. The spatial hedonic analysis finds that the premium of slum declaration is worth 19 percent of the average housing rent in slums. The associated marginal willingness to pay is equivalent to 6 percent of the average household expenditure, although it is heterogeneous depending on a household's caste and other legal conditions. This finding suggests that the assurance of occupancy rights is a vital component of land-tenure formalization policy even if it does not directly provide full property rights
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7526
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is Living in African Cities Expensive? (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Is Living in African Cities Expensive?
    Abstract: Although several studies have examined why overall price levels are higher in richer countries, little is known about whether there is a similar relationship at the urban and city level across countries. This paper compares the price levels of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa with those of other regions by analyzing price information collected for the 2011 round of the International Comparison Program. Readjusting the calculated price levels from national to urban levels, the analysis indicates that African cities are relatively more expensive, despite having lower income levels. The price levels of goods and services consumed by households are up to 31percent higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other low- and middle-income countries, relative to their income levels. Food and non-alcoholic beverages are especially expensive, with price levels around 35 percent higher than in other countries. The paper also analyzes price information collected by the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, and obtains a similar result, indicating higher prices of goods and services in African cities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7641
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Africa's cities : opening doors to the world (2017)
    Washington, DC : World Bank Group
    Details
    ISBN: 978-1-4648-1044-2 , 978-1-4648-1045-9
    Language: English
    Pages: 162 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Keywords: Afrika Stadtplanung ; Stadtforschung, ethnologische ; Gemeindesoziologie ; Bevölkerungswachstum ; Bevölkerungsgeographie ; Urbanisation ; Armut
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    Book
    Frobenius-Institut
  • 4
    Article
    Article
    Revealing invisible rules in slums: The nexus between perceived tenure security and housing investment (2016)
    Show associated volumes/articles
    In:  Habitat international : a journal for the study of human settlements Vol. 53 (2016), p. 151-162
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-3975
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: Habitat international : a journal for the study of human settlements
    Publ. der Quelle: Oxford [u.a.] : Pergamon Press
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 53 (2016), p. 151-162
    DDC: 330
    DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.029
    URL: Volltext
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    Article
    OLC Ethnologie
  • 5
    Article
    Article
    Does slum formalisation without title provision stimulate housing improvement? A case of slum declaration in Pune, India (2017)
    Show associated volumes/articles
    In:  Urban studies Vol. 54, No. 7 (2017), p. 1715-1735
    Details
    ISSN: 0042-0980
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: Urban studies
    Publ. der Quelle: London : Sage Publications Ltd
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 54, No. 7 (2017), p. 1715-1735
    DDC: 300
    Abstract: Though previous studies have examined how formalising land tenure affects housing improvements in informal settlements, the role of tenure security and its long-term influence remain unclear. In response, this paper quantitatively examines the extent to which formalising land tenure by way of slum declaration has stimulated housing improvements during the last three decades in the slums of Pune, India. Since slum declaration guarantees residents occupancy but not full property rights, this study focuses on how tenure security contributes to housing outcomes, such as materials, size, the number of floors and the amount of money spent for the improvements. Using original household survey data, analysis involving propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods reveals that slum declaration has tripled a household’s likelihood of having added a second floor and, albeit less clear, increased the average amount of money spent on housing improvements. At the same time, slum declaration has not induced any improvement in housing materials, largely since many residents of non-formalised slums have also replaced materials. These results indicate that slum declaration, even in the long run, has continued to influence housing investments in Pune’s slums, in terms of both type and amount spent, though residents of non-formalised slums have also come to enjoy certain de facto tenure security. Among other implications for policy, these findings underscore that governments should at least provide legal assurance of occupancy rights in informal settlements, even if active interventions such as slum upgrading and titling are currently difficult.
