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  • 1980-1984  (341)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (341)
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  • 101
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    The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition : Individualisation of Nature and the Human being Part I ; Plotting the Territory for Interdisciplinary Communication (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Anthropology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Phenomenology of Man in Interdisciplinary Communication -- Inaugural Essay -- Can Fictional Narratives Be True? -- The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition in Communication with the Human Sciences -- On the Impact of the Human Sciences on Our Conception of Man and Society -- The Question of the Unity of the Human Sciences Revisited -- ‘Cognition and Work’ -- Scheler’s Shadow on Us -- II Nature Retrieved -- Inaugural Essay -- Natural Spontaneity in the Translating Continuity of Beingness -- 1. Nature and the Expanding Self -- Transcendence and Evil -- Nature and Man in Edmund Husserl’s ‘Inner Historiography’ -- Man and Nature: Bearings, Resources -- The Relation between Man and World: A Transcendental-Anthropological Problem -- Les antitheses de la communication et leur influence sur l’etiologie des maladies -- 2. Nature, Life, World, Culture -- Life and Culture in the Analysis of the Relationship between Man and Nature -- La realisation du projet Husserlien de “monde naturel” selon Jan PatoSka -- Man-in-Nature as a Phenomenological Datum -- Nature and Man -- Humanity, Nature, and Respect for Law -- The Immersion in Transcendence of Man from Nature -- 3. Nature and Mimesis -- Le retrait de la metaphore -- Nature and Human Nature in Literary Contexts -- Creative Consciousness and the Natural World in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves -- Nature and Feeling: The Constitutive and the Subjective -- III Man, Nature and The Possible Worlds -- The Phenomenological Conception of the Possible Worlds and the Creative Function of Man -- Creativity and the Method of the Sciences: A Problematic Issue in Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Husserl and the Logic of Questions -- The Challenge of Philosophical Anthropology -- Back to Nature Itself! -- La connaissance du monde de l’art -- Annex Documents Illustrating the History of The World Phenomenology Institute and of Its Three International Societies: The International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society, The International Society for Phenomenology and Literature, The International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences, and of The Boston Forum for the Interdisciplinary Phenomenology of Man, during the first decade of their research work (1968–1978) -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6969-8
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  • 102
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    Genocide and Retribution : The Holocaust in Hungarian-Ruled Northern Transylvania (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400966871
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (271p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Civil procedure. ; Political science. ; History.
    Abstract: I Introductory Essay -- The Jews of Transylvania: A Historical Overview -- The Post-World War I Era -- Northern Transylvania under Hungarian Rule -- The German Occupation and the Final Solution -- The Ghettoization in Northern Transylvania: An Overview -- Notes -- II Judgment of the People’s Tribunal of Cluj (Kolozsvár); 31 May 1946, Judgment Number 8 -- The Nagyvárad Ghetto -- The Ghetto of Szatmárnémeti -- The Ghetto of Kolozsvár -- The Ghettos in the Székely Land -- The Ghetto of Marosvâsârhely -- The Ghetto of Szászrégen -- The Ghetto of Sepsiszentgyörgy -- The Ghetto of Máramarossziget -- The Ghetto of Szilágysomlyó -- The Ghetto of Dés -- The Beszterce Ghetto -- The Sentences -- Notes -- III Appendixes -- 1. Reference List of Selected Geographic Name Changes -- 2. Number of Jews Deported from the Major Entrainment Centers in Northern Transylvania by Transport and Date of Entrainment; -- 3. Law No. 312 of the Romanian Ministry of Justice, dated 21 April 1945 -- 4. Statement of Laszlo Endre of 17 December, 1945 -- 5. Statement of Laszlo Baky of 18 December, 1945 -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: During the dark years of the Holocaust, many of the millions of labor and concentration camp victims were sustained in their struggle for survival by the hope that their tormentors would not escape retribution. This expectation was reinforced by the warnings issued by the statesmen of the anti-Axis coalition and the declarations of the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR. Shortly after the cessation of hostilities, war crimes trials were indeed initiated in all parts of liberated Europe. Many of the accused were indicted, among other things, for crimes committed against Jews. People's tribunals for the prosecution of war crimes and crimes against humanity were also estab­ lished in Romania, a country that extricated itself from the Axis Alliance on 23 August 1944. The Romanian people's tribunals were set up and operated under the provi­ sions of Law No. 312, issued by the Ministry ofJustice on 21 April 1945. One ofthese tribunals was established in Cluj (Kolozsvar) and entrusted primarily with the prosecution of those involved in the violation of the rights of people living in Northern Transylvania, the part of the province that was transferred to Hungary under the terms of the Second Vienna Award (August 1940) and which remained under Hungarian rule from early September 1940 until its liberation by Soviet-Romanian forces in the fall of 1944. The crimes committed against the citizens of Northern Transylvania both within and outside the province were the subject of two major trials.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6687-1
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  • 103
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    Linguistic Categories: Auxiliaries and Related Puzzles : Volume One: Categories (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / The ‘AUX’ Hypothesis -- Da and the Category AUX in Bulgarian -- Person-Subject Marking in AUX in Egyptian Arabic -- Two / Some Elusive Categories -- Polarized Auxiliaries -- Marking Constituents -- Government and the Search for AUXes: A Case Study in Cross-linguistic Category Identification -- On Two Types of Infinitival Complementation -- The Case of German Adjectives -- Transitive Adjectives: A Case of Categorial Reanalysis.
    Abstract: VIrtually all the papers in these volumes originated in presentations at the Fourth Groningen Round Table, held in July 1980. That conference, organ­ ized by the Institute for General linguistics of Groningen University was the fourth in an irregular series of meetings devoted to issues of topical interest to linguists. Its predecessor, the Third Round Table, was held in June 1976, and dealt with the semantics of natural language. A selection of the papers was published as Syntax and Semantics 10, Selections from the Third Groningen Round Table, ed. by F. Heny and H. Schnelle, Academic Press, 1979. This fourth meeting was more narrowly focussed. The original intention was to examine the hypothesis of Akrnajian, Steele and Wasow in their paper 'The Category AUX in Universal Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry 10, 1-64. Ultimately the topic was broadened considerably to encompass not only the syntax, semantics and morphology of auxiliaries and related elements, but to tackle the problem (implicit in the original work of Akmajian, Steele and Wasow) of justifying the selection of categories for the analysis of natural language. In the summer of 1979, a workshop and short, informal conference were held at the University of Salzburg, in preparation for the Round Table. These were organized in conjunction with the Summer Institute of the linguistic Society of America. The cooperation of the LSA and of the University of Salzburg, and in particular of the Director of that Institute, Professor Gaberell Drachman, is hereby gratefully acknowledged.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6989-6
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  • 104
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    Pronominal Reference : Child Language and the Theory of Grammar (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970045
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: 1. An Approach to Language Acquisition -- 1.1. Language Acquisition Research and the Innateness Hypothesis -- 1.2. The Role of Experience -- 1.3. Hypothesis Formation and the Evaluation Metric -- 1.4. Implications for Language Acquisition Research -- Notes -- 2. Structural Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 2.1. The Domain of This Study -- 2.2. Structural Restrictions on Anaphora: A Brief History -- 2.3. Structural Restrictions on Anaphora: A Revision -- 2.4. Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Relevance of the BAR -- 2.5. Summary -- Notes -- 3. The Acquisition of Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. A Review of Some Previous Work on Children’s Acquisition of Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 3.3. The Backward Anaphora Restriction (BAR) and the Language Acquisition Process -- 3.4. Experiment 1: The Acquisition of the Structural Restrictions on Anaphora -- 3.5. Experiment 2: Anaphora in Sentences with Preposed Complements -- 3.6. Experiment 3: Reflexives -- 3.7. Experiment 4: Forward Anaphora -- 3.8. General Discussion -- Notes -- 4. Strategies and Contrastive Stress -- 4.1. Some Pragmatic Factors in Choosing Antecedents -- 4.2. Limitations on the Use of Contextual Information: Processing Principles -- 4.3. The Parallel Function Strategy -- 4.4. The Use of Contrastive Stress -- 4.5. Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. Parallel Function and Contrastive Stress in Child Language -- 5.1. Children’s Understanding of Contrastive Stress -- 5.2. Experiment on Contrastively Stressed Pronouns -- 5.3. Experiment on the Meaning of Parallel Function -- Notes -- 6. Some Conclusions.
    Abstract: Linguistic theory has seen a substantial shift in focus during the past decade. Whereas early research in generative grammar sought descriptive adequacy through the proliferation of transformational rules, recent efforts have concentrated on defining systems of principles that restrict the application of a greatly simplified sys­ tem of rules of grammar. These principles, because of their broad application within a particular language, and their appearance in a wide range of languages under investigation, are claimed to reflect innate cognitive structures often termed universal grammar. Accompanying this new, and very interesting research in linguis­ tic theory is an interest in certain aspects of the language acquisi­ tion process that relate to the theoretical claims. As new insights allow us to hypothesize both more specifically and more plausibly about linguistic universals, the actual facts about linguistic develop­ ment in young children become increasingly relevant as additional data on which to formulate and test new ideas. This book looks closely at a particular set of linguistic structures with respect to both linguistic theory and language development, exploring the relationship between the theoretical claims and the results of a series of language acquisition experiments. Although work of this sort is often called interdisciplinary, the issues addressed are clearly defined, although not all of them are answered. This book should be of particular interest to linguists, and to psychologists concerned with linguistic and cognitive development.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7004-5
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  • 105
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    Questions and Answers (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970168
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Linguistic Calculation 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computational linguistics
    Abstract: On the “Tell Me Truly” Approach to the Analysis of Interrogatives -- The Epistemic Meaning of Questions and Statements -- What Answers Can Be Given? -- On Some Aspects of Presuppositions of Questions -- The Syntax and Semantics of English Mood -- New Foundations for a Theory of Questions and Answers -- On Questions -- Varieties of Cooperative Responses in Question-Answer Systems -- Questions of Believing -- Relevance of Topic and Focus for Automatic Question Answering -- The Polytext System — A New Design for a Text Retrieval System.
    Abstract: In almost all principled accounts of questions questions are related to the corresponding answers. Zellig Harris (Harris 1978:1), for example, maintains that" ... all interrogative sentences can be derived, by means of the independently established transformations of the language, from sentences which assert that someone is asking about a disjunction of statements which are the relevant possible answers to that interroga­ tive." This amounts to the claim that a yes-no question such as Will John stay? is derived from I ask you whether John will stay and a wh­ question such as Who came is derived from something like I ask you whether A came or B came or ... or X came .. Though in generative grammar interrogatives are not derived from the corresponding declaratives, the semantic interpretation of questions is akin to the syntactic source of questions posited by Harris. Jerrold J.Katz and Paul M.Postal (Katz-Postal 1964:113-117) state a reading rule for Q, the interrogative constituent, which boils down to (1) in the case of yes-no questions and to (2) in the case of wh-questions. (1) Tell me which of the following is true: John will stay or John will not stay. (2) Tell me which of the following is true: A came or B came or ... or X came. Thus, the semantic interpretation of questions makes reference to the set of possible answers represented here by a disjunction of statements.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7016-8
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  • 106
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    Engineering Behaviour of Rocks (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400957534
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 208 p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Engineering Description of Rocks -- 1.1 Rock testing -- 1.2 Uniaxial or unconfined strength -- 1.3 Empirical field and laboratory tests -- 1.4 Porosity and permeability -- 1.5 Discontinuous rock -- 2 Stress and Strain -- 2.1 Stress at a point -- 2.2 Pore pressure and effective stress -- 2.3 Strain at a point -- 2.4 Representation of stress and strain -- 2.5 Relation between stress and strain -- 2.6 Geostatic stresses -- 2.7 Measurement of in situ stress -- 3 Rock Deformation -- 3.1 Rock tests in compression -- 3.2 Rock deformation in compression -- 3.3 Mechanics of microfracture -- 3.4 Rock macrofracture -- 3.5 The complete rock deformation curve -- 4 Rock Strength and Yield -- 4.1 Rock strength criteria -- 4.2 Yield criteria -- 4.3 The critical state concept -- 4.4 Triaxial testing -- 4.5 Axial and volumetric strain data -- 4.6 The Hvorslev surface in rocks -- 5 Time Dependency -- 5.1 Creep strain -- 5.2 Phenomenological models of creep -- 5.3 Time-dependent deformation -- 5.4 Time-dependent strength reduction -- 5.5 Cyclic loading -- 5.6 Rapid loading -- 6 Discontinuities in Rock Masses -- 6.1 Discontinuity measurement -- 6.2 Discontinuity orientation data -- 6.3 Shear resistance of a rock containing a discontinuity -- 6.4 Shear resistance of a discontinuity -- 6.5 A critical state model for rock discontinuity strength -- 6.6 Measurement of discontinuity shear resistance -- 7 Behaviour of Rock Masses -- 7.1 Discontinuity frequency -- 7.2 Rock mass classification systems -- 7.3 Rock mass strength criterion -- 7.4 The relevance of rock mass strength -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The first edition of this book was received more kindly than it deserved by some, and with some scepticism by others. It set out to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehensive introduction to some of the theoretical and empirical criteria which may be used to define rock as a structural material. The objectives - reinforced by the change in title - remain the same, but the approach has been changed considerably and only one or two sections have been retained from the first edition. The particular aim in this edition is to provide a description of the mechanical behaviour of rocks, based firmly upon experimental data, which can be used to explain how rocks deform, fracture and yield, and to show how this knowledge can be used in design. The major emphasis is on the behaviour of rocks as materials, although in the later chapters the behaviour of discontinuities in rocks, and the way in which this can affect the behaviour of rock masses, is considered. If this edition is an improvement on the first edition it reflects the debt lowe to numerous people who have attempted to explain the rudiments of the subject to me. I should like to thank Peter Attewell and Roy Scott in particular. I should also like to thank Tony Price and Mike Gilbert whose work at Newcastle I have used shamelessly.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5753-4
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  • 107
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    Praxiological Studies : Polish Contributions to the Science of Efficient Action (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969438
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (432p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 34
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Goal of an Act and the Task of the Agent -- On the Essence and Goals of General Methodology (Praxiology) -- An Outline of the Prehistory of Praxiology -- An Analysis of the Concept of Goal -- Comments on the Concept of Efficiency -- The Value of Perfect Information -- A Praxiological Theory of Evaluations -- Praxiosemiotics: the Theory of Optimum Message in the Service of Other Disciplines and Practical Activities -- A Formal Theory of Actions: Syntax and Semantics of Behaviour -- Praxiological Models — Praxiological Modelling of Systems of Action -- Planning and Implementation. An Elementary Primer of the Cybernetics of Planning -- Praxiology and the Theory of Programming -- Making Use of Science in Actions (A Study in Methodology and Praxiology) -- Practical Problems and Practical Directives -- A Praxiological Theory of Design -- Some Problems of the General Theory of Struggle -- Struggle in a Dense Social Environment -- The Theory of Organization and Management -- The Importance of Praxiology for Political Economy -- Praxiology and Technology -- About the Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6943-8
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  • 108
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    The Structure and Growth of Scientific Knowledge : A Study in the Methodology of Epistemic Appraisal (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 231 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 73
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 73
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction: Methodology, Ideology, and Scientific Revolutions -- 2 / Epistemic Structuralism: The Limit to Radical Alternatives to Traditional Epistemology -- 3 / Problems of Structure and Growth: Towards an Interactive Model of The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- 4 / Consequences and Alternative Methodologies -- 5 / The Nature of Methodological Variance: From Commensurable Canons to Incommensurable Strategies -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Professor Pandit, working among the admirable group of philosophers at the University of Delhi, has written a fundamental criticism and a constructive re-interpretation of all that has been preserved as serious epistemological and methodological reflections on the sciences in modern Western philosoph- from the times of Galileo, Newton, Descartes and Leibniz to those of Russell and Wittgenstein, Carnap and Popper, and, we need hardly add, onward to the troubling relativisms and reconstructions of historical epistemologies in the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. His themes are intrigu­ ing, set forth as they are with masterly case studies of physics and the life sciences, and within an original conceptual framework for philosophical analysis of the processes, functions, and structures of scientific knowing. Pandit's contributions deserve thoughtful examination. For our part, we wish to point to some among them: (1) an interactive articulation of subjective and objective factors of both problems and theories in the course of scientific development; (2) a striking contrast between the explanatory power of a scientific theory and its 'resolving power', i. e.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7680-2
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  • 109
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    Philosophy of Mind/Philosophie de l’esprit (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (472p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contemporary philosophy / La philosophie contemporaine, A new survey/Chroniques nouvelles 4
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- G. Fløistad, Preface -- Personal identity and the concept of a person -- Recent work on the relation of mind and brain -- Philosophy of perception -- Spinoza’s philosophy of mind -- Hegel’s philosophy of mind -- Kierkegaard’s philosophy of mind -- The significance of Freud for modern philosophy of mind -- Brentano’s philosophy of mind -- Husserl’s philosophy of mind -- Heidegger’s philosophy of mind -- Wittgensttin’s philosophy of mind -- Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of mind -- American pragmatism -- Pragmatism in Apel and Habermas -- Wilfrid Sellars’ philosophy of mind -- Abbreviations used by some contributors -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: This publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chroni­ cles, Philosophy in the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Con­ temporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond Kli­ bansky. Like the other series, these chronicles provide a survey of important trends in contemporary philosophical discussion from 1966 to 1980. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, particularly in philosophical logic and the philosophy of language, the convergence of interest (though not necessarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain prob­ lems, and the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems are the most important contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valuable source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be an assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own phi­ losophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen the Socratic element of modem philosophy, the dialogue or Kommunikationsgemeinscha/t. • So far, four volumes have been· prepared for the new series. The present chronicles in the Philosophy of Mind (Vol. 4) follow upon chronicles in the Philosophy of Language and Philosophical Logic (Vol. 1) and chronicles in the Philosophy 0/ Science (Vol. 2) and chronicles in the Philosophy 0/ Action (Vol. 4).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6932-2
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  • 110
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    Communication and Meaning : An Essay in Applied Modal Logic (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 168
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Signs and Signalling -- I.1. Lewis on Signalling Systems -- I.2. Signs and Meaning -- I.3. Sign Systems and the Possibility of Deceit -- I.4. Generalization of Rules of Information -- I.5. ISS’s and Lewis Indicative Signalling Systems -- I.6. Conventions of Truthfulness and Trust v. Rules of Information -- II: A Formal Language -- II.1. LC: its Syntax and the General Form of its Semantics -- II.2. Action Modalities -- II.3. Normative Modalities -- II.4. The Belief Modality -- II.5. Mutual Belief -- II.6. The Modality Va -- II.7. Deontic Modalities -- II.8. Knowledge that p -- II.9. On the Alleged Circularity of Possible-World Semantics -- III: Some Features of Communication Situations -- III.1. Truthfulness and Trust -- III.2. Moore’s Paradox of Saying and Disbelieving -- III.3. Informing and Asserting -- III.4. Trust of Type No-Deceit, Communicators’ Intentions and “Saying One Thing and Meaning Another” -- III.5. Non-Deceiving Performances and the Implementation of Rules of Information -- IV: Non-Indicatives -- IV.1. Non-Indicatives and Truth Conditions -- IV.2. Performatives -- IV.3. Sketch for a Logic of Imperative Inference -- IV.4. Other Types of Non-Indicatives -- IV.5. Non-Indicative Usage of Indicatives -- V: Intention-Dependent Evidence -- V.1. Bennett’s Defence of the Gricean Theory -- V.2. The Modality Shall and the Analysis of Signalling -- VI: The Double Bind -- VI.1. General Features of a Double-Bind Situation -- VI.2. The Illustration from Clinical Data — a Formal Description -- VI.3. Bateson’s Theory of Communication -- VI.4. The Double Bind and Levels of Communication -- Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This essay contains material which will hopefully be of interest not only to philosophers, but also to those social scientists whose research concerns the analysis of communication, verbal or non-verbal. Although most of the topics taken up here are central to issues in the philosophy of language, they are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from topics in descriptive social psychology. The essay aims to provide a conceptual framework within which various key aspects of communication can be described, and it presents a formal language, using techniques from modern modal logic, in which such descriptions can themselves be formulated. It is my hope that this framework, or parts of it, might also turn out to be of value in future empirical work. There are, therefore, essentially two sides to this essay: the development of a framework of concepts, and the construction of a formal language rich enough to express the elements of which that framework is composed. The first of these two takes its point of departure in the statement quoted from Lewis (1972) on the page preceding this introduction. The distinction drawn there by Lewis is accepted as a working hypothesis, and in one sense this essay may be seen as an attempt to explore some of the consequences of that hypothesis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7069-4
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  • 111
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    The Social Construction of Science : A Comparative Study of Goal Direction, Research Evolution and Legitimation (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970106
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Monographs 2
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences - Monographs, Continued As Sociology of the Sciences Library 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Social history.
    Abstract: 1. The Social Construction of Science -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Theoretical Perspective Developed in this Book -- 2. What is Science? -- 2.1. The Need for Precise Definitions -- 2.2. Structure and Meaning in the Analysis of Science -- 2.3. Science and Its Sub-Universes of Meaning -- 2.4. Science as a System of Theoretical Production -- 2.5. Social Control in Science -- 2.6. Research -- 2.7. Types of Research: Basic Research vs. Practice Oriented Research -- 2.8. The Negotiation of Meaning in Science -- 2.9. Summary -- 3. Science and Professionalism -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Science and Professionalism -- 3.3. The Role of Autonomy in Science -- 3.4. Scientific Autonomy and Politics -- 3.5. The Inertia of Contemporary Science -- 3.6. The Professional Orientational Reference Group -- 3.7. The Context of Legitimation vs. the Context of Research -- 3.8. Professionalism and the Articulation of Beliefs in an Era of Resource Scarcity -- 4. Scientists Have Goals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The ‘Common-Sense’ Notion of Goals in Scientific Research -- 4.3. The Institutional Context of Goal Direction in the Physical Sciences -- 4.4. The Political Receptivity of Scientific Fields -- 4.5. What is a Goal? -- 4.6. What Are the Goals of Science? An Australian Case Study -- 5. Cognitive and Social Dimensions in the Analysis of Science -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Cognitive and Social Institutionalisation -- 5.3. The Cognitive Field of a Scientist -- 5.4. Cognitive Structures in the Context of Research -- 5.5. Operationalising Social and Cognitive Concepts -- 5.6. Some Methodological Observations About My Own Research -- 6. Research and Its Legitimation: Two Cognitively Oriented Case Studies -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Some Methodological Details -- 6.3. Case Study 1: The Selective Surfaces Research Group (SSG) -- 6.4. Case Study 2: The Dopamine/Octopamine Research Group (DOG) -- 6.5. Comparing the Two Case Studies -- 7. General Conclusions -- 7.1. Suggestions for Future Work -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book concerns the institutionalisation of the physical sciences. The book breaks with the established tradition in the history, philosophy and sociology of sciences by attempting to capture both the cognitive and social dimensions of institutionalisation in one unified analysis. This unifica­ tion has been achieved through a treatment of research as goal directed social action - a theme which has been developed both theoretically and empirically. The analysis presented is therefore unique in its breadth of focus and shows how the traditional concerns of sociology with generalised macro-structures of meaning and action can be related to the lifeworlds of individual scientists. The sociology of the sciences is still today a relative newcomer to the field of sciences studies which has traditionally been dominated by the history and philosophy of the sciences. I hope that this book reflects the excitement I experienced in being able to respond to the debates and concepts which erupted in that particularly fertile period follOwing the publication of Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962 - a period from which a cogni­ tively oriented sociology of the sciences was to emerge as a serious challenger to orthodoxies in the history, philosophy and sociology of sciences.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7010-6
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    Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science, 1815-1840 (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400968394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 102
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 102
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Scottish Beginnings -- 2. London Beginnings -- 3. The First Trip Abroad -- 1. Paris and its Scientific Society, 1817 -- 2. Switzerland -- 3. Italy -- 4. The Return -- 4. In the Mainstream of London Science -- 1. Scientific Training in the 1820s -- 2. Mary Somerville’s Apprenticeship -- 3. The First Experimental Paper -- 4. Brougham’s Commission -- 5. The Mechanism of the Heavens -- 1. The Atmosphere of 1830 -- 2. Creation and Publication -- 3. Reception -- 6. The Second Stay Abroad -- 1. Paris, 1832 -- 2. Mary Somerville and French Science, 1832–33 -- 3. Foreign Visitors, English Correspondence -- 7. On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences -- 1. The Physical Sciences, 1830–33 -- 2. The Final Revision -- 3. Publication and Review -- 4. New Honours and a New Edition -- 5. Mary Somerville and a Few Scientific Women -- 8. The Civil List and Mary Somerville -- 9. ‘The Comet’, an Experiment and a Third Edition -- 10. The Last London Years -- 1. A New Pattern of Existence, 1836 -- 2. The Fourth Edition of the Connexion of the Sciences -- 3. A Scientific Intermediary -- 11. Outside the Mainstream of Science -- 1. Italy, 1838–40 -- 2. And After . . . -- A Guide to Notes and Citations -- Notes.
