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  • English  (19)
  • 2000-2004  (19)
  • Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands  (19)
  • Science Study and teaching  (19)
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  • English  (19)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9780306479779
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XXII, 430 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2003.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Chemistry. ; Science education. ; Teaching. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Chemistry ; Science Study and teaching ; Teachers Training of ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Chemieunterricht ; Ausbildung ; Chemielehrer
    Abstract: Chemistry and Chemical Education -- The Nature of Chemical Knowledge and Chemical Education -- The History of Chemistry: Potential and Actual Contributions to Chemical Education -- Models and Modelling in Chemical Education -- Learning Chemistry in a Laboratory Environment -- The Curriculum for Chemical Education -- Chemistry Curricula for General Education: Analysis and Elements of A Design -- The Roles of Chemistry in Vocational Education -- Informal Chemical Education -- Context-Based Approaches to the Teaching of Chemistry: What are They and What Are Their Effects? -- Teaching and Learning about Chemical Compounds -- The Particulate Nature of Matter: Challenges in Understanding the Submicroscopic World -- Bonding -- Problem-Solving in Chemistry -- Teaching and Learning About Chemical Change -- The Teaching and Learning of Chemical Equilibrium -- Teaching and Learning Chemical Kinetics -- The Teaching and Learning of Electrochemistry -- From Chemical Energetics to Chemical Thermodynamics -- Developing Teachers and Chemical Education -- Exploring Chemistry Teachers’ Knowledge Base -- Research and Development for the Future of Chemical Eeducation.
    Abstract: Chemical education is essential to everybody because it deals with ideas that play major roles in personal, social, and economic decisions. This book is based on three principles: that all aspects of chemical education should be associated with research; that the development of opportunities for chemical education should be both a continuous process and be linked to research; and that the professional development of all those associated with chemical education should make extensive and diverse use of that research. It is intended for: pre-service and practising chemistry teachers and lecturers; chemistry teacher educators; chemical education researchers; the designers and managers of formal chemical curricula; informal chemical educators; authors of textbooks and curriculum support materials; practising chemists and chemical technologists. It addresses: the relation between chemistry and chemical education; curricula for chemical education; teaching and learning about chemical compounds and chemical change; the development of teachers; the development of chemical education as a field of enquiry. This is mainly done in respect of the full range of formal education contexts (schools, universities, vocational colleges) but also in respect of informal education contexts (books, science centres and museums).
    Note: Includes index
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306481253
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XII, 299 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2003.
    Series Statement: Innovation and Change in Professional Education 1
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    Keywords: Assessment. ; Science education. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Education. ; Educational tests and measurements. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Education ; Science Study and teaching ; Educational tests and measurements ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Schulleistungsmessung
    Abstract: The Era of Assessment Engineering: Changing Perspectives on Teaching and Learning and the Role of New Modes of Assessment -- New Insights Into Learning and Teaching and Their Implications for Assessment -- Evaluating the Consequential Validity of New Modes of Assessment: The Influence of Assessment on Learning, Including Pre-, Post-, and True Assessment Effects -- Self and Peer Assessment in School and University: Reliability, Validity and Utility -- A Framework for Project-Based Assessment in Science Education -- Evaluating the Over All Test: Looking for Multiple Validity Measures -- Assessment for Learning: Reconsidering Portfolios and Research Evidence -- Students’ Perceptions about New Modes of Assessment in Higher Education: A Review -- Assessment of Students’ Feelings of Autonomy, Competence, and Social Relatedness: A New Approach to Measuring the Quality of the Learning Process through Self- and Peer Assessment -- Setting Standards in the Assessment of Complex Performances: The Optimized Extended-Response Standard Setting Method -- Assessment and Technology.
    Abstract: French novelist Marcel Proust instructs us that, “a voyage of discovery consists, not of seeking new landscapes, but of seeing through new eyes.” Nowhere in the practice of education do we need to see through new eyes than in the domain of assessment. We have been trapped by our collective experiences to see a limited array of things to be assessed, a very few ways of assessing them, limited strategies for communicating results and inflexible roles of players in the assessment drama. This edited book of readings jolts us out of traditional habits of mind about assessment. An international team of innovative thinkers relies on the best current research on learning and cognition, to describe how to use assessment to promote, not merely check for, student learning. In effect, they explore a new vision of assessment for the new millennium. The authors address the rapidly expanding array of achievement targets students must hit, the increasingly productive variety of assessment methods available to educators, innovative ways of collecting and communicating evidence of learning, and a fundamental redefinition of both students’ and teachers’ roles in the assessment process.
