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  • 1970-1974  (9)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (9)
  • Paris
  • Social sciences Methodology  (9)
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  • 1
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401092807
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (409p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 7-3
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 7-3
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: III: Money and Other Assets Introductory Note -- 33. Money and the Theory of Assets (1938) -- 34. Assets, Prices and Monetary Theory (1938) -- 35. Lack of Confidence (1941) -- 36. Wicksell’s Two Interest Rates (1941) -- 37. Role of Liquidity under Complete and Incomplete Information (1949) -- 38. The Rationale of the Demand for Money and of ‘Money Illusion’ (1950) -- 39. Optimal Investment of a Firm (1950) -- 40. Monnaie et Liquidité dans les Modèles macroéconomiques et microéconomiques (1954) -- IV: Economic Measurements Introductory Note -- 41. A Note on the Period of Production (1934) -- 42. Measurements in the Capital Market (1935/6) -- 43. An Empirical Analysis of the Laws of Distribution (1936) -- 44. Personal and Collective Budget Functions (1939) -- 45. Economic Interdependence and Statistical Analysis (1942) -- 46. Money Illusion and Demand Analysis (1943) -- 47. Random Simultaneous Equations and the Theory of Production (1944) -- 48. Economic Structure, Path, Policy, and Prediction (1947) -- 49. Economic Measurements for Policy and Prediction (1953) -- V: Contributions to the Logic of Economics Introductory Note -- 50. Identity and Stability in Economics: A Survey (1942) -- 51. A Cross Section of Business Cycle Discussion: A Review of ‘Readings’ (1945) -- 52. Comment on Mitchell (1951) -- 53. Wladimir Woytinsky and Economic Theory (1962) -- 54. On Econometric Tools (1969) -- 55. Interdisciplinary Discussions on Mathematics in Behavioral Sciences (1972) -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 2
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401021616
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (289p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 2
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: I. Two-Person Games -- Prisoner’s Dilemma — Recollections and Observations -- Structural Properties and Resolutions of the Prisoners’ Dilemma Game -- On 2×2 Games and Braithwaite’s Arbitration Scheme -- Design and Conduct of Metagame Theoretic Experiments -- Testing Nash’s Solution of the Cooperative Game -- II. N-Person Games -- Test of the Bargaining Set and Kernel Models in Three-person Games -- Test of the Kernel and Two Bargaining Set Models in Four- and Five-person Games -- A Shapley Value for Cooperative Games with Quarrelling -- Coalitions and Payoffs in Three-person Supergames under Multiple-trial Agreements -- The Application of Compromise Solutions to Reporting Games -- ‘General’ Metagames: An Extension of the Metagame Concept.
    Kurzfassung: Game theory could be formally defined as a theory of rational decision in conflict situations. Models of such situations, as they are conceived in game theory, involve (1) a set of decision makers, called players; (2) a set of strategies available to each player; (3) a set of outcomes, each of which is a result of particular choices of strategies made by the players on a given play of the game; and (4) a set of payoffs accorded to each player in each of the possible outcomes. It is assumed that each player is 'individually rational', in the sense that his preference ordering of the outcomes is determined by the order of magnitudes of his (and only his) associated payoffs. Further, a player is rational in the sense that he assumes that every other player is rational in the above sense. The rational player utilizes knowledge of the other players' payoffs in guiding his choice of strategy, because it gives him information about how the other players' choices are guided. Since, in general, the orders of magnitude of the payoffs that accrue to the several players in the several outcomes do not coincide, a game of strategy is a model of a situation involving conflicts of interests.
