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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (216)
  • 1970-1974  (216)
  • Philosophy (General)  (216)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (216)
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  • 101
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401024129
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics
    Kurzfassung: I. The Condition-Governed Model -- Unity in Music: A Test Case -- Refutations and Rejoinders -- Monothematic Structure and the Condition-Governed Model -- Recapitulation -- II. Two Concepts of Taste -- Taste and Non-Taste -- An Ability to Notice or See or Tell -- De Gustibus -- Recapitulation -- III. Are Aesthetic Terms Ungovernable -- Aesthetic and Nonaesthetic -- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Discourse -- Aesthetic Terms and Novel Objects -- Aesthetic Terms and Taste -- Recapitulation -- IV. Are Things Always What They Seem? -- Further Reflections on the Behavior of Aesthetic Terms -- The Doctrine of Aesthetic Vision -- Animadversions on the “Doctrine” -- Recapitulation -- V. Duck-Rabbit and Other Perplexities -- Aspects or Qualities -- Aspect-Perceiving and Aesthetic Perceiving -- The Logic of Aspect-Ascribing -- Recapitulation -- VI. Art and Objectivity -- Two Footnotes to Plato -- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Qualities -- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Disagreements -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: As the title of this book was meant to suggest, its subject is the way we talk about (and write about) works of art: or, rather, one of the ways, namely, the way we describe works of art for critical purposes. Be­ cause I wished to restrict my subject matter in this way, I have made a sharp, and no doubt largely artificial distinction between describing and evaluating. And I must, at the outset, guard against a misreading of this distinction to which I have left myself open. In distinguishing between evaluative and descriptive aesthetic judgments, I am not saying that when I assert "X is p," where p is a "descriptive" term like "unified," or "delicate," or "garish," I may not at the same time be evaluating X too; and I am not saying that when I make the obviously "evaluative" assertion "X is good," I may not be describing X. Clearly, if I say "X is unified" I am evaluating X in that unity is a good-making feature of works of art; and as it is correct in English at least to call an evaluation a description, I do not want to suggest that if an assertion is evaluative, it cannot be de­ scriptive (although there have been many philosophers who have thought this indeed to be the case).
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Condition-Governed ModelUnity in Music: A Test Case -- Refutations and Rejoinders -- Monothematic Structure and the Condition-Governed Model -- Recapitulation -- II. Two Concepts of Taste -- Taste and Non-Taste -- An Ability to Notice or See or Tell -- De Gustibus -- Recapitulation -- III. Are Aesthetic Terms Ungovernable -- Aesthetic and Nonaesthetic -- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Discourse -- Aesthetic Terms and Novel Objects -- Aesthetic Terms and Taste -- Recapitulation -- IV. Are Things Always What They Seem? -- Further Reflections on the Behavior of Aesthetic Terms -- The Doctrine of Aesthetic Vision -- Animadversions on the “Doctrine” -- Recapitulation -- V. Duck-Rabbit and Other Perplexities -- Aspects or Qualities -- Aspect-Perceiving and Aesthetic Perceiving -- The Logic of Aspect-Ascribing -- Recapitulation -- VI. Art and Objectivity -- Two Footnotes to Plato -- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Qualities -- Aesthetic Terms and Aesthetic Disagreements -- Conclusion.
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  • 102
    ISBN: 9789401024341
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 308 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: Thinking with Hegel -- Hegel Editing and Hegel Research -- A Critical Survey of Hegel Scholarship in English: 1962–1969 -- The Hegelian Dialectic -- Comment on Weil’s ‘The Hegelian Dialectic’ -- Hegel and the Philosophy of Physics -- Comment on Findlay’s ‘Hegel and the Philosophy of Physics’ -- Hegel and Marx -- Comment on Calvez’s ‘Hegel and Marx’ -- The Conceptualization of Religious Mystery: An Essay in Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion -- Religion as Representation -- Hegel and the Secularization Hypothesis -- Comment on Dove’s ‘Hegel and the Secularization Hypothesis’ -- Hegel and Judaism: A Flaw in the Hegelian Mediation -- Comment on Fackenheim’s ‘Hegel and Judaism’ -- Labor, Alienation, and Social Classes in Hegel’s Real-philosophie -- Comment on Avineri’s ‘Labor, Alienation, and Social Classes in Hegel’s Realphilosophie’ -- Remarks on the Papers of Avineri and Pöggeler -- Hegel and Contemporary Liberalism, Anarchism, Socialism: A Defense of the Rechtsphilosophie Against Marx and His Contemporary Followers -- Comment on Doull’s ‘Hegel and Contemporary Liberalism, Anarchism, Socialism’ -- Round-Table Discussion on Problems of Translating Hegel -- The Hegelians of Saint Louis, Missouri and their Influence in the United States -- Ideas and Ideal -- Hegel: A Bibliography of Books in English, Arranged Chronologically.
    Kurzfassung: The present volume represents the proceedings of the Marquette Hegel Symposium, held at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on June 2-5, 1970. The Symposium, celebrating the two-hundredth annivers­ ary of Hegel's birth, was presented under the combined sponsorship of the Philosophy Department of Marquette University, the American Coun­ cil of Learned Societies, and the Johnson Foundation of Racine, Wiscon­ sin. Its general theme embraced not only specific topics of interest in con­ temporary Hegel studies, but also the wider aspects of the influences and impact of Hegel's thought upon contemporary philosophical, political, and social problems. Principal contributors and panelists were selected for their scholarly achievements in Hegel studies and also in keeping with the broad view of the Hegelian legacy in current thought. All sessions of the Symposium were plenary, and designed for maximum discussion and in­ terchange among participants. The Symposium Committee regrets that it has not been feasible to incorporate the transcript of the discussions (ex­ cept for the round-table discussion on editing and translating Hegel) into this volume. The papers presented in each day's sessions are published here with editorial changes and corrections made by their respective authors. The papers by Professors Otto Poggeler and Eric Weil were originally trans­ lated by members of our Committee: the present versions incorporate many changes and corrections made by their authors. The comments on each paper were brought into their present form only after the Symposium, and in the light of the discussions which took place during it.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Thinking with HegelHegel Editing and Hegel Research -- A Critical Survey of Hegel Scholarship in English: 1962-1969 -- The Hegelian Dialectic -- Comment on Weil’s ‘The Hegelian Dialectic’ -- Hegel and the Philosophy of Physics -- Comment on Findlay’s ‘Hegel and the Philosophy of Physics’ -- Hegel and Marx -- Comment on Calvez’s ‘Hegel and Marx’ -- The Conceptualization of Religious Mystery: An Essay in Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion -- Religion as Representation -- Hegel and the Secularization Hypothesis -- Comment on Dove’s ‘Hegel and the Secularization Hypothesis’ -- Hegel and Judaism: A Flaw in the Hegelian Mediation -- Comment on Fackenheim’s ‘Hegel and Judaism’ -- Labor, Alienation, and Social Classes in Hegel’s Real-philosophie -- Comment on Avineri’s ‘Labor, Alienation, and Social Classes in Hegel’s Realphilosophie’ -- Remarks on the Papers of Avineri and Pöggeler -- Hegel and Contemporary Liberalism, Anarchism, Socialism: A Defense of the Rechtsphilosophie Against Marx and His Contemporary Followers -- Comment on Doull’s ‘Hegel and Contemporary Liberalism, Anarchism, Socialism’ -- Round-Table Discussion on Problems of Translating Hegel -- The Hegelians of Saint Louis, Missouri and their Influence in the United States -- Ideas and Ideal -- Hegel: A Bibliography of Books in English, Arranged Chronologically.
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  • 103
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401024501
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (236p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I Prologue -- I. Philosophy and Language -- II Travelling across the Landscape -- Reminders -- II. The Landscape -- III. The Sketch -- IV. The Remark -- V. ‘You’ and ‘I’ -- VI. Grammar -- VII. Natural History -- VIII. Therapy -- III Reflecting on the Album -- IX. Logic and Language -- X. Understanding Philosophical Investigations -- XI. The African Doctor -- IV Epilogue -- XII. Reflections on the Philosophy of Language.
    Kurzfassung: One of the first things to strike the reader of Wittgenstein's writings is the unique power of his style. One immediately notices the intriguing and arrangement of the paragraphs in Philosophical Investi­ composition gations, or the stark assertiveness of the sentences in the Tractatus Logico­ Philosophicus. A sense of the singular style being employed is unavoidable, even before the reader understands anything of what is happening philos­ ophically. Perhaps precisely for this reason it is too often assumed that coming to understand either work has little or nothing to do with re­ sponding to its form. The unusual style is a mere curiousity decorating the vehicle of Wittgenstein's ideas. Form is assigned a purely incidental import, there is a coincidence of this or that rhetorical flair with the yet to be determined content of the thoughts. The remarkableness of the style is perhaps registered in a tidy obiter dictum standing beside the more arduous task of discovering the substance of the ideas being presented. our interest, or at Wittgenstein's peculiar way of writing ably captures least our attention, but it bears only minor philosophical import. Though not unprecedented as a form of philosophical composition, it does not conform to the currently acceptable conventions; hence Wittgenstein's style is often thought to stand in the way of understanding his meaning. Such assumptions can be harmless for certain types of writing; however it does not appear as though Wittgenstein's is one of these.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I PrologueI. Philosophy and Language -- II Travelling across the Landscape -- Reminders -- II. The Landscape -- III. The Sketch -- IV. The Remark -- V. ‘You’ and ‘I’ -- VI. Grammar -- VII. Natural History -- VIII. Therapy -- III Reflecting on the Album -- IX. Logic and Language -- X. Understanding Philosophical Investigations -- XI. The African Doctor -- IV Epilogue -- XII. Reflections on the Philosophy of Language.
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  • 104
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401024143
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (X, 153 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology .
    Kurzfassung: I. Introductory -- II. The Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl -- III. Husserl’s Appreciation and Understanding of Hume -- IV. The Theory of the “Generalthesis der natürlichen Einstellung” (Husserl) and the System of the “vulgar consciousness” (Hume) -- V. The Concept of Reduction -- VI. The Concept of Constitution and Hume’s Imagination -- VII. The Concept of the “Lebenswelt” and the “external world” of Hume -- VIII. The Science of transcendental Subjectivity and of Human Nature -- IX. Experience -- X. Reason -- XI. Experience and Reason -- XII. Towards a Theory of “Comprehensive, Critical and Reflective Experience” -- Bibliographical References.
    Kurzfassung: In this work the author has tried to present a brief exposition of the phenomenology of HusserI. In doing this, he had in mind a two-fold purpose. He wanted on the one hand to give a critical exposition, interpretation and appreciation of the most leading concepts of HusserI­ ian phenomenology. On the other hand, he tried to show that a true comprehensive understanding of HusserI's phenomenology culminates in his teaching of experience and reason. It is the strong conviction of the author that the central-most teaching of HusserI's phenomenology is the discovery of the "noetic­ noematic" correlativity. In the reduced realm of "constituting­ intentionality," the distinction between reason and experience seems to vanish, and these two concepts become interchangeable terms. The present study suffers from one great limitation, and this must be made clear right here in order to avoid any misconception about the author's intentions. The author has not discussed the other important theories of experience and reason. He has undertaken the humble task of giving an account of HusserI's phenomenology of experience and reason. The bringing in of Hume serves, as would be clear in the course of the book, a two-fold purpose. It tries on the one hand to show the pro­ grammatic similarity between the philosophies of these two philoso­ phers. On the other hand, it implicitly maintains that the philosophical continuity from Hume to HusserI runs not so much via Kant, but rather via Meinong, Brentano, A venarius, James and so forth.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. IntroductoryII. The Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl -- III. Husserl’s Appreciation and Understanding of Hume -- IV. The Theory of the “Generalthesis der natürlichen Einstellung” (Husserl) and the System of the “vulgar consciousness” (Hume) -- V. The Concept of Reduction -- VI. The Concept of Constitution and Hume’s Imagination -- VII. The Concept of the “Lebenswelt” and the “external world” of Hume -- VIII. The Science of transcendental Subjectivity and of Human Nature -- IX. Experience -- X. Reason -- XI. Experience and Reason -- XII. Towards a Theory of “Comprehensive, Critical and Reflective Experience” -- Bibliographical References.
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  • 105
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401024846
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (138p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Ontology ; Aesthetics. ; Arts.
    Kurzfassung: I: Introduction -- II: Beauty -- The Objectivity of Beauty -- The Relation of Art to Beauty -- The Work of Fine Art as Transcendental -- III: Signs -- Fine Art and Representation -- Maritain’s Theory of the Sign -- IV: Poetic Intuition -- Intuitive Knowledge in General -- Poetic Knowledge in General -- What It Is That Is Grasped By Poetic Intuition -- The Termination of Poetic Intuition in a Work Made -- V: Conclusion — Maritain and some Contemporary Views.
    Kurzfassung: I. Since the appearance in 1902 of Benedetto Croce's L'estetica come scienza dell' espressione e linguistica generale, the problem of the ontology of the work of art or aesthetic object - what kind of thing it is and what its mode of being is - has come to occupy a central place in the philosophy of art. Moreover, a particular conception of the identity of art objects is at present a driving force in some quarters of the art world itself. As Harold Rosenberg so well points out, Minimalist or Reductive Art has attempted, sometimes quite self-consciously, to establish the autonomous physical reality of the work of art by empty­ ing it of all expressive and representational content. ! What is the ontological problem? One rather crude way of stating it is to ask where the work of art or object of aesthetic contemplation 2 exists. Is it, to pick some examples, to be identified with the material product of the artist's labors which exists spatially "outside of" and independently of artist and beholder? Or does it exist only "in the mind" of the beholder or the artist? Is it either one perception of a beholder or a series of his perceptions? Or is it the class of all percep­ tions of either all spectators or all "qualified" spectators? Put another way, it would be a question of whether and to what such purported names as 'Beethoven's Fifth Symphony' refer.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: IntroductionII: Beauty -- The Objectivity of Beauty -- The Relation of Art to Beauty -- The Work of Fine Art as Transcendental -- III: Signs -- Fine Art and Representation -- Maritain’s Theory of the Sign -- IV: Poetic Intuition -- Intuitive Knowledge in General -- Poetic Knowledge in General -- What It Is That Is Grasped By Poetic Intuition -- The Termination of Poetic Intuition in a Work Made -- V: Conclusion - Maritain and some Contemporary Views.
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  • 106
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401023917
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVI, 740 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Kurzfassung: Introduction: The Problem of the Being of the Ego and the Fundamental Presuppositions of Ontology -- Section I. The Clarification of the Concept of Phenomenon: Ontological Monism -- Section II. The Repeating of the Clarification of the Concept of Phenomenon Transcendence and Immanence -- Section III. The Internal Structure of Immanence and the Problem of its Phenomenological Determination: The Invisible -- Section IV. The Fundamental Ontological Interpretation of the Original Essence of Revelation as Affectivity -- 71. The Problem of the Essence of Manifestation and ‘Splitting’ -- 72. Negativity Interpreted as a Category of Being -- 73. The Pseudo-Essence of Subjectivity and the Critique of Christianity -- 74. The Kingdom of Effective Presence and the Flight beyond All Effectiveness -- 75. Time and the Problem of the Manifestation of the Concept -- 76. Alienation: Finitude and the Inadequacy of Objective Manifestation -- 77. The Effort toward Absolute Knowledge.
    Kurzfassung: This book was born of a refusal, the refusal of the very philosophy from which it has sprung. After the war, when it had become apparent that the classical tradition, and particularly neo-Kantianism, was breathing its last, French thought looked to Germany for its inspiration and renewal. Jean Hyppolite and Kojeve reintroduced Hegel and the "existentialists" and phenomenologists drew the attention of a curious public to the fundamental investigations of Husserl and Heidegger. If only by being understood as a phenomenological ontology, this books speaks eloquently enough of the debt it owes to these thinkers of genius. The conceptual material which it uses, particn1arly in chapters 1 to 44, outlines the Husserlian and Heideggerian horizon of the investigations. However, it is precisely this horizon which is questioned. In spite of its profundity and achievements, I wanted to show that contemporary ontology pushes to the absolute the presuppositions and the limits of the philosophy of consciousness since Descartes and even of all Western philosophy since the Greeks. An 'External' critique, viz. the opposing of one thesis to another, wonld have no sense whatever. Rather, it is interior to these presuppositions whose insufficiency had to be shown that we placed ourselves; the very concepts which were rejected were also the ones which guided the problem initially.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Introduction: The Problem of the Being of the Ego and the Fundamental Presuppositions of OntologySection I. The Clarification of the Concept of Phenomenon: Ontological Monism -- Section II. The Repeating of the Clarification of the Concept of Phenomenon Transcendence and Immanence -- Section III. The Internal Structure of Immanence and the Problem of its Phenomenological Determination: The Invisible -- Section IV. The Fundamental Ontological Interpretation of the Original Essence of Revelation as Affectivity -- 71. The Problem of the Essence of Manifestation and ‘Splitting’ -- 72. Negativity Interpreted as a Category of Being -- 73. The Pseudo-Essence of Subjectivity and the Critique of Christianity -- 74. The Kingdom of Effective Presence and the Flight beyond All Effectiveness -- 75. Time and the Problem of the Manifestation of the Concept -- 76. Alienation: Finitude and the Inadequacy of Objective Manifestation -- 77. The Effort toward Absolute Knowledge.
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  • 107
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401024228
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (97p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. American Philosophy in the Recent Past -- II. Dewey and the Ethics of Naturalism -- III. Cohen’s Rationalistic Naturalism -- IV. Singer’s Philosophy of Experimentalism -- V. Hocking and the Dilemmas of Modernity -- VI. Blanshard’s Rationalistic Idealism -- VII. The Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead -- VIII. Sheldon’s Synthetic Metaphysics.
    Kurzfassung: The essays in this book analyze significant perspectives of the recent past in American philosophy; they represent some of the major trends of this period. Alfred North Whitehead is included with the recent American philosophers since his major philosophic ideas were fully developed in this country. There has been no attempt to deal comprehensively with this period. Several philosophers of equal importance who also deserve attention-C. l. Lewis, A. O. Love­ joy, W. F. Montague, R. B. Perry, F. J. E. Woodbridge, and others­ have not been discussed. Most of the essays were published at various times in various journals. Though all of the perspectives are presented with sympathetic understanding, they are also critically evaluated. 2 AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY OF THE RECENT PAST But even more than individual philosophers and schools of philos­ ophy the larger background of contemporary American life has nour­ ished the empirical spirit. Science as the most pervasive climate of our intellectual and practical activity has enhanced the empirical attitude. The great development, in this country, of business and technological industry has encouraged the pragmatic, empirical outlook. Empiricism, however, is an ambiguous term, and its different meanings have different philosophic consequences. For some it means that only concrete personal experience can be accepted as reality; for others it means the succession of sense-impressions. The more recent usage, the one that has been dominant in American philosophy, identifies empiricism with objectively and socially verifiable pronounce­ ments, that is, with experimentalism, or confirmation through demon­ strable evidence.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. American Philosophy in the Recent PastII. Dewey and the Ethics of Naturalism -- III. Cohen’s Rationalistic Naturalism -- IV. Singer’s Philosophy of Experimentalism -- V. Hocking and the Dilemmas of Modernity -- VI. Blanshard’s Rationalistic Idealism -- VII. The Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead -- VIII. Sheldon’s Synthetic Metaphysics.
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  • 108
    ISBN: 9789401024433
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (229p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: General Problems in Nietzsche Interpretation -- Special Problems in Jaspers’ Nietzsche Interpretation -- Special Problems in Heidegger’s Nietzsche Interpretation -- An Alternative Interpretation: A Fundamental Dualism -- I. Nietzsche as a Man and as a Philosopher -- The Relevance of Nietzsche’s Life to His Thought -- Nietzsche’s Extremism and Honesty: A Theory of Communication -- Nietzsche: Poet, Philosopher, Psychologist or Social Critic -- Summary -- II. Nietzsche’s Metaphysics and Epistemology -- Being and Becoming -- The Will to Power -- Nietzsche’s Doctrine of Truth -- Eternal Recurrence -- Transvaluation and Nihilism -- Some Concluding Remarks -- III. Nietzsche’s Philosophical Anthropology -- Nietzsche’s Theory of Man and the Will to Power -- The Death of God and Nihilism -- The Superman -- Nietzsche’s Ethics and the Transvaluation of All Values -- Eternal Recurrence, Truth and Truths -- Nietzsche’s Anthropocentrism -- Some Concluding Remarks -- IV. an Evaluation of Heidegger’s and Jaspers’ Interpretations -- How Jaspers Reads His Own Philosophy into Nietzsche’s -- How Heidegger Reads His Own Philosophy into Nietzsche’s -- Parallels-Nietzsche and Jaspers: An Expanded View -- Parallels-Nietzsche and Heidegger: An Expanded View -- Doctrines versus Contradictions -- V. an Alternative Interpretation: a Funda- Mental Dualism in Nietzsche’s Thought -- Nietzsche’s Metaphysics and Epistemology -- Nietzsche’s Philosophical Anthropology -- The Question of Telos -- Some Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: GENERAL PROBLEMS IN NIETZSCHE INTERPRETATION Every philosopher presents special problems of interpretation. With Nietzsche these problems are especially crucial. The very richness of Nietzsche's thought and expression becomes a trap for the incautious or imaginative mind. Perhaps the greatest temptation for the in­ terpreter of Nietzsche is to attempt to "systematize" his thought into a consistent whole. Any such attempt necessarily results in distortion, for there is a fluidity in Nietzsche's thought which does not lend itself to strict categorization. This is not to deny that there are certain organic patterns in his philosophy. These patterns emerge, however, as Jaspers correctly insists, only upon careful, critical comparison of pertinent passages drawn from the entire corpus of Nietzsche's works. No single passage can be taken as a definitive statement of Nietzsche's views of any particular subject. Frequently, by presenting two or three especially relevant quotations from the author being considered, the correctness of his interpretation. With Nietz­ a critic can support sche, however, such a procedure is inadequate, for in many cases other passages can be found which will support an alternative, if not oppo­ site, interpretation. Nor is this difficulty alleviated by vast compi­ lations of relevant passages, for then one could gain just as much, and quite likely more, from re-reading Nietzsche's works themselves.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: General Problems in Nietzsche InterpretationSpecial Problems in Jaspers’ Nietzsche Interpretation -- Special Problems in Heidegger’s Nietzsche Interpretation -- An Alternative Interpretation: A Fundamental Dualism -- I. Nietzsche as a Man and as a Philosopher -- The Relevance of Nietzsche’s Life to His Thought -- Nietzsche’s Extremism and Honesty: A Theory of Communication -- Nietzsche: Poet, Philosopher, Psychologist or Social Critic -- Summary -- II. Nietzsche’s Metaphysics and Epistemology -- Being and Becoming -- The Will to Power -- Nietzsche’s Doctrine of Truth -- Eternal Recurrence -- Transvaluation and Nihilism -- Some Concluding Remarks -- III. Nietzsche’s Philosophical Anthropology -- Nietzsche’s Theory of Man and the Will to Power -- The Death of God and Nihilism -- The Superman -- Nietzsche’s Ethics and the Transvaluation of All Values -- Eternal Recurrence, Truth and Truths -- Nietzsche’s Anthropocentrism -- Some Concluding Remarks -- IV. an Evaluation of Heidegger’s and Jaspers’ Interpretations -- How Jaspers Reads His Own Philosophy into Nietzsche’s -- How Heidegger Reads His Own Philosophy into Nietzsche’s -- Parallels-Nietzsche and Jaspers: An Expanded View -- Parallels-Nietzsche and Heidegger: An Expanded View -- Doctrines versus Contradictions -- V. an Alternative Interpretation: a Funda- Mental Dualism in Nietzsche’s Thought -- Nietzsche’s Metaphysics and Epistemology -- Nietzsche’s Philosophical Anthropology -- The Question of Telos -- Some Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names.
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  • 109
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401023955
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (213p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Anthropology ; Self. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Kurzfassung: The Contemporary Anthropocentric World -- 1. A Dynamic Wortd -- 2. Man’s Supremacy in the technological World -- 3. Anthropocentric “stabilization” of Things -- 4. Things of the Technological World -- I. Godlessness -- 1. Some Traits of Mythical and Modern Man -- 2. The Anthropocentric Character of the Modern World -- 3. Technocracy -- 4. Godlessness and Philosophy -- 5. Godless Muta -- 6. Poetical Aspects of Culture -- 7. The Twilight of Gods -- 8. Godlessness and Things -- 9. Godless Confusion and Godly Ambiguity -- 10. The Youth of the Technocratic World -- II. The. Event of Culture -- 1. Philosophy and Things -- 2. Rational and Existential Things -- 3. Man and Animals -- 4. The Community -- 5. Culture’s Finitude -- III. Christianity -- 1. Christianity in General -- 2. Judaism -- 3. The Ecumenical Spirit -- 4. Prayer -- 5. Christianity and Culture -- 6. The Relativity of Christianity -- 7. Christianity’s Incarnation in Culture -- IV. Nature’s Play -- 1. Histocricity -- 2. Nature’s Play -- 3. Man in Nature’s Play -- 4. Animism -- 5. Individuality and Selfhood -- 6. Philosophical and Mythical Thinking -- 7. A Search for Gods.
    Kurzfassung: Cultural twilight means cultural disintegration or death. It means cul­ tural agony. Such agony gradually fades into the dawn of tomorrow's culture, just as the twilight of a summer's evening proceeds into the daylight of the forthcoming day. Consequently cultural twilight or agony simul­ taneously is the dawn - the milieu of birth - of future gods. With these words a close interbelonging of the recently published SEARCH FOR GoDS with the present study, OUR CULTURAL AGONY, is stressed. Both of these books belong together and constitute one and the same "story". While SEARCH FOR GODS deals with man of tomorrow in his venture to find the way which would lead him to his dawning gods, OUR CULTURAL AGONY attempts to disclose contemporary man's ways of erring - his stray­ ing ways. Moreover, just as the way towards man's future gods is simul­ taneously his way to his true cultural self, so are his straying ways his ways of a lack of self. Man's way to his true self is his authentic, innermost, "bloody" or "ex-istential" way, while the way of his lack of self is his inauthentic way. The inauthentic ways, generally speaking, are "democratic" ways: they are the public and common ways of modem society, most typical or characteristic of it. Accordingly, while SEARCH FOR GODS has an indi­ vidualistic character, OUR CULTURAL AGONY has a social character.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Contemporary Anthropocentric World1. A Dynamic Wortd -- 2. Man’s Supremacy in the technological World -- 3. Anthropocentric “stabilization” of Things -- 4. Things of the Technological World -- I. Godlessness -- 1. Some Traits of Mythical and Modern Man -- 2. The Anthropocentric Character of the Modern World -- 3. Technocracy -- 4. Godlessness and Philosophy -- 5. Godless Muta -- 6. Poetical Aspects of Culture -- 7. The Twilight of Gods -- 8. Godlessness and Things -- 9. Godless Confusion and Godly Ambiguity -- 10. The Youth of the Technocratic World -- II. The. Event of Culture -- 1. Philosophy and Things -- 2. Rational and Existential Things -- 3. Man and Animals -- 4. The Community -- 5. Culture’s Finitude -- III. Christianity -- 1. Christianity in General -- 2. Judaism -- 3. The Ecumenical Spirit -- 4. Prayer -- 5. Christianity and Culture -- 6. The Relativity of Christianity -- 7. Christianity’s Incarnation in Culture -- IV. Nature’s Play -- 1. Histocricity -- 2. Nature’s Play -- 3. Man in Nature’s Play -- 4. Animism -- 5. Individuality and Selfhood -- 6. Philosophical and Mythical Thinking -- 7. A Search for Gods.