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Contents""; ""Contributors""; ""Acknowledgements""; ""Preface""; ""The Era of Assessment Engineering: Changing Perspectives on Teaching and Learning and the Role of New Modes of Assessment""; ""New Insights Into Learning and Teaching and Their Implications for Assessment""; ""Evaluating the Consequential Validity of New Modes of Assessment: The Influence of Assessment on Learning, Including Pre-, Post-, and True Assessment Effects""; ""Self and Peer Assessment in School and University: Reliability, Validity and Utility""; ""A Framework for Project-Based Assessment in Science Education""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Evaluating the OverAll Test: Looking for Multiple Validity Measures""""Assessment for Learning: Reconsidering Portfolios and Research Evidence""; ""Students� Perceptions about New Modes of Assessment in Higher Education: a Review""; ""Assessment of Students� Feelings of Autonomy, Competence, and Social Relatedness: A New Approach to Measuring the Quality of the Learning Process through Self- and Peer Assessment""; ""Setting Standards in the Assessment of Complex Performances: The Optimized Extended-Response Standard Setting Method""; ""Assessment and Technology""; ""Index""
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306482069
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVI, 285 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2003.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 18
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    Keywords: Science education. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Education. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Education ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Bibliografie ; Kognitive Entwicklung ; Kreativität ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Kognitive Entwicklung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Interesse
    Abstract: How do People Learn? -- The Neurological Basis of Self-Regulation -- Brain Maturation, Intellectual Development and Descriptive Concept Construction -- Brain Maturation, Intellectual Development and Theoretical Concept Construction -- Creative Thinking, Analogy and a Neural Model of Analogical Reasoning -- The Role Analogies and Reasoning Skill in Theoretical Concept Construction and Change -- Intellectual Development During the College Years: Is There a Fifth Stage? -- What Kinds of Scientific Concepts Exist? -- Psychological and Neurological Models of Scientific Discovery -- Rejecting Nature of Science Misconceptions by Preservice Teachers -- Implications for the Nature of Knowledge and Instruction.
    Abstract: A goal of mine ever since becoming an educational researcher has been to help construct a sound theory to guide instructional practice. For far too long, educational practice has suffered because we have lacked firm instructional guidelines, which in my view should be based on sound psychological theory, which in turn should be based on sound neurological theory. In other words, teachers need to know how to teach and that "how-to-teach" should be based solidly on how people learn and how their brains function. As you will see in this book, my answer to the question of how people learn is that we all learn by spontaneously generating and testing ideas. Idea generating involves analogies and testing requires comparing predicted consequences with actual consequences. We learn this way because the brain is essentially an idea generating and testing machine. But there is more to it than this. The very process ofgenerating and testing ideas results not only in the construction of ideas that work (i. e. , the learning of useful declarative knowledge), but also in improved skill in learning (i. e. , the development of improved procedural knowledge).
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 261-276) and index
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401001212
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 235 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Science Study and teaching ; Science education. ; Teaching. ; Physics ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Astronomy. ; Teachers—Training of.
