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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Youth at the Centre of Government Action : A Review of the Middle East and North Africa (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264398023 , 9789264488090 , 9789264606180
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (130 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Jugendpolitik ; Jugendliche ; MENA-Staaten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Development ; Governance ; Egypt ; Jordan ; Lebanon ; Mauritania ; Morocco ; Palestinian Authority ; Qatar ; Saudi Arabia ; Tunisia ; United Arab Emirates ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: Young people have demonstrated resilience to shocks and led positive change in their communities across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Young people (aged under 30) constitute more than half (55%) of the population across MENA, compared with 36% of the population across OECD countries. While challenges vary significantly across the region, youth unemployment rates are among the highest in the world, young people tend to express low trust in public institutions, and nearly four in ten live in fragile and conflicted-affected areas. The COVID-19 crisis has underscored the need to place the needs of young people at the centre of an inclusive and resilient recovery. To support this process, this report analyses current governance arrangements and practices across 10 MENA governments in three areas: 1) uniting all government stakeholders to implement a shared, integrated youth policy and deliver services to young people; 2) building administrative and institutional capacities to mainstream the perspectives of young people in policy making; and 3) encouraging the participation and representation of young people and youth stakeholders in public and political life.
    DOI: 10.1787/bcc2dd08-en
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  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boosting African cities' resilience to climate change : The role of green spaces (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Papers no.37
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The next few decades will bring an era of rapid urbanisation and unprecedented climate stress in African cities. Green spaces can boost the resilience of cities to heat waves, floods, landslides, and even coastal erosion, in addition, to enhancing sustainability by improving air quality, protecting biodiversity, and absorbing carbon. All of which can enhance well-being. Yet, data on the availability of green spaces in African urban agglomerations is scarce. This analysis fills the gap by combining new and novel data sources to estimate the availability of green spaces in 5 625 urban agglomerations with 10 000 inhabitants and above. The rest of the report then uses this novel dataset to first evaluate the dynamics between urbanisation and green spaces, and second, explore the potential of green spaces to boost the resilience and sustainability of cities in the future. The results show that as urban agglomerations become larger and more compact, green spaces disappear, exacerbating their vulnerability to climate change and deteriorating liveability. However, building taller buildings (i.e., growing vertically), offers a way for cities to grow whilst minimising loss of green space. Results show that more green space can boost sustainability by significantly lowering air pollution in African cities, which could be vital for public health in the future since outdoor air pollution is rising. The potential for green spaces to enhance resilience to climate events, like heat waves, depends on the location of green spaces throughout the city and the percentage of the population that lives close to a green space (i.e., within 300 metres). Green spaces may play a limited role in coping with heat waves in a city like Khartoum where only 3% of the population lives close to a green space, but could be a nature-based solution to heat waves in a city like Abuja, where 55% of the population can benefit from its cooling effects. Moving forward, local actors have clear evidence of the power of green spaces to build a sustainable and resilient future. Still, the report reveals that local actors need support from regional and national actors to realise the potential of green spaces.
    DOI: 10.1787/3303cfb3-en
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  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    2022 Synthesis Report World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (165 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Länderfinanzen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Finanzausgleich ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Better understanding multi-level governance frameworks and the scale of subnational government fiscal space can help countries cope with the different crisis and shocks, including the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's aggression against Ukraine, but also address megatrends and persistent and long-standing spatial disparities. Increasing the knowledge on multi-level governance and subnational finance is also key to implement and monitor the Sustainable Development Goals. After two previous editions in 2016 and 2019, the OECD-UCLG World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment (SNG-WOFI) has become the largest international knowledge repository on subnational government structure and finance ever produced. It provides reliable and comparable information on multi-level governance frameworks, decentralisation and territorial reforms, subnational government responsibilities, fiscal decentralisation, and covers dozens of indicators on subnational expenditure, investment, revenue and debt. The 2022 synthesis report presents internationally comparable data and analysis for 135 countries and provides insights into ways to strengthen the resilience of subnational public finance. It also offers a specific focus on the impact of the pandemic on subnational governments, the territorial dimension of recovery plans, property taxation systems, innovative subnational budgeting practices, subnational public-private partnerships, and a special chapter dedicated to 31 Least Developed Countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/b80a8cdb-en
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  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multilateral Development Finance 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264882508 , 9789264433212 , 9789264909038
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (158 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Nearly three years after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a succession of mutually reinforcing crises and a challenging global context are putting the multilateral development system under pressure. Multilateral development finance is stretched across an ever expanding list of priorities, ranging from humanitarian crisis response to the provision of global and regional public goods. The urgent nature of these crises requires renewed efforts to strengthen the financial capacity of the multilateral development system but should not divert attention from other parts of the reform agenda, such as the need to reduce the fragmentation of the multilateral architecture. This third edition of the Multilateral Development Finance report presents recent trends in multilateral development finance in order to inform decisions by the members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) on their strategic engagement with multilateral organisations. It presents an overview of challenges and ongoing reform efforts, and examines the evolution of financial flows to, and from, multilateral organisations. The report is supplemented by online statistics on DAC members’ multilateral contributions, available in the Development Co-operation Profiles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9fea4cf2-en
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  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing environmental impact of measures in the OECD Green Recovery Database (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Évaluation de l’impact environnemental des mesures de la base de données de l’OCDE sur la relance verte
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Transport
    Abstract: This Policy Brief provides the key findings and policy insights from the April 2022 update of OECD Green Recovery Database, which tracks recovery measures with a clear environmental impact adopted by OECD member countries, the European Union and selected large economies. Since the previous update in September 2021, the budget allocated to environmentally positive measures increased from USD 677 billion to USD 1 090 billion, while recovery spending with ‘mixed’ impacts increased from USD 163 to 290 billion. The Brief also explores how well-designed green recovery plans can generate the double dividend of enhanced energy security and better environmental outcomes, in the face of energy security concerns triggered by the war in Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/3f7e2670-en
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  • 106
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Benefits of regional co-operation on the energy-water-land use nexus transformation in Central Asia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2022/01
    Keywords: Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Ressourcennutzung ; Umweltschutz ; Klimaschutz ; Zentralasien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: The “energy, water and land use nexus” approach has been attracting attention of policy makers, development practitioners and academia in Central Asia as a tool to facilitate regional and cross-sectoral co-operation for climate action and resource security. However, further work is still needed to better understand economic and non-economic benefits of the nexus approach, and integrate it into policy processes in the countries. Based on desk research and consultations with stakeholders in Central Asia, this paper aims to highlight several possible action points for promoting the energy-water-land use nexus approach in the face of a changing climate in the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/7fcec36c-en
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  • 107
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards a Blue Recovery in Fiji : COVID-19 Appraisal Report (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163911 , 9789264318601 , 9789264760776
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Wirtschaftslage ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Fischschutz ; Ökotourismus ; Schifffahrt ; Meeresschutz ; Coronavirus ; Fidschi ; Development ; Environment ; Fiji ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The global COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected Fiji, hitting at backbone economic sectors, such as international tourism and export fisheries. It has also brought to the fore the need to embark on a more sustainable model of development. This report examines Fiji’s economic and sustainability trends, as well as the governance and financing of its ocean economy before and during the COVID-19 crisis. It provides an initial mapping of promising initiatives and funding instruments that can be developed and scaled up to foster a sustainable blue recovery, focusing on four main areas: sustainable fisheries, sustainable tourism, green shipping and marine conservation.
    DOI: 10.1787/a3661a09-en
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  • 108
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financing for gender equality in the Sahel and West Africa (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Papers no.35
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Le financement de l’égalité femmes-hommes au Sahel et en Afrique de l’Ouest
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The Sahel and West Africa continue to face significant challenges in advancing towards gender equality and women’s empowerment. While much progress has been made in health and educational outcomes for women and girls in the region, much more has yet to be done. Official development assistance (ODA) can serve a crucial role in this respect, by mobilising support for gender equality. This paper aims to highlight the current financing for the gender equality landscape in the region. It points to a need to increase the share of ODA supporting gender equality objectives; to support local women’s organisations as key actors in reaching the most vulnerable women and girls; to invest in the evaluation of gender-sensitive programmes and learning around them; and to support the generation of gender-disaggregated data to identify where action can be most effective.
    DOI: 10.1787/91275335-en
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  • 109
    Online Resource
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    Global Compendium of Land Value Capture Policies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264843523 , 9789264690882 , 9789264693166
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (253 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Bodenpreis ; Bodenpolitik ; Welt ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The Global Compendium of Land Value Capture, a joint project by the OECD and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, is an ambitious undertaking to understand the full landscape of land value capture (LVC) instruments, how they are configured and deployed across the globe in OECD countries and non-OECD economies, and what it would take to unleash their full potential as a sustainable revenue source. Moreover, little systematic information is available about the LVC instruments that countries use and enabling frameworks at national and regional levels to guide local governments toward greater use. The report features an overview of the political contexts, legal frameworks, and LVC approaches used in 60 countries. Special attention is given to the differences and similarities between countries that have a mature LVC practice, versus countries that have nascent policies and allowances. This will help countries developing the capacity and competences for LVC to understand the opportunities, trade-offs, and pitfalls to avoid when configuring legal, governance, and planning frameworks and institutions to support the implementation of LVC policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f9559ee-en
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United Kingdom 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264324855 , 9789264442795 , 9789264667211
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (119 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Royaume-Uni 2022 (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Großbritannien ; Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Governance ; United Kingdom ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the United Kingdom has reduced several environmental pressures while growing its economy. Ahead of its presidency of the 2021 UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties, it has led the way by raising its national ambition. However, air pollution, deteriorating natural assets and missed biodiversity targets are all concerns. Further efforts are needed to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, prepare for climate change, reverse biodiversity loss and ensure a more resource-efficient circular economy. Strengthening co‑ordination between the United Kingdom and devolved governments, as well as enhancing coherence between sectoral and environmental policies will be key. This is the third Environmental Performance Review of the United Kingdom. It evaluates progress towards green growth, with a special chapter focusing on waste, materials management and the circular economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/b6a2be87-en
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  • 111
    Online Resource
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    Italy's National Action Plan for Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264633445 , 9789264890602 , 9789264677487
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Politik ; Italien ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Italy ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: Italy's National Action Plan for Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development (PCSD) brings together the institutional mechanisms, evaluation frameworks and coherence tools needed to integrate sustainable development into government policy making. This Action Plan shows how to streamline existing mechanisms to improve policy coherence across levels of government and to involve civil society more closely in policy formulation. It also suggests how to make the most of complementarities across existing data collection efforts. The Action Plan includes suggestions for better linking mandates across departments and levels of government to avoid overlap and make greater progress in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Finally, it provides targets and measurable processes for each action to help track progress.
    DOI: 10.1787/54226722-en
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  • 112
    Online Resource
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    Chile’s perspective on Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.108
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Chile ; Development ; Chile
    Abstract: Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) is a new metric that measures official flows, and private flows mobilised by the official sector, to support sustainable development in developing countries. This pilot study seeks the perspective of Chile (a dual provider/recipient of development co-operation) on the concept and methodology of TOSSD. It estimates TOSSD flows from Chile in support of sustainable development and carries out a light assessment of its capacity to report on TOSSD.
    DOI: 10.1787/7824641b-en
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  • 113
    Online Resource
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    Official Development Assistance by regime context (2010-19) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.44
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This report examines official development assistance (ODA) allocations by regime context, the kind of support donors provide to different regime types and if and how donors respond to processes of democratisation and autocratisation. The analysis covers country allocable ODA provided by all official donors to 124 ODA recipients. The report aims to inform policy discussions on existing ODA allocations by regime type and their underlying rationale. This report also proposes a series of policy questions for further reflection.