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  • 110
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    ISBN: 9789401024105
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 142 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I Exposition -- I: The Search for Being -- II: The Other -- III: The Self -- IV: Existential Psychoanalysis -- V: General Summary -- II Evaluation -- VI: Sartre’s Phenomenological Method -- VII: Three Theses of L’Être et le Néant Criticized -- VIII: Sartre’s “Copernican Revolution”: An Interpretation -- IX: Final Evaluation -- Additional Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: "Why is my pain perpetual, and my wound incurable, which refuseth to be healed?" -Jeremiah "Existentialism" today refers to faddism, decadentism, morbidity, the "philosophy of the graveyard"; to words like fear, dread, anxiety, anguish, suffering, aloneness, death; to novelists such as Jean-Paul Sartre, Dostoievski, Camus, Kafka; to philosophers like Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Marcel, Jaspers, and Sartre-and because it refers to, and is concerned with, all of these ideas and persons, existentialism has lost any clearer meaning it may have originally possessed. Because it has so many definitions, it can no longer be defined. As Sartre writes: "Most people who use the word existentialism would be em­ barrased if they had to explain it, since, now that the word is all the rage, even the work of a musician or painter is being called existentialist. A gossip columnist . . . signs himself The Exis­ tentialist, so that by this time the word has been so stretched and has taken on so broad a meaning, that it no longer means anything at all. " 2 This state of definitional confusion is not an accidental or negligible matter. An attempt will be made in this introduction to account for the confustion and to show why any definition of existentialism in­ volves us in a tangle. First, however, it is necessary to state in a tenta­ tive and very general manner what points of view are here intended when reference is made to existentialism.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I ExpositionI: The Search for Being -- II: The Other -- III: The Self -- IV: Existential Psychoanalysis -- V: General Summary -- II Evaluation -- VI: Sartre’s Phenomenological Method -- VII: Three Theses of L’Être et le Néant Criticized -- VIII: Sartre’s “Copernican Revolution”: An Interpretation -- IX: Final Evaluation -- Additional Bibliography.
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  • 111
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    ISBN: 9789401024204
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (223p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Kurzfassung: Contemporary Directions -- The Spirit of Contemporary American Philosophy -- Sankara’s Epistemology: A New Direction for the West? -- Explanation and Behavior -- Accounting for the Failure of Behaviorism -- Ritual: A Whiteheadian Interpretation -- Explanation and Language -- Berkeley and Religious Language -- Emmanuel Levinas’ Philosophy of Language -- The Physical-Taint Objection -- Explanation and Philosophical Systems -- The Certainty of the Cogito and the Existence of God -- Reconciliation of Freedom and Nature in Kant’s Third Critique -- Explanation and Religion -- Existential Interpretation and the Problem of God in the Theology of Fritz Buri.
    Kurzfassung: This volume initiates a series of American University Publications in Phi· losophy. It is expected that, as occasion permits, volumes will be added to the series, contributing to the dialogue that is contemporary philosophy. The essays in this volume were written by the faculty in philosophy at The American University during the academic year 1970·71 and appear here for the first time. In a variety of modes the essays cluster around epistemological problems collateral with theories of explanation. In view of recent attention to such theories, this volume explores several new directions in the explanation of behavior, language, and religion. We are especially appreciative of the secretarial assistance of Mrs. Madaline Shoemaker, whose magic turned many an unreadable manuscript into an intelligible essay. We are also grateful to Miss Maria Wilhelm for the final typing of the volume, and to the Office of the Dean for Graduate Studies, The American University, for encouragement and for a financial grant toward typing expenses. Barry L. Blose Harold A. Durfee David F. T. Rodier Editorial Committee T ABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v CONTEMPORARY DIRECTIONS THE SPIRIT OF CoNTEMPORARY AMERICAN PHILosoPHY, Roger T.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contemporary DirectionsThe Spirit of Contemporary American Philosophy -- Sankara’s Epistemology: A New Direction for the West? -- Explanation and Behavior -- Accounting for the Failure of Behaviorism -- Ritual: A Whiteheadian Interpretation -- Explanation and Language -- Berkeley and Religious Language -- Emmanuel Levinas’ Philosophy of Language -- The Physical-Taint Objection -- Explanation and Philosophical Systems -- The Certainty of the Cogito and the Existence of God -- Reconciliation of Freedom and Nature in Kant’s Third Critique -- Explanation and Religion -- Existential Interpretation and the Problem of God in the Theology of Fritz Buri.
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  • 112
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    ISBN: 9789401508117
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (131p) , online resource
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    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: This volume grew out of a dissatisfaction with some issues that seem to be rooted in the Empiricist tradition. At least since Locke, that which is perceived has enjoyed a major share in any systematic account of what we claim to know. A main purpose of this study therefore is first to distinguish, and subsequently to relate, what can be perceived and what can be under­ stood. To this end, the account of persons and personal identity begins with a description of selected types of sense perceptions. While writing a good part of the discussion on vision, I had the advantage of questioning Dr. P. B. Loder about the properties of light. She not only clarified some issues, but prevented several errors from creeping into the text, a result for which I am very grateful. I should like also to express my appreciation to Mrs. G. K. Stamm-Okkinga, who provided hospitality and a friendly interest from the beginning of this study. Finally I wish to thank Miss I. Ris and Mr. W. de Regt for their careful and resourceful preparation of the typescript.
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  • 113
    ISBN: 9789401019972
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (148p) , online resource
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: Evolution of the Travel Genre in Western Europe -- I: Some Historical Examples — The Eighteenth Century. Goethe and Moritz -- II: Sterne’s Sentimental Journey -- III: Demaistre’s Voyage autour de ma Chambre -- IV: Dupaty’s Lettres sur l’Italie -- II: The Travel Memoir in Russia -- V: Fonvizin’s Letters from Abroad -- VI: Radishchev’s Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow -- VII: Pushkin’s Journey from Moscow to Petersburg -- VIII: Karamzin’s Letters of a Russian Traveler -- IX: The Epigones -- X: Pushkin’s Journey to Erzurum -- XI: Conclusion -- Appendix A: Ermenonville -- Appendix B: Auch ich in Arkadien -- Appendix C: Karamzin’s Island of Bornholm -- Appendix D: Onegin’s Journey -- Selected Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this study is to trace the development of the literary travel memoir in Russia during the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth. Having indicated the prove­ nances of this genre in Western Europe, I shall evaluate its role in Russian literary history. Because this study is not intended to be an historical survey of all significant travel works that appeared in Russia, I shall pass over such early pioneer travelers as the Abbot Daniil who visited Palestine at the beginning of the twelfth century and recorded for his countrymen detailed descriptions of the Holy places, or the merchant, Afanasij Nikitin, whose travel notes concerning a trip to India are preserved in a fifteenth century chronicle. The travel genre, which had become enormously popular in eight­ eenth century Western Europe,l was cleverly exploited by Fonvizin, Radishchev, and Karamzin to expound to the Russian reading public certain important notions on literary theory, on society (foreign and domestic), on themselves, and on nature. The travel genre - then as now a flexible instrument for transmitting, by means of diary-style narrative, information about distant, often exotic people and place- had been adapted by Sterne and others to themes having little relation to a conventional journey. The Russians were quick to grasp the genre's literary as well as its polemical possibilities, and influenced by Western models, they too used it to convey theoretical assertions on a variety of SUbjects.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: Evolution of the Travel Genre in Western EuropeI: Some Historical Examples - The Eighteenth Century. Goethe and Moritz -- II: Sterne’s Sentimental Journey -- III: Demaistre’s Voyage autour de ma Chambre -- IV: Dupaty’s Lettres sur l’Italie -- II: The Travel Memoir in Russia -- V: Fonvizin’s Letters from Abroad -- VI: Radishchev’s Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow -- VII: Pushkin’s Journey from Moscow to Petersburg -- VIII: Karamzin’s Letters of a Russian Traveler -- IX: The Epigones -- X: Pushkin’s Journey to Erzurum -- XI: Conclusion -- Appendix A: Ermenonville -- Appendix B: Auch ich in Arkadien -- Appendix C: Karamzin’s Island of Bornholm -- Appendix D: Onegin’s Journey -- Selected Bibliography.
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  • 114
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    ISBN: 9789401025294
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVI, 190 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 54
    DDC: 160
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical
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  • 115
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    ISBN: 9789401027380
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (328p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives Husserl 45
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 45
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Sociology. ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Zum geistigen profil Max Schelers -- § 1. Scheler und die philosophisch-theologische Tradition -- § 2. Grundsätzliches zu Schelers Verarbeitung christlich-theologischen Gedankenguts -- § 3. Einheitlichkeit und „Phasen“ im Denken Schelers -- I. Kapitel. Die liebende Wesensschau als Weg zur Philosophischen Idee vom Menschen -- § 1. Philosophieren als Teilhabe und Teilnahme an einem überweltlichen ,,Reich“ -- § 2. Die Phänomenologie als Methode der Entweltlichung zur reinen Erkenntnis -- § 3. Die reine Liebe als Urakt der Teilnahme am Wesenreich -- II. Kapitel. Philosophische Anthropologie: Der Theomorphismus des Menschen -- § 1. Die theomorphe Wesensbestimmung des Menschen -- § 2. Die anthropologische Grundkategorie der Personalität -- § 3. Die Gesamtperson und das Prinzip der sittlichen Solidarität -- III. Kapitel. Metanthropologie: Der Anthropomorphismus Gottes -- § 1. Die anthropologische Wende -- § 2. Der anthropologische Dualismus -- § 3. Der Mensch als Mikrotheos und das dynamisch-dualistische Gottesbild -- IV. Kapitel. Schelers Ansätze zu Einer Phänomenologischen Anthropologie -- § 1. Erscheinungsbild und Verhaltensstruktur des ,,homo naturalis“ -- § 2. Die Grundakte des Geistes -- V. Kapitel. Rückblick und Weiterführung. Möglichkeiten und Dimensionen -- § 1. Der Zugang zur Wirklichkeit des Menschen. Zur Methode der philosophischen Anthropologie -- § 2. Die Person „in ethischen Zusammenhängen“ -- § 3. Philosophische Weltanschauung -- Personenverzeichnis -- Sachindex.
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  • 116
    ISBN: 9789401028134
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (306p) , digital
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    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives Husserl 49
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 49
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Zum Programm der Phänomenologie Husserls -- Das Problem der Intersubjektivität und die Idee einer phänomenologischen Transzendentalphilosophie -- Zum Teleologiebegriff in der Phänomenologie Husserls -- Zweideutigkeiten in Husserls Lebenswelt-Begriff -- Transzendentalphänomenologischer Rationalismus -- Phenomenology of Reason -- II. Zur neueren Wissenschaftstheorie -- Ontologie, Wissenschaftstheorie und Geschichte im Spätwerk Husserls -- Zeitlichkeit und Protologik -- Gegenwart und Handlung. Eine sprachanalytisch-phäno- menologische Untersuchung -- Das Problem der Denkökonomie bei Husserl und Mach -- III. Zum Verhältnis von Phänomenologie und Literarästhetik -- Die Funktion der schematisierten Ansicht im literarischen Kunstwerk (nach Roman Ingarden). Problemkritik der Alternative Darstellungs- oder Wirkungsästhetik -- Phänomenologische und poetische Zeit. Zum Verhältnis von Philosophie und Dichtung.
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  • 117
    ISBN: 9789401028820
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (381p) , digital
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    Serie: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Inaugural Lecture -- Phenomenology Reflects upon Itself. II: The Ideal of the Universal Science: the Original Project of Husserl Reinterpreted with Reference to the Acquisitions of Phenomenology and the Progress of Contemporary Science. -- Address (Professor Klibansky on April 10, 1969) -- I/The Later Husserl -- What is New in Husserl’s ‘Crisis’ -- Ingarden’s Criticism of Husserl -- On Understanding Idea and Essence in Husserl and Ingarden -- Discussion -- Phenomenologico-Psychological and Transcendental Reductions in Husserl’s ‘Crisis’ -- Constitutive Phenomenology and Intentional Objects -- Hyletic Data -- Discussion -- The Material Apriori and the Foundation for its Analysis in Husserl -- The Actual State of the Work on Husserl’s Inedita: Achievements and Projects -- Discussion -- II/Phenomenology and Hermeneutics -- The Science of the Life-World -- The Sciences of Man and the Theory of Husserl’s Two Attitudes -- Repetition in Gadamer’s hermeneutics -- Ingarden on Language and Ontology (A Comparison with some Trends in Analytic Philosophy) -- Discussion -- III /Phenomenology and Natural Science -- Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology as Foundation of Natural Science -- Towards a Developmental Phenomenology: Transcendental-Ego and Body-Ego -- Body, Consciousness, and Violence -- The Concept of Horizon -- Intentionality and Transcendence: On the Constitution of Material Nature -- Discussion -- Complementary Essays -- A Note on the Doctrine of Noetic-Noematic Correlation -- The Meaning of Husserl’s Idealism in the Light of His Development -- Life-World Constitution of Propositional Logic and Elementary Predicate Logic -- Annex -- Roman Ingarden’s Letter to Edmund Husserl.
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  • 118
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    ISBN: 9789401027847
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (198p) , digital
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    Serie: International Archives of the History of Ideas 1
    Serie: Archives Internationales D'Histoire Des Idées Minor 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: 1 - Grace, Freedom and Power -- Ch. 1 The Argument for General Grace -- Ch. 2 Natural Powers and Adam’s Grace -- Ch. 3 Illumination and Unconscious Thoughts -- 2 - Apologetic -- Ch. 1 The Errors of Pagan Philosophy -- Ch. 2 The Immortality of the Soul -- Ch. 3 The Existence of God. Nicole and Pascal -- Ch. 4 The Existence of God. Nicole and Descartes -- Ch. 5 Miracles. Conclusion -- 3 - The Problem of Mysticism -- Ch. 1 Method in Prayer -- Ch. 2 Forms of Contemplation -- Ch. 3 Sécheresse and abandon -- 4 - Moral Doctrines -- Ch. 1 Faith and Works -- Ch. 2 The two Loves -- Ch. 3 ‘Know Thyself’ -- Ch. 4 Conclusion - Reason and the Good Life -- 5 - Social and Political Theory -- Ch. 1 The Moral Basis of Authority -- Ch. 2 The Moral Basis of Society and its Laws -- Conclusion -- Appendix The Authorship of la logique.
    Kurzfassung: The present study had its origins long ago in a doctorate thesis presented at the University of Cambridge. The work has been considerably enlarged in scope, if not in bulk, but has always been conceived as a whole. Nicole's thought is, in any case, remarkably coherent. I make use of articles of mine published in French Studies for April 1960 and July 1967, and my thanks are due to the General Editor of that journal for permission to do so. lowe a great debt of gratitude to Dr M. G. Wallas, who guided my researches in the early years. The penetration and lucidity of her criticism were equalled only by her kindness and patience. To Mr N. J. Abercrom­ bie, who had himself worked on Nicole for a number of years, I am deeply grateful for the gift of books, notes and analyses. Probably every section of this study owes something to his work, hints of the importance of the influence on Nicole of St Fran~ois de Sales proving particularly fruitful. One of the most pleasant moments in the course of my researches was spent at the Rijksarchief in Utrecht, to the staff of which, and to Dr AJ. van de Yen, Keeper of the Archives of the Oud-Bisschoppelijke Clerezij, I am much indebted for their kind help. May 1971 E. D. J.
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  • 119
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    ISBN: 9789401027625
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (86p) , digital
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    Serie: International Institute of Philosophy Entretiens in Heidelberg / Institut International de Philosophie Entretiens de Heilderberg, 12-16 September 1969 / 12-16 septembre 1969 2
    Serie: Institut International de Philosophie 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Table des Matieres -- Eröffnungsansprache. Welt Ohne Geschichte -- Wahrheit und Geschichtlichkeit -- Remarques sur la Communication du Professeur Karl Löwith -- Are Truth and History Incompatible? -- Beitrag zur Kritik der Lehre von der Geschichtlichkeit der Wahrheit -- History and Philosophy, Art and Science, Validity and Truth -- Bemerkungen zu dem Referat von Richard Mckeon -- Tradition, Vérité et Histoire -- Diskussionsbeitrag -- L’historicité Comme Alibi -- Contribution à la Discussion de la Conférence de M. le Professeur Brunner sur le Thème “L’Historicite Commé Alibi” -- Vérité et Historicité.
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  • 120
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    ISBN: 9789401029131
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 42
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 42
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: 1. The Theory of Combinators and the ?-Calculus -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Informal theory of combinators -- 3. Equality and reduction -- 4. The ?-calculus -- 5. Equivalence of the ?-calculus and the theory of combinators -- 6. Set-theoretical interpretations of combinators -- 7. Illative combinatory logic and the paradoxes -- 2. The Church-Rosser Property -- 1. Introduction -- 2. R-reductions -- 3. One-step reduction -- 4. Proof of main result -- 5. Generalization -- 6. Generalized weak reduction -- 3. Combinatory Arithmetic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Combinatory definability -- 3. Fixed-points and numeral sequences -- 4. Undecidability results -- 4. Computable Functionals of Finite Type -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Finite types and terms of finite types -- 3. The equation calculus -- 4. The role of the induction rule -- 5. Soundness of the axioms -- 6. Defining axioms and uniqueness rules -- 7. Reduction rules -- 8. Computability and normal form -- 9. Interpretation of types and terms -- 5. Proofs in the Theory of Species -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formulas, terms and types -- 3. A-terms and deductions -- 4. The equation calculus -- 5. Reduction and normal form -- 6. The strong normalization theorem -- 7. Interpretation of types and terms -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this monograph is to present some of the basic ideas and results in pure combinatory logic and their applications to some topics in proof theory, and also to present some work of my own. Some of the material in chapter 1 and 3 has already appeared in my notes Introduction to Combinatory Logic. It appears here in revised form since the presen­ tation in my notes is inaccurate in several respects. I would like to express my gratitude to Stig Kanger for his invalu­ able advice and encouragement and also for his assistance in a wide variety of matters concerned with my study in Uppsala. I am also in­ debted to Per Martin-USf for many valuable and instructive conversa­ tions. As will be seen in chapter 4 and 5, I also owe much to the work of Dag Prawitz and W. W. Tait. My thanks also to Craig McKay who read the manuscript and made valuable suggestions. I want, however, to emphasize that the shortcomings that no doubt can be found, are my sole responsibility. Uppsala, February 1972.
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  • 121
    ISBN: 9789401193801
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XI, 351 p) , digital
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science. ; Religion. ; History.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Travail of Christian Democracy, 1830–1932 -- II. The Established Disorder: Emmanuel Mounier and the Founding of Esprit -- III. The Paraplegics of Virtue: Mounier as a Critic of Christian Democracy, 1932–1934 -- IV. The Broken Idol: Mounier, the Christian Democrats and the Crisis Years of the Third Republic, 1934–1939 -- V. Resistance and Revolution: Mounier and the Founding of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire, 1940–1944 -- VI. The Dilemma of Communism: Mounier and the Mouvement Républicain Populaire, 1944–1950 -- VII. The Heritage of Mounier: The Christian Left and the Death of Christian Democracy in France -- Bibliographical Essay.
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    ISBN: 9789401027649
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 70 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: International Institute of Philosophy Entretiens in Helsinki / Institut International de Philosophie Entretiens de Helsinki, 24-27 August 1970 / 24-27 août 1970 1
    Serie: Institut International de Philosophie 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Table Des Matières -- Knowledge and Reasons -- Comments on Professor Williams’ “Knowledge and Reasons” -- Memory Re-Chained -- Connaissance et Reconnaissance -- De L’Evidence -- Wittgenstein on Certainty -- Comments on Professor Von Wright’s “Wittgenstein on Certainty” -- Kant Et La Connaissance De Soi.
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  • 123
    ISBN: 9789401029162
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (281p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 10
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 10
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Concept of ‘Science’ as Cognitive Activity -- 1. Aspects of the Concept of Science -- 2. The Goals of Science as Cognitive Activity sui generis -- 3. Scientific Cognition as the Solution of Problems -- II. On the Approach to Models of Scientific Procedures -- 1. Scientific Procedures as Operations with Data -- 2. The Metatheoretical Character of the Analysis of Scientific Procedures -- 3. The Finitistic Approach -- III. The Empirical Basis and the Analysis of ‘Universe of Discourse’ -- 1. Schemata of the Analysis -- 2. The Communication Model and the Problem of Scientific Empiricism -- 3. The Universe and the Language Used -- IV. Concepts of The Language of Science -- 1. Names, Descriptions and Statements -- 2. Predicates -- 3. The Classification of Predicates in the Language of Science: Qualitative, Comparative and Quantitative Predicates -- 4. The Classification of Predicates: Empirical, Dispositional and Theoretical Predicates -- 5. Similarity and Identification of Objects -- V. Scientific Explanation -- 1. Problem-Solving Situations and Questions in Science -- 2. The Concepts of ‘Explanation’ and ‘Scientific Explanation’ -- 3. The Typology of Scientific Explanation -- 4. Scientific Laws and Their Evaluation -- 5. Scientific Explanation and Decision-Making -- 6. Explanation and Prediction.
    Kurzfassung: For a decade, we have admired the incisive and broadly informed works of Ladislav Tondl on the foundations of science. Now it is indeed a pleasure to include this book among the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. We hope that it will help to deepen the collaborative scholar­ ship of scientists and philosophers in Czechoslovakia with the English­ reading scholars of the world. Professor Ladislav Tondl was born in 1924, and completed his higher education at the Charles University iIi Prague. His doctorate was granted by the Institute of Information Theory and Automation. He was a professor and scientific research worker at the Institute for the Theory and Methodology of Science, which was a component part of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. Tondl's principal fields of interest are the methodology of the empirical and experimental sciences, logical semantics, and cybernetics. For many years, he collaborated with Professor Albert Perez and others at the Institute of Information Theory and Automation in Prague, and he has undertaken fruitful collaboration with logicians in the Soviet and Polish schools, and been influenced by the Finnish logicians as well, among them Jaakko Hintikka. We list below a selection of his main publications. Perhaps the most accessible in presenting his central conception of the relationship between modem information theory and the methodology of the sciences is his 1965 paper with Perez, 'On the Role of Information Theory in Certain Scientific Procedures'.
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  • 124
    ISBN: 9789401028554
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (532p) , digital
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    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives Husserl 43
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 43
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: Table of Contents/Inhalt -- Notes on the Development of my Concepts -- The Symptom in Relation to the Whole Organism -- Abstract versus Concrete Behavior -- Health, Disease and Therapy -- Epistemology and the Nature of Man -- Relation to Other Theories -- Zur Frage der Amnestischen Aphasie und ihrer Abgrenzung Gegenüber der Transcorticalen und Glossopsychischen Aphasie -- Krankengeschichte -- Über Farbennamenamnesie nebst Bemerkungen über das Wesen der Amnestischen Aphasie überhaupt und die Beziehung zwischen Sprache und dem Verhalten zur Umwelt -- I. Die Farbennamenamnesie -- II. Zur Frage der amnestischen Aphasie für Gegenstände -- Das Symptom, seine Entstehung und Bedeutung für unsere Auffassung vom Bau und der Funktion des Nervensystems -- Über Aphasie -- I. Methodischer Teil -- II. Spezieller Teil -- Zum Problem der Angst -- Angst und Furcht -- Charakteristik der Struktur des Zustandes der Angst auf Grund der Beobachtungen an Hirngeschädigten -- Charakteristik des Phänomens Furcht -- Angst bei psychischen und körperlichen Krankheiten -- Welche Rolle spielt die Angst im Leben des Normalen und welche Bedeutung mag ihr hier zukommen? -- Über die Angst des Säuglings und der Tiere -- Kritik der Anschauungen Freuds über die Angst -- Über Zeigen und Greifen -- L’Analyse de L’Aphasie et L’Etude de L’Essence du Language -- I. Remarques préliminaires -- II. Troubles des moyens d’expression verbale -- III. Les troubles du langage, traduction d’une modification de l’attitude générale -- The Problem of the Meaning of Words based upon Observation of Aphasic Patients -- Summary -- Significance of Speech Disturbances for Normal Psychology -- Differentiation and definitions of the concrete and abstract attitudes -- Methods of testing for abstract behavior predominantly qualitative -- The abstract level of behavior as a distinctly new level -- On Naming and Pseudonaming -- From experiences in psychopathology -- Organismic Approach to the Problem of Motivation -- Bemerkung zum Vortrag von Prof. Meyerhof -- On Emotions: Considerations from the Organismic Point of View -- Remarques sur le Problème Épistémologique de la Biologie -- Bemerkungen zum Problem „Sprechen und Denken“ auf Grund Hirnpathologischer Erfahrungen -- The Smiling of the Infant and the Problem of Understanding the “Other” -- Concerning the Concept of “Primitivity”.
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  • 125
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    ISBN: 9789401028516
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
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    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 11
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 11
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Social sciences.
    Kurzfassung: I / On the Methodology of the Social Sciences -- Common-Sense and Scientific Interpretation of Human Action -- Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences -- Choosing Among Projects of Action -- II / Phenomenology and the Social Sciences -- Some Leading Concepts of Phenomenology -- Phenomenology and the Social Sciences -- Husserl’s Importance for the Social Sciences -- Scheler’s Theory of Intersubjectivity and the General Thesis of the Alter Ego -- Sartre’s Theory of the Alter Ego -- III / Symbol, Reality and Society -- On Multiple Realities -- Language, Language Disturbances, and the Texture of Consciousness -- Symbol, Reality and Society.
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  • 126
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    ISBN: 9789401028240
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (202p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 21
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Monism, Logos, Fire, and Flux -- Kant’s Theory of Symbolism -- Dualisms in William James’s Principles of Psychology -- Charles Peirce and the Firstness of Process -- The Meaning of Sameness or Family Resemblance in the Pragmatic Tradition -- Pragmatics and Definite Descriptions -- Distinguishing Presupposition in Epistemology -- Verification in Metaphysics -- Gentzen’s Cut Elimination Theorem for Non-Logicians -- The Aesthetics of Harold N. Lee: A Reconsideration -- On the Phenomenon of Obligation -- Positivistic Paths to Value -- Publications by Harold N. Lee.
    Kurzfassung: Harold N. Lee retired from Tulane University in June 1970. At first the event was too incredible for us to react. Harold N. Lee is a "character" in the best sense of the term. Surely he would never leave us. He was too much an institution for our institution to proceed without him. But he had attained the mandatory retirement age of seventy, as he himself informed us, and we could not refute the calendar. When at last we came to acknowledge the event, we - his colleagues, profession­ al friends, and former students - realized that we wanted to honor him in a manner more permanent than dinners and parties. So the idea of the present collection of essays dawned. Harold N. Lee taught philosophy at Tulane University for forty-five years. As professor of philosophy at Newcomb College, the undergraduate women's division of Tulane, and head of the Newcomb philosophy department, he carried a heavy burden of teaching and administration. He introduced many of the courses that are now a basic part of the curriculum, such as the courses in aesthetics and symbolic logic. Shortly after World War II he became chairman of the then newly­ formed university department of philosophy and played a major role in the establishment of the doctoral program in philosophy. Throughout the decades he also continued his philosophical researches, and he has published and continues to publish important articles and books at regular intervals.
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    ISBN: 9789401028387
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
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    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 51
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 51
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: Laudatio für Ludwig Landgrebe und Eugen Fink -- The Goal of a Complete Philosophy of Experience -- Phenomenology: A Break-Through to a New Intuitionism -- Reflexionen zur Lebenswelt-Thematik -- Über das „Bekannte“ oder nachdenkliches zum Problem der Vorstruktur -- Weltbezug und Seinsverständnis -- On the Systematic Unity of the Sciences -- Zur ältesten Systematik der Seelenlehre -- Das Ethos der Demokratie (Thukydides: Die Grabrede des Perikles) -- Zur mythologischen Rationalität der Praxis -- Das Problem der Geschichte bei Husserl, Hegel und Marx -- Phänomenologie und Pädagogik.