    Abstract: Among the myriad of changes that took place in Great Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century, many of particular significance to the historian of science and to the social historian are discernible in that small segment of British society drawn together by a shared interest in natural phenomena and with sufficient leisure or opportunity to investigate and ponder them. This group, which never numbered more than a mere handful in comparison to the whole population, may rightly be characterized as 'scientific'. They and their successors came to occupy an increasingly important place in the intellectual, educational, and developing economic life of the nation. Well before the arrival of mid-century, natural philosophers and inventors were generally hailed as a source of national pride and of national prestige. Scientific society is a feature of nineteenth-century British life, the best being found in London, in the universities, in Edinburgh and Glasgow, and in a few scattered provincial centres.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6839-4
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    Program Evaluation : A Practitioner’s Guide for Trainers and Educators (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400966673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Design Manual 3
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: Getting Started -- Products -- 1: Outline of Evaluation Questions -- 2: Outline of Evaluation Questions -- 3: Information Collection Plan -- 4: Analysis and Interpretation Plan -- 5: Report Plan -- 6: Management Plan -- 7: Plan to Evaluate the Evaluation -- Appendices -- A: Selecting What (an Object) to Evaluate -- B: An Example of an Evaluation Design -- C: Extra Worksheets.
    Abstract: Please glance over the questions that follow and read the answers to those that are of interest. Q: What does this manual do? A: This manual guides the user through designing an evaluation. A: Who can use it? A: Anyone interested or involved in evaluating professional trammg or inservice education programs. The primary users will be staff members who are doing their own program evaluation-maybe for the first time. (Experienced evaluators or other professional educators can find useful guides and worksheets in it.) Q: If I work through this manual, what will I accomplish? A: You will develop one or more evaluation designs, and perhaps you'll also use the designs to evaluate something to make it better or to document its current value. Q: What is an evaluation design? A: An evaluation design is a conceptual and procedural map for getting important information about training efforts to people who can use it, as shown in the graphic below.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6667-3
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    Program Evaluation : A Practitioner’s Guide for Trainers and Educators (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401167574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: I. Conducting Evaluation—The Sourcebook -- 1. Focusing the Evaluation -- 2. Designing Evaluation -- 3. Collecting Information -- 4. Analyzing Information -- 5. Reporting Information -- 6. Managing Evaluation -- 7. Evaluating Evaluation (Meta-Evaluation).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6757-4
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    Epistemology, Methodology, and the Social Sciences (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401714587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 270 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 71
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 71
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Ideology and Objectivity -- Toward a Logic of Historical Constitution -- Beyond Causality in the Social Sciences: Reciprocity as a Model of Non-exploitative Social Relations -- Empiricism and the Philosophy of Science, or, n Dogmas of Empiricism -- Realism and the Supposed Poverty of Sociological Theories -- The Role and Status of the Rationality Principle in the Social Sciences -- Marxian Paradigms versus Microeconomic Structures -- Paradise not Surrendered: Jewish Reactions to Copernicus and the Growth of Modern Science -- The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man -- Technologies as Forms of Life -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The last decades have seen major reformations in the philosophy and history of science. What has been called 'post-positivist' philosophy of science has introduced radically new concerns with historical, social, and valuative components of scientific thought in the natural sciences, and has raised up the demons of relativism, subjectivism and sociologism to haunt the once­ calm precincts of objectivity and realism. Though these disturbances intruded upon what had seemed to be the logically well-ordered domain of the philoso­ phy of the natural sciences, they were no news to the social sciences. There, the messy business of human action, volition, decision, the considerations of practical purposes and social values, the role of ideology and the problem of rationality, had long conspired to defeat logical-reconstructionist programs. The attempt to tarne the social sciences to the harness of a strict hypothetico­ deductive model of explanation failed. Within the social sciences, phenome­ nological, Marxist, hermeneuticist, action-theoretical approaches vied in attempting to capture the distinctiveness of human phenomena. In fact, the philosophy of the natural sciences, even in its 'hard' forms, has itself become infected with the increasing reflection upon the role of such social-scientific categories, in the attempt to understand the nature of the scientific enterprise.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1458-7
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    Contemporary Views on the Holocaust (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400966819
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Civil procedure. ; Cultural property. ; History.
    Abstract: I Ethics and the Holocaust -- 1 The Value of Life: Jewish Ethics and the Holocaust -- II The Allies and the Holocaust -- 2 The Horthy Offer. A Missed Opportunity for Rescuing Jews in 1944 -- 3 The Struggle for an Allied Jewish Fighting Force During World War -- III The Holocaust: Selected Areas -- 4 The Japanese Ideology of Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust -- 5 The Holocaust in Norway -- IV Reactions to the Holocaust -- 6 In History’s “Memory Hole”: The Soviet Treatment of the Holocaust -- 7 Confronting Genocide: The Depiction of the Persecution of the Jews and the Holocaust in West German History Textbooks -- V Crime and Punishment -- 8 Ernst Kaltenbrunner and the Final Solution -- 9 Attitudes Toward the Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals in the United States -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: This book is the second in a series of studies published under the auspices of the Institute for Holocaust Studies of the Graduate School and U niver­ sity Center of The City University of New York. Like the first book, it is an outgrowth of the lectures and special studies sponsored by the institute during the 1981-82 and 1982-83 academic years. This volume is divided into five parts. Part I, Ethics and the Holocaust, contains a pioneering investigation of one of the most neglected areas in Holocaust studies. Francine Klagsbrun, a well-known writer and popular lecturer, provides an erudite overview of the value of life in Jewish thought and tradition. With full understanding of the talmudic scholars' position on Jewish ethics and using concrete examples of the life-and­ death dilemmas that confronted many Jews in their concentration camp experiences, Klagsbrun provides dramatic evidence of the triumph of moral and ethical principles over the forces of evil during the Holocaust, this darkest period in Jewish history. The next two chapters, grouped under the heading The Allies and the Holocaust, deal with the failure of the Western Allies to respond to the desperate needs of the persecuted Jews of Europe during the Second World War. The first is by Professor Bela Vago, an authority on the Holocaust and East Central European history at the University of Haifa.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6681-9
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    Methods in Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism : Techniques and instrumentation (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401539791
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 503 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-3979-1
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    Soul and Body in Husserlian Phenomenology : Man and Nature (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Essay -- From Husserl’s Formulation of the Soul—Body Issue to a New Differentiation of Human Faculties -- I The Problem of Embodiment at the Heart of Phenomenology -- The Singularity and Plurality of the Viewpoint in Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology -- Das Problem der Leiblichkeit in der phänomenologischen Bewegung -- Seele und Leib in der kategorialen und in der originären Perspektive -- L’oeil de la chair -- II The Recurrent Question of Dualism -- Husserl and the Problem of Dualism -- “Seeing” and “Touching”, or, Overcoming the Soul—Body Dualism -- The Relativity of the Soul and the Absolute State of the Pure Ego -- The Significance of the Transcendental Ego for the Problem of Body and Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Body—Soul—Consciousness Integration -- III The Soul—Body Territory -- Natural Man and His Soul -- Finitude as Clue to Embodiment -- Topoï of the Body and the Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Husserls Sicht des Leib-Seele Problems -- The Ego-Body Subject and the Stream of Experience in Husserl -- Lived Experience of One’s Body within One’s Own Experience -- IV Soul and Body in Phenomenological Psychiatry -- Living Body, Flesh, and Everyday Body: A Clinical-Noematic Report -- The Experience of Sexual Leib in the Toxico-maniac: Phenomenological Premises -- Kinesthesias and Horizons In Psychosis -- Self-acceptance: The Way of Living with One’s Body in Obesity and Mental Anorexia -- V The Place of the Spirit within the Soul—Body Issue -- Body, Spirit and Ego in Husserl’s Ideas II -- Die Bedeutung des Gewissens für eine leibhafte Verwirklichung von Sittlichkeit -- Value Ethics and Experience -- The Significance of Death for the Experience of Body and World in Human Existence -- La transfiguration du corps dans la phénoménologie de la religion -- VI The Horizon of Nature and Being -- Merleau-Ponty’s Conception of Nature -- Merleau-Ponty’s Ontology Of the Wild Being -- Imagination and the Soul—Body Problem in Arabic Philosophy -- VII Husserl and the History of Philosophy -- Monism in Spinoza’s and Husserl’s Thought -- Husserl’s Berkeley -- Annex -- The Opening Address of the Salzburg Conference -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7032-8
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    Philosophical Papers 1913-1946 : With a Bibliography of Neurath in English (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969957
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Lost Wanderers of Descartes and the Auxiliary Motive (On The Psychology of Decision) (1913) -- 2. On The Classification of Systems of Hypotheses (With Special Reference to Optics) (1916) -- 3. Ways of the Scientific World-Conception (1930) -- 4. Physicalism: The Philosophy of the Viennese Circle (1931) -- 5. Physicalism (1931) -- 6. Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism (1931) -- 7. Protocol Statements (1932) -- 8. Radical Physicalism and the ‘Real World’ (1934) -- 9. The Unity of Science as a Task (1935) -- 10. Pseudorationalism of Falsification (1935) -- 11. Individual Sciences, Unified Science, Pseudorationalism (1936) -- 12. An International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (1936) -- 13. Encyclopedia as ‘Model’ (1936) -- 14. Physicalism and the Investigation of Knowledge (1936) -- 15. Unified Science and Its Encyclopedia (1937) -- 16. The Concept of ‘Type’ in the Light of Modern Logic (1937) -- 17. The New Encyclopedia of Scientific Empiricism (1937) -- 18. The Departmentalization of Unified Science (1937) -- 19. Comments on the Papers by Black, Kokoszy?ska, Williams (1937) -- 20. The Social Sciences and Unified Science (1939) -- 21. Universal Jargon and Terminology (1941) -- 22. The Orchestration of the Sciences by the Encyclopedism of Logical Empiricism (1946) -- 23. Prediction and Induction (1946) -- 24. Bibliographies -- A. Bibliography of Works Cited -- B. Supplementary List of Works by Otto Neurath [See ‘List’, Which Is Chapter 12 of Empiricism and Sociology, 1973] -- C. Neurath in English -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The philosophical writings of Otto Neurath, and their central themes, have been described many times, by Carnap in his authobiographical essay, by Ayer and Morris and Kraft decades ago, by Haller and Hegselmann and Nemeth and others in recent years. How extraordinary Neurath's insights were, even when they perhaps were more to be seen as conjectures, aperfus, philosophical hypotheses, tools to be taken up and used in the practical workshop of life; and how prescient he was. A few examples may be helpful: (1) Neurath's 1912 lecture on the conceptual critique of the idea of a pleasure maximum [ON 50] substantially anticipates the development of aspects of analytical ethics in mid-century. (2) Neurath's 1915 paper on alternative hypotheses, and systems of hypotheses, within the science of physical optics [ON 81] gives a lucid account of the historically-developed clashing theories of light, their un­ realized further possibilities, and the implied contingencies of theory survival in science, all within his framework that antedates not only the quite similar work of Kuhn so many years later but also of the Vienna Circle too. (3) Neurath's subsequent paper of 1916 investigates the inadequacies of various attempts to classify systems of hypotheses [ON 82, and this volume], and sets forth a pioneering conception of the metatheoretical task of scientific philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6995-7
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    The Clinical Encounter : The Moral Fabric of the Patient-Physician Relationship (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971486
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Historical Inquiries and Perspectives -- Evolution of the Patient-Physician Relationship: Antiquity Through the Renaissance -- The Legacy of Modern Anglo-American Medical Ethics: Correcting Some Misperceptions -- American Medical Ethics and the Physician-Patient Relationship -- Section II / Models of the Patient-Physician Relationship -- Veatch, May, and Models: A Critical Review and a New View -- The Case for Contract in Medical Ethics -- A Rejoinder -- Legal Models of the Patient-Physician Relation -- The Common Law as a model of the Patient-Physician Relationship: A Response to Professor Brody -- Jewish Religious Law as a Model of the Patient-Physician Relationship: A Comment on Professor Brody’s Essay -- Response to Franck and White -- Section III / Conceptual and Theoretical Analyses -- The Healing Relationship: The Architectonics of Clinical Medicine -- The Psychiatric Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Physician as Stranger: The Ethics of the Anonymous Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Internal Morality of Medicine: An Essential Dimension of the Patient-Physician Relationship -- Scope of the Therapeutic Relationship -- Section IV / Morality in the Patient-Physician Relationship -- The Physician-Patient Relationship in a Secular, Pluralist Society -- The Therapeutic Relationship: Is Moral Conduct a Necessary Condition? -- A Theological Context for the Relationship Between Patient and Physician -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The encounter between patient and physician may be characterized as the focus of medicine. As such, the patient-physician relationship, or more accurately the conduct of patients and physicians, has been the subject of considerable comment, inquiry, and debate throughout the centuries. The issues and concerns discussed, apart from those more specifically related to medical theory and therapy, range from matters of etiquette to profound questions of philosophical and moral interest. This discourse is impressive with respect both to its duration and content. Contemporary scholars and laypeople have made their contribution to these long-standing discussions. In addition, they have actively addressed those distinctively modern issues that have arisen as a result of increased medical knowledge, improved technology, and changing cultural and moral expectation. The concept of the patient-physician rela­ tionship that supposedly provides a framework for the conduct of patients and physicians seemingly has taken on a life of its own, inviolable, and subject to norms particular to it. The essays in this volume elucidate the nature of the patient-physician relationship, its character, and moral norms appropriate to it. The purpose of the collection is to enhance our understanding of that context, which many consider to be the focus of the entire medical enterprise. The con­ tributors have not engaged in apologetics, polemics, homiletics, or em­ piricism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7148-6
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    E. T. Jaynes: Papers on Probability, Statistics and Statistical Physics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400965812
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (458p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 158
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Mathematics ; Science Philosophy ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Probabilities. ; System theory. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics, I (1957) -- 3. Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics, II (1957) -- 4. Brandeis Lectures (1963) -- 5. Gibbs vs Boltzmann Entropies (1965) -- 6. Delaware Lecture (1967) -- 7. Prior Probabilities (1968) -- 8. The Well-Posed Problem (1973) -- 9. Confidence Intervals vs Bayesian Intervals (1976) -- 10. Where Do We Stand on Maximum Entropy? (1978) -- 11. Concentration of Distributions at Entropy Maxima (1979) -- 12. Marginalization and Prior Probabilities (1980) -- 13. What is the Question? (1981) -- 14. The Minimum Entropy Production Principle (1980) -- Supplementary Bibliography.
    Abstract: The first six chapters of this volume present the author's 'predictive' or information theoretic' approach to statistical mechanics, in which the basic probability distributions over microstates are obtained as distributions of maximum entropy (Le. , as distributions that are most non-committal with regard to missing information among all those satisfying the macroscopically given constraints). There is then no need to make additional assumptions of ergodicity or metric transitivity; the theory proceeds entirely by inference from macroscopic measurements and the underlying dynamical assumptions. Moreover, the method of maximizing the entropy is completely general and applies, in particular, to irreversible processes as well as to reversible ones. The next three chapters provide a broader framework - at once Bayesian and objective - for maximum entropy inference. The basic principles of inference, including the usual axioms of probability, are seen to rest on nothing more than requirements of consistency, above all, the requirement that in two problems where we have the same information we must assign the same probabilities. Thus, statistical mechanics is viewed as a branch of a general theory of inference, and the latter as an extension of the ordinary logic of consistency. Those who are familiar with the literature of statistics and statistical mechanics will recognize in both of these steps a genuine 'scientific revolution' - a complete reversal of earlier conceptions - and one of no small significance.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6581-2
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    Prospective Studies of Crime and Delinquency (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400966727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, An International Series 2
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Studies 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Engineering. ; Life sciences. ; Criminology. ; Humanities. ; Science. ; Mathematics.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I Criminal Behavior -- 2 Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts -- 3 Offending from 10 to 25 Years of Age -- 4 Genetic Influence in Criminal Behavior: Evidence from an Adoption Cohort -- 5 Social Class and Crime: Genetics and Environment -- 6 School and Family Origins of Delinquency: Comparisons by Sex -- 7 A Psychosocial Approach to Recidivism -- 8 Testing a General Theory of Deviant Behavior in Longitudinal Perspective -- 9 Delinquency among Metropolitan Boys: A Progress Report -- 10 Hyperactive Boys and Their Brothers at 21: Predictors of Aggressive and Antisocial Outcome -- II Violence and Psychopathy -- 11 Criminal Violence in a Birth Cohort -- 12 Criminal History of the Male Psychopath: Some Preliminary Data -- 13 Testosterone in the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents -- 14 Violent Crime in a Birth Cohort: Copenhagen 1953–1977 -- 15 A Longitudinal Study of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior -- 16 Aggression and Criminality in a Longitudinal Perspective -- 17 Linear Causal Modeling of Adaptation and Criminal History in Sexual Offenses -- III Noncriminal Aggressive Behavior -- 18 Early Life Experiences that Relate to Later Aggression by Women -- 19 Familial Characteristics of Adolescents Vulnerable to Subsequent Antisocial Disorders -- Author Index -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: Katherine Teilmann Van Dusen and Sarnoff A. Mednick This introduction delineates what we consider to be three of the most important impediments to the advance of knowledge in the field of criminology. The most fundamental need is for more studies of the nature and progress of criminal and delinquent careers. The second need is for more prospective, longitudinal studies of the etiology of crime and delinquency. The third need concerns the lack of interdisciplinary research toward a more integrated understanding of delinquent and criminal behavior. Criminal and Delinquent Careers The birth cohort study by Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin (1972) was heralded by many (Farrington, 1973; Erickson, 1973; Weis, 1974) as a landmark which allowed researchers to study the course of delinquency without the usual sampling biases that plagued other, cross-sectional research. For the first time, we could get a reasonable picture of when delinquency usually starts, what proportion of the population engages in delinquency, what types of delinquencies they engage in, what proportion continue, and so on. Cross sectional studies do not permit the investigation of careers because cross 1 PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2 sectional sampling includes only portions of careers for many of the individuals sampled. This is just one of the many problems that restricted researchers' ability to study the nature of criminal careers.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6672-7
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    Functions and Uses of Disciplinary Histories (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970359
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook 7
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Law—History.
    Abstract: I The Natural Sciences -- On the Relation of Physical Science to History in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany -- Re-Reading the Past from the End of Physics: Maxwell’s Equations in Retrospect -- A Founder Myth in the History of Sciences? — The Lavoisier Case -- Redefinitions of a Discipline: Histories of Geology and Geological History -- The Role of Medical History in the History of Medicine in Germany -- II The Social Sciences -- On Merton’s “History” and “Systematics” of Sociological Theory -- The Self-Presentation of a Discipline: History of Psychology in the United States between Pedagogy and Scholarship -- The Uses of History for the Shaping of a Field: Observations on German Psychology -- Cultural Anthropology and the Paradigm-Concept: A Brief History of their Recent Convergence -- III The Humanities -- On the Relation of Disciplinary Development and Historical Self-Presentation — the Case of Classical Philology since the End of the Eighteenth Century -- Epilogue -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Edward Gibbon's allegation at the beginning of his Essay on the Study of Literature (1764) that the history of empires is that of the miseries of humankind whereas the history of the sciences is that of their splendour and happiness has for a long time been accepted by professional scientists and by historians of science alike. For its practitioner, the history of a discipline displayed above all the always difficult but fmally rewarding approach to a truth which was incorporated in the discipline in its actual fonn. Looking back, it was only too easy to distinguish those who erred and heretics in the field from the few forerunners of true science. On the one hand, the traditional history of science was told as a story of hero and hero worship, on the other hand it was, paradoxically enough, the constant attempt to remind the scientist whom he should better forget. It is not surprising at all therefore that the traditional history of science was a field of only minor interest for the practitioner of a distinct scientific diSCipline or specialty and at the same time a hardly challenging task for the professional historian. Nietzsche had already described the historian of science as someone who arrives late after harvest-time: it is somebody who is only a tolerated guest at the thanksgiving dinner of the scientific community .
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7035-9
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    Multivariate Analysis in the Human Services (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400966611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Preliminaries -- Functions of Variables -- Matrices -- Matrix Algebra -- Some Matrices We Will Encounter -- Singularity of Matrices and Determinants -- Inverse of Matrices -- Problems -- 3 Multiple Regression I -- The Model in Matrix Terms -- Review of Analysis of Variance -- Two-Way Analysis of Variance -- The Analysis of Variance of Regression -- Interpretation of Regression Coefficients -- Residuals -- 4 Multiple Regression II -- Building a Regression Equation -- Coding of Categorical Variables for Regression Analysis -- and Partial Correlation-Statistical Control -- 5 More on Matrices -- Vectors -- Transformation of a Vector by a Matrix -- Projections -- Problems -- 6 Principal Components Analysis -- Two Variables, Three Cases -- Two Variables, n Cases -- Three Variables -- p Variables -- Scaling of Principal Components -- Reducing the Number of Principal Components -- Naming the Principal Components -- Example -- 7 Factor Analysis -- Points as Variables Instead of Individuals -- Subspaces -- The Decomposition of Variables -- The Correlation Matrix and Its Factors -- Extraction Methods -- Rotation -- Factor Scores -- Example -- 8 Multivariate Tests of Means -- Single-Sample Mean Test -- Two-Sample Mean Test -- Three or More Samples -- Example -- 9 Discriminant Analysis -- Geometric Representation -- Algebra of Discriminant Analysis -- The Discriminant Coefficients -- Significance Testing -- Classification -- 10 Other Multivariate Techniques -- Multivariate Multiple Regression -- Canonical Correlation -- Multivariate Analysis of Covariance -- 11 Repeated Measures Analysis -- Single-Group Designs -- N-Sample Case -- Appendixes -- A. The Greek Alphabet -- B. Random Variables, Expected Values, and Variance -- C. A Little Calculus -- D. A Little Trigonometry -- E. Still More on Matrices -- F. Logarithms -- G. Matrix Routines in SAS.