    DOI: 10.1787/57ab4100-en
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  • 114
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    Social protection for the forcibly displaced in low- and middle-income countries : A pathway for inclusion (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.43
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Schwellenländer ; Irak ; Sudan ; Uganda ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: This paper provides the first overview of efforts by low- and middle-income countries to extend the coverage of national social protection systems to the forcibly displaced persons they host. It presents a baseline of de jure (legal) and estimated de facto (actual) coverage in 12 countries; analyses the conditions enabling access to social protection by the forcibly displaced; draws lessons from Iraq, Sudan and Uganda in terms of challenges and successes; and offers guidance to major stakeholders on extending social protection initiatives to forcibly displaced persons.
    DOI: 10.1787/5299cb92-en
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  • 115
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    Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264467347 , 9789264841390 , 9789264887046
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tendances agrégées du financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2013-2020
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Finanzierung ; Industrieländer ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The report Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020 adds figures for 2020 to the previously published 2013-2019 time series, providing an aggregate-level assessment against the initial target year of the USD 100 billion goal. It also includes an overview of climate finance provided and mobilised by climate theme, sector, financial instrument and regions for 2016-2020. A second complementary report provides further insights from disaggregated data analysis, as well as considerations on issues relating to enabling environments, impacts and effectiveness of climate finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/d28f963c-en
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  • 116
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    FDI Qualities Guide for Development Co-operation : Strengthening the Role of Development Co-operation for Sustainable Investment (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264633896 , 9789264689534 , 9789264848726
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Tools
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This guide provides a framework to strengthen the role of development co-operation for mobilising foreign direct investment (FDI) and enhancing its positive impact in developing countries. The guide reviews a broad range of financial and technical solutions for enhancing the impact of FDI on sustainable development, and outlines ways donors can consider the impact of FDI on their strategies, thus supporting the design, implementation and monitoring of FDI-related assistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/7f251bac-en
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  • 117
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    Development Strategy Assessment of the Eastern Caribbean (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264620827 , 9789264761896 , 9789264684744
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (161 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Entwicklungsstrategie ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Karibischer Raum ; Employment ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Dominica ; Grenada ; Montserrat ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; Saint Lucia ; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    Abstract: Eastern Caribbean countries enjoy rich natural endowments and have achieved significant economic development. Throughout the last decades, they have also been confronted with a number of rising economic, social and environmental challenges. To help them tackle these, and accelerate their development, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the OECD have jointly designed a regional strategy scorecard, which is at the heart of the Development Strategy Assessment of the Eastern Caribbean. The scorecard will help policy makers set priorities for the implementation of the OECS Development Strategy. Stronger resilience and capacity are the major guideposts towards both economic growth and social progress. The region can make much more of its green potential, with power generation topping the list. Improving regulation and reducing red tape can foster new, homegrown economic dynamism. Tourism, digital services and the sustainable ocean economy also offer untapped potential. Closing the skills gap, enhancing the quality of education and improving social protection are essential. Finally, as a red thread throughout, deeper regional integration would make it easier for OECS countries to pool resources in a range of areas, radically increasing the region’s potential for efficient governance, and accelerating the development of its human resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1566c7a-en
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  • 118
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    Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic : Towards Greater Well-being for All (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264494510 , 9789264551916 , 9789264609785
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklung ; Dominikanische Republik ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Finance and Investment ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic has made strides on many socioeconomic fronts over the years. The country has been one of the leading economies in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of GDP growth, reaching upper middle-income status in 2011. However, progress on the different dimensions of well-being has been insufficient. In particular, socioeconomic and territorial disparities are still important, and public institutions remain insufficiently solid. For the Dominican Republic to embark on a more prosperous development path, three critical dimensions must be tackled. First, providing quality jobs for all, with particular emphasis on boosting formalisation and productive transformation. Second, mobilising more public and private finance for development, with more progressive and effective taxation systems, more efficient public expenditure and deeper capital markets. Third, accelerating digital transformation to boost productivity, enhance inclusion and support job creation.
    DOI: 10.1787/560c12bf-en
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  • 119
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    Intermediary Cities and Climate Change : An Opportunity for Sustainable Development (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264559479 , 9789264504189 , 9789264612716
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (259 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Urbanisierung ; Bevölkerungswachstum ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Environment
    Abstract: The consequences of climate change in developing countries are worsening fast: many ecosystems will shortly reach points of irreversible damage, and socio-economic costs will continue to rise. To alleviate the future impacts on populations and economies, policy makers are looking for the spaces where they can make the greatest difference. This report argues that intermediary cities in developing countries are such spaces. Indeed, in the context of fast population growth and urbanisation, these small and medium-sized cities silently play an essential role in the rapid transformation of human settlements, not least by supporting the massive flows of population, goods and services between rural and metropolitan areas. Most of those intermediary cities are still growing: now is therefore the time to influence their dynamics, and thereby the entire design of urbanisation in those regions, in ways that limit the exposure of urban dwellers to climate shocks and avoid carbon lock-in. To that end, based on fresh evidence and policy analysis on the challenges faced by these agglomerations in the context of climate change, the report makes the case for new development approaches to avoid the unsustainable paths followed by too many cities in the recent past.
    DOI: 10.1787/23508323-en
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  • 120
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    Identifying the Main Drivers of Productivity Growth : A Literature Review (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264575561 , 9789264505896 , 9789264861558
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Coronavirus ; Messung ; Bibliometrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Education ; Economics ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report represents the second outcome of the collaboration between the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to improve the measurement and analysis of productivity developments across APO and OECD member economies. The report discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on productivity and examines the role of Multifactor Productivity (MFP) as a major driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. It then identifies the most important factors influencing MFP growth and describes the most important challenges affecting the measurement of each of these factors as well as the estimation of their impact on MFP. The report provides key recommendations to improve the reliability and interpretation of the empirical evidence for economic analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/00435b80-en
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  • 121
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    Assessing Tax Compliance and Illicit Financial Flows in South Africa (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264344914 , 9789264602366 , 9789264981690
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Steuermoral ; Steuerflucht ; Kapitalmobilität ; Schattenwirtschaft ; Steuerpolitik ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Südafrika ; Governance ; Taxation ; Development ; South Africa
    Abstract: Illicit financial flows (IFFs) such as tax evasion are a major policy challenge for developing and emerging economies, in particular as the COVID-19 pandemic has drained domestic resources. This report presents results from a joint project between the OECD and the National Treasury of South Africa, which assesses tax compliance and IFFs in South Africa. The report provides an overview of macroeconomic, tax and fiscal developments in South Africa since the global financial crisis. It discusses the concepts of IFFs, how they relate to the South African context and provides an overview of South Africa’s participation in multilateral initiatives to combat tax evasion. It also provides a quantitative analysis of tax compliance and IFFs over time amid a variety of tax transparency initiatives implemented in South Africa. Finally, the report examines the effectiveness of tax transparency initiatives such as voluntary disclosure programmes, and looks into income and wealth characteristics of applicants to these programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/e8c9ff5b-en
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    Evaluating financial and development additionality in blended finance operations (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.91
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Bewertung ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This paper clarifies the various definitions of additionality currently in use, and explores the relationship between additionality and key evaluation terms, such as impact and causality. It concludes that additionality should be assessed both ex ante and ex post, and that the presence of additionality will depend on institutional structures and on how different public and private interests are addressed. The paper further argues that the relevance of evaluation methods will depend not only on the applied financial and non-financial instruments but also on the types and dimensions of additionality to be evaluated. Several examples of different approaches to assessing additionality are analysed. The analysis provides a useful foundation for thinking through these issues, and will be of interest to both evaluation and blended finance actors. This paper is the second in a series of three working papers from the OECD/DAC EvalNet Working Group on Evaluating Blended Finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/a13bf17d-en
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  • 123
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    De-risking institutional investment in green infrastructure : 2021 progress update (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Entwicklungsbank ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This policy paper catalogues tools and techniques used by public actors such as national development banks and green investment banks to mitigate project-level risks and attract private investment in infrastructure. The paper updates the dataset underlying the 2018 "Progress Update on Approaches to Mobilising Institutional Investment for Sustainable Infrastructure", to provide an expanded typology of de-risking instruments and highlight several novel approaches for mobilising institutional investment. The analysis provides development banks and other public financial institutions a nuanced view of options for targeted mobilisation efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/357c027e-en
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  • 124
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    Triangular co-operation with India : Working with civil society organisations (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.89
    Keywords: Nichtregierungsorganisation ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Indien ; Development ; India
    Abstract: India is home to a dynamic and vibrant community of civil society organisations (CSOs). Indian CSOs are often innovating to bridge development gaps and cater to the needs of marginalised and vulnerable groups. Historically, India is a pioneer of triangular co‑operation with first projects dating back to India’s independence in 1947. Over the past decade, triangular co-operation has gathered momentum at the global level and India has been a champion of this. A specific Indian model of triangular co-operation is emerging through which India and its partners aim to leverage domestic development innovations and the strengths of India’s diverse landscape of civil society organisations by scaling up bilateral co-operation and partnerships via triangular initiatives. Especially in African and neighbouring Asian countries there is a high demand to learn from Indian innovations and expertise, as they are considered to be easier to adapt to the local contexts. This paper provides insights into different ways of engaging in triangular co‑operation with India and sets out opportunities as well as challenges in enhancing triangular co-operation in the future with a broad range of CSO and government partners.
    DOI: 10.1787/285b1a9a-en
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  • 125
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    COVID-19 pandemic: Towards a blue recovery in small island developing states (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Epidemie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Entwicklung ; Insel ; Kleinstaat ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Belize ; Cape Verde ; Cook Islands ; Dominica ; Dominican Republic ; Fiji ; Grenada ; Guinea-Bissau ; Guyana ; Haiti ; Jamaica ; Kiribati ; Palau ; Papua New Guinea ; Saint Lucia ; Samoa ; Sao Tome and Principe ; Seychelles ; Solomon Islands ; Timor-Leste ; Tonga ; Vanuatu
    Abstract: Small island developing states (SIDS) are among the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis, which is disrupting key economic sectors that SIDS’ undiversified and already fragile economies strongly rely upon. While they are succeeding to contain the health emergency, SIDS are faced with severe economic impacts which require bold government action and adequate international support. This policy brief: (i) highlights the impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic across SIDS; (ii) provides an overview of the support delivered by development co-operation providers to face the crisis; and (iii) provides suggestions to ensure that international support can lead to a fast and sustainable recovery in SIDS: a ‘blue’ recovery.
    DOI: 10.1787/241271b7-en
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  • 126
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    Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines for developing countries: An equal shot at recovery (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Impfung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: As the roll out of coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines begins, this policy brief asks how to ensure vaccines for all. In doing so, it examines the case for multilateral approaches to access and delivery, maps key challenges, and identifies priority actions for policy makers. The absence of a comprehensive approach to ensure vaccine access in developing countries threatens to prolong the pandemic, escalating inequalities and delaying the global economic recovery. While new collaborative efforts such as ACT Accelerator and its COVAX initiative are helping to bridge current gaps, these are not enough in circumstances where demand far outstrips supply. Based on the current trajectory, mass immunisation efforts for poorer countries could be delayed until 2024 or beyond, prolonging human and economic suffering for all countries. Policy actions to support equitable vaccine access in developing countries include: (i) supporting multilateral frameworks for equitable allocation of vaccines and for crisis response, resilience and prevention; (ii) highlighting the role of development finance; and, (iii) promoting context-driven solutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/6b0771e6-en
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  • 127
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    Evaluating blended finance instruments and mechanisms : Approaches and methods (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.101
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of how to evaluate different blended finance instruments and mechanisms, including equity instruments, debt instruments, first loss capital, guarantees and insurance, development impact bonds, performance-based grants, structured funds and syndicated loans. It is structured along the most important and common questions evaluators seek to answer, including how to measure the mobilisation of additional financial resources, and assessing results. It provides a description of the most appropriate methods and tools for answering these questions, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and discusses their application.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1574c10-en
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  • 128
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    Sustainably financing infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa - What role for the DAC? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.36
    Keywords: Infrastrukturinvestition ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Subsahara-Afrika ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: In a climate of heightened debt vulnerabilities, countries in sub-Saharan Africa struggle to fill the gap in infrastructure finance, which is paramount to achieving their sustainable development objectives. At the same time, the infrastructure financing landscape in the region has become increasingly diverse and challenging to navigate. This paper reviews the role of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members in supporting countries to address mounting infrastructure needs while avoiding and mitigating potential debt crises. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the infrastructure needs in sub-Saharan Africa. The second part presents the changes in infrastructure financing, highlighting the dominant roles of domestic government and non-DAC lenders. The third part explains how infrastructure finance can be a potential driver for the debt build-up in the region; but that the quality of spending and the diversity of financing providers can be mitigating factors. The fourth part includes policy recommendations for DAC members.