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  • 128
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    ISBN: 9789401028936
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (307p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 43
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 43
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: A / History of Physics -- I. Contradiction and Uplation in the Evolution of Physics (1960) -- II. Evolutionary Laws and Perspectives for Physics (1967) -- III. The Huygens-Leibniz-Mach Criticism in the Light of Present Knowledge (1967) -- IV. Max Planck and the Rise of Quantum Theory (1960) -- B / Logic of Physics — General -- V. On the Relation between Mathematics and Physics and Its Historical Development (1967) -- VI. Mathematics as Logical Syntax — A Method to Formalize the Language of a Physical Theory (1938) -- VII. Is the Frequency Limit Interpretation of Probability a Meaningful Idealization? (1946) -- VIII. Problems of Probability Theory in the Light of Quantum Mechanics (1938/39) -- IX. Equivalent Representations and Inequivalent Interpretations in Physics (1965) -- X. Material Structure and Mathematical Structure (1967) -- XI. Space-times and State Spaces (1967) -- XII. Intertheory Relations I — General Problems (1970) -- C / Foundational Studies — Special -- XIII. On the Logic of ‘Inertial Frame’ and ‘Mass’ (1966) -- XIV. The Lorentz Group: Axiomatics — Generalizations — Alternatives (1966) -- XV. Einstein’s Theories and the Critics of Newton — Inter-theory Relations II (1968) -- XVI. The Logic of Complementarity and the Foundation of Quantum Theory (1936) -- XVII. The Paradoxes of Quantum Physics and the Complementary Mode of Description (undated) -- XVIII. Quantum Theory and Logic (1950) -- XIX. Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1967) -- XX. Quantum Theory and Philosophy (1960) -- XXI. A Second Foundation for Quantum Theory (1961) -- XXII. Intertheory Relations (III): Quantum Mechanics and Classical Point Mechanics (1970) -- D / In Memoriam Hans Reichenbach -- XXIII. Hans Reichenbach and the Berlin School (1963) -- XXIV. Two Notes on H. Reichenbach’s Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1945).
    Kurzfassung: In selecting the papers for this volume I have excluded all physics papers proper. I have further omitted all book rev.iews. Instead, I have included two papers not published previously; they are marked by an asterisk (*) in the table of contents. Since many of the papers were occasioned by Symposia or similar gatherings their chronological order is rather accidental. Hence I have tried to group the papers thematically into four parts. Within each part the order of sequence is from the more general to the more special, or from a more popular to a more technical treatment. The same principle has been applied to the sequential order of the parts. The foundational papers on quantum mechanics have been arranged in a somewhat dif­ ferent manner. Chapters XVI-XIX are concerned with the logic of complementarity while in Chapters XX-XXII a more radical recon­ ceptualization is carried out. Two of the older papers (Chapters VI and VIII) have been revised to bring them more into line with present terminology. Other papers have been corrected by additions and omissions. Additions are marked by square brackets [ ], while double square brackets [[ II signify omis­ sions or parts to be omitted. Hence [[A]] [B] means that 'A' should be replaced by 'B'. The heading of one paper (Chapter XX) has been changed to make it more descriptive.
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    ISBN: 9789401027298
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (255p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Elders, Leo, 1926 - 2019 [Rezension von: Sweeney, L., Infinity in the Presocratics. A bibliographical and philosophical Study] 1973
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: One: Secondary Literature on Anaximander -- Ancient Sources -- Recent Studies on Anaximander -- Other Studies? -- Two: Anaximander and Other Ionians -- Anaximander -- Anaximenes, Xenophanes, Heraclitus -- Conclusion -- Three: Pythagoras -- J. E. Raven -- J. A. Philip -- Conclusions -- Four: the Eleatics -- Parmenides -- Zeno -- Melissus -- Five: Post-Parmenidean Philosophers -- Empedocles -- Anaxagoras -- The Atomists -- Six: in Retrospect -- Appendix: Additional Studies on Anaximander -- Index of Topics -- Index of Passages -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: Throughout the long centuries of western metaphysics the problem of the infinite has kept surfacing in different but important ways. It had confronted Greek philosophical speculation from earliest times. It appeared in the definition of the divine attributed to Thales in Diogenes Laertius (I, 36) under the description "that which has neither beginning nor end. " It was presented on the scroll of Anaximander with enough precision to allow doxographers to transmit it in the technical terminology of the unlimited (apeiron) and the indeterminate (aoriston). The respective quanti­ tative and qualitative implications of these terms could hardly avoid causing trouble. The formation of the words, moreover, was clearly negative or privative in bearing. Yet in the philosophical framework the notion in its earliest use meant something highly positive, signifying fruitful content for the first principle of all the things that have positive status in the universe. These tensions could not help but make themselves felt through the course of later Greek thought. In one extreme the notion of the infinite was refined in a way that left it appropriated to the Aristotelian category of quantity. In Aristotle (Phys. III 6-8) it came to appear as essentially re­ quiring imperfection and lack. It meant the capacity for never-ending increase. It was always potential, never completely actualized.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: One: Secondary Literature on AnaximanderAncient Sources -- Recent Studies on Anaximander -- Other Studies? -- Two: Anaximander and Other Ionians -- Anaximander -- Anaximenes, Xenophanes, Heraclitus -- Conclusion -- Three: Pythagoras -- J. E. Raven -- J. A. Philip -- Conclusions -- Four: the Eleatics -- Parmenides -- Zeno -- Melissus -- Five: Post-Parmenidean Philosophers -- Empedocles -- Anaxagoras -- The Atomists -- Six: in Retrospect -- Appendix: Additional Studies on Anaximander -- Index of Topics -- Index of Passages -- Index of Names.
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  • 130
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    ISBN: 9789401027588
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (254p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction: Method, Domain and Findings -- 1. The understanding of science -- 2. The definition of science -- 3. The principal divisions of science -- 4. The multi-stage process -- 5. Beyond the mesocosm -- 6. The interpretation of science -- 7. The theory of practice -- 8. From theory to practice -- 9. Technology -- 10. From practice to theory -- 11. Cross-field applications -- 12. The aims of this handbook -- II. The Search for Data: Observation -- 1. Simple observation -- 2. Controlled observation -- 3. Observed facts -- III. The Search for Hypotheses: Induction -- 1. The derivation of classes -- 2. The formulation of inductions -- IV. The Adoption of an Hypotheses -- 1. Definition and description -- 2. Character -- 3. Criteria -- 4. Kinds -- 5. Occasions -- 6. Discovery -- 7. Function -- 8. Indispensability -- 9. Adoption -- V. The Testing of Hypotheses: Experiment -- 1. The meaning of “experiment” -- 2. The design of experiments -- 3. The logic of experiments -- 4. Experimental criteria -- 5. The use of instruments -- 6. Measurement -- 7. The use of techniques -- 8. Experimenting -- 9. Types of experiments -- 10. Varieties of results -- 11. Interpretations of the data -- 12. Empirical probability -- VI. The Testing of Theories: Calculation -- 1. The stage of mathematical verification -- 2. The requirements of a good scientific theory -- 3. The application of mathematics from the standpoint of mathematics -- 4. The application of mathematics from the standpoint of empirical formulations -- 5. Advanced mathematical verification -- 6. Difficulties of final formulations -- 7. The aim of deductive structures -- 8. Mathematical probability and causal law -- VII. The Testing of Laws: Prediction and Control -- 1. Prediction -- 2. Control -- 3. The end of scientific investigation -- VIII. Types of Empirical Discoveries -- 1. Empirical systems -- 2. Empirical areas -- 3. Laws -- 4. Entities -- 5. Processes -- 6. Formulas and rules -- 7. Procedural principles -- 8. The limits of empirical discovery -- References.
    Kurzfassung: There remains only the obligation to thank those who have helped me with specific suggestions and the editors who have kindly granted permission to reprint material which first appeared in the pages of their journals. To the former group belong Alan B. Brinkley and Max O. Hocutt Portion of chap­ ters I and VI were published in Philosophy of Science; of chapters IV and V in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine; of chapter VIII in Dialectica; of chapter IX in The British lournal for the Philosophy of Science; and of chapter XIII in Synthese. J.K.F. New Orleans, 1971 PREFACE In this book I have tried to describe the scientific method, understood as the hypothetico-experimental technique of investigation which has been prac­ ticed so successfully in the physical sciences. It is the first volume of a three-volume work on the philosophy of science, each of which, however, is complete and independent. A second volume will contain an account of the domain in which the method operates and a history of empiricism. A third volume will be devoted to the philosophy of science proper: the metaphysics and epistemology presupposed by the method, its logical structure, and the ethical implications of its results.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Introduction: Method, Domain and Findings1. The understanding of science -- 2. The definition of science -- 3. The principal divisions of science -- 4. The multi-stage process -- 5. Beyond the mesocosm -- 6. The interpretation of science -- 7. The theory of practice -- 8. From theory to practice -- 9. Technology -- 10. From practice to theory -- 11. Cross-field applications -- 12. The aims of this handbook -- II. The Search for Data: Observation -- 1. Simple observation -- 2. Controlled observation -- 3. Observed facts -- III. The Search for Hypotheses: Induction -- 1. The derivation of classes -- 2. The formulation of inductions -- IV. The Adoption of an Hypotheses -- 1. Definition and description -- 2. Character -- 3. Criteria -- 4. Kinds -- 5. Occasions -- 6. Discovery -- 7. Function -- 8. Indispensability -- 9. Adoption -- V. The Testing of Hypotheses: Experiment -- 1. The meaning of “experiment” -- 2. The design of experiments -- 3. The logic of experiments -- 4. Experimental criteria -- 5. The use of instruments -- 6. Measurement -- 7. The use of techniques -- 8. Experimenting -- 9. Types of experiments -- 10. Varieties of results -- 11. Interpretations of the data -- 12. Empirical probability -- VI. The Testing of Theories: Calculation -- 1. The stage of mathematical verification -- 2. The requirements of a good scientific theory -- 3. The application of mathematics from the standpoint of mathematics -- 4. The application of mathematics from the standpoint of empirical formulations -- 5. Advanced mathematical verification -- 6. Difficulties of final formulations -- 7. The aim of deductive structures -- 8. Mathematical probability and causal law -- VII. The Testing of Laws: Prediction and Control -- 1. Prediction -- 2. Control -- 3. The end of scientific investigation -- VIII. Types of Empirical Discoveries -- 1. Empirical systems -- 2. Empirical areas -- 3. Laws -- 4. Entities -- 5. Processes -- 6. Formulas and rules -- 7. Procedural principles -- 8. The limits of empirical discovery -- References.
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    ISBN: 9789401028004
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (111p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Preface -- A. “Separate Substances” and/or “Angels”? -- B. Separate Substances Revisited : The Present Situation -- I. Introduction -- II. The Thomistic Doctrine on Potency -- A. The distinction of Actual from Potential Being -- B. Potency as a Principle of Being -- C. The Primordial Types — Active and Passive -- D. Subdivisions of Active and Passive Potency -- III. The Powers of Separate Substances -- A. Problems Arising in the Investigation of These Powers -- B. Means of Demonstration Proposed by St. Thomas -- C. The Relationship of Physical Bases to Metaphysical Conclusions -- D. The Power of Self-Motion in Separate Substances -- E. The Power of Intellection in Separate Substances -- F. The Power of Volition in Separate Substances -- G. The Hierarchical Disposition of Separate Substances on the Basis of These Powers -- IV. The Capacities of Separate Substances -- A. Means of Investigation of These Capacities -- B. The Capacity for Existence (Esse) in Separate Substances -- C. The Capacity for Justification in Separate Substances -- D. The Capacity for Local Transmutability in Separate Substances -- E. The Relative Capacities of the Angelic Hierarchies -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: A. "SEPARATE SUBSTANCES" AND lOR" ANGELS"? It is interesting to note that, in an expressly theological treatise such as the Summa theologiae, St. Thomas generally uses the term "angel", in preference to "separate substance"; while in works with a less explicit theological intent - e. g. the Summa contra gentiles and the De substantiis separatis 1 - he generally prefers the term "separate substance". But at any rate there is little doubt that the two terms, "separate sub­ stance" and "angel" have a certain interchangeability and equivalence in the works of St. Thomas. In other words, "the separate substance" is equivalent to "the angel, insofar as its existence and attributes are knowable through human reason alone". And this has led Karl Barth 2 to charge that St. Thomas' angelology is primarily a philosophical presenta­ tion, with little relevance to theology. 1 We might say that these works are "philosophical" insofar as arguments from reason are emphasized in them, rather than arguments from revelation or faith. However, as Lescoe points out (in the Introduction to his edition of the De substantUs separatis, p. 8), the treatise on separate substances leads up to theological subject-matter in Ch. 's XVII ff- namely, an exposition of Catholic teaching as found in Sacred Scripture, the Fathers, and especially Dionysius. And Chenu maintains that the Summa contra gentiles is basically a theological work, because it not only leads up to theological subject-matter in Bk.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PrefaceA. “Separate Substances” and/or “Angels”? -- B. Separate Substances Revisited : The Present Situation -- I. Introduction -- II. The Thomistic Doctrine on Potency -- A. The distinction of Actual from Potential Being -- B. Potency as a Principle of Being -- C. The Primordial Types - Active and Passive -- D. Subdivisions of Active and Passive Potency -- III. The Powers of Separate Substances -- A. Problems Arising in the Investigation of These Powers -- B. Means of Demonstration Proposed by St. Thomas -- C. The Relationship of Physical Bases to Metaphysical Conclusions -- D. The Power of Self-Motion in Separate Substances -- E. The Power of Intellection in Separate Substances -- F. The Power of Volition in Separate Substances -- G. The Hierarchical Disposition of Separate Substances on the Basis of These Powers -- IV. The Capacities of Separate Substances -- A. Means of Investigation of These Capacities -- B. The Capacity for Existence (Esse) in Separate Substances -- C. The Capacity for Justification in Separate Substances -- D. The Capacity for Local Transmutability in Separate Substances -- E. The Relative Capacities of the Angelic Hierarchies -- Index of Names.
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  • 132
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    ISBN: 9789401028417
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (174p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: Introducation -- I — ‘Notions’ as the Counterpoise of ‘Ideas’ -- 1. Coherence and Commonsense -- 2. The Philosophical Commentaries -- II — Ideas -- The Manuscripts -- Idea of : (Moore and Russell) -- Defining Characteristics of Ideas -- Ideas and Things -- III — Minds -- Types of ‘Notions’ -- Published Notions -- The Self -- Other Finite Spirits: -- Infinite Spirit: -- IV — Some Consequences: -- IV — Relations -- The Rôle of Relations, or Concepts -- The Introduction to the Principles of Human Knowledge — First Draft -- Some Variations: The Chapman MS -- Letters to Samuel Johnson -- Some Consequences -- V — Sensation and Space -- Kinds of Spaces -- Perceived Spaces and Concepts -- Extension and Divisibility -- VI — Other Berkeleyan Concepts -- Section I — Object and Likeness -- Section II — Identity and Time -- Section III — Numbering and Naming -- Appendix I — The history of the word ‘notion’ in Berkeley’s writings -- Appendix II — Structure of the Philosophical Commentaries -- Appendix III — Note on the marginal signs in the MS notebooks.
    Kurzfassung: This volume grew out of work on Berkeley which was presented in a dissertation several years ago. Though now much revised and greatly expanded. particularly in respect of the theory of concepts, a good part of the present text rests on this earlier foundation. I therefore gladly take this opportunity to express my appreciation to my teachers both at Indiana University and at McGill, and especially to Professor Newton Stallknecht who directed my dissertation. For permission to quote from the Berkeley manuscripts in their keeping, I have first to thank the Trustees of the British Museum, and the Board of Trinity College Dublin. I wish further to thank the Bodleian Library, Oxford for allowing me to quote from their collection of Locke manu­ scripts. Also I am grateful to the Editor of Filoso/ia for letting me use excerpts from an article that first appeared in the Stu'di Internazionali di Filoso/ia, and to George Allen and Unwin. Publishers, for permission to quote a long passage from Bertrand Russell's Analysis 0/ Mind. From thesis project to published book, my research on the Berkeley manuscripts has been made possible by the generous and timely support of the Canada Council. Finally. I wish to thank Mrs. Anne Hillier for preparing the manuscript with great patience and skill.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: IntroducationI - ‘Notions’ as the Counterpoise of ‘Ideas’ -- 1. Coherence and Commonsense -- 2. The Philosophical Commentaries -- II - Ideas -- The Manuscripts -- Idea of : (Moore and Russell) -- Defining Characteristics of Ideas -- Ideas and Things -- III - Minds -- Types of ‘Notions’ -- Published Notions -- The Self -- Other Finite Spirits: -- Infinite Spirit: -- IV - Some Consequences: -- IV - Relations -- The Rôle of Relations, or Concepts -- The Introduction to the Principles of Human Knowledge - First Draft -- Some Variations: The Chapman MS -- Letters to Samuel Johnson -- Some Consequences -- V - Sensation and Space -- Kinds of Spaces -- Perceived Spaces and Concepts -- Extension and Divisibility -- VI - Other Berkeleyan Concepts -- Section I - Object and Likeness -- Section II - Identity and Time -- Section III - Numbering and Naming -- Appendix I - The history of the word ‘notion’ in Berkeley’s writings -- Appendix II - Structure of the Philosophical Commentaries -- Appendix III - Note on the marginal signs in the MS notebooks.
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  • 133
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401029100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (266p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: I. Faith-and Faith in Hypotheses -- I. Falsifiable Theism: Sketch of a Position -- II. Hypothetical Faith: Criteria of Rationality -- II. Two Sides to a Theist’s Coin -- I. The Two Sides Distinguished -- II. The Two Sides and the PROSLOGION -- III. Miracles: Nowell-Smith’s Analysis and Tillich’s Phenomenology -- I. The Matter Briskly Introduced -- II. The Matter Reintroduced -- IV. From “God” to “Is” and from “Is” to “Ought” -- I. Convention and Wisdom About “Meaning” and “Necessity” -- II. Looking Back Without Anger: a Cry from the Fifties -- III. From “God” to “Is”: Good Reasons and Justifying Explanations -- IV. From “God” to “Is” -Some Fallacies about Being A Being -- V. From “God” to “Is”: The Muddled Fear of Calling God A Being -- VI. From “God” to “Is” -Current Confusions about Existence as Necessary and Existence as Predicate -- VII. Existence as Necessary and Existence as Predicate: the Confusions Probed -- VIII. Does “X is a Necessary Being” Entail “X is Timeless”? -- V. From “Is” to “Ought” and from “Ought” to “God” -- I. Some Steps Retraced: “God Exists” as a Necessary Truth -- II. The Necessary Truth Contested: Persons Without Bodies -- III. The Necessary Truth Contested: Appeals to Evil -- IV. The Necessary Truth Reaffirmed: “No ‘is’ Without ‘OUGHT’ in the Offing” -- V. The Necessary Truth Reaffirmed: “For an ‘OUGHT’ is as Hard as an ‘is’” -- VI. Probability and ‘The Will to Believe’ Introduction -- I. Metaphysics and Probability -- II. ‘Probability’ and Semantic Theories -- III. Rational Commitment and ‘The Will to Believe’ -- VII. Gambling on other Minds- Human and Divine -- I. “Evil”, “Ought” and “Can” as Springboards for the Will to Believe -- II. ‘Theodicy and Rational Commitment’ or ‘Über Formal ent-scheidbare Sätzenkonjunktionen der Principia Theologica und verwandter Systeme’ -- III. Gambling on Deity and Fraternity -- IV. Gambling on Reference and Sense -- VIII. Rational Action, Aquinas and War -- I. An Introduction to Some Confused Modern Thinking About War -- II. ‘A Just War is One Declared by the Duly Constituted Authority’ -- III. ‘A Just War Uses Means Proportional to the Ends’ -- IV. Farewell to Anti-Martial Muddles?.
    Kurzfassung: This book brings together ideas and materials which we have discussed together over the years as friends and colleagues. We draw on four papers published by us both as co-authors and on several more papers published by King-Farlow alone. We wish to thank the editors and publishers of the following journals for permission to make use of matter or points which have appeared in their pages in the years indicated: The Philosophical Quarterly (1957, 1962, 1971); The Thomist (1958, 1971, 1972); The Inter­ national Philosophical Quarterly (1962); Theoria (1963); The Southern Journal of Philosophy (1963); Sophia (1965, 1967, 1969,1971); Philosoph­ ical Studies of Eire (1968, 1970, 1971); Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (1968); Analysis (1970); Religious Studies (Cambridge University Press, 1971; we acknowledge a debt to H. D. Lewis, Editor, on page 20). This book is not, however, a collection of reprinted articles. It is a continuous work which deals with a vital cluster of problems in the philosophy of religion. In this work we attempt to utilize both our earlier thoughts, often considerably revised, and our very recent ones in order to argue for the good sense and rationality of making certain strong forms of commitment to some basic elements of primary wisdom in the Judaeo­ Christian tradition. While pursuing the investigations which have led to the writing of this book we have found ourselves becoming indebted to many individuals and institutions.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Faith-and Faith in HypothesesI. Falsifiable Theism: Sketch of a Position -- II. Hypothetical Faith: Criteria of Rationality -- II. Two Sides to a Theist’s Coin -- I. The Two Sides Distinguished -- II. The Two Sides and the PROSLOGION -- III. Miracles: Nowell-Smith’s Analysis and Tillich’s Phenomenology -- I. The Matter Briskly Introduced -- II. The Matter Reintroduced -- IV. From “God” to “Is” and from “Is” to “Ought” -- I. Convention and Wisdom About “Meaning” and “Necessity” -- II. Looking Back Without Anger: a Cry from the Fifties -- III. From “God” to “Is”: Good Reasons and Justifying Explanations -- IV. From “God” to “Is” -Some Fallacies about Being A Being -- V. From “God” to “Is”: The Muddled Fear of Calling God A Being -- VI. From “God” to “Is” -Current Confusions about Existence as Necessary and Existence as Predicate -- VII. Existence as Necessary and Existence as Predicate: the Confusions Probed -- VIII. Does “X is a Necessary Being” Entail “X is Timeless”? -- V. From “Is” to “Ought” and from “Ought” to “God” -- I. Some Steps Retraced: “God Exists” as a Necessary Truth -- II. The Necessary Truth Contested: Persons Without Bodies -- III. The Necessary Truth Contested: Appeals to Evil -- IV. The Necessary Truth Reaffirmed: “No ‘is’ Without ‘OUGHT’ in the Offing” -- V. The Necessary Truth Reaffirmed: “For an ‘OUGHT’ is as Hard as an ‘is’” -- VI. Probability and ‘The Will to Believe’ Introduction -- I. Metaphysics and Probability -- II. ‘Probability’ and Semantic Theories -- III. Rational Commitment and ‘The Will to Believe’ -- VII. Gambling on other Minds- Human and Divine -- I. “Evil”, “Ought” and “Can” as Springboards for the Will to Believe -- II. ‘Theodicy and Rational Commitment’ or ‘Über Formal ent-scheidbare Sätzenkonjunktionen der Principia Theologica und verwandter Systeme’ -- III. Gambling on Deity and Fraternity -- IV. Gambling on Reference and Sense -- VIII. Rational Action, Aquinas and War -- I. An Introduction to Some Confused Modern Thinking About War -- II. ‘A Just War is One Declared by the Duly Constituted Authority’ -- III. ‘A Just War Uses Means Proportional to the Ends’ -- IV. Farewell to Anti-Martial Muddles?.
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  • 134
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401027922
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (173p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Psychological Model: The “Scientific” Revolution and Rear-Guard Philosophical Action -- Selected introductory readings -- Selected additional readings for Chapter I -- II. The Holistic Model: Coming Close to the Total Man -- Selected additional readings for Chapter II -- III. The Psychoanalytic Model: Prediction and Control Through the Training of the Id. -- Selected additional readings for Chapter III -- IV. The Sociological Model: From Doing Good to Being Done -- Selected additional readings for Chapter IV -- V. The Marxist Model: The Dream of the “New Man” and a Rude Awakening -- Selected additional readings for Chapter V -- VI. The Structuralist Model: Man the Source or Man the Product ? -- Selected additional readings for Chapter VI -- VII. The Present Status of Philosophical Anthropology: A Prolegomenon -- Selected additional readings for Chapter VII.
    Kurzfassung: This essay is, first, a theoretical and historical study of some classical scientific ways of studying human being in the world. The more readily accessible and more commonly discussed "models" of being human were chosen for review here, but structuralism is included because I believe it will have ,the same impact in America as it has had in France, and I hope that American readers might be forewarned about what may be ideologically at stake before the technical, and fruitful, aspects of the movement become an academic fad in the United States. The subjects included are mainline experimental psychology from Wundt to Skinner, with its relatively shortlived functionalist and Watsonian-behaviorist formulations; holistic psychology from Brentano through Stumpf, Husserl, and Goldstein to Maslow, Rogers, and contemporary "third force" psychology; and the psychoanalytic model, for which the only paradigm is Freud himself. Preeminence is given to psychological paradigms, since their subject matter lies closest to the classical philosophical tradition from which "philosophical anthropology" emerged. (This book is, in the final analysis, a prolegomenon to an articulated philosophical anthropo­ logy. ) Sociological models are also considered: the "classical" tradition from Comte to the present, and Marxist anthropology from the manu­ scripts of 1844 to the present. The structuralist model, from Durkheim to Chomsky, is also considered, since it cuts across and gives new dimensions to all the foregoing models. The essay is, second, a phenomenological critique of these historico­ theoretical considerations.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Psychological Model: The “Scientific” Revolution and Rear-Guard Philosophical ActionSelected introductory readings -- Selected additional readings for Chapter I -- II. The Holistic Model: Coming Close to the Total Man -- Selected additional readings for Chapter II -- III. The Psychoanalytic Model: Prediction and Control Through the Training of the Id. -- Selected additional readings for Chapter III -- IV. The Sociological Model: From Doing Good to Being Done -- Selected additional readings for Chapter IV -- V. The Marxist Model: The Dream of the “New Man” and a Rude Awakening -- Selected additional readings for Chapter V -- VI. The Structuralist Model: Man the Source or Man the Product ? -- Selected additional readings for Chapter VI -- VII. The Present Status of Philosophical Anthropology: A Prolegomenon -- Selected additional readings for Chapter VII.
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  • 135
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    ISBN: 9789401028288
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (185p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Kurzfassung: I Introductory: Knowledge and Self-Knowledge -- One: Know Thyself as Spirit -- Two: The Speculative Method -- Three: The Notion of Subjective Spirit -- II Spirit as Soul: the Science of Anthropology -- Four: The Natural Soul -- Five: The Feeling Soul -- Six: The Actual Soul -- Appendix: The Notion of Consciousness -- Seven: Consciousness and its Science.
    Kurzfassung: The present study seeks to treat in depth a relatively restricted portion of Hegel's thought but one that has not yet received intensive treatment by Hegel scholars in English. In the Hegelian system of philosophical sciences, the Anthropology directly follows the Philosophy of Nature and forms the first of the three sciences of Subjective Spirit: 1 Anthropo­ logy, Phenomenology, and Psychology. The section on Subjective Spirit is then followed by sections on Objective Spirit and Absolute Spirit. The three sections together comprise the Philosophy of Spirit (Philosophie des Geistes 2), which constitutes the third and concluding main division of Hegel's total system as presented in the Encyclopedia of Philosophic Sciences in Outline. a Hegel intended to write a separate full-scale work on the philosophy of Subjective Spirit as he had done on Objective Spirit (the Philosophy of Right), but died before he could do so. · Thus the focus of our study is quite concentrated. Its relatively narrow scope within the vast compass of the Hegelian system may be justified, 1 Iring Fetscher (HegeUt Lehre vom Menschen, Stuttgart, 1970, p. 11) notes the lack of a modem commentary to Hegel's Encyclopedia, and in particular to the section on Subjective Spirit. Brief accounts of this section in English may be found in: Hugh A. Reyburn, The Ethical Theory of Hegel (Oxford, 1921), Chapter V; and O. R. O. Mure, A Study of Hegers Logic (Oxford, 1950), pp. 2-22.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I Introductory: Knowledge and Self-KnowledgeOne: Know Thyself as Spirit -- Two: The Speculative Method -- Three: The Notion of Subjective Spirit -- II Spirit as Soul: the Science of Anthropology -- Four: The Natural Soul -- Five: The Feeling Soul -- Six: The Actual Soul -- Appendix: The Notion of Consciousness -- Seven: Consciousness and its Science.
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  • 136
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401028165
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (296p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Anthropology ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Religion.