    Abstract: Research and evaluation in the human services usually involves a relatively large number of variables. We are interested in phenomena that have many aspects and many causes. The techniques needed to deal with many variables go beyond those of introductory statistics. Elementary procedures in statistics are limited in usefulness to situations in which we have two or three variables. When we have more than that, application of elementary techniques will often yield mis­ leading results. Why are elementary techniques inadequate when applied to many variables? Why, for example, should we not simply interpret a series of correlations of independent and dependent variables? The answer lies in the fact that these correlations are not independent pieces of information. The correlations of vari­ ables x and z with yare affected by the association of x with z. Hence, talk about the "effect" of x on y will be somewhat ambiguous, since we will be in­ cluding in that effect some of the effects of z. We would like to be able to sort out these effects. This is the problem of "estimation," that is, estimating the relationships or effects between variables, taking into account their relationships with other variables.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6661-1
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    God and Skepticism : A Study in Skepticism and Fideism (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 28
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Two Kinds of Fideism -- Skepticism, Classical and Modern -- Skepticism and Fideism -- 2: Conformist Fideism — I -- Erasmus, Montaigne, and Bayle -- Skepticism and Faith -- 3: Conformist Fideism — II -- The Coherence of Pyrrhonism -- Belief and Will -- The Pyrrhonist Stance -- The Clash with Reason -- Summary -- 4: Evangelical Fideism — I -- Pascal -- Kierkegaard -- 5: Evangelical Fideism — II -- The Rejection of Proof -- The Hiddenness of God -- Faith, Reason, and the Heart -- 6: Skepticism, Parity, and Religion — The Case of Hume -- Skepticism and Naturalism in Hume’s Philosophy -- Skepticism and Religion -- Hume and the Parity Argument -- 7: Fideism and Some Recent Arguments -- Evangelical Fideism — A Recapitulation -- Two Recent Versions of the Parity Argument -- Conformist Fideism and Contemporary Philosophy -- 8: The Nature of Faith.
    Abstract: This book is an exercise in philosophical criticism. What I criticize are some variations on a recurrent theme in religious thought: the theme that faith and reason are so disparate that faith is not undermined, but strengthened, if we judge that reason can give it no support. The common name for this view is Fideism. Those representatives of it that I have chosen to discuss do more, however, than insist on keeping faith free of the alleged contaminations of philosophical argument. They consider the case for Fideism to be made even stronger if one judges that reason cannot give us truth or assurance outside the sphere of faith any more than within it. In other words, they sustain their Fideism by an appeal to Skepticism. I call them, therefore, Skeptical Fideists. Skeptical Fideism is not a mere historical curiosity. Richard Popkin has shown us how wide its impact in the formative period of modern philosophy has been; and its impact on modern theological and apologetic reasoning has been immense. In my view, anyone who wishes to assess many of the assump­ tions current in the theologies of our time has to take account of it; I think, therefore, that there is a topical value in examining the figures whose views I discuss here - Erasmus, Montaigne, Bayle, and more importantly, Pascal and Kierkegaard.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7083-0
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    Epistemology & Methodology I : Exploring the World (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Epistemology I -- I. Cognition and Communication -- 1. Cognition -- 2. Knowledge -- 3. Communication -- II. Perceiving and Thinking -- 4. Perceiving -- 5. Conceiving -- 6. Inferring -- III. Exploring and Theorizing -- 7. Exploring -- 8. Conjecturing -- 9. Systematizing -- Appendices -- 1. The Power of Mathematics in Theory Construction: A Simple Model of Evolution -- 2. The Prose Identifying the Variables -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this Introduction we shall state the business of both descriptive and normative epistemology, and shall locate them in the map oflearning. This must be done because epistemology has been pronounced dead, and methodology nonexisting; and because, when acknowledged at all, they are often misplaced. 1. DESCRIPTIVE EPISTEMOLOGY The following problems are typical of classical epistemology: (i) What can we know? (ii) How do we know? (iii) What, if anything, does the subject contribute to his knowledge? (iv) What is truth? (v) How can we recognize truth? (vi) What is probable knowledge as opposed to certain knowledge? (vii) Is there a priori knowledge, and if so of what? (viii) How are knowledge and action related? (ix) How are knowledge and language related? (x) What is the status of concepts and propositions? In some guise or other all of these problems are still with us. To be sure, if construed as a demand for an inventory of knowledge the first problem is not a philosophical one any more than the question 'What is there?'. But it is a genuine philosophical problem if construed thus: 'What kinds of object are knowable-and which ones are not?' However, it is doubtful that philosophy can offer a correct answer to this problem without the help of science and technology. For example, only these disciplines can tell us whether man can know not only phenomena (appearances) but also noumena (things in themselves or self-existing objects).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7027-4
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    Quantification and Syntactic Theory (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401569323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 21
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I: Syntax and Model-Theoretic Semantics -- II: A Fragment of English -- III: Quantifier Storage -- IV: Storage and wh-Phenomena -- V: wh-Phenomena and the Theory of Grammar -- VI: Presupposition and Quantification -- VII: Gender Agreement -- Notes -- Answers to Selected Exercises -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The format of this book is unusual, especially for a book about linguistics. The book is meant primarily as a research monograph aimed at linguists who have some background in formal semantics, e. g. Montague Grammar. However, I have two other audiences in mind. Linguists who have little or no experience of formal semantics, but who have worked through a basic mathematics for linguists course (e. g. using Wall, 1972, or Partee, 1978), should, perhaps with the help of a sympathetic Montague gramma­ rian, be able to discover enough of how I have adapted some of the basic ideas in formal semantics to make the developments that I undertake in the rest of the book accessible. Logicians and computer scientists who know about model theoretic semantics and formal systems should be able to glean enough from Chapters I and II about linguistic concerns and techniques to be able to read the remainder of the book, again possibly with the help of a sympathetic Montague grammarian. However, readers should beware. Chapter II is not meant as a general introduction either to formal semantics or to linguistics and while much of the presentation there is going over ground that is already well covered in the literature, the particular formulation and the emphases are very much oriented to the developments to be undertaken later in the book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6932-3
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    Antipositivist Theories of the Sciences : Critical Rationalism, Critical Theory and Scientific Realism (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 284 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Monographs 3
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences - Monographs, Continued As Sociology of the Sciences Library 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: The Identification of Positivism -- 1. Introduction -- II: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- 2. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 3. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 4. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 5. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- III: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- 6. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 7. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 8. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 9. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- IV: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 10. Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 11. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Rationalism -- 12. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Theory -- 13. The Concept of Ideology in Scientific Realism -- 14. Discussion: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- Notes.
    Abstract: The sciences are too important to be left exclusively to scientists, and indeed they have not been. The structure of scientific knowledge, the role of the sciences in society, the appropriate social contexts for the pursuit of scientific inquiry, have long been matters for reflection and debate about the sciences carried on both within academe and outside it. Even within the universities this reflection has not been the property of any single discipline. Philosophy might have been first in the field, but history and the social sciences have also entered the fray. For the latter, new problems came to the fore, since reflection on the sciences is, in the case of the social sciences, necessarily also reflection on themselves as sciences. Reflection on the natural sciences and self-reflection by the social sciences came to be dominated in the 1960s by the term 'positivism'. At the time when this word had been invented, the sciences were flourishing; their social and material environment had become increasingly favourable to scientific progress, and the sciences were pointing the way to an optimistic future. In the later twentieth century, however, 'positivism' came to be a word used more frequently by those less sure of nineteenth century certainties. In both sociology and philosophy, 'positivism' was now something to be rejected, and, symbolizing the collapse of an earlier consensus, it became itself the shibboleth of a new dissensus, as different groups of reflective thinkers, in rejecting 'positivism', rejected something different, and often rejected each other.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7678-9
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    Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory with Applications (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401715904
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 494 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 37
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Opening Address -- Paradoxes and Their Solutions -- Behavior Under Uncertainty and Its Implications for Policy -- Frequency, Probability and Chance -- Utility Analysis from the Point of View of Model Building -- On Second Order Probabilities and the Notion of Epistemic Risk -- Expected Utility Theory Does Not Apply to All Rational Men -- Sure-Thing Doubts -- The Pre-Outcome Period and the Utility of Gambling -- Empirical Demonst:ation that Expected Utility Decision Analysis is Not Operational -- Risk Attitude Hypotheses of Utility Theory -- Probabilistic Forecasts: Some Results and Speculations -- The Supra-Additivity of Subjective Probability -- A Decision Analysis Model When the Substitution Principle is Not Acceptable -- Generalized Expected Utility Analysis and the Nature of Observed Violations of the Independence Axiom -- Use of Subjective Probabilities in Game Theory -- Bargaining and Rationality: A Discussion of Zeuthen’as Principle and Some Other Decision Rules -- Hotelling Utility Functions -- Cardinal Utility and Decision Making Under Uncertainty -- Decision Making with an Uncertain Utility Function -- Welfare Losses Arising from Increased Public Information, and/or the Opening of New Securities Markets: Examples of the General Theory of the Second Best -- Decision Making in Dynamic Environments -- The Economics of Organizational Design -- Indifference Spanning Analysis -- Evaluation of Oil Spill Combat Plans by Means of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In this volume we present some o~ the papers that were delivered at FUR-82 - the First International Con~erence on Foundations o~ Utility and Risk Theory in Oslo, June 1982. The purpose o~ the con~erence was to provide a ~orum within which scientists could report on interesting applications o~ modern decision theory and exchange ideas about controversial issues in the ~oundations o~ the theory o~ choice under un­ certainty. With that purpose in mind we have selected a mixture of applied and theoretical papers that we hope will appeal to a wide spectrum o~ readers ~rom graduate students in social science departments and business schools to people involved in making hardheaded decisions in business and government. In an introductory article Ole Hagen gives an overview o~ various paradoxes in utility and risk theory and discusses these in the light o~ scientific methodology. He concludes the article by calling ~or joint efforts to provide decision makers with warkable theories. Kenneth Arrow takes up the same issue on a broad basis in his paper where he discusses the implications o~ behavior under uncertainty for policy. In the theoretical papers the reader will ~ind attempts at de~initive Statements of the meaning o~ old concepts and suggestions for the adoption o~ new concepts. For instance, Maurice Allais discusses four di~ferent interpretations o~ the axioms o~ probability and explains the need ~or an empirical characterization o~ the concept of chance.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1590-4
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  • 130
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    The Ethics of Legal Coercion (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400972575
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 26
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: One: The Ethics of Respect for Persons -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Empirical Choice -- 1.3. Rational Choice -- 1.4. Rational Empirical Choice -- 1.5. Considered Choice -- 1.6. Unencumbered Choice -- Two: The Nature of a Limits Thesis -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Defining a Protected Sphere -- 2.3. Enforcing Morality versus Preventing Harm -- 2.4. Positive Morality versus Critical Morality -- 2.5. Which Critical Morality Should be Enforced? -- 2.6. Which Specific Kinds of Conduct Are Immoral? -- 2.7. Procedural Matters and Democracy -- 2.8. Conclusions -- Three: The Harm Principle -- 3.1. Harm and Interests -- 3.2. A Respect-for-Persons Conception of Harm -- Four: Legal Paternalism -- 4.1. The Principle of Paternalism -- 4.2. Paternalism and Law -- Five: The Welfare Principle -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Basis of Positive Rights -- 5.3. The Plausibility of Positive Rights -- 5.4. Positive Rights and Individual Action -- 5.5. Positive Rights, the State, and Collective Action -- Six: The Principle of Community -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Laissez-Faire versus Collective Control -- 6.3. The Scope of Collective Control -- Seven: The Principle of Necessary Means -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The Principle of Necessary Means -- 7.3. Some Uses of the Principle -- Eight: Exclusionary Principles -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The Principle of Free Speech -- 8.3. The Generalized Exclusionary Principle -- Nine: Punishment -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Punishment and Respect for Persons -- 9.3. General Justifying Aim -- 9.4. Distribution -- 9.5. Severity -- Ten: Evaluating Legislation -- 10.1. The Principles of Legal Coercion -- 10.2. Taxation and the Provision of Public Goods -- 10.3. Victimless Crimes and the Enforcement of Popular Morality: Pornography -- 10.4. The Problem of Offensive Conduct -- 10.5. Concluding Remarks -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Are all of the commonly accepted aims of the use of law justifiable? Which kinds of behavior are justifiably prohibited, which kinds justifiably required? What uses of law are not defensible? How can the legitimacy or the ille­ gitimacy of various uses of law be explained or accounted for? These are questions the answering of which involves one in many issues of moral principle, for the answers require that one adopt positions - even if only implicitly - on further questions of what kinds of actions or policies are morally or ethically acceptable. The present work, aimed at questions of these kinds, is thus a study in the ethical evaluation of major uses of legal coercion. It is an attempt to provide a framework within which many questions about the proper uses of law may be fruitfully discussed. The framework, if successful, can be used by anyone asking questions about the defensibility of particular or general uses of law, whether from the perspective of someone considering whether to bring about some new legal provision, from the perspective of someone concerned to evaluate an eXisting provision, or from that of someone concerned more abstractly with questions about the appropriate substance of an ideal legal system. In addressing these and associated issues, I shall be exploring the extent to which an ethics based on respect for persons and their autonomy can handle satisfactorily the problems arising here.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7257-5
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    Nature Animated : Historical and Philosophical Case Studies in Greek Medicine, Nineteenth-Century and Recent Biology, Psychiatry, and Psychoanalysis/Papers Deriving from the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science, Montreal, Canada, 1980 Volume II (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (287p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Table of Contents: Volume II -- The New Dualism: “Res Philosophica” and “Res Historica” -- I -- Hippocrates and the School of Cos. Between Myth and Skepticism -- The Historical Hippocrates and the Origins of Scientific Medicine. Comments on Joly -- II -- What’s in a Word? Coming to Terms in the Darwinian Revolution -- Comments on Beatty -- Reply to Hull -- III -- The Politics of Truth: A Social Interpretation of Scientific Knowledge, with an Application to the Case of Sociobiology -- IV -- Anatomy of the Self in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Unity of the Self -- Psychoanalysis, Personal Identity, and Scientific Method -- V -- Themes in British Psychiatry, J. C. Prichard (1785–1848) to Henry Maudsley (1835–1918) -- Comments on Bynum -- Name Index.
    Abstract: These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25-29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Fran~ois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec it Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6960-5
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    God, Free Will, and Morality : Prolegomena to a Theory of Practical Reasoning (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: 1
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 27
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Ethics ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Introduction -- III / Practical Reasoning, Action, and Weakness of Will -- III/ The Dilemma of Obligability -- IV/ Was Free Will a Pseudo-Problem? -- V/ The Fly in the Flypaper -- VI/ Oughts and Cans -- VII/ Unprincipled Morality -- VIII/ Beyond Intuitionism — A Step -- IX/ “To Forgive All…” -- X/ “With God All is Permitted” -- Notes.
    Abstract: "He [Francis Bacon] writes of science like a Lord Chan cellor" - William Harvey "Don't say: 'There must be something common . . . ' - but look and see" Ludwig Wittgenstein In the history of western moral philosophy since Plato, there has been a pervasive tendency for the moral theorist to wri~e, in effect, like a scientist, Le. to seek completely general prin­ ciples of right conduct. Of late, moreover, there has been an attempt to set forth a theory underlying the general principles, not of right conduct, admittedly, but of justice. To be sure, we are sometimes warned that the principles (which must exist?) may be too complex to be formulated. Also they may not exist prior to action - nonetheless, we are told, they serve as guides to conduct! One inight argue that Baconian inductivism provides one basis for skepticism with respect to a number of familiar epistemological problems. Thus, the skeptic argues, a certain conclusion - say, the existence of another's pain - is not justified on the basis of (behavioral) evidence either deductively or inductively, and hence it is not justified at all. Similarly, I should claim, by establishing an unattainable standard, the search for exceptionless principles may become a source of moral skepticism. After all, when con­ fronted with a supposed principle designed to justify a particular ix x PREFACE action, one can generally imagine a counter-example to the prin­ ciple without excessive difficulty.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7077-9
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    Marsilius of Inghen: Treatises on the Properties of Terms : A First Critical Edition of the Suppositiones, Ampliationes, Appellationes, Restrictiones and Alienationes with Introduction, Translation, Notes and Appendices (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969469
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Preliminary Remarks -- 2. Marsilius of Inghen’s life and Works -- 3. Marsilius’ Teachings -- 4. Conspectus of the Manuscripts, Incunabula and Post-Incunabula -- 5. The Establishment of the Present Edition -- 6. Title of the Treatises -- II. Text and Translation -- List of Signs -- Apparatus Criticus -- III. Notes to the Text -- 1. Notes to the Suppositiones -- 2. Notes to the Ampliationes -- 3. Notes to the Appellationes -- 4. Notes to the Restrictiones and Alienationes -- IV. Appendices -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_13 -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_14 -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_15 -- 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9_16 -- Indexes to the Latin Text -- Indexes to the Introduction, Notes, And Appendices -- Index of Manuscripts.
    Abstract: occurred in the textbooks of medieval logicians. Hubien (1975,1977) did the same in recent articles and other modern logicians with interest in the history of their field of knowledge, or students of the history of logic with knowledge of modern achievements in this field, could be mentioned. For example, Trentman (1977:41) in his recent edition of Vincent Ferrer's Tractatus de Suppositionibus, 'Treatise on suppositions', elucidates Ferrer's theory of natural supposition with the aid of modern logic and points out that in some respects, for example, in the theory of irltensionality, modern theories have been developed with little more success. In the Middle Ages, semantics and logic were entirely interwoven. For, in the opinion of medieval philosophers, thought is enacted in language. This very same language consists of meaningful entities and those entities form propositions that may be used as premisses in argument. In their opinion, language and thought were both related to reality in a natural way (cf. De Rijk, 1977:233). This is also evident from Marsilius' works (cf., e.g., p. 54, n. 11-23). The semantical presuppositions oT the propositions that may be used in arguments, are analysed. This, indeed, is one of the contributions to logic by medieval logicians (cf. Moody, 1975:385).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6946-9
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    Handbook of Philosophical Logic : Volume I: Elements of Classical Logic (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970663
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (504p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 164
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic. ; Computational linguistics.
    Abstract: to Volume I -- I.1. Elementary Predicate Logic -- I.2. Systems of Deduction -- I.3. Alternatives to Standard First-order Semantics -- I.4. Higher-order Logic -- I.5. Predicative Logics -- I.6. Algorithms and Decision Problems: A Crash Course in Recursion Theory -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volumes II, III, and IV.
    Abstract: The aim of the first volume of the present Handbook of Philosophical Logic is essentially two-fold: First of all, the chapters in this volume should provide a concise overview of the main parts of classical logic. Second, these chapters are intended to present all the relevant background material necessary for the understanding of the contributions which are to follow in the next three volumes. We have thought it to be of importance that the connections between classical logic and its 'extensions' (covered in Volume 11) as well as its most important 'alternatives' (covered in Volume Ill) be brought out clearly from the start. The first chapter presents a clear and detailed picture of the range of what is generally taken to be the standard logical framework, namely, predicate (or first-order quantificational) logic. On the one hand, this chapter surveys both propositionai logic and first-order predicate logic and, on the other hand, presents the main metalogical results obtained for them. Chapter 1. 1 also contains a discussion of the limits of first-order logic, i. e. it presents an answer to the question: Why has predicate logic played such a formidable role in the formalization of mathematics and in the many areas of philo­ sophical and linguistic applications? Chapter 1. 1 is prerequisite for just about all the other chapters in the entire Handbook, while the other chapters in Volume I provide more detailed discussions of material developed or hinted at in the first chapter.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7066-3
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    Coping with Complexity : Perspectives for Economics, Management and Social Sciences (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970243
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 33
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction to Complex Systems -- 1.1 Finite Complex Systems -- 1.2 Some Concepts of Complexity -- 1.3 Fundamental Issues of Complexity -- 1.4 Multi-level System and Control -- 1.5 Design and Algebraic Systems -- 1.6 Models Using Catastrophe Theory -- 1.7 Aspects of FCS Modelling -- 1.8 Computer Models and Man Machine Interaction -- Note -- References -- 2* Mathematics of Machines, Semigroups and Complexity -- 2.1 Finite State Machines -- 2.2 Definitions and Bounds of Complexity -- 2.3 Machines and Semigroups -- 2.4 The Krohn-Rhodes Prime Decomposition Theorem for Finite Semigroups and Machines -- 2.5 An Application of the Prime Decomposition Theorem — Some Results on Combinatorial Semigroups -- 2.6 Calculating the Complexity of a Transformation Semigroup -- 2.7 The Generalized Model -- References -- 3 Complexity and Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction and Motivation -- 3.2 Competitive Processes and Dynamical Systems -- 3.3 Description of a Dynamic System -- 3.4 Axioms of Complexity -- 3.5 Evolution Complexity -- 3.6 Dynamic Systems of Resource Depletion -- 3.7 Complexity in Thom’s Program -- 3.8 Policy Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Structural Characteristics in Economic Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Preliminary Considerations -- 4.3 Decomposable Systems -- 4.4 Systems Modelling and Complexity -- 4.5 Structure of the Model -- 4.6 The Model’s Basic Set of Relationships -- 4.7 Evaluation of Complexity -- 4.8 Discussion -- 4.9 Comparison with some Studies on the Economics of Organization -- Note -- References -- 5 Complexity, Bounded Rationality and Problem-Solving -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bounded Rationality -- 5.3 Problem Solving -- 5.4 An Overview of Algorithmic Complexity and Problem-Solving -- 5.5 A Case in Heuristics: General Problem-Solving (GPS) -- 5.6 Planning -- 5.7 Conclusions -- Appendix: Problem-Solving for Energy Technology Assessment -- Notes -- References -- 6 Complexity and Decision Rules -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background and Motivation -- 6.3 Choice Processes and Complexity -- 6.4 An Example of a Decision or Search Rule -- 6.5 A Social Choice Machine -- 6.6 Complexity of Decision Rules -- 6.7 A Construction of Compatible Decision Rules -- 6.8 Summary and Extension -- Notes -- References -- 7 Complexity and Organizational Decision-Making -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Organizational Structures and Performance -- 7.3 Organizations and Environments -- 7.4 A Real-time Organization -- 7.5 Information Technology -- 7.6 Costs of Information Processing -- 7.7 A Simple Machine Model of Organizational Design -- 7.8 Organizational Malfunctioning and Design -- 7.9 The Case of Line Organization -- 7.10 The Parallel Processing Line -- 7.11 The Case of Staff Organization -- 7.12 The Staff Acting as an Input Filter -- 7.13 Optimization Problem of the Staff Design -- 7.14 The Alternately Processing Staff -- 7.15 The Parallel Processing Staff -- 7.16 Some Practical Aspects of Organizational Design -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this book I develop a theory of complexity for economics and manage­ ment sciences. This book is addressed to the mathematically or analytically oriented economist, psychologist or management scientist. It could also be of interest to engineers, computer scientists, biologists, physicists and ecologists who have a constant desire to go beyond the bounds of their respective disciplines. The unifying theme is: we live in a complex world, but how can we cope with complexity? If the book has made the reader curious, and if he looks at modelling, problem recognition and problem solving within his field of competence in a more "complex" way, it will have achieved its goal. The starting point is the recognition that complexity is a well-defined concept in mathematics (e.g. in topological dynamics), computer science, information theory and artificial intelligence. But it is a rather diffuse concept in other fields, sometimes it has only descriptive value or even worse, it is only used in a colloquial sense. The systematic investigation of complexity phenomena has reached a mature status within computer science. Indices of computer size, capacity and performance root ultimately in John von Neumann's paradigmatic model of a machine, though other 1 roots point to McCulloch and Pitts, not to forget Alan Turing. Offsprings of this development include: -complexity of formal systems and recursiveness; -cellular automata and the theory of self-reproducing machines; -theory of program or computational complexity; -theory of sequential machines; -problem solving, cognitive science, pattern recognition and decision processes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7024-3
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  • 136
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    Program Evaluation : A Practitioner’s Guide for Trainers and Educators (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401176309
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Evaluation in Education and Human Services 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Educational tests and measurements
    Abstract: I. Conducting Evaluation—The Sourcebook -- 1. Focusing the Evaluation -- 2. Designing Evaluation -- 3. Collecting Information -- 4. Analyzing Information -- 5. Reporting Information -- 6. Managing Evaluation -- 7. Evaluating Evaluation (Meta-Evaluation) -- II. Applications—The Casebook -- The Local School Case Examples -- The State Agency Case Examples -- The College and University Case Examples.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7630-9
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    Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971332
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 22
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: from Rutherford to Hahn -- The Nuclear Electron Hypothesis -- The Evolution of Matter: Nuclear Physics, Cosmic Rays, and Robert Millikan’s Research Program -- The Discovery of Fission and a Nuclear Physics Paradigm -- Internal and External Conditions for the Discovery of Fission by the Berlin Team -- Otto Hahn, Science, and Social Responsibility -- The Politics of British Science in the Munich Era -- Why Hahn’s Radiothorium Surprised Rutherford in Montreal -- The Discovery of Uranium Z by Otto Hahn: The First Example of Nuclear Isomerism -- Nuclear Physics in Candada in the 1930s.