    DOI: 10.1787/b0c9647c-en
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  • 129
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    The role of guarantees in blended finance (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.97
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Vierte Welt ; Development
    Abstract: The coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis provides a new context for donors to assess the relevance of guarantees in addressing challenges linked with a sustainable recovery. The paper argues there may be significant scope for more and better use of guarantees to build back better in response to the crisis. The paper also discusses how guarantees can promote more investment particularly in underdeveloped and underserved markets, such as least developed countries (LDCs).
    DOI: 10.1787/730e1498-en
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  • 130
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    COVID-19 innovation in low and middle-income countries : Lessons for development co-operation (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.39
    Keywords: Innovation ; Coronavirus ; Entwicklungsländer ; Schwellenländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Bangladesh ; India ; Kenya ; Liberia ; Peru
    Abstract: This paper explores how innovation in low and middle-income countries is enhancing their local and national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also analyses how innovation could further address locally relevant development challenges by mobilising resources, improving processes and catalysing collaboration. Lastly it examines how international development organisations can improve their support for local and national innovation efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/19e81026-en
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  • 131
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    Financing the extension of social insurance to informal economy workers : The role of remittances (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.344
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Financer l’extension de l’assurance sociale aux travailleurs de l’économie informelle à l’aide des transferts de fonds
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Albania ; Armenia ; Costa Rica ; El Salvador ; Gambia ; Honduras ; Liberia ; Malawi ; Mexico ; Namibia ; Niger ; Peru ; South Africa ; Tanzania, United Republic of ; Thailand ; Viet Nam ; Zambia
    Abstract: Informal employment, defined through the lack of employment-based social protection, constitutes the bulk of employment in developing countries, and entails a level of vulnerability to poverty and other risks that are borne by all who are dependent on informal work income. Results from the Key Indicators of Informality based on Individuals and their Households database (KIIbIH) show that a disproportionately large number of middle‑class informal economy workers receive remittances. Such results confirm that risk management strategies, such as migration, play a part in minimising the potential risks of informal work for middle‑class informal households who may not be eligible to social assistance. They further suggest that middle‑class informal workers may have a solvent demand for social insurance so that, if informality-robust social insurance schemes were made available to them, remittances could potentially be channelled to finance the extension of social insurance to the informal economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/bbc70a07-en
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  • 132
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    Transition Finance Compendium : Challenges and recommendations for the Development Assistance Committee (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.94
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development
    Abstract: Building on the evidence collected through seven country pilots, this Transition Finance Compendium concludes that more could be done to build the resilience of ODA. The analyses carried out suggests that official development assistance (ODA) trends should not be observed in isolation of other sources of financing for sustainable development since transition finance is about the progressive substitution of external financing by domestic public resources and private investment mobilised. It finds that further planning and co-ordination of DAC members’ exit and phasing-out strategies or decisions could generate ODA efficiency gains and resilience; that the increasing complexity of the financing for sustainable development (FSD) landscape creates not only opportunities for access to additional sources of financing, but also risks; and concludes on emerging recommendations for the DAC to better prepare transition, e.g. good practices/relevant standards and tools for transition finance. It ends suggesting how the DAC can move from transition finance diagnostics to implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/90f219b1-en
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  • 133
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    Migration in Asia : What skills for the future? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Afghanistan ; Bahrain ; Bangladesh ; India ; Indonesia ; Kuwait ; Malaysia ; Nepal ; Oman ; Pakistan ; Philippines ; Qatar ; Saudi Arabia ; Sri Lanka ; Thailand ; United Arab Emirates ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: The world is increasingly facing a technologically changing employment landscape and such changes are directly affecting the future demand for skills. For regional economies built on labour migration, the impending changes will affect migrants and their families, their countries of origin and the recruitment systems they are attached to – and ultimately disrupt the development benefits of migration. This paper investigates how the future of the employment landscape will affect migration within the Abu Dhabi Dialogue, a regional consultative process for migration in Asia. It investigates the impending changes in the demand for skills in countries of destination, how such changes will affect migration processes and whether countries of origin are ready for the changes. It provides recommendations on how regional consultative processes can foster dialogue between key actors from both countries of origin and destination to better navigate future changes and ensure a smooth transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/38a9c133-en
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    A baseline survey of the guiding principles on managing for sustainable development results (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.93
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development
    Abstract: This paper describes the aggregate findings of a survey conducted to assess where the members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Results Community stand with regard to the Guiding Principles on Managing for Sustainable Development Results (MfSDR) adopted in July 2019. In addition to presenting detailed findings against each Principle, the paper examines the main strengths and constraints providers are facing to align to the Principles and analyses the correlations between the Principles, concluding on the more practical consequences for systemic and tailored approaches to implementing them.
    DOI: 10.1787/f8974d89-en
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  • 135
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    Multi-dimensional Review of the Western Balkans : Assessing Opportunities and Constraints (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264652880 , 9789264378919 , 9789264861763
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (654 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Südosteuropa ; Albanien ; Bosnien-Herzegowina ; Kosovo ; Nordmazedonien ; Serbien ; Education ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Albania ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Kosovo ; North Macedonia ; Serbia
    Abstract: The Western Balkans region has come a long way over the last two decades in achieving economic and social progress. With a population of 17.6 million, the region today boasts a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of close to EUR 100 billion, an average GDP per capita of about EUR 5 400 and a comprehensive process of integration with the European Union. This report provides multi-dimensional assessments across the economic, social, finance, governance and environmental pillars of sustainable development for five economies of the region. The region’s location, its deep relationships with Europe and its academic tradition present many opportunities for future development, especially at a time when distances are shrinking further with digitalisation. Making the most of this potential will require collaboration in tackling challenges, which have been further exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Boosting competences and education, strengthening social cohesion and ensuring a green transformation towards clean energy and the valuation of the region’s natural wealth, emerge as strategic priorities. Beyond practical and financial constraints, future solutions must address considerable institutional and governance challenges that remain across the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/4d5cbc2a-en
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    Clean Energy Finance and Investment Policy Review of Indonesia (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264887480 , 9789264923515 , 9789264649002
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (153 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tinjauan Kebijakan Pembiayaan dan Investasi Energi Bersih Indonesia
    Keywords: Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Indonesien ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Thanks to tremendous renewable energy and energy efficiency potential and a stable, dynamic economy, Indonesia has become a coveted destination for investors in the clean energy sector. Clean energy investment, however, remains far below the level needed to realise Indonesia’s ambitious clean energy and sustainable finance goals. Instead, investment in fossil fuels continues to dominate. This first Clean Energy Finance and Investment Policy Review of Indonesia supports efforts to reverse these trends and achieve a clean energy transition. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the current policy framework, highlighting progress and identifying untapped opportunities for strengthening policy interventions that can help scale up clean energy finance and investment. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of Indonesia and development partners. The Review was undertaken within the OECD Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation (CEFIM) Programme, which supports governments in emerging economies to unlock finance and investment in clean energy.
    DOI: 10.1787/0007dd9d-en
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    Options for Operationalising Transparency in Commodity Trading Transactions (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264418356 , 9789264929821 , 9789264986824
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Tools
    Keywords: Rohstoffhandel ; Transparenz ; Konditionen ; Zahlungsverkehr ; Welt ; Energy ; Governance ; Development
    Abstract: Given their sheer magnitude, the payments made by companies for the purchase of oil, gas and minerals from governments or state-owned enterprises are of significant public interest. However, only a few commodity trading companies regularly publicly disclose information in respect of their payments to governments for the purchase of these publicly-owned commodities. This report makes a case for the development of a common global standard on transparency of payments that trading hubs, home governments and industry associations can use to ensure consistency, comparability and usability of data, building on the 2019 EITI Standard. Complementary measures by host governments and SOEs are necessary to set shared expectations across jurisdictions, including in producing countries. These include the adoption of disclosure policies as well as the inclusion of disclosure obligations in commodity sales contracts to set clear expectations on transparency of payments, and avoid potential conflicting requirements and bilateral negotiations.
    DOI: 10.1787/70007e06-en
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    OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Denmark 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264853188 , 9789264662735 , 9789264795310
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Dänemark ; Development ; Denmark ; Somalia
    Abstract: The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members’ development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements. Denmark’s development co‑operation is integrated into its foreign policy. Broad political and public support enables Denmark to provide 0.7% of its national income as official development assistance. Denmark champions gender equality, human rights and democracy, supports transparent communication and empowers its partners. Climate change and irregular migration shape Denmark’s approach to development co-operation. Mainstreaming climate objectives would complement Denmark’s significant investments in climate diplomacy. A global leader in fragile contexts, Denmark could better implement the peace component of the humanitarian-development-peace nexus. The Doing Development Differently approach enables flexible budgets and trusting partnerships. Denmark could better integrate poverty reduction across its programme.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e9b77e5-en
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    Rapid Reactions to Corruption : Co-ordonating Donor Responses (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Réactions rapides à la corruption : Coordonner les réponses des donneurs
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Reacciones Rápidas a la Corrupción : Coordinación de las Respuestas de los Donantes
    Keywords: Anti-Korruption ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten ; Development
    Abstract: Enabling effective, joint donor responses to corruption is a complex task that requires careful management of potential tensions and trade-offs. This guidance helpsdevelopment agencies and their staff operating in countries that receive official development assistance (ODA) to formulate co-ordinated responses to allegations of significant corruption. It provides a set of illustrative questions to facilitate joint donor responses in the immediate aftermath of incidents of corruption, so as to prevent slow, contradictory or ill-informed reactions. It serves as a practical tool for implementing the OECD Council Recommendation for Development Co-operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption.
    DOI: 10.1787/30b2129d-en
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  • 140
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Lithuania 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264950689 , 9789264578999 , 9789264768796
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (134 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Litauen ; Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Lithuania’s rapid economic growth has increased many environmental pressures. The country has declared ambitious medium- and long-term climate change mitigation goals. However, existing policies will not be enough to meet them. Total greenhouse gas emissions have not declined over the last decade, while those from transport have been rising rapidly. Lithuania needs to build on its impressive progress in moving away from landfilling to reduce waste generation and steer towards a circular economy. Water pollution with nutrients from the increased use of fertilisers and insufficiently treated wastewater must also be addressed. These efforts require improved integration of environmental considerations into sectoral policies and a whole-of-government approach to environmental management. Lithuania is implementing a series of positive changes in environment-related taxation. However, the trend of declining public environmental expenditure should be reversed. One priority area is additional investment in public transport and improvements in cycling and walking conditions that would help steer user behaviour towards sustainable transport modes. This is the first OECD Environmental Performance Review of Lithuania. It evaluates progress towards green growth and sustainable development, with a special chapter focusing on sustainable mobility.