    Note: Copyright: © Urban Studies Journal Limited 2016
    DOI: 10.1177/0042098016632433
    URL: Volltext
    URL: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0042098016632433
    URL: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1910814756
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    Article
    OLC Ethnologie
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Africa's cities : opening doors to the world (2017)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464810459
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 307.14
    RVK:
    RS 10627
    Keywords: Cities and towns Africa ; Community development, Urban Africa ; Africa ; Afrika ; Stadtgeografie ; Afrika ; Stadtentwicklung
    Abstract: Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing rapid population growth. Yet their economic growth has not kept pace. Why? One factor might be low capital investment, due in part to Africa's relative poverty: Other regions have reached similar stages of urbanization at higher per capita GDP. This study, however, identifies a deeper reason: African cities are closed to the world. Compared with other developing cities, cities in Africa produce few goods and services for trade on regional and international markets. To grow economically as they are growing in size, Africa's cities must open their doors to the world. They need to specialize in manufacturing, along with other regionally and globally tradable goods and services. And to attract global investment in tradables production, cities must develop scale economies, which are associated with successful urban economic development in other regions. Such scale economies can arise in Africa, and they will-if city and country leaders make concerted efforts to bring agglomeration effects to urban areas. Today, potential urban investors and entrepreneurs look at Africa and see crowded, disconnected, and costly cities. Such cities inspire low expectations for the scale of urban production and for returns on invested capital. How can these cities become economically dense-not merely crowded? How can they acquire efficient connections? And how can they draw firms and skilled workers with a more affordable, livable urban environment? From a policy standpoint, the answer must be to address the structural problems affecting African cities. Foremost among these problems are institutional and regulatory constraints that misallocate land and labor, fragment physical development, and limit productivity. As long as African cities lack functioning land markets and regulations and early, coordinated infrastructure investments, they will remain local cities: closed to regional and global markets, trapped into producing only locally traded goods and services, and limited in their economic growth
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1044-2
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spatial distributions of job accessibility, housing rents, and poverty in Nairobi, Kenya (2018)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice, Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 26 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8654
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8654
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rural roads, poverty, and resilience : evidence from Ethiopia (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8800
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Rural Roads, Poverty, and Resilience: Evidence from Ethiopia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study analyzes the impacts of the recent rural road development in Ethiopia on welfare and economic outcomes. The identification of the impacts relies on a difference-in-differences matching approach, taking advantage of the nationally representative household survey and the original road database, both of which are panel data spanning between 2012 and 2016. The results of the econometric analysis overall suggest that Ethiopia's recent rural road development has substantially increased household welfare and supported households in coping with the recent severe droughts. This study estimates that rural roads increased, on average, household consumption by 16.1 percent between 2012 and 2016 (or 3.8 percent per year). The effects of rural road development were largest in the most remote communities, as it increased household consumption by 27.9 percent. Furthermore, in the communities most affected by the El Nino drought, the likelihood of falling into poverty was 14.4 percent lower between 2012 and 2016 if the community was connected by a rural road. Taken together, the results suggest that, by connecting remote communities to markets, rural roads have substantially increased the welfare and resilience of rural households in shock-prone environments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8800
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Urban agglomerations and employment transitions in Ethiopia (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9184
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kamei, Akito Urban Agglomerations and Employment Transitions in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Agglomeration boosts economic growth. A vast literature has empirically assessed the effects of agglomeration by estimating the city population elasticity on wages. This conventional approach is not necessarily suitable for analyzing urbanization at the early stage in developing countries, where a majority of urban workers engage in self-employment and/or informal jobs. Focusing on one of the poorest and largest among those countries, this paper sheds light on an aspect of urbanization and agglomeration: the transition in the mode of labor from self-employment/informal jobs to wage employment/formal jobs. Applying the instrumental variable approach to national labor force survey data sets, the analysis underscores several labor market transitions across space in urban Ethiopia. First, the town population size and the share of workers with wage employment are strongly correlated. The probability of engaging in wage work increases by 4.5 percentage points with a log increase in population size. Second, this relationship is particularly strong among disadvantaged workers, such as the female, young, and/or less educated population. Finally, the study documents higher labor force participation and lower underemployment in larger towns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9184
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Carbon Pricing and Transit Accessibility to Jobs : Impacts on Inequality in Rio De Janeiro and Kinshasa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nell, Andrew Carbon Pricing and Transit Accessibility to Jobs: Impacts on Inequality in Rio De Janeiro and Kinshasa
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; Climate Policy ; Co2 Mitigation ; Disaster Risk Management ; Distributional Impact ; Employment Accessibility ; Environment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Labor Market ; Urban Pollution ; Urban Transit
    Abstract: Urban transport is a major driver of global carbon dioxide emissions. Without strong mitigation policies, rapid urbanization, especially in developing countries, is expected to exacerbate the problem. There is a growing consensus on the fundamental role of carbon pricing for achieving reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. However, carbon pricing policies are frequently criticized and resisted for having adverse distributional impacts, which could hinder their implementation, particularly when implemented as a fuel levy-which would impact private vehicle usage but may also affect transit services such as buses. Currently, there is a lack of evidence that quantifies these negative impacts, especially on people's ability to reach economic opportunities and services. To this end, this paper studies the impact of a uniform carbon price, as one of the most commonly discussed climate policies, on access to employment opportunities via transit services in Kinshasa and Rio de Janeiro. Reduced access to jobs would contribute to fragmented urban labor markets and thus lead to negative social outcomes. Unlike most previous studies, this study defines access as being constrained by both travel time and travel budget. The results indicate that fuel price increases (simulating increases induced by a carbon tax) reduce accessibility, but the effect is lower in more compact and walkable cities as well as in cities that have green transit options. The paper also shows that fuel price increases have spatially and socially disparate outcomes, with the lowest income communities not necessarily being the most affected, in part because even in the absence of carbon pricing, they are found to be priced out of using transit services. The results demonstrate the importance of strategies and investments, such as land use planning and decarbonized transit services, but also possibly complementary social protection programs (such as targeted subsidies, or even cash transfers), to mitigate the negative distributional consequences of carbon pricing policies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10341
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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