    Kurzfassung: Confusion and Search for Gods -- 1. Obscurities in Man’s World -- 2. Cabin on the Nechako -- 3. The General Method of the Present Book -- I. Early Man’s World -- 1. Modern Specialization and Mythical Wholeness -- 2. The Theocentric or Enthusiastic World -- 3. Enthusiasm in the Mythical World -- 4. Man’s Mortality -- II. Gods -- 1. Gods and the Ancient Way of Life -- 2. Nature and Gods -- 3. Gods and the Human World -- 4. Nature and Concealment -- 5. The Play of Gods -- III. Nature and Man -- 1. The Solidity of the Ancient World -- 2. Western Philosophy -- 3. Things and Gods -- 4. Godlessness -- 5. Freedom -- 6. Christianity -- IV. Man and Animals -- 1. Nature, the Ever-Hidden -- 2. Technology and Nature -- 3. Some Traits of Animal Life -- 4. Culture and Nature’s Play -- 5. Animal and Human Societies -- 6. Wisdom -- 7. Wisdom and Gods -- 8. The Godliness of Things and Animals -- V. Culture -- 1. Cult — Co-play with Gods -- 2. Man’s Responsive Attitude in Cults -- 3. Man’s Erring -- 4. Man in Nature’s Play -- 5. Contemporary and Mythical Man -- 6. Language -- 7. Man’s Guilt -- 8. Spatio-Temporal Play -- 9. The Relativity of Culture -- VI. The Greatness of Man -- 1. The Wail of a Dead Tree -- 2. The Event of Philosophy -- 3. Rational and Transcendental Ethics -- 4. Great Men -- 5. Opinions -- 6. Freedom -- 7. Mediation between Gods and Men -- 8. The Encumbrance of Lordly Dwelling in Contemporary Times -- VII. Death -- 1. Death-Birth -- 2. Death of Gods -- 3. Death and Time -- 4. Holy and Profane Things -- 5. Death and Language -- VII. Reincarnation -- 1. The Dioscuri Brothers -- 2. Karmic Guilt -- 3. The Accomplishment of Man’s Mission -- 4. Man’s Fidelity to Himself -- 5. Man’s Life — Participation in Nature’s Life -- 6. Animism -- 7. The Dream -- 8. Inner Life -- 9. Freedom to Guilt -- Conclusive Note.
    Kurzfassung: In the unequaled and majestic contemporary technological phase of our cultural development, where democratic liberties and the means of well­ being are accessible to everyone; man is unsatisfied, insecure, rebellious, confused and lost. More than ever before he seems to lack the sureness of his way in life. The abundance of theories, doctrines and various philosophical, social or religious systems and moral teachings fails to provide the individual today with any clarity whatsoever. Lacking this, he turns to peripheral events, to sensational occurrences; he turns his attention to more and to glaring new models of technological products. more new things, mostly Acquiring a great multitude of these and various other things, he seems to stress his own importance, thus making an inquiry in its fundamental validity superfluous. In this way he escapes the search of his very own mission; he betrays the superior powers which demand from him his existential contribution in finding his ideals and outlining the way of his life.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Confusion and Search for Gods1. Obscurities in Man’s World -- 2. Cabin on the Nechako -- 3. The General Method of the Present Book -- I. Early Man’s World -- 1. Modern Specialization and Mythical Wholeness -- 2. The Theocentric or Enthusiastic World -- 3. Enthusiasm in the Mythical World -- 4. Man’s Mortality -- II. Gods -- 1. Gods and the Ancient Way of Life -- 2. Nature and Gods -- 3. Gods and the Human World -- 4. Nature and Concealment -- 5. The Play of Gods -- III. Nature and Man -- 1. The Solidity of the Ancient World -- 2. Western Philosophy -- 3. Things and Gods -- 4. Godlessness -- 5. Freedom -- 6. Christianity -- IV. Man and Animals -- 1. Nature, the Ever-Hidden -- 2. Technology and Nature -- 3. Some Traits of Animal Life -- 4. Culture and Nature’s Play -- 5. Animal and Human Societies -- 6. Wisdom -- 7. Wisdom and Gods -- 8. The Godliness of Things and Animals -- V. Culture -- 1. Cult - Co-play with Gods -- 2. Man’s Responsive Attitude in Cults -- 3. Man’s Erring -- 4. Man in Nature’s Play -- 5. Contemporary and Mythical Man -- 6. Language -- 7. Man’s Guilt -- 8. Spatio-Temporal Play -- 9. The Relativity of Culture -- VI. The Greatness of Man -- 1. The Wail of a Dead Tree -- 2. The Event of Philosophy -- 3. Rational and Transcendental Ethics -- 4. Great Men -- 5. Opinions -- 6. Freedom -- 7. Mediation between Gods and Men -- 8. The Encumbrance of Lordly Dwelling in Contemporary Times -- VII. Death -- 1. Death-Birth -- 2. Death of Gods -- 3. Death and Time -- 4. Holy and Profane Things -- 5. Death and Language -- VII. Reincarnation -- 1. The Dioscuri Brothers -- 2. Karmic Guilt -- 3. The Accomplishment of Man’s Mission -- 4. Man’s Fidelity to Himself -- 5. Man’s Life - Participation in Nature’s Life -- 6. Animism -- 7. The Dream -- 8. Inner Life -- 9. Freedom to Guilt -- Conclusive Note.
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  • 137
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    ISBN: 9789401028431
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 174 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Neurosciences. ; Medical sciences.
    Kurzfassung: I. Descartes—The Mind and The Body -- II. Science and the Identity Theory -- III. Correlation, Identity and Substance—Some Conceptual Issues -- IV Reduction and Reality—Some Misconceptions About Science -- V. The Physical and the Mental -- VI. A Multi-Aspect Theory of the Mind -- VII. Kinds of Pains and Kinds of Languages -- Conclusion -- References Cited.
    Kurzfassung: 2 no predictions or experimental findings based on the Identity Theory differ from those based on mind-brain Parallelism or Epiphenomenal­ ism, i.e., Dualism in general. The Identity Theory, therefore, must stand or fall on its reputed conceptual advantages over Dualism. Then the conceptual issues at stake in the mind-brain problem are discussed. The kernel of truth present in the Identity Theory is shown to be obscured by all the talk about reducing sensations to neural processes. An attempt is made to characterize pain adequately as a pattern or complex of bodily processes. This view is then reconciled with the asymmetry in the way one is aware of one's own pains and the way in which others are. This asymmetry constitutes an epistemological dualism which no philosophical theory or scientific experiment could alter. The sense in which experiences are both mental and physical is thus elucidated. A Multi-Aspect Theory of the mind is presented and defended. Five aspects of pain are discussed in some detail: experiential, neural, bodily, behavioral and verbal. Having a mind characteristically involves having all of these features except the bodily (i.e., a physical irregularity). Thus having a mind characteristically entails having experiences and a healthy, functioning brain. It also involves being able to act and speak reasonably intelligently.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Descartes-The Mind and The BodyII. Science and the Identity Theory -- III. Correlation, Identity and Substance-Some Conceptual Issues -- IV Reduction and Reality-Some Misconceptions About Science -- V. The Physical and the Mental -- VI. A Multi-Aspect Theory of the Mind -- VII. Kinds of Pains and Kinds of Languages -- Conclusion -- References Cited.
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  • 138
    ISBN: 9781468419658
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Autonomy of Biology as a Natural Science -- II. The Model of Open Systems: Beyond Molecular Biology -- III. Electronic Mobility in Biological Processes -- IV. The Evolution and Organization of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems -- V. The Evolutionary Significance of Biological Templates -- VI. Evolutionary Modulation of Ribosomal RNA Synthesis in Oogenesis and Early Embryonic Development -- VII. Respiration as Interface Between Self and Non-Self: Historico-Biological Perspectives -- VIII. Measurement Theory and Biology -- IX. The Transition from Theoretical Physics into Theoretical Biology -- X. Scientific Enterprises from a Biological Point of View -- XI. Historical Observations Concerning the Relationship Between Biology and Mathematics -- XII. A Survey of the Mechanical Interpretations of Life from Greek Atomists to the Followers of Descartes -- XIII. The Place of Normative Ethics within a Biological Framework -- XIV. The Evolutionary Thought of Teilhard de Chardin -- XV. The Use of Biological Concepts in the Writing of History -- XVI. What is a Historical System? -- XVII. On a Difference Between the Natural Sciences and History -- XVIII. Historical Taxonomy -- XIX. Theories of the Universe in the Late Eighteenth Century -- XX. Must a Machine Be an Automaton? -- XXI. Epistemology, the Mind and the Computer -- XXII. Marginal Notes on Schrödinger.
    Kurzfassung: In a world that peers over the brink of disaster more often than not it is difficul t to find specific assignments for the scholarly community. One speaks of peace and brotherhood only to realize that for many the only real hope of making a contribution may seem to be in a field of scientific specialization seemingly irrelevant to social causes and problems. Yet the history of man since the beginnings of science in the days of the Greeks does not support this gloomy thesis. Time and again we have seen science precipitate social trends or changes in the humanistic beliefs that have a significant effect on. the scientific community. Not infrequently the theoretical scientist, triggered by society's changing goals and understandings, finds ultimate satisfaction in the work of his colleagues in engineering and the other applied fields. Thus the major debate in mid-nineteenth century in which the evidence of natural history and geology at variance with the Biblical feats provided not only courage to a timid Darwin but the kind of audience that was needed to fit his theories into the broad public dialogue on these topics. The impact of "Darwinism" was felt far beyond the scientific community. It affected social thought, upset religious certainties and greatly affected the teaching of science.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Autonomy of Biology as a Natural ScienceII. The Model of Open Systems: Beyond Molecular Biology -- III. Electronic Mobility in Biological Processes -- IV. The Evolution and Organization of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems -- V. The Evolutionary Significance of Biological Templates -- VI. Evolutionary Modulation of Ribosomal RNA Synthesis in Oogenesis and Early Embryonic Development -- VII. Respiration as Interface Between Self and Non-Self: Historico-Biological Perspectives -- VIII. Measurement Theory and Biology -- IX. The Transition from Theoretical Physics into Theoretical Biology -- X. Scientific Enterprises from a Biological Point of View -- XI. Historical Observations Concerning the Relationship Between Biology and Mathematics -- XII. A Survey of the Mechanical Interpretations of Life from Greek Atomists to the Followers of Descartes -- XIII. The Place of Normative Ethics within a Biological Framework -- XIV. The Evolutionary Thought of Teilhard de Chardin -- XV. The Use of Biological Concepts in the Writing of History -- XVI. What is a Historical System? -- XVII. On a Difference Between the Natural Sciences and History -- XVIII. Historical Taxonomy -- XIX. Theories of the Universe in the Late Eighteenth Century -- XX. Must a Machine Be an Automaton? -- XXI. Epistemology, the Mind and the Computer -- XXII. Marginal Notes on Schrödinger.
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  • 139
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    ISBN: 9789401028110
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Second and enlarged edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind. ; Self.
    Kurzfassung: One The Two Logics and their Relation -- Two The Schematism in its Context -- Three The Concept of Metaphysics -- Four The Concept of Dialectic -- I. Totality -- II. Hypostasis -- III. Illusion -- IV. Dialectical Opposition -- V. The Antinomy between Verstand and Vernunft -- VI. General Observations on the Structure of Dialectic -- Five The Scepticism of the ‘Critique of Judgement’ -- Six The Primacy of Practical Reason -- I. The Idea of Practical Reason -- II. The Meaning of Primacy -- III. Freedom -- IV. Postulates -- Seven Substance and Ideas -- Appendix Interpretations and Systems on Approaches to the ‘Critique of Pure Reason’ -- I. The World as an Image -- II. From Illusion to Fiction -- III. The Realistic Turn -- IV. The Rule of Method -- V. Knowledge and Human Finitude.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: One The Two Logics and their RelationTwo The Schematism in its Context -- Three The Concept of Metaphysics -- Four The Concept of Dialectic -- I. Totality -- II. Hypostasis -- III. Illusion -- IV. Dialectical Opposition -- V. The Antinomy between Verstand and Vernunft -- VI. General Observations on the Structure of Dialectic -- Five The Scepticism of the ‘Critique of Judgement’ -- Six The Primacy of Practical Reason -- I. The Idea of Practical Reason -- II. The Meaning of Primacy -- III. Freedom -- IV. Postulates -- Seven Substance and Ideas -- Appendix Interpretations and Systems on Approaches to the ‘Critique of Pure Reason’ -- I. The World as an Image -- II. From Illusion to Fiction -- III. The Realistic Turn -- IV. The Rule of Method -- V. Knowledge and Human Finitude.
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  • 140
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401031202
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (180p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Astrobiology.
    Kurzfassung: I / Traditional and Modern Logic -- II/Logic as Ontology -- III/Logic as Linguistic Theory -- IV / Logic as Methodology -- V / Richer Logical Systems -- VI/Antinomies -- VII/Logic And The Critique of Reason -- VIII / Towards The Logic Of Probability.
    Kurzfassung: The field of modern logic is too extensive to be worked through by open­ cast mining. To open it up, we need to sink shafts and construct adits. This is the method of most text books: a systematic exposition of a number of main topics, supplemented by exercises to teach skill in the appurtenant techniques, lays a secure foundation for subsequent dis­ cussion of selected questions. Compared with this, the present treatment is more like a network of exploratory drillings to show that it would be worthwhile to start mining operations, or to work the existing shafts and adits, as the case may be. Within this metaphor we may also describe the inherent weakness of this conception: once a cavity is pierced, the duct's capacity will in general not be sufficient to carry away the discovered riches. But whether we are concerned with a new or an already worked mine - at any rate, the experience should stimulate us into either reviving an existing system of shafts or even, in particularly fortunate cases, designing a new ap­ proach.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I / Traditional and Modern LogicII/Logic as Ontology -- III/Logic as Linguistic Theory -- IV / Logic as Methodology -- V / Richer Logical Systems -- VI/Antinomies -- VII/Logic And The Critique of Reason -- VIII / Towards The Logic Of Probability.
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  • 141
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401029056
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 258 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy—History. ; Logic. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I / Changing Concepts -- I. Deliberate Knowledge -- II. The Knowledge of the All -- III. Knowledge, Interpretation and Congruence -- IV. Knowledge as Method -- V. The Justification of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Ends -- VI. Continuations and Developments -- II / Background and Consequences -- VII. The Origins of Philosophy -- VIII. Philosophy and Life -- IX. Philosophy and Its History -- X. Science and Philosophy -- XI. Religion and Philosophy -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The present book is concerned with the nature of philosophy and with the scope of philosophical interest. It combines an analysis of the major types of philosophical thinking as they emerged in the history of philosophical ideas with an attempt to examine problems which recurrent­ ly emerge in philosophical discourse. It is from this point of view that the historical and the systematic approaches are meant to be mutually reinforcing. I am grateful to my friends who helped me to formulate the line of thinking expressed in this book: Z. Bar-On, A. Margalit, E. I. I. Poznanski, Z. Werblovsky and E. Zemach. Some years ago when I visited the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, Dr. Robert M. Hutchins encouraged me to write the present book. I am dedicating the book to him not only because of that encouragement but more importantly because as an educational thinker Dr. Hutchins represents the position which assigns to the great ideas of the past validity and value in the analysis of topical problems of the present.
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  • 142
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401023870
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (177p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: 1. “A Phenomenology of Eros” -- 2. “The Cognitive Aspects of Love” -- 3. “The ‘Ordo Amoris’ in Max Scheler” -- 4. “Sense and Sensuality” -- 5. “Psyche in Longing, Mourning, and Anger” -- 6. “Signs and Symbol in the Sexual Act” -- 7. “The Nude as Symbol” -- 8. “Don Juan: Idealist and Sensualist”.
    Kurzfassung: In an age which is supposedly experiencing a sexual revolution, a volume of thoughtful essays on eros is not only not out of place but perhaps is a positive contribution to the understanding of contempor­ ary man. It was the conviction of the editors that the scientific view of sexuality, as promoted in such valuable studies as those conducted by Masters and Johnson, needed considerable supplement and per­ spective. The perspective is here furnished by writers from both Europe and America, authors from various fields, such as philosophy, psychology, and even musicology, all of whom are united, in that their approach to the problem of eros is phenomenologically oriented. At first it might well seem strange that musicology would have much to say about eros. It is true, musicology has been the "science" of music, at least in intent. Yet in a larger view of the discipline, philo­ sophical and aesthetic problems are also important to it, and this particularly if we agree with Enzo Paci, that our very culture depends on eros. Surely musical culture, as pointed out by Kierkegaard, is the embodiment of what western civilization has known as sensuality; and Mozart's Don Giovanni is its incarnation. On the surface it is easier for us to grasp the work of the philosopher in this area; and, of course, one expects the psychologist to deal with sexuality more explicitly than anyone else.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. “A Phenomenology of Eros”2. “The Cognitive Aspects of Love” -- 3. “The ‘Ordo Amoris’ in Max Scheler” -- 4. “Sense and Sensuality” -- 5. “Psyche in Longing, Mourning, and Anger” -- 6. “Signs and Symbol in the Sexual Act” -- 7. “The Nude as Symbol” -- 8. “Don Juan: Idealist and Sensualist”.
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  • 143
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401028530
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIV, 417 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: One -- I. Literary and Chronologicale Aspects of the Commentary -- II. The Metaphysical Views of Avicenna, Averroes, and Albert -- III. The Prooemium to Aquinas’ Commentary -- Two -- IV. The Object of Metaphysics -- V. The Relation of Metaphysics to the Other Sciences -- VI. The Method of Metaphysics -- Three -- VII. The Basic Insight of Aquina’s Commentary -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Index of Topics -- Index of Texts.
    Kurzfassung: Thomas Aquinas' Commentary on the Metaphysics has long been con­ sidered by many as one of the most interesting, most rewarding of all his works. Yet strangely enough, there has been no extensive study of this work, at least none that has ever reached print. It is in the hope of partially filling this gap in medieval research that the present study of the metaphysical system of the Commentary was conceived. However, the discussion of the Commentary's metaphysics must simultaneously be an investigation into the reasons which motivated Aquinas in the composition of his work. Did he wish to expose only the theories of Aristotle, or did he simultaneously intend to present his own metaphysical views? Obviously, we must learn the answer to this before we can proceed to disentangle the metaphysical system, or systems, operative in Aquinas' Commentary. Up to the present day this problem, the nature of Aquinas' exposition has not been answered in a manner acceptable to all. Generally speak­ ing, three theories have been advanced. A first one would see the 1 Commentary as an objective exposition of Aristotle. A second opinion views Aquinas' exposition as an attempt to express his own personal 2 theories on metaphysics. And finally, the third view divides within the Commentary paragraphs containing Aquinas' personal thought ...
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: OneI. Literary and Chronologicale Aspects of the Commentary -- II. The Metaphysical Views of Avicenna, Averroes, and Albert -- III. The Prooemium to Aquinas’ Commentary -- Two -- IV. The Object of Metaphysics -- V. The Relation of Metaphysics to the Other Sciences -- VI. The Method of Metaphysics -- Three -- VII. The Basic Insight of Aquina’s Commentary -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- Index of Topics -- Index of Texts.
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  • 144
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401028028
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 163 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: I. Inference: The Essence of All Thought -- A. There would be no telling of an intuition if we had one -- B. As a matter of fact the mind works inferentially -- C. Knowing is a process in time -- D. There is no intuitive self-consciousness -- E. Peirce’s divergence from Kant -- F. Thought is sign activity -- II. Hypothesis or Abduction: The Originative Phase of Reasoning -- A. Deduction, Induction, and Abduction -- B. A suggested solution to the problem of induction -- C. Abduction and explanation -- D. What kind of abductions are meaningful, significant, admissible? -- E. The hypothesis of God: a test case -- F. Peirce and James -- G. Peirce and Kant -- H. Peirce and John Wisdom -- III. Fallibilism: The Self-Corrective Feature of Thought -- A. The notion of “meaning” examined on Peircean principles -- B. Organism and Interdependence in knowledge -- IV. Concrete Reasonableness: Cooperation Between Reason and Instinct -- A. Abduction is inference guided by nature’s hand -- B. Evolution and Critical-commonsensism -- C. Theory and Practice -- V. The Cartesian Circle: A Final Look at Scepticism -- A. The theory of types as applied to ordinary language -- B. Believing is seeing -- C. Conclusions -- Indez.
    Kurzfassung: This work is an essay in Peirce's epistemology, with about an equal emphasis on the "epistemology" as on the "Peirce's." In other words our intention has not been to write exclusively a piece of Peirce scholarshiJ〉­ hence, the reader will find no elaborate tying in of Peirce's epistemology to other portions of his thought, no great emphasis on the chronology of his thought, etc. Peirce scholarship is a painstaking business. His mind was Labyrinthine, his terminology intricate, and his writings are, as he himself confessed, "a snarl of twine." This book rather is intended perhaps even primarily as an essay in epistemology, taking Peirce's as the focal point. The book thus addresses a general philosophical audience and bears as much on the wider issue as on the man. I hope therefore that readers will give their critical attention to the problem of knowledge and the sugges­ tions we have developed around that problem and will not look here in the hope of finding an exhaustive piece of Peirce scholarship.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Inference: The Essence of All ThoughtA. There would be no telling of an intuition if we had one -- B. As a matter of fact the mind works inferentially -- C. Knowing is a process in time -- D. There is no intuitive self-consciousness -- E. Peirce’s divergence from Kant -- F. Thought is sign activity -- II. Hypothesis or Abduction: The Originative Phase of Reasoning -- A. Deduction, Induction, and Abduction -- B. A suggested solution to the problem of induction -- C. Abduction and explanation -- D. What kind of abductions are meaningful, significant, admissible? -- E. The hypothesis of God: a test case -- F. Peirce and James -- G. Peirce and Kant -- H. Peirce and John Wisdom -- III. Fallibilism: The Self-Corrective Feature of Thought -- A. The notion of “meaning” examined on Peircean principles -- B. Organism and Interdependence in knowledge -- IV. Concrete Reasonableness: Cooperation Between Reason and Instinct -- A. Abduction is inference guided by nature’s hand -- B. Evolution and Critical-commonsensism -- C. Theory and Practice -- V. The Cartesian Circle: A Final Look at Scepticism -- A. The theory of types as applied to ordinary language -- B. Believing is seeing -- C. Conclusions -- Indez.
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  • 145
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    ISBN: 9789401024167
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (X, 118 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Perini, G. [Rezension von: Pax, Cl, An existential Approach to God. A Study of Gabriel Marcel] 1977
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Phenomenology ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: 1. The Nature of Philosophical Reflection -- 2. Myself and the Other -- 3. Fidelity and Truth -- 4. Approach to God -- 5. Appraisal of the Traditional Proofs -- 6. Testimony Versus Demonstration -- 7. The Communication of Hope.
    Kurzfassung: Man's concern about God is both a question and a quest. We seek to know with certainty that God is real; we seek also to draw near to God, to know that He is really for us. My aim in this work is to re-think this two-fold concern and to do so with Gabriel Marcel. Throughout the work I have combined the presentation of Marcel's views with a critical examination of his thought, and in the spirit in which Marcel meets his own predecessors and contemporaries I have held myself free to accept, to amend or to reject what he has written. Thus the focus of the work is only incidentally on the writings of Marcel; the direct focus, as for Marcel, is on man's seeking to know and to draw near to God. The effort to re-think that dimension of our experience which we designate religious cannot begin apart from a critical consideration of what we mean by knowledge and certainty. What will count as an answer to the question of whether God is real and whether He is really for us? If, as the believer maintains, God is the answer to man - an answer wholly unlike every other answer - then the method of searching for this answer must be different from other methods of searching. Furthermore, even for the believer, God remains the hidden God, Deus absconditus, and at best we see through a glass darkly.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. The Nature of Philosophical Reflection2. Myself and the Other -- 3. Fidelity and Truth -- 4. Approach to God -- 5. Appraisal of the Traditional Proofs -- 6. Testimony Versus Demonstration -- 7. The Communication of Hope.
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  • 146
    ISBN: 9789401023801
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (216p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Elders, Leo, 1926 - 2019 [Rezension von: Bonnette, D., Aquinas' Proofs for God's Existence. St. Thomas Aquinas on: « The Per Accidens necessarily implies the Per Se »] 1973
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Religion (General) ; Philosophy, medieval ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Religion.
    Kurzfassung: The Nature and Limits of the Inquiry — The Central Contexts to be Analysed -- I Domains other than that of Creature-God -- I. The Domain of Accident-Substance -- II. The Domain of Change -- III. The Domain of Knowledge -- II The Domain of Creature-God -- Introduction: The Cause of Per Accidens Being -- I. The Way of the De Ente Et Essentia -- II. Apropos of the Quinque Viae in General -- III. The Prima Via -- IV. The Secunda Via -- V. The Tertia Via -- VI. The Quarta Via -- VII. The Quinta Via -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this study is to investigate the legitimacy of the principle, "The per accidens necessarily implies the per se," as it is found in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas. Special emphasis will be placed upon the function of this principle in the proofs for God's existence. The relevance of the principle in this latter context can be seen at once when it is observed that it is the key to the solution of the well known "prob­ lem of infinite regress. " The investigation of the principle in question will be divided into two Parts. A preliminary examination of the function of the principle will be made in Part I: Domains Other Than That of Creature-God. The domains to be considered in this Part are those of accident-substance, change, and knowledge. Employing what is learned of the function of the principle in these areas of application, Part II: The Domain of Creature-God will analyze the role of the principle in the proofs for God's existence. This latter Part will constitute the greater portion of the book, since the domain of creatures in their relation to God is the most significant application of the principle in the writings of St. Thomas. In the course of this investigation, relevant analyses by St. Thomas' commentators - both classical and contemporary - will be considered. Finally, in light of the insights offered by St.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Nature and Limits of the Inquiry - The Central Contexts to be AnalysedI Domains other than that of Creature-God -- I. The Domain of Accident-Substance -- II. The Domain of Change -- III. The Domain of Knowledge -- II The Domain of Creature-God -- Introduction: The Cause of Per Accidens Being -- I. The Way of the De Ente Et Essentia -- II. Apropos of the Quinque Viae in General -- III. The Prima Via -- IV. The Secunda Via -- V. The Tertia Via -- VI. The Quarta Via -- VII. The Quinta Via -- Conclusion.
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  • 147
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    ISBN: 9789401027236
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (V, 100 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Russell and the linguistic philosophy -- I. The quest for logical form -- Reference and meaning -- Two senses of “logical form” -- Logical form, propositional constituents, and reconstructionism -- The “logically perfect” language -- The theory of acquaintance -- Proper names -- The “minimum vocabulary” -- Summary and conclusion -- II. The uses of reconstructionism -- The theory of descriptions -- The analysis of class-symbols -- The logical construction of physical objects -- Conclusion -- III. Critique of Russell’s philosophy of language -- The theory of acquaintance -- The doctrine of logical form -- Philosophical analysis as elucidation of ontological structure -- Selected Bibliography.
    Kurzfassung: RUSSELL AND THE LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY It is generally acknowledged that Bertrand Russell played a vital role in the so-called "revolution" that has taken place in twentieth century Anglo-American philosophy, the revolution that has led many philo­ sophers virtually to equate philosophy with some variety - or varieties - of linguistic analysis. His contributions to this revolution were two­ fold: (I) together with G. E. Moore he led the successful revolt against the neo-Hegelianism of Idealists such as Bradley and McTaggert; (2) again with Moore he provided much of the impetus for a somewhat revolutionary way of doing philosophy. (I) and (2) are, of course, close­ ly related, since the new way of philosophizing could be said to consti­ tute, in large part, the revolt against Idealism. Be this as it may, how­ ever, the important fact for present consideration is that Russell was a major influence in turning Anglo-American philosophy in the direction it has subsequently taken - toward what may be termed, quite general­ ly, the "linguistic philosophy. " Unfortunately, though his importance as a precursor of the linguistic philosophy is well-known, the precise sense in which Russell himself can be considered a "philosopher of language" has not, to the present time, been sufficiently clarified. Useful beginnings have been made toward an investigation of this question, but they have been, withal, only begin­ nings, and nothing like an adequate picture of Russell's overall philoso­ phy of language is presently available.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Russell and the linguistic philosophyI. The quest for logical form -- Reference and meaning -- Two senses of “logical form” -- Logical form, propositional constituents, and reconstructionism -- The “logically perfect” language -- The theory of acquaintance -- Proper names -- The “minimum vocabulary” -- Summary and conclusion -- II. The uses of reconstructionism -- The theory of descriptions -- The analysis of class-symbols -- The logical construction of physical objects -- Conclusion -- III. Critique of Russell’s philosophy of language -- The theory of acquaintance -- The doctrine of logical form -- Philosophical analysis as elucidation of ontological structure -- Selected Bibliography.