    DOI: 10.1787/48d82b17-en
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  • 141
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    Education-occupation mismatch in the context of informality and development (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.346
    Keywords: Employment ; Development ; Argentina ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Chile ; Colombia ; El Salvador ; Gambia ; Liberia ; Malawi ; Mexico ; Namibia ; Nigeria ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Zambia
    Abstract: Using household data from 15 countries in Latin America and Africa, this paper explores linkages between informality and education-occupation matching. The paper applies a unified methodology to measuring education-occupation mismatches and informality, consistently with the international labour and statistical standards in this area. The results suggest that in the majority of low- and middle-income developing countries with available data, workers in informal jobs have higher odds of being undereducated as compared to workers in formal jobs. Workers in formal jobs, in contrast, have higher chances of being overeducated. These results are consistent for dependent as well as for independent workers. They also hold for men and for women according to the gender-disaggregated analysis. Moreover, in the majority of countries considered in this paper, the matching-informality nexus is also related to the extent of informality in a given area: in labour markets with higher informality, informal workers in particular have a higher chance of being undereducated. The paper discusses policy implications of these findings.
    DOI: 10.1787/3291e65c-en
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    Forward-looking Scenarios of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2021-2025 : Technical Note (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264490123
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Scénarios prospectifs du financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés en 2021-2025 : Note technique
    Keywords: Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This technical note presents two forward-looking scenarios for climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries in the context of the USD 100 billion goal set under the UNFCCC. The analysis of public climate finance provided is based on the stated intentions, pledges and targets of individual developed countries and multilateral development banks, as submitted for the specific purpose of this exercise. It also relies on analytical steps and methodological assumptions to make this information compatible with the accounting framework and scope of the goal. The two scenarios include further assumptions on both the level of private finance mobilised by this public finance and of climate-related export credits. Canada and Germany requested the OECD to conduct this analysis as an input to the Delivery Plan towards the USD 100 billion goal prepared by developed countries prior to COP26.
    DOI: 10.1787/a53aac3b-en
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  • 143
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    OECD environmental performance reviews Belgium 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264400344
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 209 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD environmental performance reviews / Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2021
    Series Statement: Belgium
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Belgium
    Abstract: Belgium has made progress in decoupling several environmental pressures from economic growth, in improving wastewater treatment and in expanding protected areas. Regions have achieved high levels of recovery and recycling, and have pioneered circular economy policies. However, further efforts are needed to progress towards carbon neutrality, reduce air and water pollution, reverse biodiversity loss and consolidate results of circular economy initiatives. Strengthening co‑ordination between the federal government and the regions, and among the regions, as well as enhancing policy coherence will be key factors of progress. As the COVID-19 emergency passes, recovery efforts should focus on putting the country back on track to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Investing in low-carbon and natural infrastructure, promoting circular economy, strengthening carbon prices and phasing out environmentally harmful subsidies should be priorities. This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Belgium. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with special features on biodiversity and waste, materials management and the circular economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/738553c5-en
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  • 144
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    Strengthening climate resilience : guidance for governments and development co-operation (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264415133 , 9789264667068 , 9789264388758
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 190 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Klimaschutz ; Klimawandel ; Internationale Umweltpolitik ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This guidance provides a tool governments and development co-operation can draw on in their efforts to strengthen the resilience of human and natural systems to the impacts of climate change. It highlights three aspirations to consider when planning and implementing action to build climate resilience (country ownership; inclusiveness; and environmental and social sustainability). The guidance also outlines four mechanisms (governance; sector-level approaches; finance; and monitoring, evaluation and learning) and three enablers (data and information; capacity; and technologies) in support of climate resilience, proposing concrete actions in the form of checklists.
    DOI: 10.1787/4b08b7be-en
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  • 145
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    Toolkit for water policies and governance : converging towards the OECD Council Recommendation on Water (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264876484 , 9789264371026 , 9789264417663
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 135 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Toolkit for Water Policies and Governance compiles policies, governance arrangements and related tools that facilitate the design and implementation of water management practices in line with the OECD Council Recommendation on Water. It is designed to inspire and support countries which have either adhered to, are considering adhering to, or aim to converge towards the OECD standard. The Recommendation was unanimously adopted by the OECD Council in December 2016. The adoption marked the outcome of a two-year consultation process with delegates from ministries active in the fields of agriculture, development assistance, environment, public governance, regional development, and regulatory policy, as well as with relevant stakeholders (the business sector, trade unions, environmental organisations) and the OECD Water Governance Initiative. The Recommendation puts forward an international standard with high-level policy guidance on a range of topics relevant for the management of water resources and delivery of water services. The areas covered include managing water quantity, water risks and disasters, improving water quality, ensuring good water governance as well as sustainable finance, investment and pricing for water services. The practices reported in the toolkit have been compiled by the OECD Secretariat, in close consultation with delegates from adhering countries. Regular updates will be made available.
    DOI: 10.1787/ed1a7936-en
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  • 146
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    Conflict networks in North and West Africa (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264455900
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 164 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African studies
    Keywords: Konflikt ; Gewalt ; Netzwerk ; Militärische Intervention ; Politische Instabilität ; Öffentliche Sicherheit ; Nordafrika ; Westafrika ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Conflicts in North and West Africa have become more violent and widespread than in the past. They have also become more difficult to resolve due to the complex relationships between a growing number of belligerents with diverging agendas. Building on a dataset of more than 36 000 violent events over a 23‑year period and three case studies (Lake Chad, Central Sahel and Libya), this report maps conflict networks and the evolution of rivalries and alliances in 21 North and West African countries. It applies an innovative approach, Dynamic Social Network Analysis, to explain the types and evolution of relationships across actors in conflict. Finally, the report analyses the impact of military interventions on the re‑composition of violent groups and the shifting nature of insecurity. This new analysis, based on temporal and spatial approaches contributes to the creation of strategies that will ensure long‑term political stability and serves as a reminder that there is a need for co‑ordinated regional approaches and place‑based policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/896e3eca-en
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    SIGI 2021 regional report for Southeast Asia (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264534940 , 9789264501379 , 9789264886780
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 134 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Social Institutions and Gender Index
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Soziale Norm ; Institutionenökonomik ; Südostasien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Achieving gender equality and tackling discriminatory laws, social norms and practices set a direct path toward a more inclusive economy and society. The SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Southeast Asia provides new evidence-based analysis on the setbacks and progress in achieving gender equality between 2014 and 2019 in 11 countries. The report uncovers the discrimination women face within social institutions in various dimensions; in the family and household context, in relation to physical integrity and access to productive and financial resources, as well within the political and civil spheres. The SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Southeast Asia explores the interaction between women’s empowerment and discriminatory social institutions by looking specifically at four core areas – health, education, the economic dimension and decision making. It also unveils the cost of discriminatory social institutions for Southeast Asian countries and the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis for women and girls. Building on the regional analysis of how discriminatory social institutions continue to hinder efforts toward SDG 5, the report provides a set of policy recommendations to enhance governments’ efforts to deliver on their gender equality commitments by 2030.
    DOI: 10.1787/236f41d0-en
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  • 148
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    Core concepts in blended finance : Assessment of uses and implications for evaluation (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.90
    Keywords: Finanzierung ; Bewertung ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This paper presents findings from research on how blended finance actors use and define different key concepts, and what implications these understandings have for evaluators. By increasing awareness of key terms and their use, the paper can contribute to facilitating the evaluation process, simplifying the communication of findings and results, and ease collaboration between different actors. It provides a useful framework for thinking about core concepts related to blended finance, differences in how these are used today, and the implications this has for evaluation methods and approaches. The work will be of interest to monitoring and evaluation departments, development finance institutions, international financial institutions, impact investors, private foundations and others interested in blended finance and its role in contributing to sustainable development. This paper is the first in a series of three working papers from the OECD/DAC EvalNet Working Group on Evaluating Blended Finance.
    DOI: 10.1787/711006b7-en
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  • 149
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    Mobilising institutional investor capital for climate-aligned development (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.35
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Financing from institutional investors will be critical to achieving the sustainable development goals and curbing climate change. However, these large investors have been largely absent from multilateral initiatives to mobilise private capital. Partly as a result, such initiatives have been unable to reach the scale required for development finance to go “from billions to trillions”. Successful mobilisation of private capital – including from institutional investors – has instead frequently taken place at the local level, by strategic investment funds and some green banks. At the same time, some institutional investors have been changing their modus operandi, from an intermediary to a collaborative model, and are re-localising their operations. The elimination of financial intermediaries with a short-term focus removes a bottleneck between two categories of long-term investors – institutional investors and multilateral finance institutions. That opens new opportunities for collaboration, as discussed in this paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/e72d7e89-en
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  • 150
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    Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in upper-middle income countries : A case study of Peru (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.99
    Keywords: UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Peru ; Development ; Peru
    Abstract: Achieving sustainable development will require all development actors to act together and in synergy, and using comparable metrics to monitor progress. This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework by all actors to manage development co-operation for results in upper middle-income countries, taking Peru as a case study. The report first lays out Peru’s SDG journey: its vision of the Goals as an anchor for policy coherence, and how its domestic policies align with them. It then discusses how well development co-operation aligns to the SDGs in Peru, analysing the related enablers, drivers and challenges. The report also examines how to set up monitoring approaches that support SDG measurement in Peru. Finally, it suggests ways to overcome a number of technical, political and organisational challenges that limit the use of the SDGs – some of which are unique to development co-operation delivery in upper middle-income countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/e84d2bf8-en
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  • 151
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    Typology of Corruption Risks in Commodity Trading Transactions (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264756700 , 9789264336353 , 9789264699755
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Tools
    Keywords: Rohstoffhandel ; Korruption ; Anti-Korruption ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Energy ; Governance ; Development
    Abstract: Commodity trading presents specific and heightened risks of corruption due to the large amount of money involved in commodity trading transactions, which are source of important revenues for developing countries, and due to the sophisticated mechanisms used to channel corrupt payments. These include complex and opaque corporate structures, the use of off-shore entities, that render the identification of beneficial owners more difficult, the use of intermediaries (including briefcase or shell companies) and joint ventures with politically exposed persons (PEPs). This report maps out corruption risks of cross-cutting relevance for the sales of oil, gas and minerals that can arise at several points in commodity trading transactions. It contributes to advancing the global transparency and accountability agenda in commodity trading, by improving understanding and raising awareness of corruption red flags and evolving corruption patterns across a wide range of stakeholders, including home jurisdictions of buying companies, trading hubs, host governments, state-owned enterprises and buying companies.