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  • 3
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401021593
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (201p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 1
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: I. Objective Theory of Inductive Behaviour -- Elements of an Objective Theory of Inductive Behaviour -- On the Problem of Vagueness in the Social Sciences -- Notes On Etiality, the Adaptation Criterion, and the ‘Inference-Decision’ Problem -- II. Problems of Inference -- Comparison of Inference Philosophies -- On the Logic of Tests of Significance with Special Reference to Testing the Significance of Poisson-Distributed Observations -- III. Probability, Information and Utility -- Probability and Utility — Dual Concepts in Decision Theory -- Entropy and Utility -- Entropy, Gravity and Utility in Transportation Modelling -- IV. Semantic Information -- Prior and Posterior Probabilities and Semantic Information -- Remarks on Semantic Information -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Under the title 'Information, Inference and Decision' this volume in the Theory and Decision Library presents some papers on issues from the borderland of statistical inference philosophy and epistemology, written by statisticians and decision theorists who belonged or are allied to the former Saarbriicken school of statistical decision theory. In the first part I make an attempt to outline an objective theory of inductive behaviour, on the basis of R. A. Fisher's statistical inference philosophy, on the one hand, and R. Carnap's inductive logic, on the other. A special problem arising in the context of the new theory, viz., the problem of vagueness of concepts (in particular in the social sciences) is treated separately by H. Skala and myself. B. Leiner has contributed some biographical and bibliographical notes on the objective theory of inductive behaviour. Part II is concerned with inference philosophy. D. A. S. Fraser, the founder of structural inference theory, characterizes and compares some inference philosophies, and discusses his own and the arguments of the critics of his structural theory. In my opinion, Fraser's structural infer­ ence theory is suited to complete Fisher's inference philosophy in some essential points, if not to replace it. An interesting task for future re­ search work is to establish the connection between Fraser's theory and Carnap's ideas in the framework of an objective theory of inductive behaviour.
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  • 4
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401022880
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (164p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 8
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 8
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: The Value of Studying Subjective Evaluations of Probability -- The True Subjective Probability Problem -- Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness -- The Psychological Concept of Subjective Probability: A Measurement-Theoretic View -- Are Subjective Probabilities Probabilities? -- On the Generalizability of Experimental Results -- Statistical Analysis: Theory Versus Practice -- A Selected Bibliography -- Author Index.
    Kurzfassung: 1. BACKGROUND The last twenty-five years have seen a large amount of psychological research in the area of behavioral decision theory. It followed the major breakthrough of decision theory that came with von Neumann and Morgenstern's Theory of Games and Economic Behavior in 1944. The key concepts are probability as a measure of uncertainty and utility as a measure of value and risk. The theory prescribes, given some behavioral axioms, that alternatives should be ranked in accordance with their expected utilities. Psychologists became interested in studying how people's decision behavior agreed with what was prescribed by the theory. Three broad areas for research developed, i. e. , research relating to each of the two concepts of probability and utility, and research relating to the interaction of the two in decision stituations. The papers in this book have been selected to illustrate various aspects of how the concept of probability has been used in psychological ex­ perimentation. The early experiments were generated, as mentioned above, by an interest among psychologists to see how people evaluate uncertainty and quantify it in probabilistic terms. Many of these experiments set out to evaluate subjects' estimates of relative frequencies; these were situations where one had access to 'objective' answers. In the 1960's psychologists changed the focus of their studies to how people revise probabilistic judgments when they receive new information. In recent years there has been a growing interest in the cognitive processes by which people express their judgment in probabilistic terms.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789401092760
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (407p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 7-1
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 7-1
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: I: Economics of Decision -- Introductory Note -- 1. Rational Behavior, Uncertain Prospects, and Measurable Utility (1950) -- 2. Why ‘Should’ Statisticians and Businessmen Maximize ‘Moral Expectation’ ? (1951) -- 3. Scaling of Utilities and Probabilities (1954) -- 4. Probability in the Social Sciences (1954) -- 5. Norms and Habits of Decision Making Under Certainty (1955) -- 6. Experimental Tests of a Stochastic Decision Theory (1959) -- 7. Random Orderings and Stochastic Theories of Responses (1960) -- 8. Binary-Choice Constraints and Random Utility Indicators (1960) -- 9. Actual Versus Consistent Decision Behavior (1964) -- 10. Stochastic Models of Choice Behavior (1963) -- 11. On Adaptive Programming (1963) -- 12. An Experimental Study of Some Stochastic Models for Wagers (1963) -- 13. The Payoff-Relevant Description of States and Acts (1963) -- 14. Probabilities of Choices Among Very Similar Objects: An Experiment to Decide Between Two Models (1963) -- 15. Measuring Utility by a Single-Response Sequential Method (1964) -- 16. Decision Making: Economic Aspects (1968) -- 17. The Economic Man’s Logic (1970) -- 18. Economics of Acting, Thinking, and Surviving (1974) -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The papers of Jacob Marschak which follow in these volumes are an extraordinary combination of original and fruitful departures in economic and social thought, superb clarity of exposition, and sensitivity to the values of earlier work and even competing traditions. They make us marvel alike at their variety, their quantity, and their quality. But they do not, even so, fully reflect Marschak's contributions to the development of social science. He has had an unusual influence as one who exercises leadership. In a formal, organizational sense, this role has been manifest in his capacity as Director of the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, then at the University of Chicago, in that organization's most productive and influential period, and later in his central role in the Western Management Science Institute, at the University of California at Los Angeles. I can speak from first-hand knowledge about the first. His special capacities are, first, the recognition of promising new concepts and of promising young scholars, and, second, getting his colleagues to join him in developing the ideas and involving them fully in the necessary tasks. There was an unusual combination of strength and humility in his methods; a display of force in pushing the work along but a willingness, almost an insistence, on treating even the most junior associate as a fully equal colleague in intellectual develop­ ment, whose criticism of himself was to be encouraged. His leadership has been exercised in the absence of formal positions.