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  • 148
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401027601
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (295p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Religion and sociology. ; Cognitive psychology.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Problem of Objectivity in the Genesis of Buri’s Theology -- A. Consistent Eschatology and Philosophy of Religion: Buri’s Early Position -- B. Objectivity and Self-Understanding: The Transition to Buri’s Mature Position -- I The Problem of Objectivity in the Foundations of a Theological Hermeneutic -- II. The Theological Problem of Objectivity and Non-Objectivity -- III. The Non-Objectivity of Faith and Revelation -- IV. Symbol, Myth, and the Dialectic of Objectivity and Nonobjectivity -- II The Problem of Objectivity in the Implementation of the Hermeneutical Principles -- V. Historicity and the Systematic Principle in the Interpretation of Doctrines -- VI. Existentialist Interpretation and Objective Description -- VII. Radical Theology and the Problem of Objectivity.
    Kurzfassung: In the last decade, too many American theologians have been preoc­ cupied with charting and interpreting in a superficial manner the move­ ments of the newest stars in the Continental theological firmament. This preoccupation contributed much, unfortunately, to that faddism that was so characteristic of American theology in the Sixties, the period imme­ diately following the passing of a generation of theological giants like Barth, Bultmann, Tillich, Gogarten, and the Niebuhrs. There has seldom been a period in which so many promissory notes were issued so care­ lessly onto the intellectual market, notes that were not, and perhaps could not, have been redeemed. Given this temper of the times, it is difficult to account for the almost total neglect of the work of Professor Fritz Burl of Basel, whose "theolo­ gy of existence" is one of the most interesting and impressive contempo­ rary attempts to interpret the myths and symbols of the Christian faith in terms of an existentialist philosophy. Even if one were to apply that most superficial, though for many apparently decisive, criterion of "radicality," one might have expected his work to attract some sustained attention be­ cause Buri has consistently posed a radical solution to most of the hotly debated issues of the times: the problem of demythologization, the mean­ ing of theological language, the problems raised by historical criticism, and the meaning of the historical Jesus for faith, to mention a few.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Problem of Objectivity in the Genesis of Buri’s TheologyA. Consistent Eschatology and Philosophy of Religion: Buri’s Early Position -- B. Objectivity and Self-Understanding: The Transition to Buri’s Mature Position -- I The Problem of Objectivity in the Foundations of a Theological Hermeneutic -- II. The Theological Problem of Objectivity and Non-Objectivity -- III. The Non-Objectivity of Faith and Revelation -- IV. Symbol, Myth, and the Dialectic of Objectivity and Nonobjectivity -- II The Problem of Objectivity in the Implementation of the Hermeneutical Principles -- V. Historicity and the Systematic Principle in the Interpretation of Doctrines -- VI. Existentialist Interpretation and Objective Description -- VII. Radical Theology and the Problem of Objectivity.
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  • 149
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401027816
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (79p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The New Science -- II. Vico’s Intention -- III. The Influences on Vico -- IV. The Rise and Course of Nations.
    Kurzfassung: It would be an understatement to say that the New Science is difficult to read. Most contemporary readers conclude with a Russian scholar that Vico's thought "is expressed in extremely naive forms, profound thoughts are interspersed with all sorts of pedantic trifles, the exposition is very confusing, yet it is beyond doubt that the basic idea is a work of genius. " 1 There can be no disputing the fact that the New Science is difficult to read; the dispute emerges in the effort to explain how a work which is at once "confusing," "naive" and "pedantic," can be a "work of genius. " The purpose of this brief study is to suggest that a good deal of the confusion can be dispelled when the New Science is read with care and an eye to the possibility of two levels of meaning. We must never forget that Vico was a professor of rhetoric and was therefore familiar with the techniques of cautious writing. It is our conviction that the New Science is an exoteric book which means that it contains two levels of meaning: one which conveys a popular and orthodox message, and another which 2 conveys a philosophical message addressed to philosophers. A large number of contemporary scholars tend to minimize or dismiss this type of writing.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The New ScienceII. Vico’s Intention -- III. The Influences on Vico -- IV. The Rise and Course of Nations.
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  • 150
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401028363
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (244p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy—History. ; Metaphysics.
    Kurzfassung: Analytical Table of Contents -- I. Introduction -- A. The Difficulties -- II. Differences -- A. Introduction -- III. Human Existence -- A. Introduction -- IV. A Glance at Two Contemporary Efforts in Kierkegaardian Scholarship -- V. Forgetting -- A. Introduction -- VI. The Art of Reminding -- A. Introduction -- VII. Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: The writings of Kierkegaard continue to be a fertile source for con­ temporary philosophical thought. Perhaps the most interesting of his works to a philosopher is the Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments. The Fragments is a brief, algebraic piece in which the author attempts to put forward the central teachings of Christianity in philosophical terminology. The. work is addressed to a reader who has a philosophical bent and who may therefore be tempted to relate to Christianity via such questions as: Can the truth of Christian­ ity be established? The analysis of the Fragments establishes that this way of relating to Christianity is misguided, since Christianity and phil­ osophy are categorically different. Having done this, the author turns his attention in the Postscript to the question of how an individual human being can properly establish a relationship to Christianity. In order to become a Christian, one must first of all exist. "Nothing more than thatP' one may be tempted to think. Yet at the very core of the Postscript is the notion that to exist as an individual human being is difficult. The author goes so far as to claim that men have forgotten what it means to exist.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Analytical Table of ContentsI. Introduction -- A. The Difficulties -- II. Differences -- A. Introduction -- III. Human Existence -- A. Introduction -- IV. A Glance at Two Contemporary Efforts in Kierkegaardian Scholarship -- V. Forgetting -- A. Introduction -- VI. The Art of Reminding -- A. Introduction -- VII. Conclusion.
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  • 151
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401028073
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (104p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind. ; Self.
    Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. Action -- 1. Doing and Acting -- 2. Bodily Movements and Actions -- 3. “Acts of Will” and Actions -- 4. Mere Doings and Candidates for Action -- 5. Sufferings -- 6. Responsibility as a Necessary Condition for Action -- 7. Bound Actions, Unbound Actions, and Responsibility -- 8. Four Necessary Conditions for Bound Action -- III. Choosing, Deciding, and Doing -- 9. “Choose” and “Decide” -- 10. Choosing and Deciding -- 11. Choosing, Deciding, and Doing -- 12. Choosing, Deciding, and Taking -- 13. Choice, Decision, and Deliberation -- IV. Acting, Doing, and Responsibility -- 14. “Perfectly Ordinary Actions” and Ascriptivism -- 15. Doing Something and Being Responsible for Doing It -- 16. Responsibility, What We Do, and the Upshots of What We Do -- 17. Responsibility, Censure, and Punishment -- 18. Action as a Defeasible Concept -- 19. Q3 and Q4 -- 20. Voluntary and Involuntary Behavior: A Preliminary -- V. On Describing Actions -- 21. Action: A Review -- 22. Descriptions of Actions -- 23. One Action: One Description -- 24. A Parallel with Epistemology: Doings and Things -- VI. Voluntary and Intentional Behavior -- 25. Aristotle on Voluntary Behavior -- 26. The Legal Concept of Voluntary Behavior -- 27. Austin and The Model Penal Code: Summation and Discussion -- 28. Voluntary and Involuntary Behavior: An Alternative to Aristotle -- 29. Intentional Behavior -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Authors Cited.
    Kurzfassung: During the past decade, there has been considerable interest among philosophers in providing a philosophically satisfactory and helpful ana­ lysis of a particular type of human behavior called action. As I see it, this interest is a renewal of the efforts of Aristotle, in Ethica Nicomachea, to provide an analysis of voluntary action. Because of this, and because Aristotle's distinctions regarding voluntriety are fundamentally correct, what follows is in some ways a discussion in praise of Aristotle. But I have also argued for an analysis of action which will go some way toward withstanding criticism which can be brought against Aristotle's work as well as criticism which can be brought against the more con­ temporary efforts of others in the same subject. In Chapter Two, I argue for four conditions which are, when met, jointly necessary and sufficient for a particular item of human behavior on a particular occasion to qualify as a human action. The analysis does not allow us to determine that a particular kind of behavior, such as killing, is always an action.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. IntroductionII. Action -- 1. Doing and Acting -- 2. Bodily Movements and Actions -- 3. “Acts of Will” and Actions -- 4. Mere Doings and Candidates for Action -- 5. Sufferings -- 6. Responsibility as a Necessary Condition for Action -- 7. Bound Actions, Unbound Actions, and Responsibility -- 8. Four Necessary Conditions for Bound Action -- III. Choosing, Deciding, and Doing -- 9. “Choose” and “Decide” -- 10. Choosing and Deciding -- 11. Choosing, Deciding, and Doing -- 12. Choosing, Deciding, and Taking -- 13. Choice, Decision, and Deliberation -- IV. Acting, Doing, and Responsibility -- 14. “Perfectly Ordinary Actions” and Ascriptivism -- 15. Doing Something and Being Responsible for Doing It -- 16. Responsibility, What We Do, and the Upshots of What We Do -- 17. Responsibility, Censure, and Punishment -- 18. Action as a Defeasible Concept -- 19. Q3 and Q4 -- 20. Voluntary and Involuntary Behavior: A Preliminary -- V. On Describing Actions -- 21. Action: A Review -- 22. Descriptions of Actions -- 23. One Action: One Description -- 24. A Parallel with Epistemology: Doings and Things -- VI. Voluntary and Intentional Behavior -- 25. Aristotle on Voluntary Behavior -- 26. The Legal Concept of Voluntary Behavior -- 27. Austin and The Model Penal Code: Summation and Discussion -- 28. Voluntary and Involuntary Behavior: An Alternative to Aristotle -- 29. Intentional Behavior -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Authors Cited.
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  • 152
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    Boston, MA : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781468416954
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Autonomy of Biology as a Natural Science -- II. The Model of Open Systems: Beyond Molecular Biology -- III. Electronic Mobility in Biological Processes -- IV. The Evolution and Organization of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems -- V. The Evolutionary Significance of Biological Templates -- VI. Evolutionary Modulation of Ribosomal RNA Synthesis in Oogenesis and Early Embryonic Development -- VII. Respiration as Interface Between Self and Non-Self: Historico-Biological Perspectives -- VIII. Measurement Theory and Biology -- IX. The Transition from Theoretical Physics into Theoretical Biology -- X. Scientific Enterprises from a Biological Point of View -- XI. Historical Observations Concerning the Relationship Between Biology and Mathematics -- XII. A Survey of the Mechanical Interpretations of Life from Greek Atomists to the Followers of Descartes -- XIII. The Place of Normative Ethics Within a Biological Framework -- XIV. The Evolutionary Thought of Teilhard De Chardin -- XV. The Use of Biological Concepts in in the Writing of History -- XVI. What is a Historical System? -- XVII. On a Difference Between the Natural Sciences and History -- XVIII. Historical Taxonomy -- XIX. Theories of the Universe in the Late Eighteenth Century -- XX. Must a Machine be an Automaton? -- XXI. Epistemology, the Mind and the Computer -- XXII. Marginal Notes on Schrödinger.
    Kurzfassung: In a world that peers over the brink of disaster more often than not it is difficult to find specific assignments for the scholarly community. One speaks of peace and brotherhood only to realize that for many the only real hope of making a contribution may seem to be in a field of scientific specialization seemingly irrelevant to social causes and problems. Yet the history of man since the beginnings of science in the days of the Greeks does not support this gloomy thesis. Time and again we have seen science precipitate social trends or changes in the humanistic beliefs that have a significant effect on the scientific community. Not infrequently the theoretical scientist, triggered by society's changing goals and understandings, finds ultimate satisfaction in the work of his colleagues in engineering and the other applied fields. Thus the major debate in mid-nineteenth century in which the evidence of natural history and geology at variance with the Biblical feats provided not only courage to a timid Darwin but the kind of audience that was needed to fit his theories into the broad public dialogue on these topics. The impact of "Darwinism" was felt far beyond the scientific community. It affected social thought, upset religious certainties and greatly affected the teaching of science.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Autonomy of Biology as a Natural ScienceII. The Model of Open Systems: Beyond Molecular Biology -- III. Electronic Mobility in Biological Processes -- IV. The Evolution and Organization of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems -- V. The Evolutionary Significance of Biological Templates -- VI. Evolutionary Modulation of Ribosomal RNA Synthesis in Oogenesis and Early Embryonic Development -- VII. Respiration as Interface Between Self and Non-Self: Historico-Biological Perspectives -- VIII. Measurement Theory and Biology -- IX. The Transition from Theoretical Physics into Theoretical Biology -- X. Scientific Enterprises from a Biological Point of View -- XI. Historical Observations Concerning the Relationship Between Biology and Mathematics -- XII. A Survey of the Mechanical Interpretations of Life from Greek Atomists to the Followers of Descartes -- XIII. The Place of Normative Ethics Within a Biological Framework -- XIV. The Evolutionary Thought of Teilhard De Chardin -- XV. The Use of Biological Concepts in in the Writing of History -- XVI. What is a Historical System? -- XVII. On a Difference Between the Natural Sciences and History -- XVIII. Historical Taxonomy -- XIX. Theories of the Universe in the Late Eighteenth Century -- XX. Must a Machine be an Automaton? -- XXI. Epistemology, the Mind and the Computer -- XXII. Marginal Notes on Schrödinger.
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  • 153
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401176446
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (136p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Science as a Cultural Factor (1948) -- II. Natural Science, Philosophy, and Persuasion (1956) -- III. Metaphysics and Science (1946) -- IV. Scientific Philosophy: Its Aims and Means (1948) -- V. Nieuwentyt’s Significance for the Philosophy of Science (1954) -- VI. Symbolic Logic as a Continuation of Traditional Formal Logic (1939) -- VII. Some Reflections on Causality (1955) -- VIII. Science a Road to Wisdom (1955) -- IX. Modernism in Science (1961) -- X. Mathematics and Modern Art (1962) -- XI. In Retrospect (1960) -- XII. Freedom of Opinion (1964) -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: A few days before his death my husband requested me to write a few words of thanks on the publication of this collection of articles. He had already prepared the greater part of the volume for the press and had also decided on the title Science a Road to Wisdom. His original selection was somewhat more comprehensive, which is still partly reflected in the Preface. Knowing how much he wished to see this collection published, I respectfully and lovingly fulfil his request, thanking Else M. Barth and J. J. A. Mooij for their extensive and expert care in putting the final touches to the volume. ADDITION TO THE TRANSLATION Finally, I wish to thank Peter G. E. Wesly for his willingness to undertake the translation of the book into English. c. P. C. BETH-PASTOOR IX PREFACE In this republication of a number of philosophical studies I have refrained from including articles of a specialized nature on symbolic logic and the methodology of the exact sciences. There was no cause to include my contributions towards the didactics of mathematics and physics, nor did I consider it appropriate to reprint pieces of a predominantly polemical nature. I decided, however, that a very modest selection from my purely historical work would not be out of place.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Science as a Cultural Factor (1948)II. Natural Science, Philosophy, and Persuasion (1956) -- III. Metaphysics and Science (1946) -- IV. Scientific Philosophy: Its Aims and Means (1948) -- V. Nieuwentyt’s Significance for the Philosophy of Science (1954) -- VI. Symbolic Logic as a Continuation of Traditional Formal Logic (1939) -- VII. Some Reflections on Causality (1955) -- VIII. Science a Road to Wisdom (1955) -- IX. Modernism in Science (1961) -- X. Mathematics and Modern Art (1962) -- XI. In Retrospect (1960) -- XII. Freedom of Opinion (1964) -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 154
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401746922
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XI, 235 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Archives Internationales D’histoire des Idées / International Archives of the History of Ideas
    Serie: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy—History.
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  • 155
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401030694
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (357p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 3
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library 3
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: Ernst Mallys Lebensgang und philosophische Entwicklung -- Gegenstandstheorie — Logik — Deontik -- Bemerkungen zu Mallys später Logik -- Bemerkungen zum Text -- Grosses Logik Fragment -- Vorwort -- Formalismus I -- Formalismus II -- Formalismus III -- Briefe -- Grundgesetze des Sollens -- Vorwort -- I. Grundlagen -- II. Nächste Folgerungen -- III. Das Wollen und die Tatsachen -- IV. Das Richtige Wollen -- Bibliographie -- Nachlaß Mally in der Universitätsbibliothek Graz -- Namenverzeichnis.
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  • 156
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401031080
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (412p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 38
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 38
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I / Philosophy of Science -- I. A Picture Theory of Theory-Meaning -- II. On Elementary Particle Theory -- III. Some Philosophical Aspects of Contemporary Cosmologies -- IV. Stability Proofs and Consistency Proofs: A Loose Analogy -- II / History of Science -- V. Leverrier: The Zenith and Nadir of Newtonian Mechanics -- VI. The Contributions of Other Disciplines to 19th Century Physics -- III / General Philosophy -- VII. On Being in Two Places at Once -- VIII. Copernicus’ Rôle in Kant’s Revolution -- IX. It’s Actual, so It’s Possible -- X. On Having the Same Visual Experiences -- XI. Mental Events Yet Again: Retrospect on Some Old Arguments -- IV / Logic -- XII. Imagining the Impossible -- XIII. On the Impossibility of Any Future Metaphysics -- XIV. Good Inductive Reasons -- XV. A Budget of Cross-Type Inferences, or Invention is the Mother of Necessity -- XVI. The Irrelevance of History of Science to Philosophy of Science -- XVII. The Idea of a Logic of Discovery -- V / Religion -- XVIII. The Agnostic’s Dilemma -- XIX. What I Don’t Believe -- VI / The Theory Of Flight -- Introduction, by Edward MacKinnon, S.J. -- XX. Lecture One: The Discovery of Air -- XXI. Lecture Two: The Shape of An Idea -- XXII. Lecture Three: The Idea of a Shape.
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  • 157
    ISBN: 9789401030991
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (740p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 4
    Serie: Synthese Historical Library 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy—History.
    Kurzfassung: I Papers Presented at Plenary Sessions -- Die Kantliteratur 1965–1969 -- Anhang / Kant-Bibliographie 1965–1969 -- The ‘Analogies’ and After -- Good Conscience, False Consciousness, Judging Reason -- From Kant to Peirce: The Semiotical Transformation of Transcendental Logic -- The Naturalistic Fallacy in Kant -- Kant und das Problem einer wissenschaftlichen Philosophie -- Kant and Anglo-Saxon Criticism -- The Conception of Lawlikeness in Kant’s Philosophy of Science -- Absolute Space and Absolute Motion in Kant’s Critical Philosophy -- On Buchdahl’s and Palter’s Papers -- II Papers Presented at Concurrent Sessions -- Transcendental Affinity — Kant’s Answer to Hume -- Concepts, Objects and the Analytic in Kant -- The Aim of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason -- Action and Reason; Aristotle vs. Kant -- The Copernican Revolution in Hume and Kant -- La ‘Position’ structurale d’existence -- Non-Pure Synthetic A Priori Judgments in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Kants ‘Ich-denke’ und Nietzsches ‘Wille zur Macht’ -- Kant’s Regulative Ideas and the ‘Objectivity’ of Reason -- Nietzsche’s Use and Abuse of Kant’s Philosophy -- Kant on Duties to, and Duties Regarding, Oneself or Others -- From Plato to Kant: The Problem of Truth -- B 132 Revisited -- Über das Moment der Allgemeingültigkeit des ästhetischen Urteils in Kants Kritik der Uteilskraft -- The Kingdom of Ends -- The Problem of Truth in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Kant’s Theorie des Praktischen -- Maimon’s Criticism of Reinhold’s ‘Satz des Bewusstseins’ -- Kant’s Attitude toward Human Perfection as a Moral Determinant -- Nietzsches Kantkritik und ihre Voraussetzungen -- Extensional and Intensional Interpretation of Synthetic Propositions A Priori -- Kant and Racism -- Kant’s Theory of the Structure of Empirical Scientific Inquiry and Two Implied Postulates Regarding Things in Themselves -- Sprachphilosophische Erwägungen zur Funktion von Signum und Symbolum in Kants kritischer Philosophie -- The Problem of an Ultimate Determining Ground in Kant’s Theory of the Will -- The Meaning of ‘Space’ in Kant -- Kant’s ‘Deduction’ in the Grundlegung -- On Kant, Frege, Analyticity, and the Theory of Reference -- The Unknowability of Things in Themselves -- Die Probleme der Deduktion des kategorischen Imperativs. (Ein Vorbericht) -- Kant’s Theory of Criminal Punishment -- Imagination as the Productive Faculty for ‘Creating Another Nature…’ -- Bemerkungen zu Kants Theorie der Erfahrung -- Noumenal Causality -- Kant and Goethe -- The Restrictive and Proliferative Function of Kant’s Regulative Ideas -- Are Transcendental Deductions Impossible? -- On the Development of Kant’s Transcendental Theology -- The Ptolemaic Counter-Revolution -- Kant’s Thesis about Being Anticipated by Suarez? -- Phenomena and Noumena: On the Use and Meaning of the Categories -- Kant’s Conception of the Autonomous Dual Self -- Wie sind Synthetische Urteile a priori Möglich? -- Kantkritik und Kantrenaissance im Neupositivismus -- Die Struktur der transzendentalen Apperzeption -- Early Reactions to the Publication of Leibniz’ Nouveaux Essais (1765) -- On the Subjectivity of Objective Space -- Kant as Philosophical Anthropologist -- Elements of Practice in Kant’s Reconstruction of Theory -- The Status of Kant’s Theory of Matter -- On Kant and the Refutation of Subjectivism -- Kant and Hobbes Concerning the Foundations of Political Philosophy -- Kant on False Promises -- III Contributions from the Kant-Archiv, Bonn -- The ‘Allgemeiner Kantindex’. (Abstract) -- The Kant Index. An Experiment in Modern Lexicographical Methods. Its Development and Present State -- Applications of Information Theory to the Analysis and Interpretation of Kantian Texts -- The Automatic Construction of a Theme Index -- Considerations on the Production of an Intrinsic Lexicon -- Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and Trivial Literature. A Comparison of ‘Open Texts’ -- On the Examination of Forms of Statement and Argument in Kant’s Language -- On Genitive Sequences in Kant and Their Automatic Recognition -- Results of the Work on Kant’s Index of Persons -- Kant’s Correspondence with Women. A Contribution to a Statistical Evaluation of Kant’s Correspondence. (Abstract) -- On the Development of the Term ‘Intuition’ in the Pre-Critical Writings of Kant, and Its Significance for Kant’s Aesthetics, with Particular Reference to the ‘Wortindex zu Kants Gesammelten Schriften’ -- Comment on Heidegger’s Interpretation of Kant. (Abstract) -- IV Abstracts of Papers Read at Concurrent Sessions -- Index of Names and Subjects.
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  • 158
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401030960
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (440p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 7
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 7
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Bergson’s Biological Theory of Knowledge -- 1. The Classical Biological Theory of Knowledge: Herbert Spencer -- 2. The Intermediate Stage: Helmholtz, Mach and Poincaré -- 3. Bergson’s Amendment of the Classical Biological Theory of Knowledge -- 4. Why Mechanical-Pictorial Models Failed -- 5. The Contrast Between Technical Control and Intellectual Insight: The Persistent Influence of Macroscopic Imagery -- 6. Limitations of Panmathematism -- 7. Negative aspects of Bergson’s Epistemology — Its Relations to Bachelard, Bridgman and Empirio-Criticism -- 8. Bergson, Reichenbach and Piaget -- 9. Logic of Solid Bodies from Plato to Quine -- II. Bergson’s Theory of Duration -- 1. The Meaning of Immediacy -- 2. Content of the Bergsonian Intuition -- 3. The Dynamic Continuity of Duration -- 4. The Incompleteness of Duration: Novelty and its Denials -- 5. Superfluity of Succession in the Deterministic Schemes -- 6. The Leibniz-Fouillé Argument for the Compatibility of Succession and Determinism -- 7. The Heterogeneity of Duration: Lovejoy-Ushenko’s Objections -- 8. The Deeper Meaning of the ‘Indivisible Heterogeneity’ of Duration -- 9. The Unreality of Durationless Instants: Becoming Not MatheMatically Continuous -- 10. The Inadequacy of the Atomistic Theory of Time -- 11. The Unity and Multiplicity of Duration: Bergson, Russell and Brouwer -- 12. Immortality of the Past: Bergson and Whitehead -- 13. James’s and Bergson’s Views of the Past Compared -- 14. The Irreversibility of Duration: The Comments of Royce and Ingarden -- 15. Duration as Concrete Universal. Bergson and Croce -- 16. An Outline of Bergon’s Philosophy of Mathematics -- III. Bergson’s Theory of the Physical World and its Relations to Contemporary Physics -- 1. The Reality of Duration in the Physical World and its Implications -- 2. Different Degrees of Temporal Span. Microcosmos as Micro-chronos -- 3. Two Fundamental Questions -- 4. The Rejection of the Cartesian Dogma of the Completely Extensionless Mind -- 5. The Correlation of Different Temporal Rhythms with Different Degrees of Extension -- 6. Juxtaposition as the Ideal Limit of Distended Duration -- 7. The Negation of Instantaneous Space in the Relativistic Physics -- 8. Bergson and Einstein. The Physical World as Extensive Becoming -- 9. Limitations and Usefulness of the Corpuscular Models -- 10. Change without Vehicle and Container. Fallacy of Simple Location -- 11. Limits of the Criticism of Simple Location: Contemporary Independence -- 12. The Indeterminacy of Microphysical Events. Bergson and Boutroux -- 13. Bergson and Louis De Broglie -- 14. Physical Events as Proto-Mental Entities. Bergson, White-head and Bohm -- 15 The Significance and the Limitations of Auditory Models. Bergson and Strawson -- 16. Concluding Remarks: the World of Laplace and the World of Bergson -- Appendix I. Russell’s Hidden Bergsonism -- Appendix II. Microphysical Indeterminacy and Free-Dom. Bergson and Peirce -- Appendix III. Bergson’s Thoughts on Entropy and Cosmogony -- Additional Selected Bibliography -- Extract from Bergson’s Letter -- Index of Names and Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Milic Capek has devoted his scholarship to the history and philosophy of modern physics. With impeccable care, he has mastered the epistemologi­ cal and scientific developments by working through the papers, treatises, correspondence of physicists since Kant, and likewise he has put his learning and critical skill into the related philosophical literature. Coming from his original scientific career with a philosophy doctorate from the Charles University in Prague, Capek has ranged beyond a narrowly defined philosophy of physics into general epistemology of the natural sciences and to the full historical evolution of these matters. He has ex­ pounded his views on these matters in a number of articles and, systema­ tically, in his book The Philosophical Impact of Contemporary PhYSiCS, published in 1961 and reprinted with two new appendices in 1969. His particular gift for many of his readers and students lies in the great period from the mid-nineteenth century through the foundations of the physics and philosophy of the twentieth, and within this spectacular time, Profes­ sor Capek has become a principal expositor and sympathetic critic of the philosophy of Henri Bergson. He joins a distinguished group of scholars -physicists and philosophers -who have been stimulated to some of their most profound and imaginative thought by Bergson's metaphysical and psychological work: Cassirer, Meyerson, de Broglie, Metz, Jankelevitch, Zawirski, and in recent years, Costa de Beauregard, Watanabe, Blanche, and others.
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  • 159
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    ISBN: 9789401031448
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (103p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 34
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 34
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic.