    DOI: 10.1787/590e80e8-en
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  • 152
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    Competitiveness in South East Europe 2021 : A Policy Outlook (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264933774 , 9789264860124 , 9789264724983
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1871 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Competitiveness and Private Sector Development
    Keywords: Development ; Albania ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Kosovo ; Montenegro ; North Macedonia ; Serbia
    Abstract: The future sustainable economic development and well-being of citizens in South East Europe depend on greater economic competitiveness. Reinforcing the region’s economic potential in a post-COVID-19 context requires a holistic, inclusive and growth‑oriented approach to policy making. Against the backdrop of enhanced European Union (EU) accession prospects and a drive towards deeper regional integration, the governments of the six Western Balkan (WB6) economies have demonstrated a renewed commitment to enacting policy reforms. The third edition of Competitiveness in South East Europe: A Policy Outlook comprehensively assesses policy reforms in the WB6 economies across 16 policy dimensions crucial to their competitiveness. It leverages a highly participatory assessment process, which brought together the views of OECD experts, WB6 policy makers and local non-governmental stakeholders to create a balanced and realistic depiction of their performance. The report seeks to provide WB6 policy makers with a multi-dimensional benchmarking tool, enabling them to compare performance against regional peers as well as OECD good practices, and to design future policies based on rich evidence and actionable policy recommendations. Economy-specific profiles complement the regional assessment for the first time in this edition of Competitiveness in South East Europe: A Policy Outlook, and provide each WB6 economy with an in-depth analysis of their competitive potential as well as policy recommendations tailored to their specific challenges to inform their structural economic reforms and sustainable development agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/dcbc2ea9-en
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  • 153
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    Data for Development Profiles : Official Development Assistance for Data and Statistical Systems (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264597846 , 9789264337947 , 9789264333444
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Statistische Methode ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Australia ; Canada ; Denmark ; Italy ; Japan ; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of ; Norway ; Poland ; Portugal ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Sound and timely data and statistics are essential for designing better policies for better lives. When the right data are available and used by policy makers, they play a crucial role in managing crises, as revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic. They are also indispensable for transparent and accountable delivery of policies and services and to guide business and investment decisions in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The first 2021 edition of the OECD’s Data for Development Profiles is a unique source of information and insights on how members of the Development Co-operation Committee (DAC) allocate official development assistance (ODA) to statistical capacity development and strengthening data ecosystems in low and middle income countries. By providing a comprehensive overview of members’ data and statistical policy priorities, strategies, funding, delivery modalities and partnerships, the profiles serve as a baseline for co-ordinating international support and highlight ways forward for greater impact and effectiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/84baa8f3-en
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  • 154
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    Accessing and Using Green Finance in the Kyrgyz Republic : Evidence from a Household Survey (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264676343 , 9789264549975 , 9789264370784
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Green Finance and Investment
    Keywords: Umweltschutzinvestition ; Finanzierung ; Privater Haushalt ; Kirgisistan ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Kyrgyzstan
    Abstract: This report presents findings from a survey on green finance conducted among 1 000 households in the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) in 2019. Although green finance is an emerging trend, knowledge about the appetite for green financial products and services in Kyrgyzstan is almost inexistent. The OECD prepared the household survey to close this gap in evidence. The research identified needs and demand from existing and potential clients of Kyrgyz financial institutions for financial instruments, including those that promote sustainable development. This will help commercial banks, policy makers and central bankers design more targeted interventions to increase access to and use of financial products and services, including green finance, in Kyrgyzstan.
    DOI: 10.1787/6233a44f-en
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  • 155
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    Understanding the Spillovers and Transboundary Impacts of Public Policies : Implementing the 2030 Agenda for More Resilient Societies (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264765504
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Politik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: The multidimensional and intergenerational nature of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for integrated policies. Progress made in a particular social, economic or environmental area or individual goal may generate synergies and trade-offs across dimensions (spillover effects), and steps taken in one country could have positive or negative impacts beyond national borders (transboundary effects). Assessing the multidimensional and cross-border effects of policies has become even more urgent in the context of COVID-19 containment measures. However, there are gaps in governance and analytical tools for identifying and managing spillover and transboundary effects, posing challenges for governments in designing and implementing sustainability strategies. This book, a collaborative effort by the OECD and the European Commission-Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) presents a set of new governance and analytical tools, lessons learned from country experiences, and good emerging practices for managing spillover and transboundary effects in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/862c0db7-en
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  • 156
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    Strengthening value for money in the public procurement system of the Slovak Republic : Towards a strategy to use adequate award criteria (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.08
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Slowakei ; Development ; Governance ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: In line with the EU Public Procurement Directives, the Slovak legislation foresees the use of criteria accounting for quality, environmental benefits or social inclusion in public tenders. However, their use remains limited in practice. This report provides analysis and evidence to help the Slovak authorities design a national strategy to mainstream the use of criteria beyond price in public procurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9b4deebd-en
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  • 157
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    Man enough? : measuring masculine norms to promote women’s empowerment (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264707054 , 9789264763685 , 9789264554221
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 92 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Social institutions and gender index
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Masculinities can either support or hinder women’s empowerment and greater gender equality. However, a lack of consistent and comparable data hinders efforts to understand and assess harmful, restrictive masculinities. This report identifies and describes ten norms of restrictive masculinities to be urgently addressed within the political, economic and private spheres. Alongside these norms the report highlights gender-equitable alternatives, which support women’s empowerment in practice. By mapping available and ideal indicators, the report provides a roadmap for efforts to measure changing norms of masculinities. In doing so, this report aims to support policies to transform masculinities by facilitating the creation of more and better data on masculine norms.
    DOI: 10.1787/6ffd1936-en
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  • 158
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    New perspectives on well-being and global inequality since 1820 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264403154 , 9789264545175 , 9789264315570
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 267 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: How was life? volume II
    Series Statement: How was life?
    Keywords: 1820-2010 ; Lebensqualität ; Wirtschaftslage ; Soziale Lage ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Geschichte ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How was life in 1820, and how has it changed since then? This question, which was at the core of How Was Life? Global Well-being since 1820, published by the OECD in 2014, is addressed by this second volume based on a broader perspective. How Was Life? New Perspectives on Well-being and Global Inequality since 1820, presents new estimates of working hours, biodiversity loss, social spending and GDP (accounting for the 2011 round on purchasing power parities) as well as measures of inequalities in wealth, longevity and educational attainment, gender disparities and extreme poverty. A final chapter synthesises the historical evidence included both in the current and previous volume of How Was Life? through composite measures of the average well-being performance of each country, and of different within-country inequality measures. As was the case for the previous volume, this book combines both a historical and a global perspective, presenting estimates since 1820 for 25 major countries and 8 world regions. While this evidence sometimes relies on partial and limited evidence, each chapter in this book assesses the quality of the data used and identifies areas for further historical research. This second volume of How Was Life? is the product of collaboration between the OECD and the OECD Development Centre, on one side, and a group of economic historians gathered around the CLIO-INFRA and Maddison projects, on the other. The historical evidence included in the report is organised around dimensions of well-being that mirror those used by the OECD in its report How’s Life?
    DOI: 10.1787/3d96efc5-en
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    Middle East and North Africa investment policy perspectives (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264473041 , 9789264951907 , 9789264949584
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 253 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionsrecht ; MENA-Staaten ; Mittlerer Osten ; Nordafrika ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Algeria ; Egypt ; Jordan ; Lebanon ; Libya ; Morocco ; Palestinian Authority ; Tunisia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Middle East and North Africa Investment Policy Perspectives highlights the considerable progress in investment policies made by the region’s governments over the past decade. Yet, the reform momentum needs to be sustained and deepened for the benefits of investment to be shared with society at large and for growth to be sustainable, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting global economic upheaval. The publication takes stock of investment policy trends and reforms in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, and Tunisia, and draws out common challenges, offering suggestions of reform priorities. It considers several dimensions of the policy framework that affect the investment climate and places strong emphasis on how foreign investment can help economies of the region improve their citizens’ lives. The publication serves as reference point, informing policymakers on specific areas as they continue work on leveraging investment to advance inclusive and sustainable growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/6d84ee94-en
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  • 160
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    Financing transition in the health sector : What can Development Assistance Committee members do? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.37
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper explores the health financing challenges that countries face when they transition from low-income towards middle-income level and beyond. While domestic actors bear an increasing share of the national health expenditure in this process, the transition is not automatic nor necessarily smooth. The challenges that emerge in the process are recently exacerbated by the COVID-19 crisis, which risks diverting resources away from basic health services. The role of development actors during this stage can be critical in setting up sustainable systems of health financing in those countries. The paper starts with a review of the progress on the global health agenda by taking stock of past achievements and remaining challenges. Then, it explores how the health financing landscape transitions with the income level of a country, tracing how this can give rise to transition setbacks. Finally, the paper zooms in on the role of development finance and how it can be reshaped to better facilitate the transition process of countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/0d16fad8-en
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  • 161
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    How is life in West Africa's cities? : Results from an online perception survey of life in urban areas (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: West African Papers no.32
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development
    Abstract: The number of people living in African cities is expected to double over the next two decades. While the need to provide adequate infrastructure, create high quality jobs and manage pollution in fast growing cities has been well studied, these studies say little about subjective quality of city life. This paper presents findings from the first large-scale quality of life perception survey covering 27 cities in 17 countries in West Africa and the Sahel. Responses from nearly 9000 urban West Africans provide an insight into perceptions of city life, local government quality, and policy priorities with the intention of giving residents a voice in the policy dialogue on the future of African cities. In addition to comparing perceptions across cities, the paper demonstrates the feasibility of an online approach to run large-scale online surveys in West African cities of different sizes and cultural contexts.
    DOI: 10.1787/fd30fbc6-en
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    Pastoralist violence in North and West Africa (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Series Statement: West African Papers no.31
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pastoralisme et violence en Afrique du Nord et de l'Ouest
    Keywords: Weidewirtschaft ; Nomaden ; Gewalt ; Nordafrika ; Westafrika ; Development ; Burkina Faso ; Mali ; Niger ; Nigeria
    Abstract: This study examines the geographical and temporal evolution of violence in which pastoralists are engaged. Building upon an analysis of over 36,000 violent events in North and West Africa between January 1997 and April 2020 in which 206 pastoralist groups were involved, this paper provides a regional report on wider patterns of pastoralist violence over the last two decades. Pastoralist violence has both expanded and intensified in the region, as is evidenced by the rapid increase in number of events and fatalities over the past decade. A comprehensive understanding of pastoralists’ roles in this violence is thus crucial to facilitating more effective polices towards sustainable peace.
    DOI: 10.1787/63dff519-en
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    Non-military actors as a regional strategy in the Lake Chad region (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: West African Papers no.30
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik ; Internationale Sicherheit ; Tschad ; Development ; Benin ; Cameroon ; Chad ; Niger ; Nigeria
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine current regional strategies employed to counter extremism in the Lake Chad Basin region. Using the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) as a case study, the paper highlights the importance of non-military actors in shaping African regional military strategies. Regional peace and security frameworks have generally placed a predominant emphasis on member countries’ militaries and their institutions. Unfortunately, such an approach remains incomplete in effectively countering transnational terrorist threats. By assessing current LCBC collaborative mechanisms with non-military actors under the Regional Stabilisation Strategy created in 2018, the paper concludes that there is a need to incorporate more local actors in the regional security framework. Such collaborations will improve civil-military relations while boosting the resilience of member states in combatting Boko Haram and other transnational groups.
    DOI: 10.1787/30204d8f-en
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  • 164
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    Lessons on engaging with the private sector to strengthen climate resilience in Guatemala, the Philippines and Senegal (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.96
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Coping-Strategie ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Guatemala ; Philippinen ; Senegal ; Development ; Guatemala ; Philippines ; Senegal
    Abstract: For many private sector actors, especially micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), it remains challenging to understand how the impacts of climate change may influence their business profitability and continuity over time, and how they can manage climate risks. This working paper explores how governments and development co-operation providers can further engage with the private sector to address these challenges and strengthen its resilience to the negative impacts of climate change. The paper focuses on different roles of the private sector in strengthening climate resilience. It then examines how governments and development co-operation can foster such roles through enhancing domestic institutions and networks, policy frameworks, climate and weather data and information, and financing mechanisms. The proposed actions draw from the experiences of three case studies: Guatemala, the Philippines and Senegal.