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  • 6
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401021807
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (187p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 4
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 4
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: Pragmatics as Biology or Culture -- From Animal Communication to Human Speech. An Attempt at a Semiotic Analysis of the Problems of the Origins of Language -- Experiments with Everyday Conversation -- Interviewing and Memory -- Fifty-Two Oppositions Between Scientific and Poetic Communication -- Experimental Issues in Sentence Comprehension : Complexity and Segmentation -- Linguistic Structure and Sentence Production -- Information, Decision, and the Scientist.
    Kurzfassung: 'Human Communication' is a field of interest of enormous breadth, being one which has concerned students of many different disciplines. It spans the imagined 'gap' between the 'arts' and the 'sciences', but it forms no unified academic subject. There is no commonly accepted terminology to cover aU aspects. The eight articles comprising this book have been chosen to illustrate something of the diversity yet, at the same time, to be comprehensible to readers from different academic disciplines. They cannot pretend to cover the whole field! Some attempt has been made to present them in an order which represents a continuity of theme, though this is merely an opinion. Most publications of this type form the proceedings of some sympo­ sium, or conference. In this case, however, there has been no such unifying influence, no collaboration, no discussions. The authors have been drawn from a number of different countries. The first article, by John Marshall and Roger Wales (Great Britain) concerns the pragmatic values of communication, starting by considering bird-song and passing to the infinitely more complex 'meaningful' values of human language and pictures. The 'pragmatic aspect' means the usefulness - what does language or bird song do for humans and birds? What adaptation or survival values does it have? These questions are then considered in relation to brain specialisation for representation of experience and cognition.
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  • 7
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401092784
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (374p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 7-2
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 7-2
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: II: Economics of Information and Organization -- Introductory Note -- 19. Optimal Inventory Policy (1951) -- 20. Towards an Economic Theory of Organization and Information (1954) -- 21. Elements for a Theory of Teams (1955) -- 22. Efficient and Viable Organizational Forms (1959) -- 23. Remarks on the Economics of Information (1959) -- 24. Theory of an Efficient Several Person Firm (1960) -- 25. Problems in Information Economics (1964) -- 26. The Cost of Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary Discussion (1956) -- 27. Economics of Language (1965) -- 28. Economic Planning and the Cost of Thinking (1966) -- 29. Economic Comparability of Information Systems (1968) -- 30. Economics of Inquiring, Communicating, Deciding (1968) -- 31. Economics of Information Systems (1971) -- 32. Optimal Systems for Information and Decision (1972) -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 8
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401022590
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (443p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 6
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 6
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: I. General Methodology -- A New Epitheoretical Analysis of Social Theories; A Reconstruction of their Background Knowledge including a Model of Statistical Decision Theory -- Theories and Phenomena -- Partial Interpretation and Microeconomics -- The Foundation of Science on Cognitive Mini-Models, with Applications to the German Methodenstreit and the Advent of Econometrics -- II. Methods for Laying the Foundations of Social Systems and Social Structures -- Systems of Social Exchange -- The Concept of Social Structure -- Societies and Social Decision Functions -- Honing Occam’s Razor: A General System Theory Perspective on Social Science Methodology -- III. Vagueness, Imprecision and Uncertainty in Social Laws and Forecasts -- Toward Fuzzy Reasoning in the Behavioral Sciences -- Evolutionary Laws in the Social Sciences -- Methodological