    Kurzfassung: I: The Zermelo/Fraenkel Axioms of Set Theory -- II: Ordinals, Cardinals -- III: The Axiom of Foundation -- IV: The Reflection Principle -- V: The Set of Expressions -- VI: Ordinal Definable Sets. Relative Consistency of the Axiom of Choice -- VII: Fraenkel/Mostowski Models. Relative Consistency of the Negation of the Axiom of Choice (without the Axiom of Foundation) -- VIII: Constructible Sets. Relative Consistency of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis.
    Kurzfassung: This book presents the classic relative consistency proofs in set theory that are obtained by the device of 'inner models'. Three examples of such models are investigated in Chapters VI, VII, and VIII; the most important of these, the class of constructible sets, leads to G6del's result that the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis are consistent with the rest of set theory [1]I. The text thus constitutes an introduction to the results of P. Cohen concerning the independence of these axioms [2], and to many other relative consistency proofs obtained later by Cohen's methods. Chapters I and II introduce the axioms of set theory, and develop such parts of the theory as are indispensable for every relative consistency proof; the method of recursive definition on the ordinals being an import­ ant case in point. Although, more or less deliberately, no proofs have been omitted, the development here will be found to require of the reader a certain facility in naive set theory and in the axiomatic method, such e as should be achieved, for example, in first year graduate work (2 cycle de mathernatiques).
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  • 160
    ISBN: 9789401029841
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
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    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 39
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 39
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: Table des Matieres -- Chapitre I Les Annees de Formation -- 1. L’ étudiant -- 2. Les premières publications -- 3. Eloignements et rapprochements -- 4. Le problème fondamental -- Chapitre II La Pensee du Spectateur Etranger -- 1. Le comportement vu du dehors -- 2. La notion de structure -- 3. Vers une pensée purement structurale? -- 4. La notion de conscience (I) -- Chapitre III Entre la Pensee Naturee et la Pensee Naturante -- 1. La position du problème; l’hésitation de Descartes -- 2. L’analyse de l’acte de connaître -- 3. Le sens de l’attitude transcendantale -- 4. La notion de conscience (II) -- 5. Merleau-Ponty en 1938 -- Chapitre IV Vers une Nouvelle Philosophie Transcendantale -- 1. Etudes husserliennes -- 2. Le préjugé fondamental -- 3. Le vrai transcendantal -- 4. Jalons pour une «archéologie» -- Conclusion -- Appendice La Nature de la Perception -- Bibliographie Liste des ouvrages, articles, etc. de Merleau-Ponty -- Liste des ouvrages et des articles cités.
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  • 161
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    ISBN: 9789401030144
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (306p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Second Edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 17
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 17
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I: Marcel’s Theory of the Body as Mystery -- I: Introduction -- II: The Theory of the Body-Qua-Mine as Mystery -- III: Critical Remarks -- II: Sartre’s Ontology of the Body -- I: Introduction -- II: The Ontological Dimensions of the Body -- III: Critical Remarks -- III: Merleau-Ponty’s Theory of the Body-Proper -- I: Introduction -- II: The Theory of the Body -- III: Critical Remarks -- Epilogue.
    Kurzfassung: Early in the first volume of his Ideen zu einer reinen Phiinomeno­ logie und phiinomenologischen Philosophie, Edmund Husserl stated concisely the significance and scope of the problem with which this present study is concerned. When we reflect on how it is that consciousness, which is itself absolute in relation to the world, can yet take on the character of transcendence, how it can become mundanized, We see straightaway that it can do that only by means of a certain participation in transcendence in the first, originary sense, which is manifestly the transcendence of material Nature. Only by means of the experiential relation to the animate organism does consciousness become really human and animal (tierischen), and only thereby does it achieve a place in the space and in the time of Nature. l Consciousness can become "worldly" only by being embodied within the world as part of it. In so far as the world is material Nature, consciousness must partake of the transcendence of material Nature. That is to say, its transcendence is manifestly an embodiment in a material, corporeal body. Consciousness, thus, takes on the characteristic of being "here and now" (ecceity) by means of experiential (or, more accurately, its intentive) relation to that corporeal being which embodies it. Accordingly, that there is a world for consciousness is a conse­ quence in the first instance of its embodiment by 2 that corporeal body which is for it its own animate organism.
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  • 162
    ISBN: 9789401031424
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 8
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 8
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Symposium: Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation -- Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation -- Explanation and Relevance: Comments on James G. Greeno’s ‘Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation’ -- Remarks on Explanatory Power -- Symposium: Capacities and Natures -- Capacities and Natures -- Capacities and Natures: An Exercise in Ontology -- Fisk on Capacities and Natures -- Symposium: History of Science and its Rational Reconstruction -- History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions -- Notes on Lakatos -- Research Programmes and Induction -- Can We Use the History of Science to Decide Between Competing Methodologies? -- Inter-Theoretic Criticism and the Growth of Science -- Replies to Critics -- Contributed Papers -- I. Observation -- Observation -- Feyerabend’s Pragmatic Theory of Observation and the Comparability of Alternative Theories -- Observations as the Building Blocks of Science in 20th-Century Scientific Thought -- II. Philosophical Problems of Biology -- Functionalism and the Negative Feedback Model in Biology -- Some Problems with the Concept of ‘Feedback’ -- Articulation of Parts Explanation in Biology and the Rational Search for Them -- III. Equivalence, Analyticity, and In-Principle Confirmability -- Theoretical Realism and Theoretical Equivalence -- Theoretical Analyticity -- The Confirmation Machine -- IV. Probability, Statistics and Acceptance -- Unknown Probabilities, Bayesianism, and de Finetti’s Representation Theorem -- New Dimensions of Confirmation Theory II: The Structure of Uncertainty -- Cost-Benefit vs Expected Utility Acceptance Rules -- Material Conditions on Tests of Statistical Hypotheses -- V. Problems in Quantum Physics; Genetic Epistemology -- Tachyons, Backwards Causation, and Freedom -- The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox Reexamined -- The Significance of Piaget’s Researches on the Psychogenesis of Atomism -- VI. Theoretical Pluralism; Understanding; Methodological Agreement -- Method and Factual Agreement in Science -- VII. Induction and Reduction -- Dispositional Probabilities -- On the Relation of Neurological and Psychological Theories: A Critique of the Hardware Thesis -- ‘Self-supporting’ Inductive Arguments -- VIII. Scientific Theories: Comparison and Change -- Ontological and Terminological Commitment and the Methodological Commensurability of Theories -- Objectivity, Scientific Change, and Self-Reference -- A Logical Empiricist Theory of Scientific Change? -- IX. The Future of Philosophy of Science; Theory in the Social Sciences -- The Structure, Growth and Application of Scientific Knowledge: Reflections on Relevance and the Future of Philosophy of Science -- From Logical Systems to Conceptual Populations -- Two Kinds of Theory in the Social Sciences -- X. Relativity and Congruence -- Einstein and the Lorentz-Poincaré Theory of Relativity -- Competing Radical Translations: Examples, Limitations and Implications -- Is ‘Congruence’ A Peculiar Predicate?.
    Kurzfassung: This book contains the papers presented at the second biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held in Boston in Fall, 1970. We have added the paper by Jaakko Hintikka which he was unable to present due to illness, and we have unfortunately not received the paper of Michael Scriven. Otherwise, these proceedings are complete so far as formal presentations. The meeting itself was dedicated to the memory of Rudolf Carnap. This great man and distinguished philosopher had died shortly before. The five talks from the session devoted to recollections of Professor Carnap are printed at the beginning of this book, and they are followed by eight other tributes and memories. We are particularly grateful to Wolfgang Stegmiiller for permitting us to include a translation of his eloge which was broadcast in Germany. The photographs were kindly contributed by Hannah Thost-Carnap. ROGER C. BUCK Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Indiana University ROBER T S. COHEN Boston Center for the Philosophy of Science, Boston University Photograph by Francis Schmidt, 1935 Photograph by Adya, 1962 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v HOMAGE TO RUDOLF CARNAP XI Herbert Feigl, Carl G. Hempel, Richard C. Jeffrey, W. V. Quine, A. Shimony, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Herbert G. Bohnert, Robert S. Cohen, Charles Hartshorne, David Kaplan, Charles Morris, Maria Reichenbach, Wolfgang Stegmiiller SYMPOSIUM: THEORETICAL ENTITIES IN STATISTICAL EXPLANATION JAMES G. GREENO / Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation 3 WESLEY C. SALMON / Explanation and Relevance: Comments on James G.
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  • 163
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    ISBN: 9789401031462
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
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    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 33
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: Deontic Logic: An Introduction -- New Foundations for Ethical Theory -- Some Main Problems of Deontic Logic -- A New System of Deontic Logic -- An Analysis of Some Deontic Logics -- Some Logics of Commitment and Obligation -- Deontic Logic and the Theory of Conditions -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 164
    ISBN: 9789401181358
    Sprache: Englisch
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    Serie: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 10
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Kant and Whitehead, and the Philosophy of Mathematics -- Whitehead on Symbolic Reference -- The Understanding of the Past -- Causal Efficacy and Continuity In Whitehead’s Philosophy -- Whitehead’s “Actual Occasion” -- The Philosophy of Charles Hartshorne -- The Metaphysics of Whitehead’s Feelings.
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  • 165
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    ISBN: 9789401029896
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176p) , online resource
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- 2. Soul and Body -- 3. The Faculties (i) -- 4. The Faculties (ii) -- 5. The Affections -- 6. Sense-Perception -- 7. Memory and Imagination -- 8. The Discursive Reason -- 9. Ideas of Individuals -- 10. Conclusion -- Indices.
    Kurzfassung: This book is a revised version, with some omissions, of a Cambridge doctoral dissertation submitted in 1963: I fear that it still bears marks of its origins. The dissertation itself was the result of an earlier scheme to identify the sources of Plotinus' psychological doctrines. In the course of this work it soon became evident that it was not sufficient1y clear what these doctrines were. Students of Plotinus have tended to concentrate on the higher regions of his world, and there is still no satisfactory treatment of his doctrines of the embodied soul. It is the purpose of this book to provide a fairly extensive survey of these doctrines. It does not claim to be exhaustive. Nor does it claim to add a large body of new knowledge, since over so wide a field many points have been touched on by others, if only in passing. But I hope that it may remove some misconceptions, and bring the details of Plotinus' theories into sharper focus. It had been my intention to add an introduction - mainly for the benefit of non-specialist readers - on the psychology of Plotinus' predecessors. In the meantime the Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy has appeared, and the reader who wants information on this subject may convenient1y be referred to the relevant parts of the late Professor Merlan's chapters on the predeces­ sors of Plotinus.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Introduction2. Soul and Body -- 3. The Faculties (i) -- 4. The Faculties (ii) -- 5. The Affections -- 6. Sense-Perception -- 7. Memory and Imagination -- 8. The Discursive Reason -- 9. Ideas of Individuals -- 10. Conclusion -- Indices.
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  • 166
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    ISBN: 9789401030304
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XI, 97 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: The Irrationality of the World -- I: Reason -- II: Various Concepts of the Irrational -- III: The Formula for False Irrationality -- II: The Rationality of the World -- IV: The Rationality of the World: The First Argument -- V: The Rationality of the World: The Second Argument -- III: The Irrationality of Reason -- VI: The Irrationality of Reason (I) -- VII: The Irrationality of Reason (II) -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: My purpose in this study is to explore various forms of irrationality and to name some true irrationals in order to find the bounds of reason. The irrational-if there is such -sets a priori limits to philosophical investigation, for reason must stop before unreason's province. I begin by defining a primary meaning of rational. Forming, then, by opposition, the genus irrational, I analyze the various species of the irrational traditionally offered as true irrationals. I then judge which irrationals do inhere in in nature or in spirit. PART I THE IRRATIONALITY OF THE WORLD CHAPTER] REASON To understand a primary and consistent meaning of the "rational" it is necessary to see how the term has been used. In the Theaetetus, Socrates, interested in what it means to have knowledge, sets about finding a rational answer and, by his analysis, illustrates a primary meaning of reason. In answer to Socrates' question. What is knowledge, Theaetetus responds with instances of knowledge: Then I think the things one can learn from Theodorus are knowledge - geometry and all the sciences you mentioned just now; and then there are the crafts of the cobbler and other workmen. Each and all of these are knowledge and nothing else. ' Yet a mere enumeration of particulars does not satisfy Socrates.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: The Irrationality of the WorldI: Reason -- II: Various Concepts of the Irrational -- III: The Formula for False Irrationality -- II: The Rationality of the World -- IV: The Rationality of the World: The First Argument -- V: The Rationality of the World: The Second Argument -- III: The Irrationality of Reason -- VI: The Irrationality of Reason (I) -- VII: The Irrationality of Reason (II) -- Conclusion.
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  • 167
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    ISBN: 9789401030724
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (321p) , online resource
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: Biographical Note on Jacques Herbrand -- The Accident -- On Herbrand’s Thought -- I. On Proof Theory (1928) -- II. The Consistency of the Axioms of Arithmetic (1929) -- III. On Several Properties of True Propositions and their Applications (1929a) -- IV. On the Fundamental Problem of Mathematics (1929b) -- V. Investigations in Proof Theory (1930) -- VI. The Principles of Hilbert’s Logic (1930a) -- VII. On the Fundamental Problem of Mathematical Logic (1931) -- VIII. Unsigned Note on Herbrand’s Thesis, written by Herbrand himself (1931a) -- IX. Note for Jacques Hadamard (1931b) -- X. On the Consistency of Arithmetic (1931c) -- References.
    Kurzfassung: In 1968 Jean van Heijenoort published an edition of Herbrand's collected logic papers (Herbrand 1968). The core of the present volume comprises translations of these papers and of the biographical notes also appearing in that edition. With two exceptions, this is their first appearance in English; the exceptions are Chap. 5 of Herbrand's thesis and Herbrand 1931c, both of which appeared in van Heijenoort 1967, the former trans­ lated by Burton Dreben and van Heijenoort, and the latter by van Heijenoort. These two translations have been reprinted here, thanks to the permission ofthe Harvard University Press, with only minor changes. The remainder of the present translations are my own; I am grateful to van Heijenoort for providing an English draft of 1931, which forms the basis of the translation appearing here. In these translations, the bibliographical references have been stan­ dardized (see p. 299 below) and the notation has been changed so that it is fairly uniform throughout (any differences from Herbrand's original notation are mentioned in footnotes). Herbrand's technical terminology is not always translated literally; the principal instances of this are 'reduite', translated 'expansion' (except in 1930, Chap. 3, § 3, where it is translated 'relativization'), 'champ', translated 'domain', and 'symbole de variable apparente', translated 'quantifier'. In other cases of this sort, the French terms appear in double brackets immediately following the English renderings.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Biographical Note on Jacques HerbrandThe Accident -- On Herbrand’s Thought -- I. On Proof Theory (1928) -- II. The Consistency of the Axioms of Arithmetic (1929) -- III. On Several Properties of True Propositions and their Applications (1929a) -- IV. On the Fundamental Problem of Mathematics (1929b) -- V. Investigations in Proof Theory (1930) -- VI. The Principles of Hilbert’s Logic (1930a) -- VII. On the Fundamental Problem of Mathematical Logic (1931) -- VIII. Unsigned Note on Herbrand’s Thesis, written by Herbrand himself (1931a) -- IX. Note for Jacques Hadamard (1931b) -- X. On the Consistency of Arithmetic (1931c) -- References.
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  • 168
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    ISBN: 9789401029940
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (125p) , online resource
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Logic.
    Kurzfassung: 1. The Meaning and Task of Philosophy in German Idealism -- 2. Reason and Language -- 3. Reason and the Life-World -- 4. The Life-World and Its Particular Sub-Worlds -- 5. The Meaning and Task of Philosophy in Another Beginning -- 6. The World in Another Beginning: Poetic Dwelling and the Role of the Poet.
    Kurzfassung: At a time when the traditional principles of many fields have lost their power and validity, the task of philosophy may well be to look back at these traditional principles and at their inherent determinations and basic problems, while heeding every indi­ cation of a transition to something new, in order to be critically open for all attempts at "another beginning. " A philosophizing which thus sees its proper place "between" tradition and another beginning has grasped its own basic dilemma: It remains in search of the true even though it has no valid concept of truth. A concept truth grounded solely in transcendental subjectivity convinces of it no longer, and the essence of truth as it "occurs" for experiential understanding has not yet been sufficiently determined. A phi­ losophizing which has understood itself in this way will not want to commit itself one-sidedly to one position or the other. Instead it will consider its task to lie in keeping thought in flux. The present collection of essays may be understood as an ex­ ample of such a conception of present-day philosophizing. Thus the first essay isolates the guiding thoughts of the traditional philosophy of reason and spirit as they fulfilled themselves in German idealism, in order to make the traditional concept of truth visible and to bring to light those basic determinations formed in certain contemporary philosophical tendencies which are either related to it or altogether new.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. The Meaning and Task of Philosophy in German Idealism2. Reason and Language -- 3. Reason and the Life-World -- 4. The Life-World and Its Particular Sub-Worlds -- 5. The Meaning and Task of Philosophy in Another Beginning -- 6. The World in Another Beginning: Poetic Dwelling and the Role of the Poet.
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  • 169
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    ISBN: 9789401030489
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XI, 124 p) , online resource
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: Introduction -- II: Acceptability and Logical Improbability -- III: Two Explicanda and Three Arguments -- IV: Bar-Hillel’s “Comments” and Unrestricted Universals -- V: Instance and Qualified-Instance Confirmation -- VI: The Singular Predictive Inference -- VII: Lakatos on Appraisal, Growth and Analytic Guides -- VIII: Hintikka and Hilpinen on Inductive Generalzation -- IX: Cost-Benefit Versus Expected Utility Acceptance Rules -- List of Reference.
    Kurzfassung: 1 In 1954 Karl Popper published an article attempting to show that the identification of the quantitative concept degree of confirmation with the quantitative concept degree of probability is a serious error. The error was presumably committed by J. M. Keynes, H. Reichen­ bach and R. Carnap. 2 It was Popper's intention then, to expose the error and to introduce an explicatum for the prescientific concept of degree of confirmation. A few months later Y. Bar-Hillel published an article attempting to show that no serious error had been committed (particularly by Carnap) and that the problem introduced by Popper was simply a "verbal one. "3 Popper replied immediately that "Dr. Bar-Hillel forces me [Popper] now to criticize Carnap's theory further," and he [Popper] introduced further objections which, if accepted, destroy Carnap's theory. 4 About eight years after this exchange took place I was in graduate school at the University of Chicago in search of a topic for a doctoral dissertation. An investigation of the issues involved in this exchange seemed to be ideal for me because I had (and still have) a great ad­ miration for the work of both Carnap and Popper. A thoroughly revised and I hope improved account of that investigation appears in the first five chapters of this book. Put very briefly, what I found were four main points of contention.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: IntroductionII: Acceptability and Logical Improbability -- III: Two Explicanda and Three Arguments -- IV: Bar-Hillel’s “Comments” and Unrestricted Universals -- V: Instance and Qualified-Instance Confirmation -- VI: The Singular Predictive Inference -- VII: Lakatos on Appraisal, Growth and Analytic Guides -- VIII: Hintikka and Hilpinen on Inductive Generalzation -- IX: Cost-Benefit Versus Expected Utility Acceptance Rules -- List of Reference.
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  • 170
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    ISBN: 9789401030205
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (108p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Metaphysics. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Problem Introduced -- II. Our Intuition of Freewill -- III. The Principle of Sufficient Reason -- IV. Habit and Freedom -- V. Freedom and Spontaneity -- VI. Is the Physical World Really Mechanical? -- VII. Determinism and Predictability -- VIII. The Radical Consequences of Freewill -- IX. Self-Transcendence -- X. Self-Deception and Auto-Suggestion -- XI. The Moral Sense and Its Relation to Freewill -- XII. The Relation Between the Will, the Reason, and the Good -- Conclusions.
    Kurzfassung: This book is the result of a discontent on my part with (r) the super­ ficial and offhand way many determinists set forth their arguments, without the slightest hint of the difficulties which have been raised against those arguments, and (2) the fact that the chief and best argu­ ments of the libertarians are scattered allover the literature and are seldom if ever brought together in one package. may be taken as an effort to gather into one place Mostly this work and to express as cogently as possible the arguments for freewill. So far as I know all of the arguments we treat have been made before. Only toward the end of this work do I attempt to elaborate a point not heretofore emphasized. That point is that freedom of the will is a concept intimately entangled with the human power to reason, so that if one of these powers goes, the other must also go. Moreover, both the will and the reason are intimately tied up with our moral sensitivities, so that no one of these phenomena is intelligible without the others. Hints of these ideas abound, of course, in the literature, and the degree of originality claimed is minimal. The interconnections, however, between these three basic concepts of the will, the reason, and the good, are of such great importance and are so usually ignored that I feel our short statement of the situation warrants the reader's sympathetic attention.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Problem IntroducedII. Our Intuition of Freewill -- III. The Principle of Sufficient Reason -- IV. Habit and Freedom -- V. Freedom and Spontaneity -- VI. Is the Physical World Really Mechanical? -- VII. Determinism and Predictability -- VIII. The Radical Consequences of Freewill -- IX. Self-Transcendence -- X. Self-Deception and Auto-Suggestion -- XI. The Moral Sense and Its Relation to Freewill -- XII. The Relation Between the Will, the Reason, and the Good -- Conclusions.
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  • 171
    ISBN: 9789401029773
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXI, 553 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Elders, L. [Rezension von: Palmer, R. B., Philomathes. Studies and Essays in the Humanities in Memory of Philip Merlan] 1973
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: I. Philosophia Antiqua -- Platon und Kratylos: Ein Hinweis -- ?EIA ??MATA -- Philo von Alexandria und der Hellenisierte Timaeus -- Die Stellung Plutarchs Im Platonismus Seiner Zeit -- Ähnlichkeit und Seinsanalogie vom Platonischen Parmenides bis Proklos -- Sur la Composition Ontologique des Substances Sensibles chez Aristote (Métaphysique Z 7–9) -- Explication d’un Texte D’Aristote: De Partibus Animalium I. I.641a14-b10 -- Aristoteles, de Interpretatione 3. 16b19–25 -- On the Character of Aristotle’s Ethics -- Aristotle’s Definition of Soul -- Per L’Interpretazione di Aristotele, De an. 404b18 SGG -- Plato’s First Mover in the Eight Book of Aristotle’s Physics -- Some Features of the Textual History of Marcus Aurelius’ Meditation -- Les Critiques de Plotin Contre L’Entéléchisme D’Aristote: Essai D’Interprétation de L’Enn. 4.7.85 -- On Consolation and on Consolation -- Abamon, Pseudonyme de Jamblique -- Displacement in Hippolytus’ Elenchos -- Philon D’Alexandrie et le Précepte Delphique -- L. Caelius Firmianus Lactantius über die Geschichte des Wahren Gottesglaubens -- Ptolemy’s Vita Aristotelis Rediscovered -- De Novo Pindari Fragmento Arabico -- La Réfutation de la Métensomatose D’Aprés le Théologien KaraÏte Yüsuf Al-Basïr. -- II. Philosophia Moderna -- Dreierlei Philosophiegeschichte -- Socrates in Hamann’s Socratic Memorabilia and Nietzsche’s Birth of Tragedy: a Comparison -- J. G. Hamann and the Princess Gallitzin: An Ecumenical Encounter -- The Lost Portrait of Edmund Husserl by Franz and Ida Brentano -- Epicureanism and Scepticism in the Early 17th Century -- Petra?yckl’s Concept of Adequate Theorem in the Light of Earlier Related Doctrines -- Value and Existence -- Phenomenology, Typification, and the World as Taken for Granted -- Ausgangsprobleme zur Betrachtung der Kausalen Struktur der Welt -- Philosophy as Criticism and Perspective -- Was Heisst Autorität -- III. Litterae -- Ecloga Epicurea -- Menandro E Il Peripato -- Goethes “Hommage À Mozart” — Bemerkungen zu “der Zauberflöte Zweiter Theil” -- Gorgias Bei Goethe -- Antike Motive im Epicedion des Eobanus Hessus auf den tod Dürers -- IV. Historica -- The Medieval Canon Law of Contracts, Renaissance “Spirit of Capitalism,” and the Reformation “Conscience”: A Vote for Max Weber.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Philosophia AntiquaPlaton und Kratylos: Ein Hinweis -- ?EIA ??MATA -- Philo von Alexandria und der Hellenisierte Timaeus -- Die Stellung Plutarchs Im Platonismus Seiner Zeit -- Ähnlichkeit und Seinsanalogie vom Platonischen Parmenides bis Proklos -- Sur la Composition Ontologique des Substances Sensibles chez Aristote (Métaphysique Z 7-9) -- Explication d’un Texte D’Aristote: De Partibus Animalium I. I.641a14-b10 -- Aristoteles, de Interpretatione 3. 16b19-25 -- On the Character of Aristotle’s Ethics -- Aristotle’s Definition of Soul -- Per L’Interpretazione di Aristotele, De an. 404b18 SGG -- Plato’s First Mover in the Eight Book of Aristotle’s Physics -- Some Features of the Textual History of Marcus Aurelius’ Meditation -- Les Critiques de Plotin Contre L’Entéléchisme D’Aristote: Essai D’Interprétation de L’Enn. 4.7.85 -- On Consolation and on Consolation -- Abamon, Pseudonyme de Jamblique -- Displacement in Hippolytus’ Elenchos -- Philon D’Alexandrie et le Précepte Delphique -- L. Caelius Firmianus Lactantius über die Geschichte des Wahren Gottesglaubens -- Ptolemy’s Vita Aristotelis Rediscovered -- De Novo Pindari Fragmento Arabico -- La Réfutation de la Métensomatose D’Aprés le Théologien KaraÏte Yüsuf Al-Basïr. -- II. Philosophia Moderna -- Dreierlei Philosophiegeschichte -- Socrates in Hamann’s Socratic Memorabilia and Nietzsche’s Birth of Tragedy: a Comparison -- J. G. Hamann and the Princess Gallitzin: An Ecumenical Encounter -- The Lost Portrait of Edmund Husserl by Franz and Ida Brentano -- Epicureanism and Scepticism in the Early 17th Century -- Petra?yckl’s Concept of Adequate Theorem in the Light of Earlier Related Doctrines -- Value and Existence -- Phenomenology, Typification, and the World as Taken for Granted -- Ausgangsprobleme zur Betrachtung der Kausalen Struktur der Welt -- Philosophy as Criticism and Perspective -- Was Heisst Autorität -- III. Litterae -- Ecloga Epicurea -- Menandro E Il Peripato -- Goethes “Hommage À Mozart” - Bemerkungen zu “der Zauberflöte Zweiter Theil” -- Gorgias Bei Goethe -- Antike Motive im Epicedion des Eobanus Hessus auf den tod Dürers -- IV. Historica -- The Medieval Canon Law of Contracts, Renaissance “Spirit of Capitalism,” and the Reformation “Conscience”: A Vote for Max Weber.
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  • 172
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    ISBN: 9789401029872
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (163p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Pragmatism
    Kurzfassung: I. The Rise of Science -- A. The Enterprise of Science -- B. The Beginnings -- C. The Scientific Attitude -- D. The Scientific Quest -- E. Science as Process -- II. Knowledge and Fact -- A. The Doctrine of Fact -- B. A Closed Ontology -- C. Truth -- III. The Way of Knowing -- A. Activity and Development -- B. Knowing -- C. An Open Ontology -- D. Difficulties -- E. Other Aspects of Knowing -- IV. The Open Dimension of Process -- A. Openness -- B. Temporality -- C. The Cumulation of Process -- V. The Process of Science -- A. The Context of Scientific Investigation -- B. The Conditionality of Science -- C. Logical Order -- D. The Principle of Causality -- E. The Cumulation of Science -- F. Scientific Validity -- G. The Particular Sciences -- H. Other Domains of Understanding -- VI. Evidence -- A. Perspective -- B. The Perspective of Science -- C. Induction -- D. The Compulsion of Science -- E. The Compulsion of Evidence -- F. Theoretical Validity -- G. Objectivity -- H. The Rational Life.