    DOI: 10.1787/09b46b3f-en
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  • 165
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    Assessment of a social discount rate and financial hurdle rates for energy system modelling in Viet Nam (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.181
    Keywords: Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Viet Nam’s sustained economic development is driving increasing demand for electricity with generation capacity predicted to nearly double over the next decade. With the majority of economic hydropower resources utilised, delays in coal power pipelines, and increasing energy insecurity, Viet Nam has pivoted its electricity sector development plans to further prioritize the deployment of wind and solar generation. A clean energy transition such as this can deliver multiple social and economic benefits related to cost reductions, improved energy security, and public health. This working paper was prepared to support least-cost energy sector planning in Viet Nam particularly for the upcoming Viet Nam Energy Outlook 2021 (VEO21) being prepared in partnership between Viet Nam’s Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) and the Danish Energy Agency (DEA). This working paper discusses the use of discounting in energy models and the potential impact discount rate selection may have on a model’s cost-optimised technology selections. The paper also analyses the clean energy finance environment in Viet Nam to identify opportunities for policy levers to reduce the prevailing cost of capital and how these cost implications can be tested in the VEO21 modelling exercise. The main outputs of this working paper are two sets of model inputs, an estimate for an appropriate social discount rate and secondly a set of high and low financial hurdle rates for renewable energy technologies for use in sensitivity or scenario analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/a4f9aff3-en
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  • 166
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    Digital transformation for quality jobs (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264606531 , 9789264844407 , 9789264666450
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 284 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Africa's development dynamics 3rd edition (2021)
    Series Statement: Africa's development dynamics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Digital transformation for quality jobs
    Keywords: Wirtschaftspolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Informationstechnik ; Kommunikationstechnik ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Jugend ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Arbeitswelt ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Education ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Afrika ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: Africa’s Development Dynamics uses lessons learned in the continent’s five regions – Central, East, North, Southern and West Africa – to develop policy recommendations and share good practices. Drawing on the most recent statistics, this analysis of development dynamics attempts to help African leaders reach the targets of the African Union’s Agenda 2063 at all levels: continental, regional, national and local. The 2021 edition, now published at the beginning of the year, explores how digitalisation can create quality jobs and contribute to achieving Agenda 2063, thereby making African economies more resilient to the global recession triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. The report targets four main policy areas for Africa’s digital transformation: bridging the digital divide; supporting local innovation; empowering own-account workers; and harmonising, implementing and monitoring digital strategies. This edition includes a new chapter examining how to finance Africa’s development despite the 2020 global economic crisis. Africa’s Development Dynamics feeds into a policy debate between the African Union’s governments, citizens, entrepreneurs and researchers. It aims to be part of a new collaboration between countries and regions, which focuses on mutual learning and the preservation of common goods. This report results from a partnership between the African Union Commission and the OECD Development Centre.
    DOI: 10.1787/0a5c9314-en
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  • 167
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    Applying evaluation criteria thoughtfully (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264984028 , 9789264605473 , 9789264608740
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Bewertung ; Theorie ; Development ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability are widely used evaluation criteria, particularly in international development co-operation. They help to determine the merit or worth of various interventions, such as strategies, policies, programmes or projects. This guidance aims to help evaluators and others to better understand those criteria, and improve their use. It starts by describing what they are, and how they are meant to be used. Then the definitions and concepts underpinning each criterion are explained. Finally, examples provide the reader with concrete ideas for using them. The criteria were originally laid out in the early 2000s by the Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Although they have been widely used in evaluation, and beyond, this document is the first to comprehensively explore the concepts in detail, explain their intended use and offer practical guidance. It captures current thinking and best practice in evaluation, drawing on the inputs of internationally renowned evaluation experts from EvalNet and beyond.
    DOI: 10.1787/543e84ed-en
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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    The economic and environmental benefits from international co-ordination on carbon pricing : Insights from economic modelling studies (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.173
    Keywords: Environment ; Taxation ; Development ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper assesses quantitative estimates based on economic modelling studies of the economic and environmental benefits from different forms of international co-ordination on carbon pricing. Forms of international co-ordination include: harmonising carbon prices (e.g. through linking carbon markets), extending the coverage of pricing schemes, phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, developing international sectoral agreements, and establishing co-ordination mechanisms to mitigate carbon leakage. All forms of international co-operation on carbon pricing can deliver benefits, both economic (e.g. lower mitigation costs) and/or environmental (e.g. reducing GHG emissions and carbon leakage). Benefits tend to be higher with broader participation of countries, broader coverage of emissions and sectors and more ambitious policy goals. Most, but not all, countries gain economic benefits from international co-operation, and these benefits vary significantly across countries and regions. Complementary measures outside co-operation on carbon pricing (e.g. technology transfers) could ensure that co-operation provides economic benefits for all countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/d4d3e59e-en
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    Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in Africa (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.38
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aspirations des jeunes et réalité de l’emploi en Afrique
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The gap between youth aspirations and the reality of the labour markets in Africa is large. Career aspirations of young Africans have little in common with current and projected labour demand in the region, making it unlikely that they will go through a smooth school to work transition. Evidence from ten African countries shows that what youth in these countries value most is job security, such as work in the public sector. Agriculture-related work or medium-skilled jobs in manufacturing are the least attractive for young Africans. Policies can help address the misalignment between youth employment preferences and employment opportunities. A two-pronged approach is recommended: i) helping young people shape career aspirations that are realistic and that can fit with the world they will be entering, and ii) improving the quality of jobs with due regard to the job conditions that matter for young people.
    DOI: 10.1787/2d089001-en
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  • 170
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    Gender equality and fragility (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.98
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Gender equality and fragility are inextricably linked. Addressing issues of gender inequality in fragile contexts requires systematic approaches that work through the complexity of fragility. It requires contextual understanding of social norms, political sensitivities, environmental concerns, and other risks that continue to perpetuate fragility. As part of the 2020 States of Fragility series, this working paper unpacks the deep‑rooted linkages between gender inequalities and fragility; provides an analysis of gender within the current OECD Fragility Framework; and looks to areas of improvement for understanding and addressing these inequalities.
    DOI: 10.1787/3a93832b-en
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  • 171
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    To what extent can blockchain help development co-operation actors meet the 2030 Agenda? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.95
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Blockchain ; Education ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Australia ; Bangladesh ; Estonia ; Ghana ; India ; Jordan ; Kenya ; Nigeria ; Pakistan ; Philippines ; Senegal ; South Africa ; United States ; Vanuatu
    Abstract: Blockchain is mainstreaming, but the number of blockchain for development use-cases with proven success beyond the pilot stage remain relatively few. This paper outlines key blockchain concepts and implications in order to help policymakers reach realistic conclusions when considering its use. The paper surveys the broad landscape of blockchain for development to identify where the technology can optimise development impact and minimise harm. It subsequently critically examines four successful applications, including the World Food Programme’s Building Blocks, Oxfam’s UnBlocked Cash project, KfW’s TruBudget and Seso Global. As part of the on-going work co-ordinated by the OECD’s Blockchain Policy Centre, this paper asserts that post-COVID-19, Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors and their development partners have a unique opportunity to shape blockchain’s implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/11857cb5-en
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    Monitoring, evaluation and learning for climate risk management (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.92
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Coping-Strategie ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Development
    Abstract: This working paper focuses on the role of monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) for promoting effective climate risk management. It aims to introduce a conceptual framework that governments and development co-operation providers can draw on when developing MEL frameworks for their interventions on climate risk management. The paper also presents existing methods and tools to address the technical challenges to developing such MEL frameworks. Further, it provides examples of good practice for adjusting or updating existing MEL frameworks in support of climate risk management. It contributes to the project Strengthening Climate Resilience: Guidance for Governments and Development Co-operation of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
    DOI: 10.1787/58665de0-en
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  • 173
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    Forecasting developing Asian economies during normal times and large external shocks: Approaches and challenges (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.345
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Predicting future economic trends appropriately is essential to economic policy making. Currently, the DSGE model approach is a benchmark economic forecasting technique widely employed. However, large external shocks, such as large-scale natural disasters and COVID-19, challenge current approaches to economic forecasting. Multiple approaches will be needed in this situation, including reduced-form model and indicator-based approaches. This paper discusses different forecasting approaches, by comparing forecasts during normal times and crisis periods. The Medium-term Projection Framework (MPF), used in the Economic Outlook for Southeast Asia, China and India series, receives particular attention. The paper also examines challenges unique to developing Asia and large external shock periods. The measurement of potential output, difficulties in modelling the credit channel, and the incorporation of Big Data pose challenges regarding developing Asian countries, and large external shocks may force deviation from assumptions of traditional frameworks such as rational expectations. Finally, this paper points out that natural disasters will be a useful proxy for large shocks in Developing Asia.
    DOI: 10.1787/5a1c4c48-en
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    Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in small island developing states : A case study of Samoa (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.100
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Insel ; Kleinstaat ; Samoa ; Development ; Samoa
    Abstract: This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework for results by development co-operation actors in Samoa. The study offers an introduction to Samoa’s progress in mainstreaming the SDGs in national policy making, as well as in monitoring the SDG targets and indicators. It then focuses on the experiences of development co-operation partners in aligning their country-level programmes and frameworks with the SDGs, and identifies enabling factors, drivers and obstacles that contribute to SDG alignment and monitoring in Samoa. The study concludes with recommendations for both the government and its development partners to increase the collective use of the SDG framework and improve policy coherence, effectiveness and sustainable impact of all development efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6fbc798-en
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    OECD-UNDP Impact Standards for Financing Sustainable Development (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Standardisierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development
    Abstract: A growing number of investors and corporates aim at coupling financial returns in developing countries with positive social, economic and environmental impacts. However, the way they measure those impacts can be at odds with actual managing practices, and important aspects such as transparency, the protection of human rights and local stakeholder consultation are not systematically taken into account. In order to help mend these gaps, the OECD-UNDP Impact Standards for Financing Sustainable Development (IS-FSD) provide a framework for donors, development finance institutions and their private sector partners to make financial decisions and manage projects in ways that generate a positive impact on sustainable development, and improves the transparency of development results. The Standards, approved by the OECD Development Assistance Committee in March 2021, constitute a best practice guide and self-assessment tool. They are built around four areas: Strategy, management approach, transparency and governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/744f982e-en
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    Strengthening Macroprudential Policies in Emerging Asia : Adapting to Green Goals and Fintech (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264636392 , 9789264430105 , 9789264726017
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (152 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Keywords: Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Finanztechnologie ; Schwellenländer ; Asien ; Development ; Economics ; Brunei Darussalam ; Cambodia ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Lao People's Democratic Republic ; Malaysia ; Myanmar ; Philippines ; Singapore ; Thailand ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: Many Emerging Asian countries have been refining macroprudential policies, particularly since the Global Financial Crisis. For instance, they have developed policies targeting housing markets and broadly transposed the Basel III requirements into their national legislation. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, policy makers now need to identify emerging vulnerabilities and their associated financial stability risks and respond with the appropriate macroprudential tools. This publication provides a detailed overview of the current macroprudential policy situation in Emerging Asian countries and explores how the macroprudential policy toolkit has evolved. The report discusses some of the most pressing challenges to financial stability, including the interaction of macroprudential policy with other policies. It also devotes special attention to macroprudential policies for emerging priorities, such as achieving green goals and updating regulatory frameworks to reflect ongoing Fintech developments. Climate change will indeed create new challenges in financial markets, while Fintech developments bring about many economic opportunities and deepen financial systems, but present a variety of novel risks requiring rapid policy responses.