    Abstract: and less as the emanation unden\'ent radioactive decay, and it became motion­ less after about 30 seconds. Since this process was occurring very rapidly, Hahn and Sackur marked the position of the pointer on a scale with pencil marks. As a timing device they used a metronome that beat out intervals of approximately 1. 3 seconds. This simple method enabled them to determine that the half-life of the emanations of actinium and emanium were the same. Although Giesel's measurements had been more precise than Debierne's, the name of actinium was retained since Debierne had made the discovery first. Hahn now returned to his sample of barium chloride. He soon conjectured that the radium-enriched preparations must harbor another radioactive sub­ stance. The liquids resulting from fractional crystallization, which were sup­ posed to contain radium only, produced two kinds of emanation. One was the long-lived emanation of radium, the other had a short life similar to the emanation produced by thorium. Hahn tried to separate this substance by adding some iron to the solutions that should have been free of radium, but to no avail. Later the reason for his failure became apparent. The element that emitted the thorium emanation was constantly replenished by the ele­ ment believed to be radium. Hahn succeeded in enriching a preparation until it was more than 100,000 times as intensive in its radiation as the same quantity of thorium.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7133-2
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    Science under Scrutiny : The Place of History and Philosophy of Science (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 182 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Why Philosophy of Science? -- Knowledge and Power in the Sciences -- Facts and Values in Science Studies -- No History Without Health -- Science Policy Studies: Retrospect and Prospect -- Social Science: Education as Social Persuasion -- History and Philosophy of Science in the Pedagogical Process -- Science Teaching or Science Preaching? Critical Reflections on School Science -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recognized - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionali­ zation of History and Philosophy of Science began comparatively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7672-7
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  • 139
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    Essays on International & Comparative Law (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401714686
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 273 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; International economics ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law. ; International economic relations.
    Abstract: Prolegomena to the Identification of Custom in International Law -- Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims -- Statutory Controls on Standard Terms employed in an International Context: Is the Cure worse than the Disease? -- Towards a System of Equitable Standards in the New Dutch Civil Code -- International Law and Subnational Intergovernmental Law: Some Relationships -- Internationalism above Freedom of Contract -- Arbitration Clauses / some comparative observations -- International Issues on Collective Agreements of Seafarers -- Seamen’s Strike and Supporting Boycotts: Recent Case Developments Abroad -- The Nationality of Ships in Yugoslav Law with Reference to Present International Developments -- Subsequent Choice of Law and Compromissory Agreement (Vaststellingsovereenkomst) -- Quod Licet Iovi... The Precarious Relationship between the Court of Justice of the European Communities and Arbitration -- Dr. Erades, Chairman of Two International Arbitral Tribunals -- Soft Law -- The Forum Actoris and International Law -- On “Giving a Hand” in Swedish Law of Civil Procedure: Recent developments in the Law on Handräckning -- Executive and Judiciary in Foreign Affairs: Recognition of Foreign Lawmaking Entities -- Bibliography Judge Erades.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1468-6
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    Space, Time and Causality : Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences Volume 1981 (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 157
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Absolute versus Relative Space and Time -- Three Steps Towards Absolutism -- Reply to Mackie -- Absoluteness and Conspiracy -- Time And Causal Connectibility -- Prospects for a Causal Theory of Space-Time -- Verificationism and Theories of Space-Time -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Causality And Quantum Mechanics -- How the Measurement Problem Is an Artifact of the Mathematics -- Measurement, Unitarity, and Laws -- Causality, Relativity, and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox -- Nonlocality and Peaceful Coexistence -- Quantum Logic and Ensembles -- Notes On Contributors -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alter­ nate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have included discussions between philosophers and distinguished practitioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is hoped that this series will contribute to advancing philosophical understanding at the frontiers of philosophy and areas of interest to non-philosophers. It is hoped that it will do so by writing which reduces technicalities as much as the subject-matter permits. In this way the series is intended to demonstrate that philosophy can be clear and worthwhile in itself and at the same time relevant to the interests of lay people.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6966-7
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    Physical Sciences and History of Physics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 82
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 82
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Particles or Events? -- Commentary on ‘Particles or Events?’ -- Time Symmetry and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Is Physical Space Unique or Optional? -- Theory Reduction: A Question of Fact or or a Question of Value? -- Cosmology and Verifiability -- Galileo and the Phenomena: On Making the Evidence Visible -- Quantum Theory of Measurement: A Non-Quantum Mechanical Approach -- Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity -- Commentary on ‘Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity’ -- Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor -- Commentary on ‘Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor’ -- The Unity of Nature -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These essays on the conceptual understanding of modern physics strike directly at some of the principal difficulties faced by contemporary philos­ ophers of physical science. Moreover, they reverberate to earlier and classical struggles with those difficulties. Each of these essays may be seen as both a commentary on our predecessors and an original analytic interpretation. They come from work of the past decade, most from meetings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, and they demonstrate again how problematic the fundamentals of our understanding of nature still are. The themes will seem to be familiar but the variations are not only ingenious but also stimulating, in some ways counterpoint. And so once again we are confronted with issues of space and time, irreversibility and measurement, matter and process, hypothetical reality and verifiability, explanation and reduction, phenomenal base and sophisticated theory, unified science and the unity of nature, and the limits of conventionalism. We are grateful for the cooperation of our contributors, and in particular for the agreement of George Ellis and C. F. von Weizsiicker to allow us to use previously published papers.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7178-3
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    Philosophy and Technology (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971240
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 80
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 80
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- I / Can Technological Development Be Regulated? -- Can Government Regulate Technology? -- Social Implications of Recent Technological Innovations -- Technology and Human Rights -- Technology Assessment, Facts and Values -- A Critique of Technological Determinism -- Techne and Politeia: The Technical Constitution of Society -- II / Technology Assessment -- Technoaxiology: Appropriate Norms for Technology Assessment -- Comment: What Is Alternative Technology? A Reply to Professor Stanley Carpenter -- The Prospects for Technology Assessment -- Technology Assessment and the Problem of Quantification -- Forecast, Value, and the Recent Phenomenon of Non-Acceptance: The Limits of a Philosophy of Technology Assessment -- III / Responsibilities Toward Nature -- The Viability of Environmental Ethics -- Notes on Extended Responsibility and Increased Technological Power -- What Sort of Technology Permits the Language of Nature? Conditions for Controlling Nature-Domination Constitutionally -- IV / Metaphysical and Historical Issues -- The Historical-Ontological Priority of Technology over Science -- The Origins of Modern Technology in Millenarianism -- The Religious and Political Origins of Modern Technology -- From the Phenomenon to the Event of Technology (A Dialectical Approach to Heidegger’s Phenomenology) -- Pragmatism, Transcendental Arguments, and the Technological -- V / Directions for Philosophy of Technology -- The Cultural Character of Technology -- The Import of Social, Political, and Anthropological Considerations in an Adequate Philosophy of Technology -- Philosophy of Technology: Problems of a Philosophical Discipline -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Only recently has the phenomenon of technology become an object of in­ terest for philosophers. The first attempts at a philosophy of technology date back scarcely a hundred years - a span of time extremely short when com­ pared with the antiquity of philosophical reflections on nature, science, and society. Over that hundred-year span, speculative, critical, and empiricist approaches of various sorts have been put forward. Nevertheless, even now there remains a broad gap between the importance of technology in the real world and the sparse number of philosophical works dedicated to the under­ standing of modern technology. As a result of the complex structure of modern technology, it can be dealt with in very different ways. These range from metaphysical exposition to efforts aimed at political consensus. Quite naturally, within such a broad range, certain national accents can be discovered-; they are shaped by a com­ mon language, accepted philosophical traditions, and concrete problems requiring consideration. Even so, the worldwide impact of technology, its penetration into all spheres of individual, social, and cultural life, together with the urgency of the problems raised in this context - all these demand a joint philosophical discussion that transcends the barriers of language and cultural differences. The papers printed here are intended to exemplify such an effort at culture-transcending philosophical discussion.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7124-0
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    The Game of Language : Studies in Game-Theoretical Semantics and Its Applications (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401098472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Game-Theoretical Semantics: Insights and Prospects -- 2 / Semantical Games and Transcendental Arguments -- 3 / Semantical Games, Subgames, and Functional Interpretations -- 4 / Any Problems — No Problems -- 5 / Temporal Discourse and Semantical Games -- 6 / Definite Descriptions in Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 7 / “Is”, Semantical Games, and Semantical Relativity -- 8 / Semantical Games and Aristotelian Categories -- 9 / On the Any-Thesis and the Methodology of Linguistics -- 10 / Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Since the first chapter of this book presents an intro­ duction to the present state of game-theoretical semantics (GTS), there is no point in giving a briefer survey here. Instead, it may be helpful to indicate what this volume attempts to do. The first chapter gives a short intro­ duction to GTS and a survey of what is has accomplished. Chapter 2 puts the enterprise of GTS into new philo­ sophical perspective by relating its basic ideas to Kant's phi losophy of mathematics, space, and time. Chapters 3-6 are samples of GTS's accomplishments in understanding different kinds of semantical phenomena, mostly in natural languages. Beyond presenting results, some of these chapters also have other aims. Chapter 3 relates GTS to an interesting line of logical and foundational studies - the so-called functional interpretations - while chapter 4 leads to certain important methodological theses. Chapter 7 marks an application of GTS in a more philo­ sophical direction by criticizing the Frege-Russell thesis that words like "is" are multiply ambiguous. This leads in turn to a criticism of recent logical languages (logical notation), which since Frege have been based on the ambi­ guity thesis, and also to certain methodological sug­ gestions. In chapter 8, GTS is shown to have important implications for our understanding of Aristotle's doctrine of categories, while chapter 9 continues my earlier criticism of Chomsky's generative approach to linguistic theorizing.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9847-2
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  • 144
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    Abstract Objects : An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 160
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theory, Data, and Explanation -- 2. The Origins of the Theory -- I. Elementary Object Theory -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- 5. An Auxiliary Hypothesis -- II. Applications of the Elementary Theory -- 1. Modelling Plato’s Forms -- 2. Modelling the Round Square, etc. -- 3. The Problem of Existence 50 Appendix -- III. The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions) -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- IV. The Applications of the Modal Theory -- 1. Truth -- 2. Modelling Possible Worlds -- 3. Modelling Leibniz’s Monads -- 4. Modelling Stories and Native Characters -- 5. Modality and Descriptions -- V. The Typed Theory of Abstract Objects -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- VI. Applications of the Typed Theory -- 1. Modelling Frege’s Senses (I) -- 2. Modelling Frege’s Senses (II) -- 3. Modelling Impossible and Fictional Relations -- 4. Modelling Mathematical Myths and Entities -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Modelling the Theory Itself -- B. Modelling Notions -- Notes.
    Abstract: In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso­ phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6980-3
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  • 145
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    Physics, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis : Essays in Honour of Adolf Grünbaum (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 76
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 76
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Geometry and Semantics: An Examination of Putnam’s Philosophy of Geometry -- The Epistemological Status of Recent Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Theory of Your Dreams -- Valuation and Objectivity in Science -- Simultaneity and Conventionality -- The Demise of the Demarcation Problem -- Grünbaum on Determinism and the Moral Life -- The Unpredictability of Future Science -- Freud’s Early Theories of Hysteria -- Clinical Trials: The Validation of Theory and Therapy -- Reflections on the Philosophy of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger -- Zeno’s Paradox of Measure -- Special Relativity from Measuring Rods -- Causality and Spacetime Structure in Relativity -- Calibration: A Frequency Justification for Personal Probability -- Bibliography of Adolf Grünbaum -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: To celebrate Adolf Griinbaum's sixtieth birthday by offering him this bouquet of essays written for this purpose was the happy task of an autonomous Editorial Committee: Wesley C. Salmon, Nicholas Rescher, Larry Laudan, Carl G. Hempel, and Robert S. Cohen. To present the book within the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science was altogether fitting and natural, for Griinbaum has' been friend and supporter of philosophy of science at Boston University for twenty-five years, and unofficial godfather to the Boston Colloquium. To regret that we could not include contributions from all his well-wishers, critical admirers and admiring critics, is only to regret that we did not have an encyclopedic space at the committee's disposal. But we, and all involved in this book, speak for all the others in the philo­ sophical, scientific, and personal worlds of Adolf Griinbaum in greeting him on May 15, 1983, with our wishes for his health, his scholarship, his happiness. Our gratitude is due to Carolyn Fawcett for her care and accuracy in editing this book, and for the preparation of the Index; and to Elizabeth McMunn for her help again and again, especially in preparation of the Bibliography of the Published Writings of Adolf Griinbaum; and to Thelma Griinbaum for encouraging, planning, and cheering. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science M.W.W.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7055-7
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  • 146
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    Direct Realism : A Study of Perception (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969087
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Caveats -- 1. Physicalism and Direct Realism -- 2. Adverbialism -- 3. Acts and Objects -- 4. Whither Direct Realism? -- II. The Sensory Scene -- 1. The Argument for Immediacy -- 2. The Argument from Infallibility -- 3. The Argument from Conceptual Frameworks -- 4. The Very Idea of Direct Realism -- III. Qualitative Appearing -- 1. The Sensum Theory -- 2. The Compound Thing Theory -- 3. The Multiple Inherence Theory -- 4. The Multiple Relation Theory -- 5. The Impasse: A Look Backward -- 6. The Multiple Relation Theory Revisited: Major Objections -- 7. Direct Realism and the Multiple Relation Theory Reconciled -- IV. Illusion -- 1. The Received Answers: Direct Realists Manqué -- 2. No Intrinsic Difference: Another Interpretation -- 3. Descriptive Neutrality and Direct Realism -- 4. Indeterminate Perceptual Objects: The Speckled Hen Example -- 5. The Phantom Limb Objection -- V. Time Lag -- 1. The Received Answers -- 2. A New Beginning -- 3. Obstacles and Objections -- 4. Common Sense and Causation -- 5. Microparticles: Causation’s Last Resort -- 6. Color Perception: A Counterexample -- VI. Phenomenalism -- 1. Classical Phenomenalism: Mill -- 2. Varieties of Phenomenalism: Hume -- 3. Phenomenalism and Logical Constructions: Russell -- 4. Phenomenalism: A Budget of Difficulties -- 5. The Anomaly of Phenomenalism.
    Abstract: or their surfaces can be translated without remainder into descriptions of ob­ jects that are neither material objects or surfaces of any material object. All of these claims have historically conspired to discredit Direct Realism. But Direct Realism can accommodate all of the premises of the three argu­ ments without admitting any of their conclusions. Inferential perceptual knowl­ edge assumes a kind of knowledge that is not inferential. Without this assump­ tion, we are given a vicious infinite regress. But this is compatible with the fact that any case of non-inferential knowledge has a material objeCt as its object. The fact ofinfallible perceptual awareness fails to discredit DireCt Realism for similar reasons. Infallibility is a characteristic, not of the objects which we perceive, but rather of the acts by which we perceive them. And this permits an object of such awareness to be either material or something other than material. It does not fol­ low from the fact of infallibility that the objects of awareness must be other than material objects. And, finally, the fact of translatability shows at most that we either can or must simultaneously perceive material objects and entities which are not material objects. It does not show that the perception of the one is the same as the perception of the other. The entire argument rests, as we shall learn, on an illicit assimilation of the notions of sameness and equivalence.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6908-7
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  • 147
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    Processes, Beliefs, and Questions : Essays on Formal Semantics of Natural Language and Natural Language Processing (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576680
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 16
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Anthropological linguistics
    Abstract: Formal Semantics and the Psychology of Meaning -- The Autonomy of Semantics -- Belief-Sentences and the Limits of Semantics -- Computational Models of Belief and the Semantics of Belief Sentences -- The Mental Representation of Quantifiers -- Questions and Answers in Montague Grammar -- Linearization in Describing Spatial Networks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: SECTION I In 1972, Donald Davison and Gilbert Hannan wrote in the introduction to the volume Semantics of Natural Language: "The success of linguistics in treating natural languages as formal ~yntactic systems has aroused the interest of a number of linguists in a parallel or related development of semantics. For the most part quite independently, many philosophers and logicians have recently been applying formal semantic methods to structures increasingly like natural languages. While differences in training, method and vocabulary tend to veil the fact, philosophers and linguists are converging, it seems, on a common set of interrelated problems. " Davidson and Harman called for an interdisciplinary dialogue of linguists, philosophers and logicians on the semantics of natural language, and during the last ten years such an enterprise has proved extremely fruitful. Thanks to the cooperative effort in these several fields, the last decade has brought about striking progress in our understanding of the semantics of natural language. This work on semantics has typically paid little attention to psychological aspects of meaning. Thus, psychologists or computer scientists working on artificial intelligence were not invited to join the forces in the influential introduction of Semantics of Natural Language. No doubt it was felt that while psychological aspects of language are important in their own right, they are not relevant to our immediate semantic concerns. In the last few years, several linguists and logicians have come to question the fundamental anti-psychological assumptions underlying their theorizing.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7668-0
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  • 148
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    Polish Essays in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977051
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 68
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 68
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. General Methodological Problems -- Reflections on Science and Rationality -- The Epistemological and Methodological Sense of the Concept of Rationality -- On Two Kinds of Conventionalism with Respect to Empirical Sciences -- Realism and Instrumentalism: On A Priori Conditions of Science -- Once More about Empirical Support -- The Context of Discovery and the Context of Justification: A Reappraisal -- Continuity and Anticumulative Changes in the Growth of Science -- Some Remarks in Defense of the Incommensurability Thesis -- Marxism and the Controversy over the Development of Science -- Are there Definitively Falsifying Procedures in Science? -- The Pluralistic Approach to Empirical Testing and the Special Forms of Experiment -- Dialectical Correspondence and Essential Truth -- Testing Idealizational Laws -- Practical Idealization -- II. Formal Analysis -- An Interpretation of a Concept in Science by a Set of Operational Procedures -- A Formal Definition of the Concept of Simplicity -- Characteristics of Additive Quantities -- III. Ontological Problems -- On the Concept of Matter -- Time Separation -- Four Conceptions of Causation -- IV. Philosophy of Mathematics and Information Theory -- On the Philosophy of Mathematics -- Information, Regulation, Negentropy -- Information and Signal -- V. Philosophy of Physics -- Principles of Physics as Meta-laws -- Structural Laws in Physics -- Controversial Problems of the Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Phenomena -- Quantum Mechanics and the Structure of Physical Theories -- Difficulties with the Reduction of Classical to Relativistic Mechanics -- VI. Philosophy of Biology and Linguistics -- Genetic and Historical Explanation in Biology -- The Idealizational Status of Theoretical Biology -- Chomsky’s Inconsistencies in his Critique of Evolutionary Conceptions of Language -- VII. Other Papers -- The Problem of the Chemical Organization of Matter in the Light of a Closed Development Model -- An Outline of a Simulation Model of Science as a Part of the Model of Action -- The Notion of Technological Research and its Place among other Informational Activities -- Difficulties with Absolutism: The Case of Von Weizsäcker’s Philosophy -- Bibliographies -- Abbreviations used in the Bibliographies -- Bibliography of Polish Philosophy of Natural Science -- Bibliography of Non-Polish Authors Cited -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7705-1
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  • 149
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    The Metaphysics of G. E. Moore (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977495
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 25
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics
    Abstract: I: Introduction: Moore and Metaphysics -- 1. Commonsense Realism -- 2. A Look Ahead -- 3. Realisms -- II: Arguments Against Idealism -- 1. That British Empiricism is Psychologists: The Background to Moore’s Break from Idealism -- 2. Moore’s Attack upon the Esse estPercipi Principle: First Stage (1899–1903) -- 3. Moore’s Attack upon the Esse est Percipi principle: Second Stage (after 1910) -- 4. The Theory of Internal Relations -- III: Common Sense in Metaphysics -- 1. Moore’s Meaning/Analysis Distinction as Making a Role for Common Sense in Philosophy -- 2. Moore’s Metaphysical Categories -- 3. Moore’s Proof of an External World -- IV: Moore’s Conception of Analysis -- 1. Ordinary Language, Common Sense and Analysis -- 2. What is Analysed and How? -- 3. The Criteria of Correct Analysis -- V: Sense-Data and Things in the Material World -- 1. Direct Realism, Phenomenalism and Representationalism -- 2. On the Relation of Sense-Datum Propositions to Material-Object Propositions -- VI: The Status of Abstract Entities (I) -- 1. Concepts as Ultimate Subjects -- 2. For and Against Propositions and Concepts after 1910 -- VII: The Status of Abstract Entities (II) -- 1. Two Types of Universals: Relations and Relational Properties -- 2. ‘The Third Kind of Universal’ -- 3. Classes -- VIII: Review and Moore’s Dualisms -- Index of Proper Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this book, setting aside his consideration of specifically ethical topics, I try to provide a comprehensive interpretation of Moore's thought. Against the background of this general interpretation I examine in detail his work on some of the central problems of metaphysics and, because Moore's being able to sustain a consistent anti-skepticism is essential to the survival of the base from which he works on those problems, of epistemology too. The interpretation of which I speak involves my taking as the centerpiece of Moore's philosophical work his book, Some Main Problems of Philosophy, written in 1910 as the text of a lecture series but left unpublished for over forty years thereafter. That book is aptly titled, for the issues with which Moore deals in it are indeed among the main problems of philosophy. Not least of these are the problems of formulating a general categorial deSCription of the world and then of defending that formulation. However, while I will discuss Moore's work in light of its contribution to this project of taking metaphysical inventory, it is important to note that he, in common with many other major figures in contemporary analytical philosophy, did not approach specific philosophical puzzles with a view to possibly integrating solutions to them into a comprehensive theory about reality as a whole, that is, into what might be called a metaphysical system.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7749-5
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  • 150
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    Food Webs (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400959255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Population and Community Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Food webs -- 1.1 What and why? -- 1.2 Where? -- 1.3 How? -- 2 Models and their local stability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Stability -- 2.4 Summary -- Appendix 2A: Taylor’s expansion -- Appendix 2B: An example of calculating eigenvalues -- Appendix 2C: Jacobian matrices -- 3 Stability: other definitions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Global stability -- 3.3 Species deletion stability -- 3.4 Stability in stochastic environments -- 3.5 Other stability criteria -- 3.6 Summary: models and their stabilities — Is there a best buy? -- 4 Food web complexity I: theoretical results -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bounds on food web complexity: local stability -- 4.3 Complexity and stability under large perturbations -- 4.4 Summary of theoretical results -- 5 Food web complexity II: empirical results -- 5.1 Direct tests -- 5.2 Indirect tests -- 5.3 Summary -- 6 The length of food chains -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hypothesis A: Energy flow -- 6.3 Hypothesis B: Size and other design constraints -- 6.4 Hypothesis C: Optimal foraging; why are food chains so long? -- 6.5 Hypothesis D: Dynamical constraints -- 6.6 Summary -- Appendix 6A: Drawing inferences about food web attributes -- 7 The patterns of omnivory -- 7.1 Models of omnivory -- 7.2 Testing the hypotheses -- 7.3 Summary -- 8 Compartments -- 8.1 Reasons for a compartmented design -- 8.2 Testing the hypotheses: habitats as compartments -- 8.3 Testing the hypotheses: compartments within habitats -- 8.4 Four comments -- 8.5 Summary -- 9 Descriptive statistics -- 9.1 Predator—prey ratios -- 9.2 The number of species of prey that a species exploits and the number of species of predator it suffers -- 9.3 Interval and non-interval food webs -- 9.4 Summary -- 10 Food web design: causes and consequences -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Causes -- 10.3 Consequences -- 10.4 Summary.