Analysis of Imprecision in the Assessment of Personal Probabilities -- The Necessity, Sufficiency and Desirability of Experts as Value Forecasters -- Rational Choice Models and Self-Fulfilling and Self-Defeating Prophecies -- IV. Methodology of Statistics and Hypothesis Testing -- Statistical Probabilities: Single Case Propensities vs. Long-Run Frequencies -- Variety of Objects as a Parameter for Experimentation: An Extension of Carnap’s Inductive Logic -- The Strategic Combination Argument -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Philosophy of Science deals with the problem, 'What is science?' It seems that the answer to this question can only be found if we have an answer to the question, 'How does science function?' Thus, the study of the methodology of social sciences is a prominent factor in any analysis of these sciences. The history of philosophy shows clearly that the answer to the question, 'How does science function?' was the conditio sine qua non of any kind of philosophy of science, epistemology and even of logic. Aristotle, Hume, Kant, Mill, Russell, to mention a few classical authors, clearly emphasized the primacy of methodology of science for any kind of philosophy of science. One may even state that analyses of the presup­ positions, the foundations, the aims, goals and purposes of science are nothing else than analyses of their general and specific formal, as well as practical and empirical methods. Thus, the whole program of any phi­ losophy of science is dependent on the analysis of the methods of sciences and the establishment of their criteria. If the study of scientific method is the predominant factor in the philosophy of science, then all the other problems will depend on the outcome of such a study. For example, the old question of a possible unity of all social sciences will be brought to a solution by the study of the presuppositions, the methods, as well as of the criteria germane to all social sciences.
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  • 9
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401026673
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 3
    Serie: Theory and Decision Library 3
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Kurzfassung: I: Introduction -- Bertrand Russell’s regulae philosophandi -- II: Formal Science -- Mathematics and Ontology -- Gaps Between Logical Theory and Mathematical Practice -- III: Physics -- Relativity and Covariance -- IV: Biology -- Preliminary Remarks on the Organ-Function Relation -- The Logical Status of the Theory of Natural Selection and Other Evolutionary Controversies -- V: Psychology -- On Confusing ‘Measure’ with ‘Measurement’ in the Methodology of Behavioral Science -- Theoretical Concepts in Neobehavioristic Theories -- VI: Political Science -- Voting Rules and Coordination Problems -- VII: Historiography -- Historical Time and a New Conception of the Historical Sciences -- VIII: Ethics -- Some Problems of Ought-Utilitarianism, Valuation, and Deontic Logic -- IX: Metaphysics -- Human Freedom and 1568 Versions of Determinism and Indeterminism.
    Kurzfassung: The present volume collects some of the talks given at the Bertrand Russell Colloquium on Exact Philosophy, attached to the McGill University Foundations and Philosophy of Science Unit. It also includes a paper, on Bertrand Russell's method of philosophizing, read at the memorial symposium held at Sir Gorge Williams University shortly after the philosopher's death. All the papers appear here for the first time. Unlike many a philosophy of science anthology, this one is not center­ ed on the philosophy of physics. In fact the papers deal with conceptual and, in particular, philosophical problems that pop up in almost every one of the provinces of the vast territory constituted by the foundations, meth­ odology and philosophy of science. A couple of border territories which are in the process of being infiltrated have been added for good measure. The inclusion of papers in the philosophy of formal science and in the philosophies of physics and of biology, in a volume belonging to a series devoted to the philosophy and methodology of the social and behavioral sciences, should raise no eyebrows. Because the sciences of man make use of logic and mathematics, they are interested in questions such as whether the formal sciences have anything to do with reality (rather than with our theories about reality) and whether or not logic has kept up with the practice of mathematicians. These two problems are tackled in Part II, on the philosophy of formal science.
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