    DOI: 10.1787/6f1ed069-en
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    Monitoring and Evaluating the Strategic Plan of Nuevo León 2015-2030 : Using Evidence to Achieve Sustainable Development (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264925007 , 9789264854420 , 9789264741218
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Monitoreo y Evaluación del Plan Estratégico de Nuevo León 2015-2030 : Uso de la Evidencia para Lograr el Desarrollo Sostenible
    Keywords: 2015-2030 ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Nuevo León ; Governance ; Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: Pursuing sustainable development requires a whole-of-society effort, where the public sector engages with citizens, the private sector and civil society organisations. With this goal in mind, in 2014, the Nuevo León (Mexico) government created the Nuevo León’s Council for Strategic Planning to develop, inter alia, a 2015-2030 Strategic Plan. This review provides an assessment of Nuevo León’s monitoring and evaluation systems for this Strategic Plan, as essential tools for achieving long-term objectives and delivering results. The review also assesses the general role of the Council in providing policy advice. It draws on a wealth of comparative international experiences in promoting sustainable development through long-term planning, as well as in monitoring and evaluation of policy priorities through inclusive and participatory processes. The report’s recommendations seek to promote an evidence-informed approach to public governance, and, ultimately, help Nuevo León deliver better results for citizens, paving the way for inclusive and sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/8ba79961-en
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    Developing a Water Policy Outlook for Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264826649 , 9789264359178 , 9789264905184
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Georgien ; Moldawien ; Ukraine ; Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Georgia ; Moldova, Republic of ; Ukraine
    Abstract: The OECD has been working on water policy reform in the countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia for over 20 years. Three of the countries within the region, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine have signed Association Agreements with the European Union. These agreements provide a framework for deeper political ties and stronger economic links with the EU and include commitments for approximation towards EU legislation including the Water Framework Directive. Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine have ambitious long-term strategic plans for their water sectors, which include fulfilment of requirements under the Association Agreements and international commitments including the Sustainable Development Goals. The water policy outlooks baseline the country policy framework and current performance and then define the long-term vision and aspirations to 2030. The outlooks aim to demonstrate the likelihood of the current policy framework to achieve the long-term objectives and desired future state of the water sector, and include identification of opportunities for improving policy coherence and policies that have the opportunity to improve the likelihood of success.
    DOI: 10.1787/512a52aa-en
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  • 179
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    Gender Equality in Chile : Towards a Better Sharing of Paid and Unpaid Work (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264468146 , 9789264561267 , 9789264357716
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Igualdad de género en Chile : Hacia una mejor distribución del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado
    Keywords: Gleichberechtigung ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Lohnstruktur ; Hausarbeit ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Chile ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Chile
    Abstract: The OECD review of Gender Equality in Chile: Towards a Better Sharing of Paid and Unpaid Work is the first of a series addressing Latin American and the Caribbean countries. It compares gender gaps in labour and educational outcomes in Chile with other countries. Particular attention is put on the uneven distribution of unpaid work, and the extra burden this places on women. It investigates how policies and programmes in Chile can make this distribution more equitable. The first part of the report reviews the evidence on gender gaps and on what causes these, including the role played by attitudes. The second part develops a comprehensive framework to address these challenges, presenting a broad range of options to reduce the unpaid work burden falling on women, and to increase women’s labour income. The final part discusses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis and considers how the policy priorities of the government will have to change to address these.
    DOI: 10.1787/6cc8ea3e-en
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    Global State of National Urban Policy 2021 : Achieving Sustainable Development Goals and Delivering Climate Action (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264767126 , 9789264440616 , 9789264779501
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (162 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Welt ; Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: National Urban Policy (NUP) is a key instrument to achieve sustainable urban development in a shared responsibility across countries, regions and cities. The scale and urgency of the current urban challenges has given prominence to NUPs. The COVID-19 crisis has amplified the potential of NUPs in shaping more resilient, green and inclusive cities as part of countries recovery packages. This report reviews NUPs of 162 countries across the globe. Building on the first edition launched in 2018, the report serves as a critical source of information and analysis for policymakers and urban professionals, as it establishes the foundation for understanding how and in what forms NUPs have been developed, implemented and monitored globally. The overarching objective of the report is to assist national governments in advancing their NUP processes, especially in creating a stronger link between NUPs and urban-related global agendas, such as the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the New Urban Agenda, and in mainstreaming climate action into NUPs. The report is a co-creation of the OECD, UN-Habitat and Cities Alliance, as a key outcome of the National Urban Policy Programme, a global partnership launched in 2016 at the Habitat III Conference.
    DOI: 10.1787/96eee083-en
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    The OECD DAC Blended Finance Guidance (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Development
    Abstract: Delivering the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement will require all sources of finance — public and private — to be scaled up and aligned with sustainable development. Blended finance can play an essential role in unlocking and channelling commercial finance towards sustainable development in developing countries. However, it remains a relatively new tool in development co-operation. While many donors have well-established blended finance programs, others are just now starting to deploy blended finance. The OECD DAC Blended Finance Guidance is a policy tool to help all providers of development finance — donor governments and agencies, multilateral donors, philanthropies and other stakeholders — to put the Blended Finance Principles into practice and effectively design and implement blended finance programs. Approved by the DAC in September 2020, the Guidance outlines policy recommendations and provides good practice examples as well as practical checklists and key references on blended finance. The Guidance is the result of an extensive, multi-stakeholder consultation process, involving international experts, practitioners and researchers. The Guidance ultimately aims to enhance the growth and improve the quality of finance that is mobilised and invested in sustainable development in developing countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/ded656b4-en
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    Integrating Environmental and Climate Action into Development Co-operation : Reporting on DAC Members’ High-Level Meeting Commitments (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264940048 , 9789264462267 , 9789264602922
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (261 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Intégration de l’action climatique et environnementale dans les activités de coopération pour le développement : Suivi des engagements souscrits par les membres du CAD lors de la Réunion à haut niveau de 2020
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Umweltpolitik ; Klimaschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Development
    Abstract: At their High-Level Meeting (HLM) in 2020, members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) set out a number of commitments and aspirations to align development co-operation with the objectives of international agreements to fight climate change and protect the environment. One year later, this report documents the individual and collective steps taken to give effect to the four voluntary commitments set out in the HLM Communiqué. It provides information on provisions and actions taken by DAC members to systematically integrate international environment and climate goals into development co-operation, to pursue more coordinated approaches, to support the transition of developing countries towards sustainable development pathways, and to better address the particular needs of Small Island Developing States.
    DOI: 10.1787/285905b2-en
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  • 183
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    How’s Life in Latin America? : Measuring Well-being for Policy Making (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264685932 , 9789264534100 , 9789264759541
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (366 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe ¿Cómo va la vida en América Latina? : Medición del bienestar para la formulación de políticas públicas
    Keywords: Lebensqualität ; Sozialer Indikator ; Messung ; Lateinamerika ; Education ; Employment ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Argentina ; Brazil ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; Mexico ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Uruguay
    Abstract: Many Latin American countries have experienced improvements in income over recent decades, with several of them now classified as high-income or upper middle-income in terms of conventional metrics. But has this change been mirrored in improvements across the different areas of people’s lives? How’s Life in Latin America? Measuring Well-being for Policy Making addresses this question by presenting comparative evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with a focus on 11 LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay). Spanning material conditions, quality of life, resources for future well-being, and inequalities, the report presents available evidence on well-being both before and since the onset of the pandemic, based on the OECD Well-being Framework. It also identifies priorities for addressing well-being gaps and describes how well-being frameworks are used in policy within Latin America and elsewhere around the world, providing lessons for governments on what is needed to put people’s well-being at the centre of their action. The report is part of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean.
    DOI: 10.1787/2965f4fe-en
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  • 184
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    Gender-responsive COVID-19 recovery : Strengthening country systems through official development assistance and gender-responsive budgeting (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.42
    Keywords: Development ; Governance
    Abstract: Responding to the gender impacts of COVID-19 – including lost economic opportunities when taking on more domestic and care work in the health sector and at home, and increased violence – requires more tailored policies and resources that support gender equality and women’s empowerment. It also means including women in leadership and decision making in all aspects of the recovery. Official development assistance (ODA) is key to improved gender analysis by donors and development partners, and the broader application of gender-responsive budgeting tools across public finance management (PFM) systems. This paper provides recommendations to better align ODA to gender-sensitive responses in the disbursement of COVID-19 relief and recovery funds, and considers how PFM systems should be strengthened by donors and partner countries to provide for gender-sensitive recoveries.
    DOI: 10.1787/edb0172d-en
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  • 185
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    The middle class in Emerging Asia : Champions for more inclusive societies? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.347
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Development
    Abstract: As Asian societies continue to undergo rapid economic transformation, income distribution and social stratification are set to change radically. A primary characteristic of this evolution is the emergence of wealthier Asian middle-income classes. While middle-income classes are a heterogeneous group, they often come with new policy expectations, and the extent to which they will call for policy changes that are beneficial to more fragile segments of society remains unclear. This paper investigates the characteristics of different income classes in Asia in order to explore the extent to which the emergence of wealthier Asian middle-income classes could become a driver for more inclusive societies. From this perspective, we assess whether middle-income classes share common characteristics with the poor and the near-poor in six Asian countries, i.e. Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan and Viet Nam. The paper finds that, in some aspects, middle-income classes share a number of similar characteristics with lower income classes. We discuss how this resemblance could result in support for policies that could benefit larger segments of society. We also underline the necessity to better integrate the needs of the poor and the near-poor in policy discussions, especially in areas where the interests of lower and upper income classes do not necessarily converge.
    DOI: 10.1787/93af380b-en
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  • 186
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    Urbanisation and demography in North and West Africa, 1950-2020 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: West African Papers no.33
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Urbanisation et démographie en Afrique du Nord et de l’Ouest, 1950-2020
    Keywords: 1950-2020 ; Urbanisierung ; Bevölkerungsentwicklung ; Nordafrika ; Westafrika ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This brief presents a factual and retrospective analysis of the relationships between urbanisation and demography in North Africa and West Africa. It shows that the process of demographic transition is now fully underway in this region. North of the Sahara the new demographic equilibrium features a birth rate higher than expected, according to theoretical model predictions, resulting in continuous population growth. Over 70% of the population now lives in cities, a number that is expected to continue to rise in the coming decades. South of the Sahara all countries have seen death rates plummet, followed by a decrease in birth rates. The gap between the change in the two variables has contributed to spectacular natural growth in the space of a few decades. This growth is occurring in parallel with a redistribution of populations to urban areas, which are now home to close to one of every two inhabitants. West African urbanisation is likely to accelerate the social, economic and political changes that favour the demographic transition. One of the main challenges facing the region is the question of how to reduce the regional variations seen in fertility rates between the continent’s urban and rural areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/4fa52e9c-en
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  • 187
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Finland 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264378636
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (171 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Finnland ; Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Finland has a strong reputation as a leader in environmental policy and sustainable development. It committed to become carbon neutral by 2035 and to pioneer the world’s first circular economy. However, it is not fully on track to meet its ambitious goals. Greenhouse gas emissions fell in the last decade, but they need to decline at a much faster pace to meet the target. Waste generation, material consumption and nutrient losses to water bodies have continued to rise. Agriculture and a large forestry sector exert pressures on the country’s biodiversity. Targeted policy measures are needed to provide adequate incentives, boost investment and innovation and steer the economic recovery from the COVID-19 crisis towards the green transition. Finland should move from good strategy making to effective and coherent implementation. It needs to get the right policies in place, to secure sufficient resources and ensure continued and broad public consensus. This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Finland. It evaluates progress towards green growth and sustainable development, with a special chapter focusing on climate change mitigation and well-being.