    Abstract: Often the meanings of words are changed subtly for interesting reasons. The implication of the word 'community' has changed from including all the organisms in an area to only those species at a particular trophic level (and often a taxonomically restricted group), for example, 'bird-community'. If this observation is correct, its probable cause is the dramatic growth in our knowledge of the ecological patterns along trophic levels (I call these horizontal patterns) and the processes that generate them. This book deals with vertical patterns - those across trophic levels -and tries to compensate for their relative neglect. In cataloging a dozen vertical patterns I hope to convince the reader that species interactions across trophic levels are as patterned as those along trophic levels and demand explanations equally forcefully. But this is not the only objective. A limited number of processes shape the patterns of species interaction; to demonstrate their existence is an essential step in understanding why ecosystems are the way they are. To achieve these aims I must resort to both mathematical techniques to develop theories and statistical techniques to decide between rival hypotheses. The level of mathematics is likely to offend nearly everyone. Some will find any mathematics too much, while others will consider the material to be old, familiar ground and probably explained with a poor regard for rigour and generality.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5925-5
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  • 151
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    Time: A Philosophical Analysis (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400979048
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 159
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Retrocausation and the Necessity of the Past -- II Retrocausation and Tachyons -- III Indeterminism -- IV Indeterminism and the Special Theory of Relativity -- V The Objectivity of the Distinction between Past, Present and Future -- VI Temporal Order and the Causal Theory of Time -- VII Temporal Asymmetry -- VIII Reference and Identity over Time -- IX A Modal Logic with Temporal Variables -- X General Questions -- Author Index -- Word Index.
    Abstract: This book is intended as an exposition of a particular theory of time in the sense of an interrelated set of attempted solutions to philosophical problems about it. Generally speaking there are two views about time held by philosophers and some scientists interested in philosophical issues. The first called the A-theory (after McTaggart's expression A-determinations for the properties of being past, present or future) is often thought to be closer to our commonsense view of time or to the concept of time presupposed by ordinary language. It includes at least the following theses, (a) Logic ought really to include tensed quantifiers for existence on one of its important usages means, present existence. More generally, we can't reduce all tensed locutions to tenseless ones. (b) The distinction between past, present and future is an objective one. It is not, for example, dependent on our consciousness of change; some A-theorists hold also, that the distinction, in effect, is an absolute one.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7904-8
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  • 152
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    René Descartes: Principles of Philosophy : Translated, with Explanatory Notes (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400978881
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (353p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Collection des Travaux de L’Académie Internationale D’Histoire des Sciences No 30 24
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I/Of the Principles of Human Knowledge -- II/Of the Principles of Material Objects -- III/Of the Visible Universe -- IV/Of the Earth -- Plates -- Index of Persons and Works -- Index of Subjects and Terms.
    Abstract: Descartes's Principles 0. / Philosophy is his longest and most ambitious work; it is the only work in which he attempted to actually deduce scientific knowledge from Cartesian metaphysics, as he repeatedly claimed was possible. Whatever the success of this attempt, there can be no doubt that it was enormously influential. Cartesian celestial mechanics held sway for well over a century, and some of the best minds of that period, including Leibniz, Malebranche, Euler, and the Bernoullis, attempted to modify and quantify the Cartesian theory of vortices into an acceptable alternative to Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Thus, the Principles is not only of inherent and historical interest philosophically but is also a seminal document in the history of science and of 17th Century thought. Principles of Philosophy was first published in Latin, in 1644. In 1647, a French translation, done by the Abbe Claude Picot and containing a great deal of additional material and a number of alterations in the original text, was published with Descartes's enthusiastic approval. Unlike some English translations of portions of the Principles, this translation uses the Latin text as its primary source; however, a good deal of additional material from Picot's translation has been included. There are several reasons for this. First, there is good evidence that Descartes himself was responsible for some of the additional material, including, of course, the Preface to the French translation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7888-1
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  • 153
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    Soils and the Environment : A Guide to Soil Surveys and their Applications (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401169387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 178 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Horizons -- Color -- Texture -- Structure -- Consistence -- Reaction -- Boundary -- 3 Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Fertility Tests -- Engineering Soils Tests -- Soil Classification Lab Analyses -- Soil Test Kit -- 4 Soil Classification -- Nomenclature -- Maps -- Groupings of Soils -- 5 Computerized Data Processing -- SCS Form 5 -- 6 Engineering Applications -- Community Development -- Waste Disposal -- 7 Agricultural Land Classification -- Land Capability -- Productivity Index -- Land Economics -- Land Use -- 8 Erosion Control -- Soil-Loss Equation -- Evidence of Soil Erosion -- Canadarago Computer Study -- 9 Yield Correlations -- Estimated Yields -- Soil Correlations -- National Programs -- Crop Responses -- Experiment Design -- Sequential Testing -- 10 Archeological Considerations -- New York -- Mesa Verde -- Phoenix -- Tikal -- Sardis -- Mexico City -- Negev Desert -- Rajasthan Desert -- 11 Planning for the Future -- FAO World Soil Map -- Soil Taxonomy -- CRIES -- Benchmark Project -- Soil Quantification -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 Conversion Factors for U.S. and Metric Units -- Appendix 2 Glossary -- References.
    Abstract: As we enter the last decades of the twentieth century, many persistent and perplexing problems continue to afflict humankind. Thus it is appropriate to address, in a new group of books, two of the monumental issues that haunt people throughout the world. Soils and the Environment by Professor Gerald W. Olson is the first book in this new publish­ ing program on Environment, Energy, and Society. The purpose of all these books will be to explore the many interrelated facets of these topics and to provide guidance for deal ing with problems and offering ideas for their solutions. Environment and energy are twin problems that occupy what many believe to be opposite sides of a two-headed coin. They are often viewed as being antithetical and incompatible. The various books in this program will try to place in perspective the options that are available to those who design policy and plan and manage societal matters. Typical of books being developed currently are ones on coal resources, environmental geoscience, environmental pollution, land-use planning, nuclear energy, mineral resources, and water resources. However, because soils are at the very heart of civilization and provide the building block for human sustenance, it is fitting to inaugurate this series with Dr. Olson's timely analysis of soils. Unfortu­ nately, these most vital resources seen. to have low priority in many farming enterprises, urbanization projects, deforestation schemes, and mining and developmental terrain changes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-6938-7
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  • 154
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    The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401178952
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 283 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 59
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Religion. ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: I: The Political Struggle (1945–1955) -- II: The Islamic Community Amid Increasing Tensions (1955–1965). -- III: ISLAM AND THE “NEW ORDER” (1965 and after) -- IV: A Preliminary Stocktaking -- Appendices -- List of Abbreviations and Their Meaning -- List of Publications Referred to -- Addenda -- List of Lines Added or Replaced.
    Abstract: With deep interest I have followed the Indonesian people's fight for freedom and independence from 1945 onwards. This interest has come to be centred in particular on the question of how religions, especially Islam, were involved in this struggle, and what role they would fulfil in the new Indonesia. After having lived and worked in Indonesia from 1946 to the end of 1959, I was twice more enabled to yisit I ndonesia thanks to grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO). It was during these sojourns in particular, from May to October 1966 and from February to July 1969, that the material for this study was collected, supplemented and checked. For the help I received during these visits I am greatly indebted to so many Indonesian informants that it is impossible to mention them all. Moreover, some of them would not appreciate being singled out by name. But while offering them these general thanks I am thinking of them all individually. In spite of all the help given and patience shown me, this publication is bound to be full of shortcomings. An older Muslim friend, however, once encouraged me by reminding me that perfection belongs only to God (al-kamal li'llah). Nevertheless, I should like to offer my apologies for errors and mistakes; I would appreciate it if readers drew my attention to them.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7895-2
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  • 155
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    Imagination and Reflection: Intersubjectivity : Fichte’s Grundlage of 1794 (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576642
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 159 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Philosophy as a Systematic Ideal -- II. The Transcendental Imagination -- III. The I as Intersubjective -- IV. The Intellectual Intuition -- Intersubjectivity and Reflection -- Notes.
    Abstract: This work resulted from my interests in several flDldam ental issues of contemporary phenomenology. Originally, their focal point was 1) the role and importance of the subject in philosophical activity and 2) the subject's finitude. To gain a perspective on these issues, a possible approach seemed to lie in the direction of the transcendental imagination and its relation to tim e. This focus on the imagination, of course, led to Fichte's egological philosophy that explicitly centers on the imagination. Here both issues are raised together. The reader of the Fichtean texts cannot for long hesitate to pose the question of intersubjectivity. These three issues-imagination, reflection, and inter­ subjectivity-formed the basis of the present work. Since such a work could never be completed if it were not for those num erot5 discussions and friendly conversation with friends and colleagues with whom philosophy is always alive, I wish to acknowledge my gratitude specifically to the following people: Professor Andre Schuwer, of Duquesne University, for his encouragement, critical reading of the work, and his comments that have greatly aided me in the writing of the present work; Professor John Sallis, Chairman of the Philosophy Department of Duquesne University, whose interest in Fichte provided invaluable insights and approaches to the issues; Professor Paul Ricoeur, University of Paris and University of Chicago, whose reading and encouragement greatly helped in the work's publication; Professor Samuel Ijsseling, University of Leuven, who introduced me to Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Professor G. A.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7664-2
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  • 156
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    What? Where? When? Why? : Essays on Induction, Space and Time, Explanation (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 1
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Rational Expectation and Simplicity -- Why Should Probability be the Guide of Life? -- Chance and Degrees of Belief -- Invention and Appraisal -- Einstein, light Signals and the ?-Decision -- Simultaneity and Convention in Special Relativity -- Comets, Pollen and Dreams: Some Reflections on Scientific Explanation -- Causal Inference and Causal Explanation -- Rational Belief and the Common Cause Principle -- Physical Explanation: With Reference to the Theories of Scientific Explanation of Hempel and Salmon -- Further Reflections -- Autobiographical Note -- Notes On Contributors -- Salmon Bibliography -- References -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recog­ nised - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionalisation of History and Philosophy of Science began comparatively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7731-0
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  • 157
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    The Semantics of John Stuart Mill (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400978164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (382p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 23
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: 1 / The Classification of Names in a System of Logic -- 1.1 Names -- 1.2 The distinction between individual and general names -- 1.3 Abstract and concrete names -- 1.4 Connotative versus non-connotative names -- 1.5 The remaining distinctions of names -- 2 / Themes from the History of Logic -- 2.1 Mill’s familiarity with the older logic -- 2.2 Some classifications of terms -- 2.3 The Manuductio ad Logicam of Philippus du Trieu -- 2.4 The ontological square -- 2.5 Paronymy -- 2.6 Connotative and absolute terms in scholastic logic -- 2.7 The identity of thing and essence -- 3 / Thinking in Intension and Extension -- 3.1 Abstraction and generalization in English empiricism -- 3.2 The Port-Royal logic -- 3.3 Extension—intension (comprehension), and denotation—connotation -- 3.4 Extension -- 3.5 Intension -- 3.6 Formal characterization of the diverse notions of extension and intension -- 3.7 The inverse relation between intension and extension -- 3.8 A problematical presupposition in the analysis of intensions -- 4 / From Predicables to Real Kinds -- 4.1 The incipience of the theory of denotation and connotation in ‘Whately’s Elements of Logic’ -- 4.2 Predicating and signifying in Whately -- 4.3 The theory of the predicables in ‘Whately’s Elements of Logic’ -- 4.4 The revised version of the predicables in ‘The Early Draft of the Logic’ -- 4.5 Real kinds -- 4.6 Abstract terms -- 4.7 James Mill’s Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind -- 4.8 Connotation revisited -- 5 / Theories of the Copula -- 5.1 Views of the copula -- 5.2 The semantic scheme for terms -- 5.3 Some illustrations -- 5.4 Limitations of the diverse theories -- 5.5 The copula as identity -- 5.6 Syntactic and semantic analysis of Hobbes’s theory of predication -- 6 / The Semantics of Propositions -- 6.1 Ambiguity of the copula -- 6.2 The analysis of S-P propositions as meaning analysis -- 6.3 Dictum de omni and nota notae est nota rei ipsius -- 6.4 The connotation of a term as constitutive for its denotation -- 6.5 The syllogism a petitio principii? -- 6.6 The status of deduction -- 6.7 Abstract propositions -- 6.8 Existential import -- 6.9 Real and verbal propositions -- 6.10 Definitions -- 6.11 Resistance to the logic of identity -- 7 / Meaning -- 7.1 Some interpretations of Mill’s theory of meaning -- 7.2 Meaning and the distinction between connotative and non-connotative terms -- 7.3 Meaning and ideas -- 7.4 Proper names -- 7.5 Philosophical language -- 8 / Semantics and Metaphysics -- 8.1 “Common sense” ontology -- 8.2 Relativity of knowledge -- 8.3 Ontology -- 8.4 Resemblance: epistemological aspects of the problem of universals -- 8.5 Logic and metaphysics -- 9 / Appraisal -- 9.1 Connotative terms and the deformation of the ontological square -- 9.2 The legacy of the past: terms -- 9.3 Signs of a new logical paradigm: propositions -- 9.4 Names, propositions, and facts -- 9.5 Meaning, fixing the reference, and rigid designators -- Appendix 1 / Some biographical notes -- Appendix 2 / Du Trieu’s doctrine of supposition -- Appendix 3 / Predication and supposition -- List of symbols and abbreviations of technical terms -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The original, Dutch version of this book served in 1979 as a doctoral disserta­ tion in philosophy at the Free University in Amsterdam. In this preface to the - slightly revised - English translation, I wish once again to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. J. van der Hoeven of the Free University and Prof. G. Nuchelmans of the University of Leiden, for their excellent and stimulating support. Professor van der Hoeven was associated with this project from the outset. It was a privilege to benefit from his incisive commentaries, especially in those instances where the objective was to break through to more fundamental insights. I shall not lightly forget his friendly and heartening encouragement. I am equally grateful for my discussions with Professor Nuchelmans. I almost always tried to follow his advice, since it was based upon awesome expertness and erudition. I am happy to have found in the person of Herbert Donald Morton, Th.M., M.A., an able and enthusiastic translator. Drs. Gerben Groenewoud made the translations of a number of the Latin citations. I acknowledge permission from Routledge and Kegan Paul and the University of Toronto Press to quote from The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. And I thank the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.) for fmancing this translation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7816-4
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  • 158
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    Proximity Levinas, Blanchot, Bataille and Communication (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400974494
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (368p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. Van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 87
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 87
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Separation and the General Economy -- Discontinuity in Bataille -- Separation and Cogito in Levinas -- Essential Solitude in Blanchot -- II. From Decision to the Exigency -- Prohibition and Transgression -- Death and Indecision -- Errance -- Desire and the Hunger which Nourishes Itself -- The Burrow and the Other Night -- Préhension persécutrice and the Arresting Hand -- III. Literature and the Exigency -- La littérature et le mal -- Silence and Orpheus -- Inspiration -- Approach of the Literary Space -- The Oeuvre -- IV. Proximity and Philosophy -- Savoir and non-savoir -- Proximity and Ontology -- Negativity and Il y a in Proximity -- Desire and the Question -- V. The Exigency as Experience -- Closure and Nudity -- Sensation and Intentionality -- Fascination and the Image -- Experience in Bataille and Blanchot -- Cogito and Temporality in Proximity -- VI. Alterity in the General Economy: Parole -- Parole and Entretien -- Alterity and Economy in Levinas -- VII. Same and Other -- From Difference to Non-indifference -- Separation in Proximity -- Recurrence -- Bataille, Blanchot, and Levinas -- Notes.
    Abstract: The problematic reality of an alterity implicit in the concept of communication has been a consistent attestation in formal discourse. The rapport of thought to this alterity has been consistently described as a radical inadequation. By virtue of the communicational economy which produces discontinuity and relation, illumination and the possibility of consciousness, an opacity haunts the famili­ arity of comprehension. Consciousness' spontaneity is limited by the difference or discontinuity of the exterior thing, of the exterior subject or intersubjective other, and of the generality of existence in its excess over comprehension's closure. An element implicit in difference or discontinuity escapes the power of comprehension, and even the possibility of manifestation. Within the system of tendencies and predications which characterizes formal discourse, however, this escape of alterity is most often understood as an escape which proceeds from its own substantiality: the unknowable in-itself of things, of subjects, and of generality. Alterity escapes the power of comprehension, on the basis of its power to escape this power. That which escapes the effectivity of consciousness, escapes on the basis of its own effectivity. For this reason, the rapport of inadequation described by the escape may function in formal discourse as a correlation. The inadequation of comprehension and exteriority may function as the vicissitude of a larger adequation. The latent principles of this adequation are power and totalization.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7449-4
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  • 159
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    Nicolas Gueudeville and His Work (1652-172?) (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400974739
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationale D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 99
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 99
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. The life -- II. The First Publication -- III. L’Esprit des cours de l’Europe -- IV. The Critique of Fénelon’s Tèlémaque 35 V. Dialogues des morts -- VI. Collaborative Works -- VII. The Translations -- VIII. Works attributed to Gueudeville -- Conclusion -- Appendix A. Contract of sale of rights to L’Esprit des cours de l’Europe -- B. Contract of partnership between Jonas L’Honoré and Thomas Johnson -- C. Dissolution of partnership -- D. Check-list of editions of critique of Tèlémaque -- E. List of editions and locations of the Atlas historique -- F. Check-list of editions of L’Eloge de la folie -- G. List of editions of L’Utopie -- Archives.
    Abstract: It is generally agreed that great men transcend their time while ordinary men remain rooted in it. This is why, if we want to know what life was like in days gone by, we must study those who were most representative of their age, those individuals who, though they may have achieved a modicum of fame or notoriety, are now, because of their limited abilities and outlook, largely forgotten. The great figures involved in the political and religious controversies that took of the seventeenth century and the beginning place in Holland! towards the end of the eighteenth, men such as Bayle, Jurieu, Le Clerc and others who were in the forefront of what has been aptly termed as the "crise de la conscience europeenne," these figures have been the object of extensive investigation. The minor personages of this period, on the other hand, have received little attention. For this reason, in a previous study,2 I examined the life and work of one of these minor figures, and tried to show how he was representative of those French Huguenots who came to Holland in the latter half of the seventeenth century, who settled in relatively remote places, and who made an effort to integrate themselves and gain acceptance in Dutch provincial society.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7473-9
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  • 160
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    Forms, Matter and Mind : Three Strands in Plato’s Metaphysics (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400976818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Metaphysics.
    Abstract: I General Introduction -- One: Forms -- II Concrete Common Qualities -- III Transcedent Simples -- IV Natural Kinds -- Two: Matter -- V Wholes of Concrete Common Qualities -- VI Wholes of Form-Copies -- VII Geometrical Solids in Space -- Three: Mind -- VIII Part of Concrete Whole -- IX Transcedent Simple Soul -- X Dynamic-telic Structure -- XI General Conclusion -- A Note on Chronology -- Abbreviations -- Notes.
    Abstract: The present work is an attempt to analyse critically Plato's views on mind and body and more particularly on the mind-body relationship within the wider setting of Plato's metaphysics. We seek to achieve this by a philosophical examination"-of the dialogues on the basis of a generally accepted order (some revision of this order is a by-product of our examination). Strictly speaking "soul" ought perhaps to be substituted for "mind" in the above. But it seems to be in terms of "mind" that modern philosophers deal with and refer to the problem that Plato tackled (mainly) in terms of psyche, and as it is part of the motivation for dealing with Plato's treatment that it is of importance for the modern debate, it has been felt necessary to stress the rough identity* of the problem in the title of the book (and in the Introduction, in the title of Part Three and a few other places). Below this superordinate level we try to keep "mind" as a translation typically of nous and "soul" as a translation of psyche.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7681-8
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  • 161
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    The Cognitive Paradigm : Cognitive Science, a Newly Explored Approach to the Study of Cognition Applied in an Analysis of Science and Scientific Knowledge (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400979567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (334p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Monographs 1
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences - Monographs, Continued As Sociology of the Sciences Library 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; History.
    Abstract: One: Introduction to the Cognitive View -- 1. The Development of the Cognitive View -- 2. World Views and Models -- 3. Positivism as a Monadic View -- 4. Logical Positivism: A Structural View -- 5. Contexts of Science: Sciences of Science -- 6. The Cognitive View on Science: Paradigms -- Two: The Social Structure of Science -- 7. Bibliometrics and the Structure of Science -- 8. Informal Groups and the Origin of Networks -- 9. The Life Cycle of Scientific Specialties -- Three: Cognitive Structure and Dynamics of Science -- 10. Paradigms and the Psychology of Attention and Perception -- 11. Puzzle-solving and Reorganization of World Views -- 12. Conservation and the Dynamics of Conceptual Systems -- Epilogue -- Notes.
    Abstract: The growing importance of the sciences in industrialised societies has been acknowledged by the increasing number of studies concerned with their development, change and control. In the past 20 or so years there has been a considerable growth in teaching and research programmes dealing with science and technology policy, science and society, sociology and history of science and similar areas which has resulted in much new material about the production and validation of scientific knowledge. In addition to the quanti­ tative growth of this literature, there has also been a substantial shift in the problems addressed and approaches adopted. In particular, the substantive content of scientific knowledge has become the focus of many historical and sociological studies which seek to understand how knowledges develop and change in different social circumstances. Instead of taking the privileged epistemological status of scientific knowledge for granted, recent approaches have emphasised the socially contingent nature of knowledge production and validation and the pluralistic nature of the sciences. Parallel to these develop­ ments, there has been a shift in the treatment of science by the state, business and public pressure groups. Increasingly they have sought to control the direction of research, and thus the content of knowledge, directly rather than simply applying existing knowledge. Science has become amenable to social control and influence. Its sacred status has declined and it is increasingly viewed as a socially constituted phenomenon which can be studied in a similar manner to other cultural products.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7956-7
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  • 162
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    Language, Logic and Method (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 31
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scales of Measurement -- Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories -- Comments on ‘Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories’ by Professor Dalla Chaiara -- A Methodology without Methodological Rules -- Truth, Fallibility and the Growth of Knowledge -- Fallible Is as Fallible Does: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Knowledge in Pursuit of Knowledge — A Few Worries: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Response to Scheffler -- Response to Margalit -- Rejoinder to Levi’s Reply -- A Category-Theoric Approach to Systems in a Fuzzy World -- Natural Languages and Formal Languages and Formal Languages: A Tenable Dualism -- The Problem of Vague Predicates -- Peirce and Pearson: Pragmatism vs. Instrumentalism -- Theory of Propensity: A New Foundation of Logic -- Gödel’s Theorems and Church’s Thesis: A Prologue to mechanism -- The Non-traditional Theory of Quantifiers -- Dialogue: How Do We Know What Others Mean and Why? -- Towards a Richer Theory of Dialogue: Comments of Professor Rivetti Barbòs Paper -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Fundamental problems of the uses of formal techniques and of natural and instrumental practices have been raised again and again these past two decades, in many quarters and from varying viewpoints. We have brought a number of quite basic studies of these issues together in this volume, not linked con­ ceptually nor by any rigorously defined problematic, but rather simply some of the most interesting and even provocative of recent research accomplish­ ments. Most of these papers are derived from the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science during 1973-80, the two exceptions being those of Karel Berka (on scales of measurement) and A. A. Zinov'ev (on a non-tradi­ tional theory of quantifiers). Just how intriguing these results (or conjectures?) seem to us may be seen from some brief quotations: (1) Judson Webb: " . . . . the abstract machine concept has many of the appropriate kinds of properties for modelling living, reproducing, rule­ following, self-reflecting, accident-prone, and lucky creatures . . . the a priori logical results relevant to the abstract machine concept, above all Godel's, could not conceivably have turned out any better for the mechanist. " (2) M. L. Dalla Chiara: " . . . modal interpretation (of quantum logic) shows clearly that it possesses a logical meaning which is quite independent of quantum mechanics. " (3) Isaac Levi: (as against Peirce and Popper) " . . . infallibilism is con­ sistent with corrigibilism, and a view which respects avoidance of error is an important desideratum for science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7702-0
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  • 163
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    Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq : Mamlūk Pashas, Tribal Shayks, and Local Rule Between 1802 and 1831 (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400974883
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Social History 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. A Litany of Disasters -- II. The Structure of Maml?k Power -- The Sa’?d-D?w?d Struggle (1815–1816) -- The build up of Maml?k dominance -- Aspects of Government -- Outside Baghdad -- Military aspects of Maml?k power -- Revenue and Maml?k power -- The Maml?ks and Baghdad -- Religious leaders, military men and the role of the quarters of Baghdad -- The political position of non-Moslem minorities -- The Porte and Baghdad -- The British role -- Instability and violence in Maml?k politics -- A short discourse on Mosul -- III. The Rural World -- The sedentary areas -- The political position of the villagers -- The tribal world -- The large tribal formations: migrations and territorial influence -- Economics and tribal structure -- The Tribal Structure -- Political authority in the tribal world -- Big shaykhs and the state -- IV. Résumé. The Background of Iraqi State Formation -- State and countryside -- The Maml?ks in the history of Iraq -- Notes.