    Kurzfassung: Some preliminary observations must be made concerning the nature and purpose of this study. What I have attempted here is an essay in the metaphysics of science, and not the "philosophy of science. " Rather than concentrating on the details of theory-construction and the for­ mal structure of scientific systems, I have treated science as an enter­ prise, a developing process within human experience. I have used such an approach in order to analyze science in its relationship to other human enterprises, such as art and philosophy, and to clarify its unique goals and characteristics. Often the concepts employed in descriptions of scientific methods are conceived too narrowly; by broadening the focus of attention I have attempted to characterize in a fairly general fashion the goals and methods of science. This has led to formulations which may seem at first glance to depart radically from some "well­ established" distinctions of the philosophy of science. I hope that it will be clear, however, that such formulations arise at a different level of analysis and concern very different problems from those of the logic of science. In particular, I am concerned with the general goals of science. These must not be confused with the narrower principles of method employed in science at any given time.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Rise of ScienceA. The Enterprise of Science -- B. The Beginnings -- C. The Scientific Attitude -- D. The Scientific Quest -- E. Science as Process -- II. Knowledge and Fact -- A. The Doctrine of Fact -- B. A Closed Ontology -- C. Truth -- III. The Way of Knowing -- A. Activity and Development -- B. Knowing -- C. An Open Ontology -- D. Difficulties -- E. Other Aspects of Knowing -- IV. The Open Dimension of Process -- A. Openness -- B. Temporality -- C. The Cumulation of Process -- V. The Process of Science -- A. The Context of Scientific Investigation -- B. The Conditionality of Science -- C. Logical Order -- D. The Principle of Causality -- E. The Cumulation of Science -- F. Scientific Validity -- G. The Particular Sciences -- H. Other Domains of Understanding -- VI. Evidence -- A. Perspective -- B. The Perspective of Science -- C. Induction -- D. The Compulsion of Science -- E. The Compulsion of Evidence -- F. Theoretical Validity -- G. Objectivity -- H. The Rational Life.
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  • 173
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    ISBN: 9789401175326
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (130p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Self. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Kurzfassung: I: The Genesis of the Anthropology -- II: Kant’s Explicitly Formulated Anthropology -- III: Anthropology and the First Critique -- IV: Rousseau and Kant’s Moral Philosophy -- V: Anthropological Implications of the Third Critique -- VI: Kant’s Rational Religion -- VII: The Role of Teleology in the Work of Kant -- Conclusion.
    Kurzfassung: This work is the product of several years of intense study of the various aspects of Kant's work, and the attempt to provide insights for students both with respect to the details of the Kantian system, and into the development and implications of the system as a whole. During that time many individuals have contributed to its ultimate formulation, and I would like to express my appreciation at least to the more generous contributors. For a careful reading of the manuscript in its earlier forms, and suggestions which helped in many ways to improve the work and to crystalize its thesis, I would like to thank Professors Wilbur Long, A. C. Ewing, and Richard Bosley. For their interest and encouragement in the later stages of the project, I must thank Professor Lewis White Beck, and the many students who have taken my Kant seminar at the University of Alberta, especially Mr. Dieter Hartmetz. And finally, 1 acknowledge with pleasure my longstanding debt to Professor William H. Werkmeister for his years of critical advice and encouragement. Perhaps only Kant and my wife have contributed more to my philosophic development. Acknowledgment must also be made of the permission kindly granted by various publishers for the use of material from the following works under their copyright. Kant's Critique of Practical Reason, translated by Lewis White Beck (copyright 1956, by The Liberal Arts Press, Inc.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: The Genesis of the AnthropologyII: Kant’s Explicitly Formulated Anthropology -- III: Anthropology and the First Critique -- IV: Rousseau and Kant’s Moral Philosophy -- V: Anthropological Implications of the Third Critique -- VI: Kant’s Rational Religion -- VII: The Role of Teleology in the Work of Kant -- Conclusion.
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  • 174
    ISBN: 9789401511162
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (V, 134 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 20
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Toward A Phenomenological Aesthetic of Cinema -- Is Gracefulness A Supervenient Property? -- Value and Artistic Value in Le Senne’s Philosophy -- Bad Art -- Psychical Distance and Temporality -- C. I. Lewis and the Paradox of the Esthetic -- On the Nature of Ultimate Values in the Fine Arts.
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  • 175
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    ISBN: 9789401030250
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (232p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Kurzfassung: I. The Situation of Heidegger in the Tradition of Christian Philosophy -- II. The Problem of Language and the Need for a Retrieve -- III. The Forgottenness of Being -- IV. From Man and the Cogito Sum to Dasein -- V. Dasein and the Regress to Conscious Awareness -- VI. Intentionalität and Intentionale:Two Distinct Notions -- VII. Dasein as the Intentional Life of Man -- VIII. The Presuppositioned Priority of the Being-Question -- IX. Phenomenology: the Medium of the Being-Question -- X. From the Early to the Later Heidegger -- XI. Conclusion: the Denouement of our Retrieve -- Postscript: A Note on the Genesis and Implications of this Book -- Appendix I: The Thought of Being and Theology -- Appendix II: Metaphysics and the Thought of M. Heidegger -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Proper Names.
    Kurzfassung: This book is not addressed to beginning students in philosophy so much as it is addressed to those who, though fairly well-versed in the philosophical tradition, find themselves frankly baffled and brought up short by the writ­ ings of Martin Heidegger, and who-while recognizing the novelty of the Heideggerean enterprise - may sometimes find themselves wondering if this "thinking of Being" is after all rich enough to deserve still further effort on their part. That at least was my own state of mind after a couple of years spent in studying Heidegger. Then one day, in preparing for a seminar, I suddenly saw, not indeed all of what Heidegger is about, but at least where he stands in terms of previous philosophers, and what is the ground of his thinking. After that, it became possible to assess certain strengths and weaknesses of his thought in terms of his own methodology vis-a-vis those earlier thinkers who, without having dreamed of anything quite like a Daseinsanalyse, had yet recognized in explicit terms the feature of experience on which the identi­ fication of Sein (and consequently the Daseinsanalyse) depends for its poss­ ibility.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Situation of Heidegger in the Tradition of Christian PhilosophyII. The Problem of Language and the Need for a Retrieve -- III. The Forgottenness of Being -- IV. From Man and the Cogito Sum to Dasein -- V. Dasein and the Regress to Conscious Awareness -- VI. Intentionalität and Intentionale:Two Distinct Notions -- VII. Dasein as the Intentional Life of Man -- VIII. The Presuppositioned Priority of the Being-Question -- IX. Phenomenology: the Medium of the Being-Question -- X. From the Early to the Later Heidegger -- XI. Conclusion: the Denouement of our Retrieve -- Postscript: A Note on the Genesis and Implications of this Book -- Appendix I: The Thought of Being and Theology -- Appendix II: Metaphysics and the Thought of M. Heidegger -- Selected Bibliography -- Index of Proper Names.
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  • 176
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    ISBN: 9789401030229
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (438p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 501
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Inhaltverzeichnis1. Kapitel Prolegomena Zu Einer Protophysik Als Strenger Wissenschaft -- 1. Vom Sinn des Transzendentalen in der Physik -- 2. Die Struktur des Michelson-Versuchs -- 3. Die Obligate -- 4. Kennzeichnung der Glaubenssätze -- 5. Glaubenssätze sind keine Konstruktionen -- 6. Glaubenssätze und Axiome -- 7. Technische und absolute Apriorität -- 8. Zur Gewißheit des physikalischen Glaubens -- 9. Vom Realitätsgehalt der Glaubenssätze -- 10. Wechselwirkung zwischen Glaube und Wissen -- 2. Kapitel Allgemeine Glaubenssätze -- 1. Vorläufige Ortung der Glaubenssätze -- 2. Erfahrungskatalog -- 3. Darstellungskatalog -- 4. Bestimmungskatalog -- 5. Theoriekatalog -- 3. Kapitel Der Imperiale Pluralismus -- 1. Intendiertes Universum und intentionale Universa -- 2. Theoretische Bezugssysteme -- 3. Die Definition der Gleichzeitigkeit -- 4. Kapitel Der Imperiale Pluralismus in Funktion -- 1. Der Sollwert -- 2. Heuristische Anfragen: Das Beobachtungspostulat -- 3. Ver- und Entschlüsselungen -- 4. Die Zeitmessung -- 5. Uhren -- 6. Koinzidenzen -- 7. Die Zeit-Prinzipien -- 8. Die Gleichzeitigkeit entfernter Ereignisse -- 9. Zugzwang und Freiheit -- 10. Ziel und Vorwissen -- 11. Die Sphären -- 12. Schöpferische Ereignisse -- 5. Kapitel Bezugssysteme -- 1. Kommunikatoren -- 2. Die Information: Eine vorläufige Erörterung -- 3. Idealisierte Bezugssysteme -- 4. Autonome transphysische BS -- 5. Imperiale Pluralität und Operationalismus -- 6. Imperiale Pluralität der Gleichzeitigkeit -- 7. Schöpferischer Geist -- 8. Verzahnte Subjekt-Objekt-Beziehungen -- 6. Kapitel Die Relativität -- 1. Erste Schritte -- 2. Relativität und Glaubenssätze -- 3. Keine Wirkursachen -- 4. Information und Relativität -- 5. Der Weltbeobachter -- 6. Relativität und Phänomencharakter der Welt -- 7. Projektive Realität -- 8. Die Minkowskiwelt -- 9. Informationstypen -- 10. Imperialer Höhenweg -- 11. Imperiale Interdependenz -- 12. Die ?-Zeit -- 13. Erste Auskunft über den Raum -- 14. Das Feld -- 15. Visionäre Physik -- 16. Der Glaube des Physikers -- 17. Glaube und Freiheit -- 7. Kapitel Modale Pluralität -- 1. Paradoxien der Inertialsysteme -- 2. Näherungen -- 3. Struktur-Hierarchie -- 4. Die Null-Struktur -- 5. Die Inertialbewegung -- 6. Näherungsstrukturen -- 7. Die Ableitung der Inertialbewegung aus den Feldgleichungen -- 8. Die Erzeugung der Inertialität -- 9. Ontologie der Null-Struktur -- 8. Kapitel Die Existenziale Pluralität: Eigenstein, Kommunikation und Transkreation -- 1. Problemstellung -- 2. Dualer Massenbegriff -- 3. Die Konstruktion der Noo-Masse -- 4. Konstruktionsmasse und Wirkmasse -- 5. Das Eigen-Sein und die Erzeugung der Koordinaten-Masse -- 6. Umweg über die Lorentz-Geometrie: Masse und Zeit -- 7. Vom Wesen der Masse -- 8. Alpha-Struktur und Energie -- 9. Die kategoriale Aufspaltung von Masse, Energie und Impuls -- 10. Die B- und ?-Masse -- 11. Grundbewegungen der Kreativität -- 9. Kapitel Der Raum Des Schöpferischen -- 1. Die Quellen -- 2. Die Syntax des Schöpferischen -- 3. Die Dimensionen der Existenz -- 4. Die Entfaltung der modi -- 5. Der Traubenraum des Schöpferischen -- 6. Der Glaube.
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  • 177
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    ISBN: 9789401747448
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XI, 765 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Second Edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 6
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 6
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy.
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  • 178
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401175272
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Ausgabe: Third Edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: I: The Structure of the Soul -- 1. Soul and Body -- 2. The Problem of Nous Poietikos -- 3. Against Brentano’s Interpretation -- 4. Solution of the Problem -- 5. Comparison with Plato’s Thought -- 6. Parts of the Soul -- II: The Functions of the Soul -- 1. The Development of Functions -- 2. The Reference of Functions -- 3. Desire and Pleasure -- 4. Voluntary act -- III: Practice and Production -- 1. Practice and Production -- 2. Comparison with Kant’s Theory -- 3. The Relation between Practice and Production -- IV: The Structure of Intellect -- 1. The classification of intellect -- 2. Doxa and Doxastikon Part -- 3. Practical Cognition and Theoretical Cognition -- 4. Practical Reason -- 5. Practical Wisdom -- V: The Practical Syllogism -- 1. Deliberation -- 2. Practical Syllogism and Productive Syllogism -- 3. Practical Cognition of Ends -- 4. Continence and Temperance -- 5. The Relation between Practical Syllogism and Productive Syllogism -- 6. Comparison with Kant -- Indexes.
    Kurzfassung: I have much pleasure in writing a preface to Mr. Takatura Ando's book on Aristotle. Apart from his intrinsic importance, as one of the three or four greatest of all philosophers, Aristotle is important on having given for many centuries the greatest influence in moulding the thought of European countries. The language difficulty has no doubt prevented him from exercising very much influence on Japanese thought, and I welcome very warmly to hear that Mr. Ando is about to have his book printed in Japan. I hope it will be widely circulated, as it must certain­ ly deserve that. W. D. Ross AUTHOR'S FOREWORD In publishing this book, I cannot prohibit myself of reminding the days and nights when it was written. In that era of worldwide madness, Aristotle's philosophy was the only refuge wherein my depressed mind could come to life. It was written bit by bit under all desperate circum­ stances throughout the war time. My heart was set on the completion of this work while the fate allowed me to live. It was nearly carried out by the end of the war. Having no hope of survival, I buried my manu­ script in the earth, without however any expectance of a better lot for it.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I: The Structure of the Soul1. Soul and Body -- 2. The Problem of Nous Poietikos -- 3. Against Brentano’s Interpretation -- 4. Solution of the Problem -- 5. Comparison with Plato’s Thought -- 6. Parts of the Soul -- II: The Functions of the Soul -- 1. The Development of Functions -- 2. The Reference of Functions -- 3. Desire and Pleasure -- 4. Voluntary act -- III: Practice and Production -- 1. Practice and Production -- 2. Comparison with Kant’s Theory -- 3. The Relation between Practice and Production -- IV: The Structure of Intellect -- 1. The classification of intellect -- 2. Doxa and Doxastikon Part -- 3. Practical Cognition and Theoretical Cognition -- 4. Practical Reason -- 5. Practical Wisdom -- V: The Practical Syllogism -- 1. Deliberation -- 2. Practical Syllogism and Productive Syllogism -- 3. Practical Cognition of Ends -- 4. Continence and Temperance -- 5. The Relation between Practical Syllogism and Productive Syllogism -- 6. Comparison with Kant -- Indexes.
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    ISBN: 9789401027663
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (160p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Ortsbestimmung der Philosophischen Grammatik -- Die Wittgensteinrezeption in der deutschen Philosophie -- I. Logische Grammatik Von Der Begriffsschrift Zum Tractatus -- 10. Skizze des Zusammenhangs der Lehren Freges, Russells, Wittgensteins -- 11. Logik als Sprache mit einem Prädikat -- Freges Semantik -- Freges Wissenschafts- und Erkenntnistheorie -- Wittgensteins logische Grammatik -- II. PhÄnomenologie als Grammatik -- 22. Phänomen und Logik -- 23. Freges Phänomenologie des Logisch-Einfachen -- 24. Sprache als Kalkül -- III. Philosophische Grammatik als Strategie Der Sprachspiele -- 25. Problem der Darstellung von Wittgensteins späterer Philosophie -- 26. Bedeutung als Gebrauch -- 27. Sprachspiel und mathematisches Operieren -- 28. Über Widersprüche in der bürgerlichen Welt -- 29. Sprachspiele und gesellschaftliches Bewusstsein -- Abschluss -- 30. Aufklärung: Zwischen Marcuse und Lorenzen -- 31. Grammatik und Spekulation.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ortsbestimmung der Philosophischen GrammatikDie Wittgensteinrezeption in der deutschen Philosophie -- I. Logische Grammatik Von Der Begriffsschrift Zum Tractatus -- 10. Skizze des Zusammenhangs der Lehren Freges, Russells, Wittgensteins -- 11. Logik als Sprache mit einem Prädikat -- Freges Semantik -- Freges Wissenschafts- und Erkenntnistheorie -- Wittgensteins logische Grammatik -- II. PhÄnomenologie als Grammatik -- 22. Phänomen und Logik -- 23. Freges Phänomenologie des Logisch-Einfachen -- 24. Sprache als Kalkül -- III. Philosophische Grammatik als Strategie Der Sprachspiele -- 25. Problem der Darstellung von Wittgensteins späterer Philosophie -- 26. Bedeutung als Gebrauch -- 27. Sprachspiel und mathematisches Operieren -- 28. Über Widersprüche in der bürgerlichen Welt -- 29. Sprachspiele und gesellschaftliches Bewusstsein -- Abschluss -- 30. Aufklärung: Zwischen Marcuse und Lorenzen -- 31. Grammatik und Spekulation.
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  • 180
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    ISBN: 9789401747424
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXXVI, 391 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Second Edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 5
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 5
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: One / The Preparatory Phase -- I. Franz Brentano (1838–1917): Forerunner of the Phenomenological Movement -- II. Carl Stumpf (1848–1936): Founder of Experimental Phenomenology -- Two / The German Phase of the Movement -- III. The Pure Phenomenology of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) -- IV. The Older Phenomenological Movement -- V. The Phenomenology of Essences: Max Scheler (1874–1928) -- VI. Martin Heidegger (1889- ) as a Phenomenologist -- VII. Phenomenology in the Critical Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950).
    Kurzfassung: The present attempt to introduce the general philosophical reader to the Phenomenological Movement by way of its history has itself a history which is pertinent to its objective. It may suitably be opened by the following excerpts from a review which Herbert W. Schneider of Columbia University, the Head of the Division for Internc. . tional Cultural Cooperation, Department of Cultural Activities of Unesco from 1953 to 56, wrote in 1950 from France: The influence of Husser! has revolutionized continental philosophies, not because his philosophy has become dominant, but because any philosophy now seeks to accommodate itself to, and express itself in, phenomenological method. It is the sine qua non of critical respectability. In America, on the contrary, phenomenology is in its infancy. The aver­ age American student of philosophy, when he picks up a recent volume of philosophy published on the continent of Europe, must first learn the "tricks" of the phenomenological trade and then translate as best he can the real import of what is said into the kind of analysis with which he is familiar. . . . . . . No doubt, American education will gradually take account of the spread of phenomenological method and terminology, but until it does, American readers of European philosophy have a severe handicap; and this applies not only to existentialism but to almost all current philosophicalliterature.
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  • 181
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    ISBN: 9789401029605
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200p) , online resource
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: I. The Problem of Analogy -- 1. Cajetan on Analogy -- (a) De nominum analogia -- (1) Analogy of Inequality -- (2) Analogy of Attribution -- (3) Analogy of Proportionality -- (b) The Commentary on Summa theologiae -- 2. Sylvester of Ferrara -- II. Logic and Analogy -- III. The Nature of Logic -- 1. Beings of Reason and the Subject of Logic -- 2. The Logical and Real Orders -- IV. The Significatïon of Names -- 1. Logic and Naming -- 2. Sign and Signification -- 3. The Imposition of Names -- 4. Modus signicandi; res significata -- 5. Ratio quam significat nomen -- 6. Signification and Supposition -- V. The Analogy of Names -- 1. Things Named Equivocally -- 2. Things Named Univocally -- 3. Things Named Analogically -- VI. The Division of Analogy -- 1. Multorum ad unum, Unius ad alterum -- 2. Proportion and Proportionality -- 3. Extrinsic Denomination and Analogous Names -- 4. Aliquid dicitur secundum analogiam tripliciter -- (a) Secundum intentionem, non secundum esse -- (b) Secundum esse, non secundum intentionem -- (1) Genus logice loquendo -- (2) Genus physice loquendo -- (3) Univocal or analogous? -- (4) Who is the logicus? -- (c) Secundum intentionem, secundum esse -- 5. Summary -- VII. The Analogical Cause -- 1. Diversus modus existendi impedit univocationem -- 2. Predication and Causality -- 3. Primum in aliquo genere -- VIII. Knowledge and Analogy -- 1. Justice and Analogy -- 2. Proportion and Quantity -- 3. Our Knowledge of Prime Matter -- 4. Proportionality, Metaphor, Analogous Names -- IX. The Divine Names -- 1. Can God be Named by Us? -- 2. Why Many Divine Names? -- 3. Omne nomen cum defectu est -- 4. Ordo nominis, ordo rerum -- X. Concluding -- Appendix: Table of texts cited -- Index rerum et nominum.
    Kurzfassung: The need for another study on the doctrine of analogy in the writings ofSt Thomas may not be obvious, since a complete bibliography in this area would doubtless assume depressing proportions. The present work is felt to be justified because it attempts a full-fledged alternative to the interpretation given in Cajetan's De nominum analogia, an interpretation which has provided the framework for subsequent discussions of the question. Recently, it is true, there has been growing dissatisfaction with Cajetan's approach; indeed there have been wholesale attacks on the great commentator who is alleged to have missed the clef de voute of the metaphysics of his master. Applied to our problem, this criticism leads to the view that Cajetan was not metaphysical enough, or that he was metaphysical in the wrong way, in his discussion of the analogy of names. As its title indicates, the present study is not in agreement with Cajetan's contention that the analogy of names is a metaphysical doctrine. It is precisely a logical doctrine in the sense that "logical" has for St Thomas. We have no desire to be associated with attacks on Cajetan, the meta­ physician, attacks we feel are quite wrongheaded. If Cajetan must be criticized for his interpretation of the analogy of names, it is imperative that he be criticized for the right reasons. Moreover, criticism ofCajetan in the present study is limited to his views on the analogy of names.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. The Problem of Analogy1. Cajetan on Analogy -- (a) De nominum analogia -- (1) Analogy of Inequality -- (2) Analogy of Attribution -- (3) Analogy of Proportionality -- (b) The Commentary on Summa theologiae -- 2. Sylvester of Ferrara -- II. Logic and Analogy -- III. The Nature of Logic -- 1. Beings of Reason and the Subject of Logic -- 2. The Logical and Real Orders -- IV. The Significatïon of Names -- 1. Logic and Naming -- 2. Sign and Signification -- 3. The Imposition of Names -- 4. Modus signicandi; res significata -- 5. Ratio quam significat nomen -- 6. Signification and Supposition -- V. The Analogy of Names -- 1. Things Named Equivocally -- 2. Things Named Univocally -- 3. Things Named Analogically -- VI. The Division of Analogy -- 1. Multorum ad unum, Unius ad alterum -- 2. Proportion and Proportionality -- 3. Extrinsic Denomination and Analogous Names -- 4. Aliquid dicitur secundum analogiam tripliciter -- (a) Secundum intentionem, non secundum esse -- (b) Secundum esse, non secundum intentionem -- (1) Genus logice loquendo -- (2) Genus physice loquendo -- (3) Univocal or analogous? -- (4) Who is the logicus? -- (c) Secundum intentionem, secundum esse -- 5. Summary -- VII. The Analogical Cause -- 1. Diversus modus existendi impedit univocationem -- 2. Predication and Causality -- 3. Primum in aliquo genere -- VIII. Knowledge and Analogy -- 1. Justice and Analogy -- 2. Proportion and Quantity -- 3. Our Knowledge of Prime Matter -- 4. Proportionality, Metaphor, Analogous Names -- IX. The Divine Names -- 1. Can God be Named by Us? -- 2. Why Many Divine Names? -- 3. Omne nomen cum defectu est -- 4. Ordo nominis, ordo rerum -- X. Concluding -- Appendix: Table of texts cited -- Index rerum et nominum.
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  • 182
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    ISBN: 9789401710312
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 129 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Second Revised Edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Biographical sketch -- II. Philosophical viewpoint -- III. Chinese conditions -- IV. Democratic revolution -- V. Socialist revolution -- VI. State and government -- VII. The Communist party -- VIII. Nationalism and internationalism -- IX. Sino-Soviet ideological conflict -- Conclusions.
    Kurzfassung: As a member of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, I am necessarily concerned about the future role of Communist China in world affairs. A true understanding of Peking's foreign policy motives and objectives is possible only if one has a grasp of the ideological foundations and conflicts of the contemporary leaders of the Chinese Communist Party. Therein lies the value of Professor Yung Ping Chen's revised edition Chinese Political Thought: Mao Tse-tung and Liu Shao-chi. Within a compact number of pages, Professor Chen's book provides the rt~ader with a clear and ready grasp of the fundamentals of Com­ munist Chinese ideology. Although its scholarship is evident, the work's interpretation do not overwhelm the reader with lengthy quotations or confuse him with excessive speculations-difficulties sometimes associa­ ted with books about China. Instead, Professor Chen appears to have the ability to reduce complicated ideas to manageable proportions. In his revised edition, the author makes use of source material which recently has become available outside China to clarify issues involved in the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution." That phenomenon, which has caused so much wonder and speculation in the West, is analyzed by Professor Chen. He describes for the reader the underlying ideological factors which have emerged from the great turmoil in China, placing them within a framework of verified historical events while avoiding the pitfall of endless theorizing about situations and events inside China about which too little is yet known.
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Biographical sketchII. Philosophical viewpoint -- III. Chinese conditions -- IV. Democratic revolution -- V. Socialist revolution -- VI. State and government -- VII. The Communist party -- VIII. Nationalism and internationalism -- IX. Sino-Soviet ideological conflict -- Conclusions.
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  • 183
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    ISBN: 9789401748797
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIV, 145 p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
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  • 184
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    ISBN: 9789401032636
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
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    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 1
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: A Model of Mind-Body Relation in Terms of Modular Logic (October 26, 1961) -- Comments -- Comments -- 2 The Relationship of Language to the Formation of Concepts Summary of Oral Presentation (November 30, 1961) -- 3 The Logical Structure of Physics (December 14, 1961) -- Discussion -- 4 Modal Logics I: Modalities and Intensional Languages (February 8. 1962) -- Comments -- Discussion -- 5 Modal Logics II: Toward a Formal Analysis of Cultural Objects (March 8, 1962) -- 6(a) Deterministic Interpretations of the Quantum Theory (March 27, 1962) -- 6(b) Operational Aspects of Hidden-Variable Quantum Theories — With a Postscript on The Impact of Recent Scientific Trends on Art (March 27, 1962) -- Comments -- 7 The Falsifiability of Theories: Total or Partial? A Contemporary Evaluation of the Duhem-Quine Thesis (April 26.1962) -- Comments -- 8(a) Perception and Language Summary of Oral Presentation (May 17, 1962) -- 8(b) Perception: Cause and Achievement Summary of Oral Presentation (May 17, 1962).
    Kurzfassung: The broad range of interdisciplinary concerns which are encompassed by the philosophy of science have this much in common: (I) they arise from reflection upon the fundamental concepts, the formal structures, and the methodology of the sciences; (2) they touch upon the characteristically philosophical questions of ontology and epistemology in a unique way, bringing to traditional conceptions the analytic apparatus of modern logic, and the new content and conceptual models of active scientific investigations. These sources are reflected in the present volume, which consists of the major portion of the papers presented to the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science in the academic year 1961-1962. There is no central theme nor any dominant approach in this colloquium. Initiated in 1960 as an inter-university interdisciplinary faculty group, the Colloqnium is intended to foster creative and regular exchange of research and opinion, to provide a forum for professional discussion in the philosophy of science, and to stimulate the development of academic programs in philosophy of science in the colleges and universities of metropolitan Boston. The base of the Colloquium is our philosophic and scientific community, as broad and heterodox as the academic, cultural and techno­ logical complex in and about this city. The Colloquium has been supported in its first full year, as an inter-institutional cooperative association, by a generous grant to Boston University from the U. S. National Science Foundation. We are most grateful for this help.