    DOI: 10.1787/d73547b7-en
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  • 188
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    Measuring transboundary impacts in the 2030 Agenda : Conceptual approach and operationalisation (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.01
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; International ; Internationale Beziehungen ; Welt ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This paper explores the conceptual framing and measurement of transboundary impacts in the context of the 2030 Agenda. It starts by defining transboundary impacts and reviewing different measurement approaches used so far. It then proposes a typology of transboundary impacts, classified depending on the type of international flows involved: financial flows, trade flows, movements of people, environmental flows and knowledge transfers. For each of these flows, transboundary impacts can be either positive or negative, depending on the aspect considered and on the conditions in origin and destination countries. Based on this framework, the paper presents evidence from a qualitative survey of experts about the potential impact of these five flows on each of the 17 Goals and 169 targets of the 2030 Agenda. Transboundary impacts are deemed by experts to be quite pervasive across SDGs, but also limited in scope to a small number of well-identified targets. Finally, the framework is operationalised for some specific areas within each of the five types of flows mentioned above, with the help of some proxy indicators. At the global level, the five types of transboundary relationships are dominated by three macro-regions, namely China, the United States-Canada and Europe, mainly reflecting the large size of these regions in most cases. When the assessment is conducted in relative terms (i.e. when impacts are normalised by population size or GDP), the picture becomes more nuanced, as 7 out of the 11 world regions considered record at least two large transboundary impacts. While this operationalisation is only meant to show how the proposed framework could be applied to concrete cases, the paper recommends its applications to other areas within each of the five flows, based on a richer set of indicators.
    DOI: 10.1787/62f13e92-en
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  • 189
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    Achieving SDG Results in Development Co-operation : Summary for Policy Makers (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264632806 , 9789264742710 , 9789264440951
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Welt ; Development ; Bangladesh ; Ethiopia ; Kenya ; Myanmar ; Peru ; Samoa ; Uganda ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Achieving sustainable, equitable and resilient societies is humankind’s challenge for the 21st century. In pursuit of this ambition, the international development community needs a shared, universal framework, within which to work more closely together. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the obvious answer, but a number of technical, political and organisational challenges prevent development co-operation providers from using them as their common results framework. Based on seven case studies, this publication identifies two critical factors and one game changer that can help overcome those challenges. First, country leadership needs to be supported by the international community. Second, development partners need to change their set-ups in order to deliver on the SDGs. Finally, by forcing governments and development partners to reset their long-term strategies and rethink their internal systems, the COVID-19 pandemic provides them with a rare opportunity to use the SDG framework collectively as a roadmap to recovery: this can be a game changer.
    DOI: 10.1787/5b2b0ee8-en
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  • 190
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    Jobs for Rural Youth : The Role of Local Food Economies (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264794672 , 9789264724976 , 9789264815568
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Jugendliche ; Ländlicher Arbeitsmarkt ; Ländlicher Raum ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Ernährungsindustrie ; Ernährungsberufe ; Afrika ; Asien ; Employment ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; Namibia ; South Africa ; Tanzania, United Republic of ; Thailand ; Uganda ; Viet Nam ; Zambia ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: Today, the global youth population is at its highest ever and still growing, with the highest proportion of youth living in Africa and Asia, and a majority of them in rural areas. Young people in rural areas face the double challenge of age-specific vulnerabilities and underdevelopment of rural areas. While agriculture absorbs the majority of rural workers in developing countries, low pay and poor working conditions make it difficult to sustain rural livelihoods. Potential job opportunities for rural youth exist in agriculture and along the agri-food value chain, however. Growing populations, urbanisation and rising incomes of the working class are increasing demand for more diverse and higher value added agricultural and food products in Africa and developing Asia. This demand will create a need for off-farm labour, especially in agribusinesses, which tends to be better paid and located in rural areas and secondary towns. It could boost job creation in the food economy provided that local food systems were mobilised to take up the challenge of higher and changing domestic demand for food.
    DOI: 10.1787/692c0ca1-en
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  • 191
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    Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries: Aggregate Trends Updated with 2019 Data (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264403116 , 9789264553736 , 9789264352193
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Climate Finance and the USD 100 Billion Goal
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Financement climatique fourni et mobilisé par les pays développés : Tendances agrégées mises à jour avec les données de 2019
    Keywords: Development ; Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report presents aggregate trends of annual climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries for the period 2013-19. The trends are presented by finance source, climate theme and sector, geography, and financial instrument. As this report is intended as a short technical update to the previously published 2013-18 figures, the information provided remains at an aggregate level. An expanded and disaggregated analysis will be conducted in 2022 for climate finance in 2019 and 2020, once data for 2020 is available.
    DOI: 10.1787/03590fb7-en
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  • 192
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    A global analysis of the cost-efficiency of forest carbon sequestration (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.185
    Keywords: Development ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper proposes a ranking of the countries where forest carbon sequestration is the most cost-efficient among 166 countries for which data are available. Taking into account the main cost factors leads to a more nuanced ranking of the countries to be favoured for cost-efficient forest carbon sequestration compared to the assumption that these would always be in tropical areas with high rainfall. The ranking reflects the differences in the opportunity cost of land use and labour cost (production costs), the quality of the business environment (transaction costs), natural conditions (forest productivity), wildfire risk and the avoided GHG emissions from alternative land use. Cost-efficiency also depends on the type of forest project (afforestation, reforestation or forest conservation) and how private (wood harvest) and non-private (environmental and social) co-benefits are counted. A sensitivity analysis is undertaken to examine the robustness of the results with respect to uncertainties in values of the cost and quantity factors of forest carbon sequestration. The results support the view that forests can be a cost-efficient way to offset GHG emissions and that significant cost reductions are possible by targeting the country and sub-national regions in which to locate forest carbon sequestration projects. The report also reviews the literature on the significance and cost of forest carbon sequestration and provides an overview of forest carbon offset schemes.
    DOI: 10.1787/e4d45973-en
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  • 193
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    Empowering Youth and Building Trust in Jordan (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264866904 , 9789264371316 , 9789264796096
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Jugendliche ; Jugendpolitik ; Vertrauen ; Jordanien ; Development ; Governance ; Jordan
    Abstract: With a share of 36%, youth (aged 12-30) represent more than one-third of the total population in Jordan. Public governance is critical for supporting youth’s transition to full autonomy and providing opportunities for their participation in economic, social and public life. The COVID-19 has hit young people in Jordan hard and has underlined the importance of access to high-quality public services and to opportunities to participate in decision making. This report provides an analysis of the governance arrangements put in place by the Government of Jordan to deliver youth-responsive policy outcomes with a focus on five areas: 1) Jordan’s National Youth Strategy 2019-25, 2) Institutional capacities of the Ministry of Youth, 3) Governance tools to mainstream youth’s considerations in policy making and service delivery, 4) Youth participation and representation in public life and 5) Youth-responsive legal frameworks.
    DOI: 10.1787/8b14d38f-en
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  • 194
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    Strengthening climate resilience in mountainous areas (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.104
    Keywords: Gebirge ; Klimawandel ; Coping-Strategie ; Welt ; Indien ; Development
    Abstract: Mountainous areas are at the forefront of climate change. This working paper presents approaches to strengthening the resilience of human and natural systems in mountainous areas against the impacts of climate change. Chapter 1 provides an overview of climate-related hazards to ecosystems and communities in mountainous areas, especially in developing countries, and their exposure and vulnerability to those hazards. The chapter then examines various ways governments and development co‑operation providers can strengthen the climate resilience of mountain communities and ecosystems. Chapter 2 presents the case of the Indian state of Uttarakhand.
    DOI: 10.1787/1af319f0-en
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  • 195
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    The fiscal implications of strategic investment funds (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.41
    Keywords: Investmentfonds ; Finanzpolitik ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Strategic investment funds (SIFs) are instruments of economic and financial policy, and the operations of these funds have important fiscal implications. These implications span the full cycle of the SIFs’ operations, from funding, through capital allocation, to operations and maintenance of the invested assets. SIFs with a capacity to deploy capital efficiently have the potential to increase the effectiveness of the public expenditure programmes in the SIFs’ respective home countries. However, the establishment and operations of SIFs also carry important fiscal risks, which need to be recognised and addressed. This paper considers the flows of capital into and out of SIFs, as well as the relationship of these flows to the fiscal framework and macro-fiscal context of the SIFs’ home countries. It also looks at the fiscal liabilities that can result from SIFs’ activities, and from their possible insolvency and bankruptcy, offering suggestions for how these risks can be mitigated.
    DOI: 10.1787/e7e43a82-en
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  • 196
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    SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Africa (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264431485
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (191 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Social Institutions and Gender Index
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Soziale Norm ; Institutionenökonomik ; Afrika ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: The SIGI 2021 Regional Report for Africa provides regional analysis on how discriminatory social institutions, such as formal and informal laws, social norms and practices, continue to constrain women’s empowerment and restrict their access to opportunities and rights. It gives new evidence on the impact of these discriminatory social institutions on three key dimensions of women’s empowerment across the region: their physical integrity, their economic situation and their political voice, leadership and agency. The report provides regional as well as thematic policy recommendations that aim to transform gender norms, promote women’s empowerment and build a truly inclusive society, especially in the current context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6d95d90-en
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  • 197
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    TOSSD - Tracking global health expenditure in support of the SDGs (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Gesundheitsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for better tracking and monitoring domestic and international investments in health, including on pandemic preparedness. The total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) framework can help, as it captures both cross‑border flows to developing countries, such as international assistance, and domestic contributions to global public goods, such as pandemic preparedness. This pilot study tests the current TOSSD methodology for tracking the global financing for health, and explores how TOSSD can be shaped to best respond to the emerging information needs of the international community.
    DOI: 10.1787/cb8be42b-en
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  • 198
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    Industrial Policy for the Sustainable Development Goals : Increasing the Private Sector’s Contribution (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264890541 , 9789264731714 , 9789264868076
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Industriepolitik ; Privatwirtschaft ; Welt ; Environment ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Canada ; Costa Rica ; France ; Germany ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; New Zealand
    Abstract: How can governments support the private sector’s contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? This book investigates the contribution of firms to the SDGs, particularly through their core business, taking into account inter-sectoral linkages and global value chains, using novel techniques and data sources. Despite the fact that the private sector has the potential to contribute to a wide range of SDGs, and that many firms find it economically viable to develop sustainable products and services, firms still face significant hurdles in their sustainability transition. Based on this new evidence, this book provides some recommendations on the design of industrial policies to enhance the contribution of businesses to the SDGs.
    DOI: 10.1787/2cad899f-en
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  • 199
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    Aligning development co-operation to the SDGs in least developed countries : A case study of Uganda (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.102
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Vierte Welt ; Uganda ; Development ; Uganda
    Abstract: This case study explores whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be used as a shared framework by all actors to manage development co‑operation for results in least developed countries, taking Uganda as a case study. The study offers an introduction to Uganda’s progress in mainstreaming the Goals in national policy making, as well as in monitoring the SDG targets and indicators. The report then focuses on the experiences of development co-operation partners in aligning their country-level programmes and frameworks with the SDG framework. It identifies enabling factors, drivers and obstacles that contribute to SDG alignment and monitoring in Uganda. The study concludes with recommendations for both the government and its development partners to increase the collective use of the SDGs as such a framework to improve policy coherence, effectiveness and sustainable impact of all development efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/5551470f-en
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  • 200
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    Private Philanthropy for Development – Second Edition : Data for Action (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264978133 , 9789264398443 , 9789264334649
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (139 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Keywords: Wohltätigkeit ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Theorie ; Education ; Development ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This second edition of Private Philanthropy for Development aims to meet the growing demand for open, reliable and comparable data on philanthropic giving. Compared to the first edition, it collected more data from large foundations and other organisations based in developing countries to have a more comprehensive understanding of cross-border financing and domestic giving. The report analyses philanthropic flows by geography, sector and thematic area, explores how these flows are implemented and compares their scope to official development assistance (ODA). It dives deeper into foundations’ strategies for mobilising additional resources through their assets and philanthropic capital; looks at their engagement in advocacy to amplify and sustain their impact; and studies their approaches to learning and knowledge production through monitoring and evaluation. The report unpacks unprecedented data on philanthropy’s contribution to developing countries, which will be critical for development actors, including governments, ODA providers and foundations, to better co-ordinate their actions, exploit synergies and play to their best comparative advantage en route to a sustainable recovery.
    DOI: 10.1787/cdf37f1e-en
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