    Abstract: 1 This study deals with the Mamliik period in Iraqi history (1750- 1831), and more particularly with later Mamliik times (1802-1831). The year 1831 marks the watershed between an era of 'local rule' and one of restored Turkish centralization. During the Mamliik period the influence of external powers in Iraq was not excessive; after that year direct Turkish rule coincided with growing British in­ fluence, which increasingly opened the country to the forces of the world market. As an object of study the period of local rule is inter­ esting, particularly because it formed the background to, and in some aspects also the start of, the modern history ofIraq. The literature available on Mamliik rule and tribal power is scarce and unsatisfying in various ways. The best history of 'Ottoman' Iraq is still that of Longrigg, which was written in the 1920's. However, although based on an admirable range of sources, it provides the reader with little more than a political chronology. Generally, the social and political historian of early modern Iraq is confronted with a lack of information of a very basic kind - if indeed he can find any 2 relevant information. For example, there is hardly any information on the Mamliik institution. Only the most scanty evidence exists on the history of the Yanissaris of Baghdad, or on the socio-political history of the lower orders of the town. Again, almost nothing is known about the lower orders of the sedentary rural world.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7488-3
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  • 164
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    Nāgārjuna’s Twelve Gate Treatise : Translated with Introductory Essays, Comments, and Notes (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977754
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: 1. Nagarjuna and the Spread of His Teachings -- 1. Nagarjuna and the Spread of His Teachings -- 2. San-lun Approaches to Emptiness -- 2. San-lun Approaches to Emptiness -- 3. The Nature and Value of the Text -- 3. The Nature and Value of the Text -- Notes -- N?g?rjuna’s Twelve Gate Treatise -- Table of Contents [Seng-jui] -- Preface [Seng-jui] -- I. Causal Conditions -- II. With or Without Effect -- III. Conditions -- IV. Characteristics -- V. With or Without Characteristics -- VI. Identity or Difference -- VII. Being or Non-being -- VIII. Nature -- IX. Cause and Effect -- X. The Creator -- XI. The Three Times -- XII. Production -- Notes -- List of Chinese Terms -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: MADHYAMIKA The hallmark of Miidhyamika philosophy is 'Emptiness', sunyata. This is not a view of reality. In fact it is emphatically denied that sunyata is a view of reality. If anybody falls into such an error as to construe emptiness as reality (or as a view, even the right view, of reality), he is only grasping the snake at the wrong end (Mk, 24.1 I)! Nftgfujuna in Mk, 24.18, has referred to at least four ways by which the same truth is conveyed: Whatever is dependent origination, we call it emptiness. That is (also) dependent conceptualization; that is, to be sure, the Middle Way. The two terms, pratitya samutpiida and upiidiiya prajnapti, which I have translated here- as 'dependent origination' and 'dependent conceptualization' need to be explained. The interdependence of everything (and under 'everything' we may include, following the Mftdhyamika, all items, ontological concepts, entities, theories, views, theses and even relative truths), i.e., the essential lack of independence of the origin (cf. utpiida) of everything proves or shows that everything is essentially devoid of its assumed essence or its independent 'own nature' or its 'self-existence' (cf. svabhiiva). Besides, our cognition of anything lacks independence in the same way. Our conception (cf. prajnapti) of something a essentially depends upon something b, and so on for everything ad infinitum.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7775-4
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  • 165
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    Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology : For the Years 1967-1969 (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400978225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (189p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology 22
    Series Statement: Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaelogy 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Regional planning ; Archaeology ; Culture. ; Ethnology.
    Abstract: I. General -- A. Bibliographies -- B. Collections of Various Articles, Commemoration Volumes, Congress Papers, etc. -- C. Museum Collections, Museology -- D. Applied Sciences, Restoration Techniques, Dating Methods, Material Analysis -- II. India and the Regions within its Cultural Influence -- A. General -- B. Relations with the West, Pacific and Far East -- III. The Indian Subcontinent -- A. General -- B. Archaeology -- C. Historical Studies -- D. Arts -- IV. Regions in the Sphere of Indian Cultural Influence -- A. General -- B. Ceylon -- C. South-East Asia -- D. Central Asia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Tibet -- V. Commemorative and Obituary Notices.
    Abstract: When in 1925 the initiative was taken by the Kern Institute Leiden to start the publica­ tion of an Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology, the Board of the Institute could do so with confidence, as it was sure of the assistance of scholars all over the world as to the supply of publications as well as of information. With the help of this material a bibliography could be compiled by a small team of highly skilled archaeologists who could devote part of their time and attention to such a task for the benefit of their colleagues in all parts of the world. Times since then have changed, and circumstances have become less and less favourable. To find classified labour for the compilation and editing of such a bibliography has become extremely difficult, and this the more so as this work cannot be paid in accordance with the standards for this branch of classified documentation. The work has to be done as a part of the daily routine work even a scholar in today's time is expected to perform, and which he cannot but consider as being detrimental to the performing of those parts of his work, that demand the use of those qualifications that actually make him the expert.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7822-5
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  • 166
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    EISS Yearbook 1980-1981 Part II / Annuaire EISS 1980-1981 Partie II : The social security and the economic crisis Proceedings of the European Institute for Social Security / La sécurité sociale et la crise économique Travaux de l’Institut Européen de Sécurité Sociale (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401537346
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Civil law
    Abstract: L’environnement économique des années 80 -- Pensions in a period of economic crisis -- La maitrise des couts des soins de santé dans les états membres de la CE -- Le minimum social — Réflexions préliminaires -- Unemployment insurance in the present economic crisis -- The stabilizing effects of the social security on the economic crisis -- La crise économique et les réformes de structure dans la sécurité sociale -- Social security and the economic crisis.
    Abstract: The Col loque of our European Institute for social security to prepare the Conference in the Hague on the social security and the economic crisis was held from the 17th ti 11 the 19th of September in Toledo. Part II of the Yearbook 1980-1981 contains the reports presented in Toledo. The reports are focussed on the over­ a! 1 economic situation (Richard Draperie); the specific problems of Pensions (Bernd Schulte); the cost of medical care (Leo Crijns); unemployment insurance (Joachim Volz); the social minimum (Andre Laurent) and two special reports on the economic crisis and social security. Finally it contains my own synthesis report. Al 1 the participants had the opinion that the colloque created a fruitful 1 basis for a further in depth discussion in the Hague in 1982. The Institute once again wants to express its sincere gratitude to Antonio Chozas and his colleques for the excellent and adequate way in which they organised the colloque.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-3734-6
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  • 167
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    The Phenomenological Movement : A Historical Introduction (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400974913
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (788p) , digital
    Edition: Third Revised and Enlarged Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H.L. van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 5/6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Logic.
    Abstract: 1. The Phenomenological Movement Defined -- 2. Unrelated Phenomenologies -- 3. Preview -- One / The Preparatory Phase -- I. Franz Brentano (1838–1917): Forerunner of the Phenomenological Movement -- II. Carl Stumpf (1848–1936): Founder of Experimental Phenomenology -- Two / The German Phase of the Movement -- III. The Pure Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) -- IV. The Original Phenomenological Movement -- V. The Phenomenology of Essences: Max Scheler (1874–1928) -- VI. Phenomenology in the Critical Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950) -- VII. Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) as a Phenomenologist -- Three / The French Phase of the Movement -- Introductory -- VIII. The Beginnings of French Phenomenology -- IX. Gabriel Marcel (1889–1974) as a Phenomenologist -- X. The Phenomenology of Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) -- XI. The Phenomenological Philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961) -- XII. Paul Ricoeur and Some Associates -- XIII. Emmanuel Levinas (Born 1906): Phenomenological Philosophy (by Stephan Strasser) -- Four / The Geography of the Phenomenological Movement -- Five / The Essentials of the Phenomenological Method -- Appendices -- Chart I: Chronology of the Phenomenological Movement in Germany -- Chart II: Chronology of the Phenomenological Movement in France -- Chart III: Chronology of the Phenomenological Movement in the Anglo-American World -- Index of Subjects, Combined with a Selective Glossary of Phenomenological Terms -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The present attempt to introduce the general philosophical reader to the Phenomenological Movement by way of its history has itself a history which is pertinent to its objective. It may suitably be opened by the following excerpts from a review which Herbert W. Schneider of Columbia University, the Head of the Division for International Cultural Cooperation, Department of Cultural Activities of Unesco from 1953 to 56, wrote in 1950 from France: The influence of Husserl has revolutionized continental philosophies, not because his philosophy has become dominant, but because any philosophy now seeks to accommodate itself to, and express itself in, phenomenological method. It is the sine qua non of critical respectability. In America, on the contrary, phenomenology is in its infancy. The average American student of philosophy, when he picks up a recent volume of philosophy published on the continent of Europe, must first learn the "tricks" of the phenomenological trade and then translate as best he can the real impon of what is said into the kind of imalysis with which he is familiar . . . . No doubt, American education will graduaUy take account of the spread of phenomenological method and terminology, but until it does, American readers of European philosophy have a severe handicap; and this applies not only to existentialism but to almost all current philosophical literature. ' These sentences clearly implied a challenge, if not a mandate, to all those who by background and interpretive ability were in a position to meet it.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7491-3
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  • 168
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    Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977297
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (381p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook 6
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Social history.
    Abstract: I Scientific and Other Establishments -- Scientific Establishments -- The Scientific Power Elite — a Chimera; The Deinstitutionalization and Politicization of Science -- The Hallmarks of Science and Scholasticism: A Historical Analysis -- Advice from a Scientific Establishment: the National Academy of Sciences -- II Establishments and Hierarchies in the Development of Scientific Knowledge -- Giving Life a New Meaning: The Rise of the Molecular Biology Establishment -- Two Scientific Establishments which Shape the Pattern of Cancer Research in Germany: Basic Science and Medicine -- Development and Establishment in Artificial Intelligence -- The Development of Restrictedness in the Sciences -- Scientific Disciplines and Organizational Specificity: the Social and Cognitive Configuration of Laboratory Activities -- III Establishing Boundaries and Hierarchies in the Sciences -- On the Autonomy of Pure Science: The Construction and Maintenance of Barriers between Scientific Establishments and Popular Culture -- Research Trails and Science Policies: Local and Extra-Local Negotiation of Scientific Work -- The Establishment and Structure of the Sciences as Reputational Organizations.
    Abstract: In recent years sociologists of sciences have become more interested in scien­ tific elites, in the way they direct and control the development of sciences and, beyond that, in which the organization of research facilities and resources generally affects research strategies and goals. In this volume we focus on scientific establishments and hierarchies as a means of bringing aspects of these concerns together in their historical and comparative contexts. These terms draw attention to the fact that much scientific work has been pursued within a highly specific organizational setting, that of universities and aca­ demic research institutes. The effects of this organizational setting as well as its power relations, and its resources in relation to governmental and other non-scientific establishments in society at large, deserve closer attention. One significant aspect of scientific establishments and hierarchies and of the power relations impinging upon scientific research, is the fact that the bulk of leading scientists have the professional career, qualifications and status of a professor. As heads or senior members of departments, institutes and laboratories, professors form the ruling groups of scientific work. They are the main defenders of scientific - or departmental - autonomy, accept or resist innovations in their field, play a leading part in fighting scientific controversies or establishing consensus. Even where research units are not directly controlled by professors, authority structures usually remain strongly hierarchical. These hierarchies too deserve attention in any explora­ tion of the social characteristics of scientific knowledge and its production.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7729-7
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  • 169
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    Husserl and Intentionality : A Study of Mind, Meaning, and Language (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401093835
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (446p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 154
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Semantics ; Phenomenology ; History ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- I/Intentionality and Intensionality -- 1. The Intentionality of Acts of Consciousness -- 2. Some Main Characteristics of “Intentional Relations” -- 3. The Intensionality of Act-Contexts -- 4. Intensionality vis-à-vis Intentionality -- II/Some Classical Approaches to the Problems of Intentionality and Intensionality -- 1. Theories of Intentionality as Theories About the Objects of Intention -- 2. Object-Theories of Intentionality -- III/Fundamentals of Husserl’s Theory of Intentionality -- 1. Husserl’s Phenomenological Approach to Intentionality -- 2. “Phenomenological Content” -- 3. Husserl’s Basic Theory: Intention via Sinn -- IV/Husserl’s Theory of Noematic Sinn -- 1. Interpreting Noematic Sinn -- 2. Husserl’s Identification of Linguistic Meaning and Noematic Sinn -- 3. How Is Intention Achieved via Sinn? -- V/Husserl’s Notion of Horizon -- 1. Meaning and Possible Experience: The Turn to Husserl’s Notion of Horizon -- 2. Husserl’s Conception of Horizon -- 3. Horizon and Background Beliefs -- 4. The Structure of an Act’s Horizon 25 -- 5. Toward a Generalized Theory of Horizon -- VI/Horizon-Analysis and the Possible-Worlds Explication of Meaning -- 1. Horizon-Analysis as Explication of Sinn and Intention -- 2. The Explication of Meaning in Terms of Possible Worlds -- 3. The Basis in Husserl for a Possible-Worlds Explication of Meaning and Intention -- VII/Intentionality and Possible-Worlds Semantics -- 1. Intentionality in Possible-Worlds Theory -- 2. Possible-Worlds Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- 3. Intentionality in Possible-Worlds Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- 4. A Husserlian Possible-Worlds Semantics for Propositional Attitudes -- VIII/Definite, or De Re, Intention in a Husserlian Framework -- 1. The Characterization of Definite, or De Re, Intention -- 2. Perceptual Acquaintance -- 3. Identity, Individuation, and Individuation in Consciousness -- 4. Toward a Phenomenological Account of Individuative Consciousness.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9383-5
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  • 170
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    Pfänder-Studien (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400974425
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (404p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée par H. L. Van Breda et Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 84
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 84
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I: Das Werk Alexander Pfänders und Seine Bedeutung Beiträge Aus Dem Internationalen Kongress „Die Münchener Phänomenologie“ 13.–18. April 1971 -- Epoché und Reduktion bei Pfänder und Husserl -- Alexander Pfänders ethische Wert- und Sollenslehre -- Die Psychiatrie und Alexander Pfänders phänomenologische Psychologie -- Alexander Pfänders Nachlaßtexte über das virtuelle Psychische -- Phénoménologie du vouloir et approche par le langage ordinaire -- Aus der Diskussion (zu W. Trillhaas und P. Ricoeur) -- II: Weitere Beiträge Zur Philosophie Pfänders -- „Münchener Phänomenologie“— Zur Frühgeschichte des Begriffs -- Bewußtseinsforschung und Bewußtsein in Pfänders Phänomenologie des Wollens -- Verstehende Psychologie -- Die Idee einer phänomenologischen Anthropologic und Pfänders verstehende Psychologie des Menschen -- Alexander Pfänders Grundriß der Charakterologie -- Zur Sinnklärung, Unterscheidung und gemeinsamen Grundlage der Sätze des ausgeschlossenen Dritten und des Widerspruchs -- „Linguistische Phanomenologie“: John L. Austin und Alexander Pfänder -- Phänomenologie und Ontologie in Alexander Pfänders Philosophie auf phänomenologischer Grundlage -- III: Neue Texte Aus Dem Nachlass -- Selbstanzeige für Die Seele des Menschen -- Imperativenlehre -- IV: Persönliche Zeugnisse Über Pfänder, Den Menschen Und Lehrer -- Vorbemerkung von Herbert Spiegelberg -- V: Aus Dem Briefwechsel Husserl - Pfänder -- Vorbemerkung der Herausgeber -- Lebensdaten -- Bibliographie -- Nachlaßubersicht -- Namenverzeichnis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7442-5
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  • 171
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    Numbers in Presence and Absence: A Study of Husserl’s Philosophy of Mathematics (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400976245
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives - Husserl 90
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 90
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I: The Emergence and Development of Husserl’s ‘Philosophy of Arithmetic’ -- 1. Historical Background: Weierstrass and the Arithmetization of Analysis -- 2. Husserl’s First Stage: Analysis as a Science of Number -- 3. Husserl’s Second Stage: Analysis as a Formal Technique -- 4. Husserl’s Third Stage: Analysis as Manifold Theory -- 5. The Problem of Psychologism in Husserl’s Early Writings -- II: Husserl and the Concept of Number -- 1. The Definition of Number -- 2. The Origin of Number as a Phenomenological Problem -- 3. The Origin of Number in Husserl’s Eearly Writings -- III: The Presence of Number -- 1. Sensuous Groups -- 2. Explication -- 3. Comparison -- IV: Numbers as Identities in Presence and Absence -- 1. Intending Numbers in their Absence -- 2. The Unity of Number -- 3. The Unity of Large Numbers -- 4. Sedimented Number Meanings -- V: The Sense of Arithmetic -- 1. Ideal Numbers -- 2. The Formal Character of the Concept of Number -- 3. Arithmetic as Formal Ontology -- VI: The Sense of Analysis -- 1. The Algebraization of Arithmetic -- 2. Theory Forms and Manifolds -- 3. Analysis as Manifold Theory -- 4. Husserl’s Attempted Justification of Analysis -- Conclusion -- Note on Abbreviations.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7624-5
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  • 172
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    Clinically Applied Anthropology : Anthropologists in Health Science Settings (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401091800
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (764p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 5
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology
    Abstract: Anthropology in Health Science Settings -- Section I. Clinically Applied Anthropology Teaching -- Medical Anthropology in a Preclinical Curriculum -- The Ethnographic Mode of Teaching Clinical Behavioral Science -- Clinically Applied Anthropology on a Psychiatric Consultation-Liaison Service -- Anthropology in Nursing: An Exploration of Adaptation -- New Approaches to Old Problems: Interactions of Culture and Nutrition -- Witch Doctor’s Legacy: Some Anthropological Implications for the Practice of Clinical Medicine -- Section II: Clinically Applied Anthropology Research -- Research Strategies, Structural Alterations, and Clinically Relevant Anthropology -- Knowledge and Practice: Anthropological Ideas and Psychiatric Practice -- Patient Requests in Primary Care Clinics -- The Meaning of Hypertension -- An Approach to the Resolution of Mexican-American Resistance to Diagnostic and Remedial Pediatric Heart Care -- Illness Maintenance and the New American Sick Role -- Long Term Psychiatric Clients in an American Community: Some Sociocultural Factors in Chronic Mental Illness -- Social Institutions and Disease Transmission -- Author Index.
    Abstract: like other collections of papers related to a single topic, this volume arose out of problem-sharing and problem-solving discussions among some of the authors. The two principal recurring issues were (1) the difficulties in translating anthropo­ logical knowledge so that our students could use it and (2) the difficulties of bringing existing medical anthropology literature to bear on this task. As we talked to other anthropologists teaching in other parts of the country and in various health-related schools, we recognized that our problems were similar. Similarities in our solutions led the Editors to believe that publication of our teaching experi­ ences and research relevant to teaching would help others and might begin the process of generating principles leading to a more coherent approach. Our colleagues supported this idea and agreed to contribute. What we agreed to write about was 'Clinically Applied Anthropology'. Much of what we were doing and certainly much of the relevant literature was applied anthropology. And our target group was composed-mostly of clinicians. The utility of the term became apparent after 1979 when another set of anthropologists began to discuss 'ainical Anthropology'. They too recognized the range of novel be­ haviors available to anthropologists in the health science arena and chose to focus on the clinical use of anthropology. We see this as an important endeavor, but very different from what we are proposing.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9180-0
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    Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401092203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 4
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology ; Public health.
    Abstract: Section I: Cultural Conceptions of the Person and Health -- 1. Introduction: Cultural Conceptions in Mental Health Research and Practice -- 2. Culture and Psychiatric Illness: Biomedical and Ethnomedical Aspects -- 3. The Ethnographic Study of Cultural Knowledge of “Mental Disorder” -- 4. Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally? -- Section II: Cultural Conceptions of Mental Disorder -- 5. Toward a Meaning-Centered Analysis of Popular Illness Categories: “Fright- Illness” and “Heart Distress” in Iran -- 6. Cultural Definitions, Behavior and the Person in American Psychiatry -- 7. Samoan Folk Knowledge of Mental Disorders -- 8. Popular Conceptions of Mental Health in Japan -- 9. Science and Psychological Medicine in the Ayurvedic Tradition -- Section III: Cultural Conceptions of Therapy -- 10. The Unbounded Self: Balinese Therapy in Theory and Practice -- 11. Self-Reconstruction in Japanese Religious Psychotherapy -- 12. Psychotherapy and Emotion in Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 13. Shaman-Client Interchange in Okinawa: Performative Stages in Shamanic Therapy -- 14. Sunao: A Central Value in Japanese Psychotherapy -- Section IV: Issues and Directions -- 15. The Intercultural Context of Counseling and Therapy -- 16. Culture and Mental Health: An Overview -- List of Contributors -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Within the past two decades, there has been an increased interest in the study of culture and mental health relationships. This interest has extended across many academic and professional disciplines, including anthropology, psychology, sociology, psychiatry, public health and social work, and has resulted in many books and scientific papers emphasizing the role of sociocultural factors in the etiology, epidemiology, manifestation and treatment of mental disorders. It is now evident that sociocultural variables are inextricably linked to all aspects of both normal and abnormal human behavior. But, in spite of the massive accumulation of data regarding culture and mental health relationships, sociocultural factors have still not been incorporated into existing biological and psychological perspectives on mental disorder and therapy. Psychiatry, the Western medical specialty concerned with mental disorders, has for the most part continued to ignore socio-cultural factors in its theoretical and applied approaches to the problem. The major reason for this is psychiatry's continued commitment to a disease conception of mental disorder which assumes that mental disorders are largely biologically-caused illnesses which are universally represented in etiology and manifestation. Within this perspective, mental disorders are regarded as caused by universal processes which lead to discrete and recognizable symptoms regardless of the culture in which they occur. However, this perspective is now the subject of growing criticism and debate.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9220-3
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  • 174
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    Hume, Hegel and Human Nature (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400975880
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (239p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 103
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 103
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy, modern ; History
    Abstract: I. The Intellectual Backcloth -- 1. The Enlightenment: a Situation -- 2. Human Nature in Context: Herder’s Contribution -- 3. The Kantian Revolution -- II. Human Nature and Society in Hume -- 4. The Constitution of Human Nature -- 5. Social Cohesiveness -- 6. Social Diversity -- 7. Habit Human Nature and Society -- III. Human Nature and Society in Hegel -- 8. The Characterisation of Human Nature -- 9. Man in Völker and States -- 10. Social Diversity and the Meaning of History -- 11. Self and Society.