    Abstract: This book seeks to narrow the current gap between educational research and classroom practice in the teaching of physics. Research is now moving beyond the recording of the specific forms of common thought to construct and evaluate teaching interventions appropriate to conventional institutional contexts. The approach adopted here makes a detailed analysis of research findings derived from experiments involving pupils, students and teachers in the field. Clear guidelines are laid down for the development and evaluation of sequences, drawing attention to "critical details" of the practice of teaching that may spell success or failure for the project. Five sequences illustrate the discussion with the following topics: contact, friction and propulsion, pressure in fluids, superposition of electric fields, superposition of coherent waves and optical imaging, and colour phenomena. This all feeds into a discussion of sequence evaluation procedures, underlining the vital importance of teachers' reactions to the detailed aspects of practice proposed to them. The book is intended for researchers in science teaching, teacher trainers and teachers of physics
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401002233
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 342 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Humanities ; Science education. ; Philosophy and science. ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: Semiotic and Activity-Theoretic Perspectives presents the results of several studies involving scientists and technicians. In Part One of the book, "Graphing in Captivity", the author describes and analyses the interpretation scientists volunteered given graphs that had been culled from an introductory course and textbook in ecology. Surprisingly, the scientists were not the experts that the author expected them to be on the basis of the existing expert-novice literature. The section ends with the analysis of graphs that the scientists had culled from their own work. Here, they articulated a tremendous amount of background understanding before talking about the content of their graphs. In Part Two, "Graphing in the Wild", the author reports on graph usage in three different workplaces based on his ethnographic research among scientists and technicians. Based on these data, the author concludes that graphs and graphing are meaningful to the extent that they are deeply embedded in and connected to the familiarity with the workplace
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: An Introduction1.1 Graphing is Pervasive -- 1.2 Nature of Practice -- 1.3 Reading Graphs as Semiotic Practice -- 1.4 Graphs as Sign Objects -- 1.5 Graphing as Rhetorical Practice -- 1.6 Graphs as Conscription Devices -- 1.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- One: Graphing in Captivity -- 2 From ‘Expertise’ to Situated Reason: The Role of Experience, Familiarity, and Usefulness -- 3 Unfolding Interpretations: Graph Interpretation as Abduction -- 4 Problematic Readings: Case Studies of Scientists Struggling with Graph Interpretation -- 5 Articulating Background: Scientists Explain Graphs of their Own Making -- Two: Graphing in the Wild -- 6 Reading Graphs: Transparent Use of Graphs in Everyday Activity -- 7 From Writhing Lizards to Graphs: The Development of Embodied Graphing Competence -- 8 Fusion of Sign and Referent: From Interpreting to Reading of Graphs -- Appendix: The Tasks -- A.1 Plant Distributions -- A.2 Population Dynamics -- A.3 Isoclines -- A.4 Scientists’ Graphs -- Notes -- References.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306475603
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVI, 279 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2002.
    Series Statement: Innovations in Science Education and Technology 14
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    Keywords: Assessment. ; Science education. ; School management and organization. ; School administration. ; Educational tests and measurements. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Education ; Science Study and teaching ; Educational tests and measurements ; USA ; Technische Bildung
    Abstract: What Does the Future Have in Store for the Evaluation of Science and Technology Education? -- What Role Should TIMSS Play in the Evaluation of U.S. Science Education? -- Evaluating Systemic Reform -- Musings on Science Program Evaluation in an Era of Educational Accountability -- Assessment Reform -- Evaluation of Information Technology -- Complementary Approaches to Evaluating Technology in Science Teacher Education -- Evaluation of Science Teaching Performance through Coteaching and Cogenerative Dialoguing -- Evaluating Science Inquiry -- Distance Learning in Science Education.
    Abstract: "James Altschuld, David Kumar, and their chapter authors have produced an upbeat, provocative, visionary, and useful volume on educational evaluation. Of special utility is its grounding in issues and practices relating to evaluations of science and technology education. The book should appeal and be useful to a wide range of persons involved in evaluations of educational policy, programs, and (less so) science teachers. These persons include science and technology education experts, educational policymakers, officials of the National Science Foundation, school administrators, classroom teachers, evaluation instructors, evaluation methodologists, practicing evaluators, and test developers, among others. Contents reflecting international studies of curriculum, evaluation of distance education, and evaluation of technology utilization in Australian schools, as well as evaluations in America should make the book appealing to an international audience. Moreover, it provides a global perspective for assessing and strengthening educational evaluation in the US." Daniel L. Stufflebeam, Professor of Education and Director of the Evaluation Center, Western Michigan University For contents, contributors and a free preview: www.new-in-education.com.