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  • 185
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    ISBN: 9789401031929
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
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    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 34
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 34
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: Table des Matières -- Introduction: Questions de Methode -- Chapitre I. Imagination et Intentionnalite -- § 1. Les notions de vécu intentionnel ou acte et d’objet intentionnel. Le rôle des sensations et des caractères d’actes dans la constitution des vécus intentionnels. -- § 2. Rappel historique de la problématique de l’imagination. Incidence de la doctrine husserlienne de l’intentionnalité sur cette problématique. -- § 3. L’extension du terme d’imagination chez Husserl: l’imagination libre et la conscience d’image. Quelques remarques sur le vocabulaire husserlien. -- Conclusion -- Chapitre II. Imagination et Intuition -- § 1. Signification et intuition. Intentions vides et intentions remplies. -- § 2. Remplissement et connaissance. L’imagination est une conscience remplie. -- § 3. Caractérisation de la perception, de l’imagination et de la conscience de signe par les formes de remplissement. -- § 4. Les deux sens du terme plénitude. Plénitude-présence objective et adéquation. L’adéquation réalisée par la perception et l’adéquation réalisée par l’imagination. -- § 5. Intuition catégoriale et imagination -- Conclusion -- Chapitre III. Imagination et Presentification -- § 1. La plénitude immanente et les contenus représentants. -- § 2. La présentification, forme appréhensive de l’imagination. Vergegenwärtigung, Repräsentation, Vorstellung. -- § 3. Le «phantasme». -- § 4. Présentification et temporalité. -- § 5. La double intentionnalité de la présentification: la présentification de l’acte et la présentification de l’objet. -- § 6. La présentification catégoriale est-elle possible? -- § 7. Description noématique des actes de présentification. Présentifications simples et présentifications redoublées. -- § 8. Imagination, genèse passive -- § 9. Imagination et liberté. -- Conclusion -- Chapitre IV. Imagination et Neutralization -- § 1. La notion de simple représentation. -- § 2. Simple représentation, modification qualitative et neutralisation. -- § 3. La modification de neutralité. Noème et contre-noème. -- § 4. L’imagination en tant que modification représentative (présentification) et en tant que modification qualitative (neutralisation). L’accord de ces deux notions dans les Log. Unt., dans Zeitbew. et dans Ideen I. -- § 5. Le monde «comme si» de l’imagination. -- § 6. Recoupement de la problématique de l’imagination avec la problématique de la réduction transcendantale. -- Conclusion -- Conclusion Generale -- Bibliographie -- Index Analytique -- Index D’auteurs.
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  • 186
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    ISBN: 9789401032728
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (183p) , digital
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    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 29
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 29
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: Meaning Relations,Possible Objects, and Possible Worlds -- Existential Presuppositions and Uniqueness Presuppositions -- Some Completeness Results for Modal Predicate Calculi -- Truth-Value Semantics for the Theory of Types -- Probability and Non Standard Logics -- Logic and Truth Value Gaps -- Advice on Modal Logic -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: The essays in this volume are based on addresses presented during a colloquium on free logic, modal logic and related areas held at the University of California at Irvine, in May of 1968. With the single exception of Dagfinn F011esdal, whose revised address is included in a recent issue of Synthese honoring W. V. Quine, all of the speakers at the Irvine colloquium are contributors to this volume. Thanks are due to Professor A. I. Melden, Chairman of the Department of Philosophy at Irvine, for his enthusiastic support of the colloquium, and to Drs. Gordon Brittan and Daniel Dennett for their help in the administration of the colloquium. Finally. I should also like to thank Professor Ralph W. Gerard, Dean of the Graduate Division of the University of California at Irvine, for the financial support which made the colloquium possible. KAREL LAMBERT Laguna Beach, California, 1969 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V KAREL LAMBERT and BAS C. VAN FRAASSEN/ Meaning Relations, Possible Objects, and Possible Worlds 1 JAAKKO HINTIKKA / Existential Presuppositions and Uniqueness Presuppositions 20 RICHMOND H. THOMASON / Some Completeness Results for Modal Predicate Calculi 56 H. LEBLANC and R. K. MEYER / Truth-Value Semantics for the Theory of Types 77 J. M. VICKERS / Probability and Non Standard Logics 102 PETER W. WOODRUFF / Logic and Truth Value Gaps 121 DANA SCOTT / Advice on Modal Logic 143 INDEX OF NAMES 175 KAREL LAMBER T AND BAS C.
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  • 187
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    ISBN: 9789401714624
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 298 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 6
    Serie: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 6
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Ernst Mach — His Life as a Teacher and Thinker -- On Mach’s Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations -- Mach’s Contribution to the Development of Gas Dynamics -- On Mach’s Curiosity about Shockwaves -- Ernst Mach and Contemporary Physics -- The Genesis of Mach’s Early Views on Atomism -- Mathematical Implications of Mach’s Ideas: Positivistic Geometry, The Clarification of Functional Connections -- Ernst Mach: Physics, Perception and the Philosophy of Science -- Mach, Einstein and the Search for Reality -- Mach’s Principle and Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation -- Appendices -- A. The Importance of Ernst Mach’S Philosophy of Science for Our Times -- B. Ernst Mach and the Unity of Science -- C. Ernst Mach and the Empiricist Conception of Science -- D. Ernst Mach: Biographical Data -- E. Ernst Mach: Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: At the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C., 27 December 1966, a symposium was held to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the death of Ernst Mach, the physicist who was vitally concerned about philosophical foundations. It was arranged by Section B on Physics, and co-sponsored by Section L on the History and Philosophy of Science, as well as by the History of Science Society. Dr. Allen W. Astin, Vice-President of the Association and Director of the National Bureau of Standards, presided. Representing the Austrian ambassador, Dr. Ernst Lemberger, a few opening remarks on his behalf were made by Dr. Walter Hietsch. Also present was Dr. Ernest A. Lederer, a grandson of Ernst Mach. The contributors, to the symposium, mostly physicists, represented different backgrounds and differing points of view; they presented their review of Mach's work primarily in the light of subsequent developments. They all, however, share a common interest in the life and works of Ernst Mach. Two of them, Otto BlUh and Peter G. Bergmann, received their doctoral degrees in theoretical physics from the University of Prague. Karl Menger received his doctoral degree in mathematics from the University of Vienna (he is responsible for the latest edition [1960] of Mach's celebrated The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of its Development, for which he prepared a new Introduction).
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  • 188
    ISBN: 9789401031974
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (130p) , digital
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    Serie: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 18
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Kurzfassung: History, The Sciences, and Uniqueness -- Knowledge, Adaptive Responses, and the Ecosystem -- The Scepticism of George Santayana -- The Case for Moral Cognitivism -- The Reality Game -- Two views of the Nature of Knowledge -- C.G. Jung and the a Priori -- Nietzsche and the Problem of Knowledge -- The Epistemological Views of a “Social Behoviorist”.
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  • 189
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    ISBN: 9789401031851
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 240 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: The Boston College Studies in Philosophy 2
    Serie: Boston College Studies in Philosophy 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Some Aspects of Revisionist Thinking. -- Karl Marx’ first Political Writings: The Rheinische Zeitung, 1842–1843 -- Karl Marx and Max Stirner -- The Future of a Dialogue now possible: to become actual or to remain impossible? -- “Nietzschcan Marxism” in Russia -- Christian-Marxist Dialogue and the otherworld -- Select Bibliography -- Frederick J. Adelmann.
    Kurzfassung: This second volume of the Boston College Studies in Philosophy com­ memorates the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of Karl Marx. This dedication bespeaks the evolution permeating the entire world today, not only in the sense of a development of ideas but more especially of the inner and sincere quest for peace intensifying in the hearts of all men. We Christians rejoice in the drive onward toward the fulfillment of peace on earth. We are sorry, however, that it is so late in Christian history and that it received its impulse more from the fear of nuclear armaments than from the development of Christian ideas. Nonetheless, here in the midst of so much bewilderment, we an optimistic note in the realization that these ideas can now, touch at long last, offer hope for a peaceful future. Strange as it may seem, there is currently a new interest in the philosophy of Marxism. This stems in part from the renewed study of the writings of the young Marx and a concentration on that aspect of his work which is more philosophical than politico-economic, such as is more prominent in the later Das Kapital. But even more, our interest in Marxism has occurred because of what has happened to the con­ temporary Marxists themselves. First of all, after Stalin's time a certain new openness, not yet perfect but nonetheless real, has developed in Russia to the benefit of scholars.
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  • 190
    ISBN: 9789401032698
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, A Series of Monographs on the Recent Development of Symbolic Logic, Significs, Sociology of Language, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, Statistics of Language and Related Fields 4
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: I. Purely Implicational Logic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Deduction-Theoretic Approach -- 3. Semantic Approach -- 4. Axiomatic Approach -- 5. Completeness -- II. Full Sentential Logic -- 6. Introduction -- 7. Introduction of Further Sentential Connectives -- III. Theory of Quantification, Equality, and Functionality -- 8. Notation -- 9. Reduction Schemata -- 10. Axiomatic Method -- 11. Weak Completeness Theorems -- 12. Equality -- 13. Functionality -- IV. Completeness of Elementary Logic -- 14. Introduction -- 15. Quantification Theory -- 16. Theory of Equality and Functionality -- V. The Formalization of Arithmetic and its Limitations -- 17. An Axiom System for Arithmetic -- 18. Syntactic Incompleteness -- 19. Semantic Incompleteness -- 20. Logic of Higher Order -- VI. The Theory of Definition -- 21. Introduction -- 22. Definability of Primitive Notions -- 23. Padoa’s Method -- 24. Definition-Theoretic Incompleteness -- VII. On Machines Which Prove Theorems -- 25. Introduction — Computation and Formal Deduction -- 26. Formal Deduction and Computing Machines -- 27. The Subformula Principle -- 28. Semantic Tableaux and Natural Deduction -- 29. Complications -- 30. Introduction of New Individual Parameters -- 31. Types of Logical Problems -- 32. Concluding Remarks -- Appendix: Supplementary Explanations -- 33. Formal Description of Deduction by Closed Semantic Tableaux -- 34. Independence -- 35. Intuitionistic Logic and Minimal Calculus -- 37. Elementary Logic with Equality and Terms -- 39. Semantic Rules for Quantification Theory -- 40. Deduction-Theoretic Treatment of the Theory of Quantification -- 41. Numerical Computation -- 42. The Interpolation Theorem of Craig-Lyndon -- List of Schemata and Axioms -- (A) Sources -- (B) Recommended Reading -- (C) Periodicals -- Index of Authors and Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Many philosophers have considered logical reasoning as an inborn ability of mankind and as a distinctive feature in the human mind; but we all know that the distribution of this capacity, or at any rate its development, is very unequal. Few people are able to set up a cogent argument; others are at least able to follow a logical argument and even to detect logical fallacies. Nevertheless, even among educated persons there are many who do not even attain this relatively modest level of development. According to my personal observations, lack of logical ability may be due to various circumstances. In the first place, I mention lack of general intelligence, insufficient power of concentration, and absence of formal education. Secondly, however, I have noticed that many people are unable, or sometimes rather unwilling, to argue ex hypothesi; such persons cannot, or will not, start from premisses which they know or believe to be false or even from premisses whose truth is not, in their opinion, sufficient­ ly warranted. Or, if they agree to start from such premisses, they sooner or later stray away from the argument into attempts first to settle the truth or falsehood of the premisses. Presumably this attitude results either from lack of imagination or from undue moral rectitude. On the other hand, proficiency in logical reasoning is not in itself a guarantee for a clear theoretic insight into the principles and foundations of logic.
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  • 191
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    ISBN: 9789401033268
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Die phänomenologische Selbstbesinnung. I: Der Leib und die Transzcndentalität in der gegenwärtigen phänomenologischen und psychiatrischen Forschung -- World-Constitution. Reflections on Husserl’s Transcendental Idealism -- Die Vier Begriffe der Transzendenz und das Problem des Idealismus in Husserl -- Intcntionality and Corporeity -- Intentionalität und Transzendenz Zur Konstitution der materiellen Natur -- Husserl’s Concept of Intcntionality -- The Concept of the Body in Transcendental Phenomenology and in Modern Biology -- On Knowing One’s Own Body -- Das Problem der ????? in der Philosophie Edmund Husserls -- Die Wissenschaften vom Menschen und Husserls Theorie von zwei Einstellungen -- Embodied Consciousness and the Human Spirit.
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  • 192
    ISBN: 9789401032582
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (114p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 19
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics ; Arts.
    Kurzfassung: The Concept of “Isolation” in Contemporary Aesthetic Theory -- Poiesis and Cosmos -- The Art of the Philosophy of Art -- Kierkegaard on the Unity of Comedy and Tragedy -- Action, Perception and Art -- Structures in Art Media -- Truth in Art -- The Play of Tragedy.
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  • 193
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    ISBN: 9789401032520
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Sokolowski, Robert [Rezension von: Mohanty, J. N., Phenomenology and Ontology] 1972
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous Le Patronage Des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 37
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 37
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Ontology
    Kurzfassung: One -- I. Modes of Givenness -- II. The Given -- III. Thought and Action -- IV. Meaning and Truth-I -- V. Meaning and Truth-II -- VI. Language and Reality -- VII. On Reference -- VIII. Remarks on the Content Theory -- IX. Phenomenology and Ontology -- Two -- X. A Note on Modern Nominalism -- XI. A recent Criticism of the Foundations of Nicolai Hartmann’s Ontology -- XII. Remarks on Nicolai Hartmann’s Modal Doctrine -- XIII. The ‘Object’ in Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology -- XIV. Individual Fact and Essence in Edmund Husserl’s Philosophy -- XV. Gilbert Ryle’s Criticisms of the Concept of Consciousness -- XVI. On G. E. Moore’s Defence of Common sense -- Three -- XVII. Reflections on the Ny?ya theory of Avayavipratyaksa -- XVIII. Ny?ya Theory of Doubt.
    Kurzfassung: Most of the essays that follow have originally appeared in philosophical journals, Indian and Western. They are reprinted here with the hope that in spite of the wide variety of topics with which they deal there is nevertheless a certain unity of treatment. A few major ideas and distinctions run through all the essays: I need not further single them out here. For permission to reprint, I have to thank the editors of the journals and books in which the essays originally appeared. My former pupil Miss Manjusree Ray has been kind enough to help me in preparing the book for the press. J. N. MOHANTY May, I968, Calcutta CONTENTS Preface v Part One I. Modes of Givenness 3 II. The Given 12 III. Thought and Action 22 IV. Meaning and Truth-I 0 3 V. Meaning and Truth-II 50 VI. Language and Reality 60 VII. On Reference 2 7 VIII. Remarks on the Content Theory 84 IX. Phenomenology and Ontology 2 9 Part Two X. A Note on Modern Nominalism I07 XI. A recent Criticism of the Foundations of Nicolai Hartmann's Ontology II5 XII. Remarks on Nicolai Hartmann's Modal Doctrine 129 XIII. The 'Object' in Edmund Husserl's Phenomenology 138 XIV. Individual Fact and Essence in Edmund Husserl's Philosophy 152 XV. Gilbert Ryle's Criticisms of the Concept of Conscio- ness 163 XVI. On G. E. Moore's Defence of Common sense 170 Part Three XVII.
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  • 194
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    ISBN: 9789401032964
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Hallett, Garth [Rezension von: Hintikka, Jaakko, Information and Inference] 1972
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 28
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 28
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I. Information and Induction -- On Semantic Information -- Bayesian Information Usage -- Experimentation as Communication with Nature -- II. Information and Some Problems of the Scientific Method -- On the Information Provided by Observations -- Quantitative Tools for Evaluating Scientific Systematizations -- Qualitative Information and Entropy Structures -- III. Information and Learning -- Learning and the Structure of Information -- IV. New Applications of Information Concepts -- Surface Information and Depth Information -- Towards a General Theory of Auxiliary Concepts and Definability in First-Order Theories -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: In the last 25 years, the concept of information has played a crucial role in communication theory, so much so that the terms information theory and communication theory are sometimes used almost interchangeably. It seems to us, however, that the notion of information is also destined to render valuable services to the student of induction and probability, of learning and reinforcement, of semantic meaning and deductive inference, as~well as of scientific method in general. The present volume is an attempt to illustrate some of these uses of information concepts. In 'On Semantic Information' Hintikka summarizes some of his and his associates' recent work on information and induction, and comments briefly on its philosophical suggestions. Jamison surveys from the sub­ jectivistic point of view some recent results in 'Bayesian Information Usage'. Rosenkrantz analyzes the information obtained by experimen­ tation from the Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson standpoints, and also from the standpoint of entropy and related concepts. The much-debated principle of total evidence prompts Hilpinen to examine the problem of measuring the information yield of observations in his paper 'On the Information Provided by Observations'. Pietarinen addresses himself to the more general task of evaluating the systematizing ('explanatory') power of hypotheses and theories, a task which quickly leads him to information concepts. Domotor develops a qualitative theory of information and entropy. His paper gives what is probably the first axiomatization of a general qualitative theory of information adequate to guarantee a numerical representation of the standard sort.
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  • 195
    ISBN: 9789401033053
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Suppl.: Rezensiert in Viganò, Mario [Rezension von: Weingartner, Paul, Induction, Physics, and Ethics, Proceedings and discussions of the Salzburg Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science] 1971
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 31
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 31
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Section I/Induction and Probability -- Initial Probabilities: A Prerequisite for any Valid Induction -- Discussion of Bruno de Finetti’s Paper ‘Initial Probabilities: A Prerequisite for any Valid Induction’ -- Linguistically Invariant Inductive Logic -- Comments on ‘Linguistically Invariant Inductive Logic’ by Ian Hacking -- Logical Probability, Mathematical Statistics, and the Problem of Induction -- Statistics, Induction, and Lawlikeness: Comments on Dr. Vetter’s Paper -- Section II / Foundations of Physics -- New Approach to Interpretation Problems of General Relativity by Means of the Splitting-Up-Formalism of Space-Time -- Comments on Professor Schmutzer’s Paper -- Simultaneity by Slow Clock Transport in the Special Theory of Relativity -- Foundations of Quantum Theory; Statistical Interpretation (Introductory talk) -- Comments on H. J. Groenewold ‘Foundations of Quantum Theory’ -- Intertheory Relations -- Problems Concerning Intertheory Relations -- Section III / Science and Ethics: The Moral Responsibility of the Scientist -- The Moral Responsibility of the Scientist -- Science and Responsibility -- The Relation of Modern Scientific Conceptions to the Human Image -- Science and Ethics -- Scientists and Ethics — A Case History -- Modern Science and Social Responsibility -- Index of Names.
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  • 196
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    ISBN: 9789401733250
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XII, 250 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée Sous le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 18
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 18
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Kurzfassung: I. Constitution and the Origins of Numbers -- II. Constitution of Meaning and Objects in the Logical Investigations -- III. The Constitution Performed by Inner Time -- IV. Constitution and Husserl’s Quest for a Rigorous Science -- V. Genetic Constitution -- VI. The Place of Constitution in Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Appendices -- I: Husserl’s description of the origin of a symbolism for numbers -- III: Glossary -- Index of Texts Cited -- Index of Proper Names -- General Index.
    Kurzfassung: This work is conceived essentially as a historical study of the origin and development of one of the key concepts in Husserl's philosophy. It is not primarily meant to be an introduction to Husserl's thought, but can serve this purpose because of the nature of this concept. The doctrine of constitution deals with a philosophical problem that is fairly easy to grasp, and yet is central enough in the philosophy of Husserl to provide a con­ venient viewpoint from which other concepts and problems can be considered and understood. Husserl's thoughts on the phe­ nomenological reduction, on temporality, on perception, on evi­ dence, can all be integrated into a coherent pattern if we study them in their rapport with the concept of constitution. Further­ more, the concept of constitution is used by Husserl as an ex­ planatory schema: in giving the constitution of an object, Husserl feels he is giving the philosophical explanation of such an object. Thus in our discussion of constitution, we are studying the explanatory power of phenomenology, and in relating other phenomenological concepts to the concept of constitution, we are studying what they contribute to the philosophical expla­ nation that phenomenology attempts to furnish. To approach Husserl's philosophy in this way is to study it in its essential and most vital function.
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  • 197
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    ISBN: 9789401534567
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXXIII, 191 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Collection Publiée sous le Patronage des Centres d’Archives-Husserl 22
    Serie: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 22
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: William James’s Concept of the Stream of Thought Phenomenologically Interpreted -- Edmund Husserl’s Ideas, Volume II -- Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Social Sciences (Ideas, Volume III by Edmund Husserl) -- The Problem of Transcendental Intersubjectivity in Husserl -- Discussion by Eugen Fink and Response by the Author to Fink and Other Critics -- Type and Eidos in Husserl’s Late Philosophy -- I. The Preacquaintedness of the World and its Objects; Inner and Outer Horizon -- II. Empirical Types and Universals -- III. Constitution of Universal Objectivities in the Predicative Sphere -- IV. The Enlargement of the Notion of Typicality in Husserl’s “Krisis” -- V. Type and Eidos -- VI. Some Critical Remarks -- Some Structures of the Life-World -- Max Scheler’s Philosophy -- Max Scheler’s Epistemology and Ethics -- Table of Contents of Volumes I, II and III.
    Kurzfassung: Alfred Schutz devoted his life to a clarification of the foun­ dations of the social sciences. His first formulation of the perti­ nent problems is contained in DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAu DER SOZIALEN WELT, EINE EINLEITUNG IN DIE VERSTEHENDE SOZIOLOGIE, now available in a second unrevised German edition with an English translation in preparation. Since I932, the date of this work, Alfred Schutz pursued painstaking and detailed investigations of issues which arose in connection with his early endeavors. These investigations were originally published as a series of essays and monographs over a period of about twenty years and are now assembled in the COLLECTED PAPERS of which this is the third and final volume. They form a unitary whole insofar as a common core of problems and theoretical ideas is presented from varying perspectives. Together DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAu DER SOZIALEN WELT and the three volumes of COL­ LECTED PAPERS set forth a comprehensive and consistent theory of the world of everyday life as the reality with which the social sciences are essentially concerned. Alfred Schutz was preparing a systematic presentation of his theory and of the results of his investigations into the struc­ tures of the world of everyday life when death overtook him. The manuscript containing the final statement of his philosophical and sociological thinking was not completely ready for publi­ cation at the time of his death. It is now being brought into book form by Professor Thomas Luckmann, one of his former students.
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  • 198
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    ISBN: 9789401033329
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (187p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 32
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 32
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: I -- I. The Fundamental Criterion for the Soundness of Arguments -- II. Inferential and Classical Logic -- III. Proof by Contradiction -- IV. The Problem of Locke-Berkeley -- V. On the So-Called ‘Thought Machine’ -- II -- VI. The Paradoxes -- VII. Reason and Intuition -- VIII. Formalized Language and Common Usage -- IX. Considerations about Logical Thought -- X. Constants of Mathematical Thought -- Sources -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: It is common to consider an area of science as a system of real or sup­ posed truths which not only continuously extends itself, but also needs periodical revision and therefore tests the inventive capacity of each generation of scholars anew. It sounds highly implausible that a science at one time would be completed, that at that point within its scope there would be no problems left to solve. Indeed, the solution of a scientific problem inevitably raises new questions, so that our eagerness for knowledge will never find lasting satisfaction. Nevertheless there is one science which seems to form an exception to this rule, formal logic, the theory of rigorous argumentation. It seems to have reached the ideal endpoint of every scientific aspiration already very shortly after its inception; using the work of some predecessors, Aristotle, or so it is at least assumed by many, has brought this branch of science once and for all to a conclusion. Of course this doesn't sound that implausible. We apparently know what rigorous argumentation is; otherwise various sciences, in particular pure mathematics, would be completely impossible. And if we know what rigorous argumentation is, then it cannot be difficult to trace once and for all the rules which govern it. The unique subject of formal logic would therefore entail that this science, in variance with the rule which holds for all other sciences, has been able to reach completion at a certain point in history.
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  • 199
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    ISBN: 9789401033145
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (226p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 30
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 30
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: 1 / Introduction -- 1.1. Program -- 1.2. Historical Background -- 1.3. Formal Preliminaries -- 2 / Individuals -- 2.1. Outline of Goodman’s Conception -- 2.2. Part-Whole Relations -- 2.3. Atomistic Universes of Individuals -- 2.4. The Leonard-Goodman Calculus of Individuals LGCI -- 2.5. The General Calculus CII of Atomistic Individuals -- 2.6. Finite Sums and Products: The Calculus CIII -- 2.7. Infinite Sums and Products: The Calculus CIIII -- 2.8. Non-Atomistic Universes of Individuals -- 2.9. The Non-Atomistic Calculus CIIV and some Extensions -- 2.10. Sequential Individuals and the Calculus of Individual Relations -- 3 / Ontological Commitment and Designata of Expressions -- 3.1. Ontological Implications of Theories -- 3.2. One-Place Predicates and their Extensions -- 3.3. Truth Conditions and Relations of Predication -- 3.4. Expressions of Relations and Operations -- 3.5. Denotationless Symbols and Nominalistic Models -- 4 / Bundles of Qualities, Qualities, and Concreta -- 4.1. Bundles of Qualities and their Calculus CB -- 4.2. Resemblance and its Calculus CR -- 4.3. Qualities and their Calculus CQ -- 4.4. Concreta -- 4.5. Further Problems and Conclusion -- Symbolic Notation -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: 1. 1. PROGRAM It will be our aim to reconstruct, with precision, certain views which have been traditionally associated with nominalism and to investigate problems arising from these views in the construction of interpreted formal systems. Several such systems are developed in accordance with the demand that the sentences of a system which is acceptable to a nominalist must not imply the existence of any entities other than individuals. Emphasis will be placed on the constructionist method of philosophical analysis. To follow this method is to introduce the central notions of the subject-matter to be investigated into a system governed by exact rules. For example, the constructionist method of investigating the properties of geometric figures may consist in formulating a system of postulates and definitions which, together with the apparatus of formal logic, generates all necessary truths concerning geometric figures. Similarly, a constructionist analysis of the notion of an individual may take the form of an axiomatic theory whose provable assertions are just those which seem essential to the role played by the concept of an individual in system­ atic contexts. Such axiomatic theories gain in interest if they are supple­ mented by precise semantical rules specifying the denotation of all terms and the truth conditions of all sentences of the theory.
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  • 200
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401031677
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (516p) , online resource
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Kurzfassung: One The Texts -- The Plato and Platonici Texts and Their Sources -- Analytic Index to the Texts -- Two Basic Study of the Texts -- I. Saint Thomas’ Methodology in the Treatment of Positiones -- II. Introduction to the Ratio-Positio Analysis of Platonic Doctrines -- III. The Pre-Platonic Moment of the Via Platonica: The Theory of Flux and the Deception of the Senses -- IV. The Basic Principles of the Via Platonica -- V. The Platonic Ideas -- VI. The Commentary on the Metaphysics: The Platonic Ideas as Ultimate Explicative Principles -- VII. Platonic Participation -- VIII. Plato’s Theory of Human Cognition -- IX. The Platonic Doctrine of the Human Soul -- X. The Separated Substances -- XI. Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- Indexes.
    Kurzfassung: The present work is substantially a dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Toronto. While aware of the numerous imperfections of the work I have decided, on the urging of many colleagues, to publish it at this time because of the current relevance of the subject-matter and especially of the collection of texts. I am happy to acknowledge my indebtedness to the faculty of the Pontifical Mediaeval Institute of Toronto and especially to the Reverend Ignatius Eschmann, O.P., who first suggested the idea of this study and whose encouragement and assistance brought it to completion. My thanks are due also to the Reverend George Klubertanz, S.J., and Mr. Paul Mathews, both of the Department of Philosophy of Saint Louis University, and" for invaluable secretarial assistance, to Mrs. Savina Tonella and Miss Agnes Kutz. R. J. HENLE, S.j. Saint Louis December, 1954 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION. . .
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: One The TextsThe Plato and Platonici Texts and Their Sources -- Analytic Index to the Texts -- Two Basic Study of the Texts -- I. Saint Thomas’ Methodology in the Treatment of Positiones -- II. Introduction to the Ratio-Positio Analysis of Platonic Doctrines -- III. The Pre-Platonic Moment of the Via Platonica: The Theory of Flux and the Deception of the Senses -- IV. The Basic Principles of the Via Platonica -- V. The Platonic Ideas -- VI. The Commentary on the Metaphysics: The Platonic Ideas as Ultimate Explicative Principles -- VII. Platonic Participation -- VIII. Plato’s Theory of Human Cognition -- IX. The Platonic Doctrine of the Human Soul -- X. The Separated Substances -- XI. Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- Indexes.
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