    Abstract: This is both a modest and a presumptuous work. It is presumptuous because, given the vast literature on just one of its themes, it attempts to discuss not only the philosophies of both Hume and Hegel but also something of their intellectual milieu. Moreover, though the study has a delimiting perspective in the relation­ ship between a theory of human nature and an account of the various aspects that make up social experience, this itself is so central and protean that it has necessitated a discussion of, amongst others, theories of history, language, aesthetics, law and politics. Yet it is a modest work in that, although I do think I have some fresh things to say, the study does not propose any revolutionary new reading of the material. I am not here interested in the relative validity of the theories put forward - I do not 'take sides'. Nevertheless it is part of the modest intent that recourse to Hume and Hegel in arguments pertaining to human nature will be better inform­ ed and more discriminating as a consequence of this study. Additionally, some distinctions herein made also shed light on some assumptions made in contem­ porary debates in the philosophy of social science, especially those concerning the understanding of alien belief-systems.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7588-0
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  • 175
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    North American Social Report : A Comparative Study of the Quality of Life in Canada and the USA from 1964 to 1974.Vol. 5: Economics, Religion and Morality (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401095594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (247p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: North American Social Report 5
    Series Statement: Social Indicators Research Programmes 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 12: Economics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Goals -- 3. National accounts -- 4. Gross national product -- 5. Manufacturing productivity -- 6. Income and saving -- 7. Equity, equality, and efficiency -- 8. Male, female living standards -- 9. Earnings gaps -- 10. Gini coefficients and wealth -- 11. Corporate concentration -- 12. Inflation -- 13. Taxes -- 14. Work and unemployment -- 15. Poverty -- 16. Bankruptcy -- 17. Balance of payments -- 18. Net public debt -- 19. Foreign direct investment -- 20. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- 13: Religion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Religion in life -- 3. Reason and compassion -- 4. Indicator limitations -- 5. Affiliation and attendance -- 6. Beliefs -- 7. Influence, confidence, and significance -- 8. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures and Charts -- 14: Morality and Social Customs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marriage -- 3. Families -- 4. Divorce -- 5. Personal problems and future -- 6. National problems -- 7. Tastes -- 8. Prejudice -- 9. Happiness -- 10. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- 15: Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: For readers who intend to read this volume without reading the first, some in­ troductory remarks are in order about the scope of the work and the strategy used in all five volumes to measure the qUality of life. In the frrst chapter of Volume I, I reviewed the relevant recent literature on social indicators and so­ cial reporting, and explained all the general difficulties involved in such work. It would be redundant to repeat that discussion here, but there are some fundamental points that are worth mentioning. Readers who fmd this account too brief should consult the longer discussion. The basic question that will be answered in this work is this: Is there a difference in the quality of life in Canada and the United States of America, and if so, in which country is it better? Alternatively, one could put the question thus: If one individual were randomly selected out of Canada and another out of the United States, would there be important qualitative differences, and if so, which one would probably be better off? To simplify matters, I often use the terms 'Canadian' and 'American' as abbreviations for 'a randomly selected resident' of Canada or the United States, respec­ tively.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9559-4
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  • 176
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    A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings : 1625-1631 (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400975170
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (728p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Stichting Foundation Rembrandt Research Project 1
    Series Statement: Rembrandt Research Project Foundation 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Arts.
    Abstract: Since the second half of the last century art historians, realizing that the image of Rembrandt’s work had become blurred with time, have attempted to redefine the artist’s significance both as a source of inspiration to other artists and as a great artist in his own right. In order to carry on the work started by previous generations, a group of leading Dutch art historians from the university and museum world joined forces in the late 1960s in order to study afresh the paintings usually ascribed to the artist. The researchers came together in the Rembrandt Research Project which was established to provide the art world with a new standard reference work which would serve the community of art historians for the nearby and long future. They examined the originals of all works attributed to Rembrandt taking full advantage of today’s sophisticated techniques including radiography, neutron activation autoradiography, dendrochronology and paint sample analysis - thereby gaining valuable insight into the genesis and condition of the paintings. The result of this meticulous research is laid down chronologically in the following Volumes: THIS VOLUME: A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings, Volume I, which deals with works from Rembrandt’s early years in Leiden(1629-1631), published in 1982. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings, Volume II, covering his first years in Amsterdam (1631-1634), published in 1986. A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings, Volume III, goes into his later years of reputation (1635-1642), published in 1990. Each Volume consists of a number of Introductory Chapters as well as the full Catalogue of all paintings from the given time period attributed to Rembrandt. In this catalogue each painting is discussed and examined in a detailed way, comprising a descriptive, an interpretative and a documentary section. For the authenticity evaluation of the paintings three different categories are used to divide the works in: A. Paintings by Rembrandt, B. Paintings of which Rembrandt’s authorship cannot be positively either accepted or rejected, and C. Paintings of which Rembrandt’s authorship cannot be accepted. This volume (Volume I) contains 730 pages, starting of with four introductory chapters and discussing 93 paintings. In clear and accessible explanatory text all different paintings are discussed, larded with immaculate images of each painting. Details are shown where possible, as well as the results of modern day technical imaging. In this volume the f ...
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7517-0
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  • 177
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    Modelling (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400959682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 What is a model? -- 1.1 The concept of models -- 1.2 Word models -- 1.3 Definition of model -- 1.4 Examples -- 2 Why do I need a model? -- 2.1 Reason for use of models -- 2.2 Complexity -- 2.3 Integration and testing of compatibility of information already collected about a system -- 2.4 Simulation as a synthesis of available information -- 3 How do I start? -- 3.1 Defining the problem -- 3.2 Word models -- 3.3 Diagrams -- 4 What help can I expect from mathematics? -- 4.1 Mathematical notations -- 4.2 Families of mathematical models -- 5 Do I need a computer? -- 5.1 Access to computers -- 5.2 Computer languages -- 5.3 Using the computer -- 6 How do I know when to stop? -- 6.1 Re-examination of objectives -- 6.2 Sensitivity analysis -- 6.3 Verification -- 6.4 Validation -- Appendix: Modelling checklist -- References.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5968-2
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  • 178
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    Insect Herbivory (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400959514
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Science.
    Abstract: Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The evolutionary context and its implications -- 2 Plants as food for insects -- 2.1 Variation in the nutritive value of plant tissue -- 2.2 Barriers to the use of plant tissues -- 2.3 Trace compound barriers -- 2.4 Dosage-dependent chemical barriers -- 2.5 Changes in plant tissue resulting from herbivory -- 2.6 Strategies of insect herbivory and plant response -- 3 Insect adaptations to herbivory -- 3.1 Finding the food: host-plant location and recognition -- 3.2 Finding the food: synchronization with the host-plant -- 3.3 Insect feeding mechanisms -- 3.4 Food utilization and conversion efficiencies -- 4 Insect herbivory and non-woody plants -- 4.1 Herbivory and the individual plant -- 4.2 Herbivory and the plant population -- 4.3 Quantitative relationships -- 5 Insect herbivory and woody plants -- 5.1 The distribution and intensity of insect herbivory -- 5.2 The consequences of herbivory for the woody plant -- 5.3 Other effects of insect herbivory -- 5.4 Insect herbivores and tree rings -- 6 Insect herbivory and the plant community -- 6.1 Plant community composition and insect abundance -- 6.2 Effects of insect herbivory on plant communities -- 7 Insect herbivory in ecosystems -- 7.1 The scale of insect herbivory -- 7.2 The role of insect herbivores in the ecosystem -- 7.3 Insect herbivory and agricultural ecosystems -- References.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5951-4
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  • 179
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    Beneficence and Health Care (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977693
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I/Historical and Conceptual Background -- Philanthropy in Medicine: Some Historical Perspectives -- Philosophical Foundations of Beneficence -- Beneficence in an Ethics of Virtue -- Beneficence, Supererogation, and Role Duty -- Section II/Beneficence in Religious Ethics -- Jewish Ethics and Beneficence -- Roman Catholic Ethics and Beneficence -- Protestant Ethics and Beneficence -- Section III/Beneficence in Health Care -- Scope of Beneficence in Health Care -- To Benefit and Respect Persons: A Challenge for Beneficence in Health Care -- Beneficence and Health Policy: Reduction of Risk-Taking -- Altruism in Health Care -- Epilogue -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The meaning and application of the principle of beneficence to issues in health care is rarely clear or certain. Although the principle is frequently employed to justify a variety of actions and inactions, very little has been done from a conceptual point of view to test its relevance to these behaviors or to explore its relationship to other moral principles that also might be called upon to guide or justify conduct. Perhaps more than any other, the principle of benef­ icence seems particularly appropriate to contexts of health care in which two or more parties interact from positions of relative strength and weakness, advantage and need, to pursue some perceived goal. It is among those moral principles that Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress selected in their textbook on bioethics as applicable to biomedicine in general and relevant to a range of specific issues ([1], pp. 135-167). More narrowly, The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behav­ ioral Research identified beneficence as among those moral principles that have particular relevance to the conduct of research involving humans (2). Thus, the principle of beneficence is seen as pertinent to the routine delivery of health care, the discovery of new therapies, and the rationale of public policies related to health care.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7769-3
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  • 180
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    Responsibility in Health Care (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400978317
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: Section I / Health Care Teams and the Physician-Patient Relationship -- An Historical View of Health Care Teams -- Once On Top, Now On Tap: American Physicians View Their Relationships With Patients, 1920–1970 -- Section II / Authority and Responsibility in the Practice of Medicine -- The Concept of Responsibility in Medicine -- Comments on “The Concept of Responsibility in Medicine” -- Authority and the Profession of Medicine -- Power, Authority, and Rights in the Practice of Medicine -- Medical Authority and Professional Medical Authority: The Nature of Authority in Medicine for Decisions by Lay Persons and Professionals -- Section III / Ethics of Consultation and Interprofessional Relationships -- Medical Consultations in the Context of the Physician-Patient Relationship -- Integrity in Interprofessional Relationships -- Consulting With Integrity: Some Reflections on Team Health Care and Professional Responsibility -- Logical Confusions and Moral Dilemmas in Health Care Teams and Team Talk -- Responsibility and Health Care Teams: A Health Professional’s Perspective -- Section IV / Legal and Political Responsibility in Health Care Matters -- Legal Responsibility in Health Care: Whose Fault is It Anyway? -- Reaching Closure on Health-Related Controversies -- Responsibility and Public Policy in Health Care: Commentary on Essays by Williams and Rich -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Medicine is a complex social institution which includes biomedical research, clinical practice, and the administration and organization of health care delivery. As such, it is amenable to analysis from a number of disciplines and directions. The present volume is composed of revised papers on the theme of "Responsibility in Health Care" presented at the Eleventh Trans­ Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, which was held in Springfield, illinois on March 16-18, 1981. The collective focus of these essays is the clinical practice of medicine and the themes and issues related to questions of responsibility in that setting. Responsibility has three related dimensions which make it a suitable theme for an inquiry into clinical medicine: (a) an external dimension in legal and political analysis in which the State imposes penalties on individuals and groups and in which officials and governments are held accountable for policies; (b) an internal dimension in moral and ethical analysis in which individuals take into account the consequences of their actions and the criteria which bear upon their choices; and (c) a comprehensive dimension in social and cultural analysis in which values are ordered in the structure of a civilization ([8], p. 5). The title "Responsibility in Health Care" thus signifies a broad inquiry not only into the ethics of individual character and actions, but the moral foundations of the cultural, legal, political, and social context of health care generally.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7831-7
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    The Logic of Time : A Model-Theoretic Investigation into the Varieties of Temporal Ontology and Temporal Discourse (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401098687
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 156
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: I/Temporal Ontology -- I.1./Primitive Notions -- I.2./Points -- I.3./Periods -- I.4./Points and Periods -- I.5./Events -- II/Temporal Discourse -- II.1./Choice of Languages -- II.2./Instant Tense Logic -- II.3./Extended Tense Logic -- II.4./Point Talk and Period Talk -- Appendix A/On Space -- Notes -- List of Important Principles -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: That philosophical themes could be studied in an exact manner by logical meanS was a delightful discovery to make. Until then, the only outlet for a philosophical interest known to me was the production of poetry or essays. These means of expression remain inconclusive, however, with a tendency towards profuseness. The logical discipline provides so me intellectual backbone, without excluding the literary modes. A master's thesis by Erik Krabbe introduced me to the subject of tense logic. The doctoral dissertation of Paul N eedham awaked me (as so many others) from my dogmatic slumbers concerning the latter's mono­ poly on the logical study of Time. Finally, a set of lecture notes by Frank Veltman showed me how classical model theory is just as relevant to that study as more exotic intensional techniques. Of the authors whose work inspired me most, I would mention Arthur Prior, for his irresistible blend of logic and philosophy, Krister Segerberg, for his technical opening up of a systematic theory, and Hans Kamp, for his mastery of all these things at once. Many colleagues have made helpful comments on the two previous versions of this text. I would like to thank especially my students Ed Brinksma, Jan van Eyck and Wilfried Meyer-Viol for their logical and cultural criticism. The drawings were contributed by the versatile Bauke Mulder. Finally, Professor H intikka's kind appreciation provided the stimulus to write this book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9868-7
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    Yves de Vallone: The Making of an Esprit-Fort (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400974586
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Klaits, Joseph [Rezension von: O'Higgins, James, Yves de Vallone: The Making of an Esprit-Fort] 1984
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 97
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 97
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I Biographical -- 1 The Search for de Vallone -- 2 The Story of Yves de Vallone -- 3 The Calvinism of de Vallone -- 4 Predestination and the Quarrel with Jaques Bernard -- II “La Religion Du Chrétien” -- 1 Introduction -- 2 God -- 3 The Soul -- 4 Authority -- 5 Scripture -- 6 The Christian Religion -- III Conclusion -- 1 The Unorthodoxy of de Vallone -- 2 The Clandestine Manuscripts -- 3 Conclusion.
    Abstract: The writing of the second part of this book presented a peculiar difficulty. On the one hand I had the great advantage of having found the first rough draft of the manuscript La Religion du Chretien, corrected and often recorrected. Authorship could eventually be established beyond shadow of doubt, and in the corrections one could see de Vallone changing his opinions as he wrote. On the other the sheer length of the manuscript - about 140,000 words - plus the num­ ber of corrections - well over 3,000, many of them lengthy - the enormous number of references in the text to the Classics, to the Scriptures and Apochrypha, to the Fathers, to Philosophers, ancient and contemporary or near contemporary to de Vallone, and to a considerable number of other contem­ porary authors, all of which would require a footnote (not to speak of other footnotes necessary as comments on the text itself) made the production of a critical edition a financial impossibility. Instead I decided, for the sake of scholars interested in this type of manuscript, to give a full, i. ndeed meticulous­ perhaps too meticulous - digest of the manuscript with a running commentary, showing the influences working on de Vallone, the intellectual atmosphere in which he lived, indicating the significance of all the major revisions and correc­ tions in his text and commenting on what one can only describe as his own world-theory and on his use of his authorities and of their influence upon him.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7458-6
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    Classics in Radio Astronomy (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977525
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 10
    DDC: 520
    Keywords: Physics ; History
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7752-5
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  • 184
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    Charles Bonnet and the Order of the Known (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977907
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; History ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I. Intellectual Development -- II. Taxonomy -- III. Signs and Ideas -- IV. Personality -- V. The Structure of Harmony -- VI. Conclusion.
    Abstract: Charles Bonnet began his career as a naturalist, from an early age establishing a reputation as a careful observer. It is for those youthful observations, as well as for some suggestive speculations proposed relative to this field, that he is best remembered in English-speaking countries: regarding the taxonomic de­ mands of natural history he refurbished the idea of a chain of beings; regarding the question of generation he marshaled evidence in support of preforma­ tion theory; and regarding the analysis of the physiology of the nervous system he advanced a theory that individual nerve fibers receive and retain specific sensations. Following his loss of eyesight in his mid-twenties Bonnet entered a more reflective period, turning to philosophy and pondering the nature of human understanding - considerations he had formerly disdained, but that now seemed a natural outgrowth of his reflections on nature. This essay focuses on the philosophical and psychological works of the later period, the period in which he wrote all his major books. By giving these writings a broader exposure it has been one of my hopes that Bonnet's audience would also be broadened, releasing him, so to speak, from the charge of historians of science so that he might fmd his way, in general books on the "Enlightenment", from scattered footnotes into the texts themselves.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7790-7
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  • 185
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    Political Equilibrium (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400973800
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public Choice 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: I Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: The Conceptual Controversy Framed -- 1 Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions -- 2 Political Disequilibrium and Scientific Inquiry: A Comment on William H. Riker’s “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions” -- 3 An Altimeter for Mr. Escher’s Stairway: A Comment on William H. Riker’s “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions” -- 4 A Reply to Ordeshook and Rae -- II Alternative Views of Political Equilibrium -- 5 Equilibrium, Disequilibrium, and the General Possibility of a Science of Politics -- 6 The Limitations of Equilibrium Analysis in Political Science -- 7 Instability and Development in the Political Economy -- 8 On the Properties of Stable Decision Procedures -- 9 An Experimental Test of Solution Theories for Cooperative Games in Normal Form -- III Equilibrium Analysis in Practice -- 10 Political Inequality: An Economic Approach -- 11 Sophisticated Voting under the Plurality Procedure -- 12 The Role of Imperfections of Health Insurance in Voter Support for Safety Regulation -- 13 The Entry Problem in a Political Race -- References -- List of Contributors.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7380-0
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    Husserl’s “Introductions to Phenomenology” : Interpretation and Critique (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400975736
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H.L Van Breda Et Publiée sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’ Archives - Husserl 89
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 89
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Husserl’s Thesis that Consciousness Is World-Constitutive and Its Demonstration -- A. Husserl’s Thesis -- B. The Idea of a Demonstration of the Thesis -- 3. The Motivating Problem -- 4. Acquiring the Idea of Pure Transcendental Consciousness -- A. The Thesis of the Natural Attitude -- B. The Psychological Investigation of Consciousness and the Argument that Consciousness Constitutes the World -- 5. The Entry into the Transcendental Realm -- A. The Phenomenological Epoche and Reduction -- B. Constitution and Constitutive Analysis -- C. Summary -- 6. Transcendental Illusion -- A. The Meaning of “Transcendental Illusion” -- B. Realism and Idealism in Husserl’s Philosophy -- C. Husserl’s Demonstration of the Existence of the Possibility of Transcendental Illusion -- 7. Conclusion: Toward a New Introduction to Phenomenology.
    Abstract: There is a remarkable unity to the work of Edmund Husserl, but there are also many difficulties in it. The unity is the result of a single personal and philo­ sophical quest working itself out in concrete phenomenological analyses; the difficulties are due to the inadequacy of initial conceptions which becomes felt as those analyses become progressively deeper and more extensive. ! Anyone who has followed the course of Husserl's work is struck by the constant reemergence of the same problems and by the insightfulness of the inquiries which press toward their solution. However one also becomes aware of Husserl's own dissatisfaction with his work, once so movingly expressed in a 2 personal note. It is the purpose of the present work to examine and revive one of the issues which gave Husserl difficulty, namely, the problem of an intro­ duction to phenomenology. Several of Husserl's writings published after Logical Investigations were either subtitled or referred to by him as "introductions to phenomenology. "3 These works serve to acquaint the reader with the specific character of Husserl's transcendental phenomenology and with the problems to which it is to provide the solution. They include discussions and analyses which pertain to what has come to be known as "ways" into transcendental phenomenology. 4 The issue here is the proper access to transcendental phenomenology.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7573-6
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  • 187
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    Societies and Social Decision Functions : A Model with Focus on the Information Problem (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400978133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series In the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 30
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1/Comparison of Approaches to Social Choice -- 2/Intensity of Preferences and Cardinal Utility -- 3/Unsatisfactoriness of Ordinal Methods in Dealing with Problems of Social Choice -- 4/A System of Axioms for Cardinal Utility -- 5/A More General System of Axioms for Cardinal Utility -- 6/An Abstract Model of Society -- 7/Social Decision Functions -- 8/A Theorem Proving the Unsatisfactoriness of the Ordinal Approach to Social Choice -- 9/Strengthening the Theorem Proved in Chapter 8: Informal Discussion -- 10/Unsatisfactoriness of the Ordinal Approach to Social Choice: Further Results -- 11/ Justifying the Use of Ordinal Methods -- 12/Conclusion -- Appendix 1 /The Utility Differences Approach to Cardinal Utility -- Appendix 2/The Expected Utility Approach to Cardinal Utility -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: A model is an idealization. It is an abstract representation of a given perceived reality. To construct a model one abstracts from the unimportant features of that reality and replaces it by a formal structure, whose properties, explicitly assumed or logically de­ ducible from the stated assumptions, correspond to the interesting relationships of the reality being studied. The purpose of constructing a model is twofold: first, to help better understand a complex reality; second, to help make pre­ dictions with regard to still unobserved phenomena. The first purpose will be satisfied if the constructor of the model is able to identify and disregard the unimportant features of the reality being studied and replaces this reality by an easier to understand formal structure. By applying then the techniques of mathematics and logic to this formal structure we might be able to reach conclusions with regard to still unobserved phenomena, which will be of help in making predictions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7813-3
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  • 188
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    The Nature of Syntactic Representation (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Long Distance Agreement in Modern Icelandic -- Purpose Clauses and Control -- Binding in Wholewheat* Syntax (*unenriched with inaudibilia) -- Grammatical Relations and Montague Grammar -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- Evidence for Gaps -- A Phrase Structure Account of Scandinavian Extraction Phenomena -- Syntactic Representation, Syntactic Levels, and the Notion of Subject -- Some Arc Pair Grammar Descriptions -- A Semantic Theory of “NP-movement” Dependencies.
    Abstract: The work collected in this book represents the results of some intensive recent work on the syntax of natural languages. The authors' differing viewpoints have in common the program of revising current conceptions of syntactic representation so that the role of transformational derivations is reduced or eliminated. The fact that the papers cross-refer to each other a good deal, and that authors assuming quite different fram{:works are aware of each other's results and address themselves to shared problems, is partly the result of a conference on the nature of syntactic representation that was held at Brown University in May 1979 with the express purpose of bringing together different lines of research in syntax. The papers in this volume mostly arise out of work that was presented in preliminary form at that conference, though much rewriting and further research has been done in the interim period. Two papers are included because although they were not given even in preliminary form at the conference, it has become clear since then that they interrelate with the work of the conference so much that they cannot reasonably be left out: Gerald Gazdar's statement of his program for phrase structure description of natural language forms the theoretical basis that is assumed by Maling and Zaenen and by Sag, and David Dowty's paper represents a bridge between the relational grammar exemplified here in the papers by Perlmutter and Postal on the one hand and the Montague­.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7707-5
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  • 189
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    Henry E. Kyburg, Jr. & Isaac Levi (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977181
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 3
    Series Statement: Profiles 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I -- One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Kyburg’s System of Probability -- Kyburg on Direct Inference -- Reply -- Three -- Bibliography of Henry E. Kyburg, Jr. -- II -- One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Levi’s Theory of Acceptance -- Levi on the Dogma of Randomization in Experiments -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Isaac Levi -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc.) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division oflabor and increas­ ing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results 'are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s} will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of signifi­ cant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7718-1
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  • 190
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    A Show Trial Under Lenin : The Trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries, Moscow 1922 (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400976061
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Social History 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History ; Law—History. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Socialist Revolutionaries and the Soviet Regime -- 2. The Announcement of the Trial and the International Socialist Movement -- 3. Preparations for the Trial -- 4. The Treatment of the Accused, Defenders and Witnesses During the Trial -- 5. The Judicial Investigation -- 6. The Socialist Revolutionaries Versus the Bolsheviks -- 7. The Verdict and How It Was Brought About -- 8. The Propaganda Campaign -- 9. The Reactions -- 10. The End -- Conclusion -- List of Abbreviations Used in the Notes -- Notes.
    Abstract: Soviet Russia will conquer all the millions of problems that stand in its way, on one condition: as long as the cause of the political education of the broad masses of the people continually advances. We have nothing to be afraid of, if our people fully learns to distinguish who are its friends and who are its enemies. The trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries must and shall be a great step forward in the cause of the political instruction of the very broadest masses in town and country. (Grigorii Zinov'ev, Pravda and Krasnaia gazeta, 20 June 1922) For my part, I considered this trial to be unnecessary: the Socialist Revolu­ tionaries had been beaten and represented no visible danger at all. (Charles Rappoport, Ma vie, Paris 1926-1927, Vol. 2, p. 80) The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in October 1917 by staging a coup d'etat, and then established a dictatorship. The new rulers sup­ pressed all armed resistance in a bloody civil war, after which they made every effort to uproot and exterminate even peaceful political opposition of all kinds. Even now it is impossible in the Soviet Union to subject these developments to critical historical study. The political opponents of the Soviet regime of the time are still regarded by official Soviet his­ toriography as counter-revolutionaries and the measures taken against them are seen as completely justified.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7606-1
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  • 191
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    The Foundations of Expected Utility (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401733298
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 178 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 31
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Linear Utility on Mixture Sets -- 3 Expected Utility for Probability Measures -- 4 Lexicographic Quasilinear Utility -- 5 Linear Utility for Partially Ordered Preferences -- 6 Linear Utilities on Product Sets -- 7 Multilinear Utility on Products of Mixture Sets -- 8 Multilinear Utility for Probability Measures -- 9 Subjective Linear Utility on Products Of Mixture Sets -- 10 Subjective Expected Utility for Arbitrary State Sets -- 11 Subjective Linear Utility for Partially Ordered Preferences -- 12 Subjective Linear Utility with Conditional Preference Comparisons -- References.
    Abstract: This book offers a unified treatment of my research in the foundations of expected utility theory from around 1965 to 1980. While parts are new, the presentation draws heavily on published articles and a few chapters in my 1970 monograph on utility theory. The diverse notations and styles of the sources have of course been reconciled here, and their topics arranged in a logical sequence. The two parts of the book take their respective cues from the von Neumann-Morgenstern axiomatization of preferences between risky options and from Savage's foundational treatment of decision making under uncertainty. Both parts are studies in the axiomatics of preferences for decision situations and in numerical representations for preferences. Proofs of the representation and uniqueness theorems appear at the ends of the chapters so as not to impede the flow of the discussion. A few warnings on notation are in order. The numbers for theorems cited within a chapter have no prefix if they appear in that chapter, but otherwise carry a chapter prefix (Theorem 3.2 is Theorem 2 in Chapter 3). All lower case Greek letters refer to numbers in the closed interval from o to 1. The same symbol in different chapters has essentially the same meaning with one major exception: x, y, ... mean quite different things in different chapters. I am indebted to many people for their help and encouragement.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3329-8
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  • 192
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    Papers in Game Theory (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401725279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 260 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 28
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. Approaches to the Bargaining Problem Before and After the Theory of Games: A Critical Discussion of Zeuthen’s, Hicks’, and Nash’s Theories -- 2. On the Rationality Postulates Underlying the Theory of Cooperative Games -- 3. A Simplified Bargaining Model for the n-Person Cooperative Game -- 4. Games with Randomly Disturbed Payoffs: A New Rationale for Mixed-Strategy Equilibrium Points -- 5. Oddness of the Number of Equilibrium Points: A New Proof -- 6. Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players. Part I: The Basic Model -- 7. Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players. Part II: Bayesian Equilibrium Points -- 8. Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players. Part III: The Basic Probability Distribution of the Game -- 9. Uses of Bayesian Probability Models in Game Theory -- 10. An Equilibrium-Point Interpretation of Stable Sets and a Proposed Alternative Definition -- 11. A New General Solution Concept for Both Cooperative and Noncooperative Games -- 12. Rule Utilitarianism, Rights, Obligations and the Theory of Rational Behavior.
    Abstract: This volume contains twelve of my game-theoretical papers, published in the period of 1956-80. It complements my Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior, and Scientific Explanation, Reidel, 1976, and my Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and Social Situations, Cambridge University Press, 1977. These twelve papers deal with a wide range of game-theoretical problems. But there is a common intellectual thread going though all of them: they are all parts of an attempt to generalize and combine various game-theoretical solution concepts into a unified solution theory yielding one-point solutions for both cooperative and noncooperative games, and covering even such 'non-classical' games as games with incomplete information. SECTION A The first three papers deal with bargaining models. The first one discusses Nash's two-person bargaining solution and shows its equivalence with Zeuthen's bargaining theory. The second considers the rationality postulates underlying the Nash-Zeuthen theory and defends it against Schelling's objections. The third extends the Shapley value to games without transferable utility and proposes a solution concept that is at the same time a generaliza­ tion of the Shapley value and of the Nash bargaining solution.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2527-9
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  • 193
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    Introduction to Trade Mark Law in the Benelux (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401744058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (139 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Commercial law
    Abstract: I. What is a Trade Mark? -- II. What Can be a Trade Mark and What Cannot? -- III. The Choice of a Trade Mark. Searches into the Availability of Trade Marks -- IV. Functions and Economic Significance of the Trade Mark -- V. Origin of the Trade Mark Right -- VI. The Registration Procedure -- VII. Renewal of the Trade Mark Registration -- VIII. Lapse of the Right to a Trade Mark -- IX. The Substance of the Trade Mark Right -- X. Use of the Trade Mark -- XI. Various Categories of Trade Marks -- XII. Defence of Trade Mark Rights -- XIII. Licences -- XIV. Assignment of Trade Marks -- XV. Trade Mark Protection Abroad -- XVI. Limitations to the Right to a Trade Mark -- XVII. Trade Mark Journals -- XVIII. The Trade Mark Agent -- Annexes -- I. Uniform Benelux Trade Mark Law -- II. International Classification of Goods and Services -- III. Bibliography -- IV. Index.
    Abstract: In Holland it is a frequent and happy phenomenon that experts employed by a particular company do not confine their knowledge and experience purely within the privacy of that firm, but allow others to profit therefrom by being active within professional or business organisations, committees and so on. Professional journals also contain contributions from such experts with gratifying regularity. It is, however, extremely seldom and thus all the more welcome if such experts, in this case company lawyers, are willing to do even more. Mister Mak (LL.D.) and Mister Molijn (LL.M.) have been able to find the time and the quiet (or have sacrificed their own free time) to place on record for the benefit of the business world in Holland their great knowledge of trade mark law and their practical opinions. Those who are no strangers in this trade mark Jerusalem, know that the authors have not acquired their knowledge and experi­ ence solely within the large companies in which they are em­ ployed, but also in committees and on the boards of organisations which devote themselves to achieving good trade mark protection and to stimulating and/or criticising new developments in the legislative field. This fact is evident from the critical obser­ vations in this book and gives the book an interesting extra dimension.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4405-8
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  • 194
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    Business Law in Europe : Legal, tax and labour aspects of business operations in the ten European Community countries and Switzerland (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401743587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 606 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Commercial law
    Abstract: European Chapters -- Some Observations on the Law of the European Communities -- European Company Law -- European Tax Law -- European Social Law -- National Chapters -- Belgium -- Denmark -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Ireland -- Italy -- Luxembourg -- Netherlands -- Switzerland -- The United Kingdom.
    Abstract: This book is intended to serve as a guide to businessmen and their advisers, either from outside the Common Market or from within, who seek basic information on questions in three main fields: company law and related legal matters, taxation, and labour law. For those who wish to establish an enter­ prise or form a holding or financing company in one of the Member States of the Common Market (including Greece, of course) or Switzerland this guide offers a unique opportunity to compare conditions in the various countries in the three fields. This is facilitated by the strict adherence to one format for each national chapter. Those who are already present in one or more of the eleven countries will find a global answer to a number of practical questions that may arise. For detailed answers the local lawyer or other consultant remains indispensable. The format is based on two different approaches the foreign investor may take: either he 'goes it alone', by way of establishing a branch, setting up a subsidiary or taking over an existing company, or he joins forces with another investor from within the host country or from outside. In the latter event there are a number of legal forms (jointly owned company, partnership, etc. ) which may be used.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4358-7
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  • 195
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    Contemporary Newtonian Research (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977150
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: Some Issues of Newtonian Historiography -- The Principia, Universal Gravitation, and the “Newtonian Style”, in relation to the Newtonian Revolution in Science: Notes on the Occasion of the 250th Anniversary of Newton’s Death -- Newton the Mathematician -- Newton’s Theological Manuscripts -- Space, Infinity, and Indivisibility: Newton on the Creation of Matter -- Newton on Electricity and the Aether -- The System of Locke and Newton.
    Abstract: them in his cheat-preface to Copernicus De Revolutionibus, but the main change in their import has been that whereas Osiander defended Copernicus, Mach and Duhem defended science. The modem conception of hypothetico­ deductive science is, again, geared to defend the respectability of science in much the same way: the physical interpretation, it says, is merely and always hypothetical, and so the scientist is never really committed to it. Hence, when science sheds the physical interpretation off its mathematical skeleton as time and refutation catch up with it, the scientist is not really caught in error, for he never was committed to this interpretation in the first place. This is the apologetic essence of present day, Popper-like, versions of the idea of science as a mathematical-core-cum-interpretational shell. This is also Cohen's view, for it aims to free Newton of any existential commitment to which his theory might allegedly commit him. It will be readily seen that Cohen regards this methodological distinction between mathematics and physics to be the backbone of the Newtonian revolution in science (which is, in its tum, the climax of the whole Scientific Revolution) for a very clear reason: it enables us to argue that Newton could use freely the new concept of centripetal force, even though he did not be­ lieve in physical action at a distance and could not conceive how such a force could act to produce its effects". ([3] pp.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7715-0
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  • 196
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    Studies of Mind and Brain : Neural Principles of Learning, Perception, Development, Cognition, and Motor Control (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (660p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 70
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 70
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Neurosciences ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. How Does a Brain Build a Cognitive Code? -- 2. Some Physiological and Biochemical Consequences of Psychological Postulates -- 3. Classical and Instrumental Learning by Neural Networks -- 4. Pattern Learning by Functional-Differential Neural Networks with Arbitrary Path Weights -- 5. A Neural Theory of Punishment and Avoidance. II: Quantitative Theory -- 6. A Neural Model of Attention, Reinforcement and Discrimination Learning -- 7. Neural Expectation: Cerebellar and Retinal Analogs of Cells Fired by Learnable or Unlearned Pattern Classes -- 8. Contour Enhancement, Short Term Memory, and Constancies in Reverberating Neural Networks -- 9. Biological Competition: Decision Rules, Pattern Formation, and Oscillations -- 10. Competition, Decision, and Consensus -- 11. Behavioral Contrast in Short Term Memory: Serial Binary Memory Models or Parallel Continuous Memory Models? -- 12. Adaptive Pattern Classification and Universal Recoding. I: Parallel Development and Coding of Neural Feature Detectors -- 13. A Theory of Human Memory: Self-Organization and Performance of Sensory-Motor Codes, Maps, and Plans -- List of Publications.
    Abstract: the mass of experimental data from current research in psychology and physiology, Grossberg proposes and develops a non-linear mathematics as a model for specific functions of mind and brain. He finds the classic approach to the mathematical modelling of mind and brain systematically inadequate. This inadequacy, he holds, arises from the attempt to describe adaptive systems in the mathematical language of 9 physics developed to describe "stationary", i. e. non-adaptive and non-evolving systems. In place of this linear mathematics, Grossberg develops his non-linear approach. His method is at once imaginative, rigorous, and philosophically significant: it is the thought experiment. It is here that the richness of his interdisciplinary mastery, and the power of his methods, constructions and proofs, reveal themselves. The method is what C. S. Peirce characterized as the method of abduction, or of hypothetical inference in theory construction: given the output of the system as a psychological phenomenon (e. g.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7758-7
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  • 197
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    The Cultural Context of Therapeutic Choice : Obstetrical Care Decisions Among the Bariba of Benin (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977402
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 3
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Humanities ; Logic ; Anthropology
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1.1. The Study -- 1.2. The Setting -- 1.3. Methodology -- 1.4. Theoretical Perspectives on Health Care Decisions -- 2: The Cultural Context of Therapeutic Choice -- 2.1. Bariba Conceptions of the Order of the Universe -- 2.2. Diagnosis and Treatment -- 2.3. Divination -- 2.4. The Use of Substances -- 2.5. Medicines -- 3: Beliefs and Practices Surrounding Reproductive Processes -- 3.1. Menstruation and Clitoridectomy -- 3.2. Conception -- 3.3. Development of Fetus -- 3.4. Contraception -- 3.5. Abortion -- 3.6. Sterility -- 4: Status Among the Bariba: The Roles and Responsibilities of Women -- 4.1. Status in Bariba Society -- 4.2. Position of Women -- 4.3. Economic Subsistence -- 4.4. Political Arena -- 4.5. Domestic Relations -- 4.6. Household Responsibilities -- 5: Sociological and Career Attributes of Midwives -- 5.1. Healers: Midwives and Medicine People -- 5.2. Implications of Role Expectations for Birth Assistance -- 5.3. Recruitment of Matrones and Method of Skill Acquisition -- 5.4. Sources of Medical Knowledge -- 5.5. Matrones Own Reproductive Histories -- 5.6. Age at Unsupervised Delivery -- 5.7. Assistance at Own Child’s Delivery -- 5.8. Remuneration -- 5.9. Comprehensive Care by Matrones -- 5.10. Pregnancy Counseling -- 5.11. Matrone’s Role Variability -- 5.12. Spirit Possession -- 5.13. Inheritance of Spirits -- 5.14. Healing and Sambani -- 5.15. The Matrone Prototype -- 6: The Meaning of Efficacy in Relation to Obstetrical Care Preferences -- 7: Birth Assistance in the Rural Area: Patterns of Delivery Assistance -- 7.1. Delivery Assistance: Patterns of Selection in the Rural Area -- 7.2. Midwifery as a Therapeutic System -- 7.3. Structured Interviews with Matrones -- 8: Client-Practitioner Encounters -- 8.1.1. The Case of Adama -- 8.1.2. The Case of Sako -- 8.1.3. The Case of the Prolapsed Cord -- 8.1.4. The Case of the Terrifying Breech 120 -- 8.1.5 The Case of Bona -- 8.2. Pain as a Cultural Phenomenon -- 8.3. Pregnancy (by Nicole) -- 8.4. Conclusion -- 9: Utilization of National Health Services for Maternity Care in the District of Kouande -- 9.1. Clinic vs. Home Delivery: A Pehunko Sample -- 9.2. Utilization of the Pehunko Dispensary -- 9.3. Pehunko Women at the Kouande Maternity Clinic -- 9.4. The Kouande Maternity Clinic: General Utilization -- 10: Conclusion -- 10.1. Implications of the Bariba Study for the Cross-Cultural Study of Midwifery -- 10.2. The Involvement of Indigenous Midwives in National Health Systems -- 10.3. Training Programs -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Demographic Data -- Appendix B: Female Circumcision Songs -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book examines the factors influencing women's choices of obstetrical care in a Bariba community in the People's Republic of Benin, West Africa. When selecting a research topic, I decided to investigate health care among the Bariba for several reasons. First, I had served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in northern Benin (then Dahomey) and had established a network of contacts in the region. In addition, I had worked for a year as assistant manager of a pharmacy in a northern town and had become interested in the pattern of utilization of health care services by urban residents. This three-year residence proved an invaluable asset in preparing and conducting research in the northern region. In particular, I was able to establish relationships with several indigenous midwives whose families I already knew both from prior research experience and mutual friend­ ships. These relationships enabled me to obtain detailed information regarding obstetrical practice and thus form the foundation of this book. The fieldwork upon which the book is directly based was conducted between June 1976 and December 1977 and sponsored by the F ord-Rockefeller Popula­ tion Policy Program, the Social Science Research Council, the National Science Foundation, and the FUlbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Program. The Ford-Rockefeller Population Policy Program funded the project as a collab­ oration between myself and Professor Eusebe Alihonou, Professor Agrege (Gynecologie-Obstetrique) at the National University of Benin.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7740-2
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  • 198
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    New Knowledge in the Biomedical Sciences : Some Moral Implications of Its Acquisition, Possession, and Use (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977235
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: Section I / The Physician as Moral Arbiter -- The Physician as a Moral Force in American History -- The Physician as Moral Arbiter -- Section II / The Costs of New Knowledge -- Moral Issues Relating to the Economics of New Knowledge in the Biomedical Sciences -- Only the Best is Good Enough? -- Section III / Costs, Benefits, and the Responsibilities of Medical Science -- Morality and the Social Control of Biomedical Technology -- Rights and Responsibilities in Medical Science -- Health, Justice, and Responsibility -- Section IV / Biomedical Knowledge: Libertarian vs. Socialist Models -- The Need to Know: Utilitarian and Esthetic Values of Biomedical Science -- Medical Knowledge as a Social Product: Rights, Risks, and Responsibilities -- Biomedical Knowledge: Progress and Priorities -- Section V / Biomedical Ethics and Advances in Biomedical Science -- Applying Morality to Advances in Biomedicine: Can and Should This be Done? -- Biomedicine, Health Care Policy, and the Adequacy of Ethical Theory -- Section VI / Conclusions and Reflections: Present and Future Problems -- Why New Technology is More Problematic than Old Technology -- The Uses of Biomedical Knowledge: The End of the Era of Optimism? -- The Best is Yet to Come -- Scientific Advance, Technological Development, and Society -- The Life-World and the Patient’s Expectations of New Knowledge -- Epilogue -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The spectacular development of medical knowledge over the last two centuries has brought intrusive advances in the capabilities of medical technology. These advances have been remarkable over the last century, but especially over the last few decades, culminating in such high technology interventions as heart transplants and renal dialysis. These increases in medical powers have attracted societal interest in acquiring more such knowledge. They have also spawned concerns regarding the use of human subjects in research and regarding the byproducts of basic research as in the recent recombinant DNA debate. As a consequence of the development of new biomedical knowledge, physicians and biomedical scientists have been placed in positions of new power and responsibility. The emergence of this group of powerful and knowledgeable experts has occasioned debates regarding the accountability of physicians and biomedical scientists. But beyond that, the very investment of resources in the acquisition of new knowledge has been questioned. Societies must decide whether finite resources would not be better invested at this juncture, or in general, in the alleviation of the problems of hunger or in raising general health standards through interventions which are less dependent on the intensive use of high technology. To put issues in this fashion touches on philosophical notions concerning the claims of distributive justice and the ownership of biomedical knowledge.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7723-5
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  • 199
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    Historical Research in the Low Countries 1970-1975 : A Critical Survey (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400976979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Bibliografische Reeks van het Nederlands Historisch Genootschap 1
    Series Statement: Historical Research in the Low Countries 1970-1975 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: Survey of Recent Dutch Historiography from: Acta Hisatoriae Neerlandicae VI (1973) -- Works in English on Netherlands History published in 1970 and 1971 listed chronologically from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae VI -- Belgian Historiography written in Dutch 1969–1971 from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae VI -- Survey of Recent Dutch Historiography from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae VII (1974) -- Works in English on Netherlands History published in 1970, 1971 and 1972 from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae VII -- Belgian Historiography written in Dutch 1971–1973 from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae VII -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae VIII (1975) -- Recent Works on the History of the Low Countries Published in English from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae VIII -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae IX (1976) -- Select List of Recent Works in the History of the Low Countries Published in English from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae IX -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae X (1977) -- Select List of Recent Works on the History of the Low Countries Published in English from: Acta Historiae Neerlandicae X -- Inde -- A. Surveys -- Books and Articles -- Authors -- B. Lists of Works Published in English -- Books and Articles -- Authors.
    Abstract: The five review articles included in this volume were produced by the Dutch History Seminar of the University of London with the assistance of several Belgian and Dutch historians. They first appeared in the volumes VI-X of the Acta Historiae Neerlandicae (in 1978 renamed The Low Countries History Yearbook), a periodical published by the Dutch Historical Society with the objective of bringing new pUblications on the history of the Low Countries in the Dutch language to the attention of English-speaking historians. These articles have been republished and provided with indexes in the hope that in this form they will also prove to be useful to students of Belgian and Dutch history who have not been regular readers of the Acta. Should this pUblication be favourably received a subsequent volume covering the years 1976-1981 may be issued. THE EDITORS VII Survey of recent Dutch Historiography ALICE C. CARTER, Editor INTRODUCTION This bibliographical article has been put together by members of the Dutch history seminar held at London University's Institute of Historical Research. The article is intended for non-Dutch-reading scholars and indeed all who are interested in Netherlands history. An attempt has been made, and will continue to be made, to survey important works published in the year previous to that in which the article is drawn up. This year we have concerned ourselves with books or in the earlier part of 1971.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7697-9
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  • 200
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    Operations Research in Progress (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400979017
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (536p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 32
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1: Mathematical Programming and Optimal Control Theory -- An Optimality Condition and its Application to Parametric Semi-Infinite Optimization -- The Choice of a Parameter in a Penalty Method -- Recent Results on ?-Conjugation and Nonconvex Optimization -- On Quantitative Stability of Point-to-Set-Mappings and the Rate of Convergence of Corresponding Algorithms -- On the Penalization Method in Convex Stochastic Programming -- A New Algorithm of Solving the Flow — Shop Problem -- On Dynamic Traffic Assignment -- On an Approximation Problem of Mechanical Structural Optimization -- Optimal Daily Scheduling of the Electricity Production in Hungary -- Power Distribution Planning and the Application of Linear Mixed-Integer Programming -- Optimal Flood Control by Reservoir Systems Using the Reduced Gradient Method -- Instant Optimization of Hydro Energy Storage Plants -- Dynamic Programming in Power System Extension Planning -- Some New Multicriteria Approaches -- Equilibrium Selection in a Wage Bargaining Situation with Incomplete Information -- Planning and Forecast Horizons in a Simple Wheat Trading Model -- Intertemporal Reversales of Environmental and Macroeconomic Policies -- Optimal Control of Concave Economic Models with two Control Instruments -- Optimal Control with Switching Dynamics -- Dynamic Systems with Several Decision-Makers -- Optimal Bimodal Harvest Policies in Age-Specific Bioeconomic Models -- Growth Rates, Optimal Harvesting and Related Topics in the Mass Rearing of Tsetse Flies -- The Release of Partly Fertile Males or Females in the Application of the Sterile-Insect Technique: Mathematical Analysis of the Hard-Release Strategy -- 2: Stochastic Models -- New Developments in Optimal Control of Queueing Systems -- Estimation and Control in a GI|M|1-System -- On Discriminating among Stochastic Models — A Survey -- Increasing the Work-Safety in Nuclear Power Plants through the Use of Preventive Maintenance Policies -- Recent Developments in Econometrics -- Slight Misspecifications of Linear Systems -- Local Sensitivity Analysis and Matrix Derivatives -- Analysis and Forecasting of Demand for Electricity Using Time Series Analysis -- Short Term Load Predication in Electric Power Systems -- Interactive Short-Term Load Forecasting -- Predicting the Demand for Electricity — An Application of Transfer Function Analysis -- Problems Associated with the Design of a Reliability Model in Electricity Industry.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7901-7
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