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Contents""
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306472251
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(V, 217 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2002.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 11
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    Keywords: Science education. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Cognitive psychology. ; Software engineering. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Education ; Software engineering ; Science Study and teaching ; Consciousness ; Biologie ; Wissensvermittlung ; Grafische Darstellung
    Abstract: Overviee of Knowledge Mapping -- The Nature of Biology Knowledge -- Knowing Biology -- Student Misconceptions in Biology -- Meaningful and Mindful Learning -- Language, Analogy, and Biology -- Using Concept Circle Diagramming as a Knowledge Mapping Tool -- Using Concept Mapping as a Knowledge Mapping Tool -- SemNet® Semantic Networking -- The Paradox of the Textbook.
    Abstract: Mapping Biology Knowledge addresses two key topics in the context of biology, promoting meaningful learning and knowledge mapping as a strategy for achieving this goal. Meaning-making and meaning-building are examined from multiple perspectives throughout the book. In many biology courses, students become so mired in detail that they fail to grasp the big picture. Various strategies are proposed for helping instructors focus on the big picture, using the `need to know' principle to decide the level of detail students must have in a given situation. The metacognitive tools described here serve as support systems for the mind, creating an arena in which learners can operate on ideas. They include concept maps, cluster maps, webs, semantic networks, and conceptual graphs. These tools, compared and contrasted in this book, are also useful for building and assessing students' content and cognitive skills. The expanding role of computers in mapping biology knowledge is also explored.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306476426
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XII, 429 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2002.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Assessment. ; Science education. ; International education . ; Comparative education. ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Educational tests and measurements. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Comparative Education ; Education ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Educational tests and measurements ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Mathematikunterricht ; Schulleistungsmessung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht ; Schulleistungsmessung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: TIMSS in Context: Asessment, Monitoring, and Moving Targets -- TIMSS: A Brief Overview of The Study -- Focus on Mathematics -- Analyzing Student Responses in Mathematics Using Two-digit Rubrics -- From SIMS to TIMSS: Trends in Students’ Achievement in Mathematics -- The Impact of Timss on the Mathematics Standards Movement in The United States -- TIMSS Mathematics Results: A Japanese Perspective -- Timss, Common Sense, and the Curriculum -- Advanced Mathematics: Curricula and Student Performance -- Focus on Science -- Exploring Population 2 Students’ Ideas About Science -- Science Achievement: A Czech Perspective -- Timss Science Results for Hong Kong: An Ailing Dragon with a British Legacy -- Science Achievement: A Russian Perspective -- Timss Science Results Seen from A Nordic Perspective -- Focus on Cross-Curricular Issues -- Separating School, Classroom, and Student Variances and Their Relationship to Socio-economic Status -- On the Relationship Between Mathematics and Science Achievement in the United States -- Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions -- Analyzing Gender Differences for High-achieving Students on Timss -- Investigating Correlates of Mathematics and Science Literacy in the Final Year of Secondary School -- Indicators of ICT in Mathematics: Status and Covariation with Achievement Measures -- Extra-school Instruction in Mathematics and Science -- Teachers’ Sources and Uses of Assessment Information -- Focus on Methodology -- Extending the Application of Multilevel Modeling to Data from TIMSS -- Application of the Scale Anchoring Method to Interpret the TIMSS Achievement Scales -- Effects of Adaptations on Comparability of Test Items and Test Scores -- Conclusion -- A Look Back at TIMSS: What Have We Learned About International Studies?.
    Abstract: Researchers who participate in IEA studies have a unique opportunity to work collaboratively with their counterparts from many different countries and disciplinary backgrounds over a period of several years on questions of shared academic interest. Once the data for a given study have been collected and the first round of international reports published, however, opportunities for that kind of collaboration tend to be much less frequent. A major strength of IEA studies compared to other large-scale, international studies is that they are classroom based, thereby making it possible for researchers and policy makers to investigate linkages between students’ achievement and a wide range of variables. Those variables could be related to instructional practices, to students’ and teachers’ background and attitudes, to school organizational patterns, or to opportunity to learn, to name a few. The research questions that TIMSS was designed to address make it clear that these kinds of relational, multi-variate analyses were among the major goals of the project. The international reports of the TIMSS–95 results that were published by the International Study Center at Boston College between 1996 and 1999 were intended to provide comprehensive coverage of the basic findings of the study. They were not intended to provide in-depth analyses of research and policy issues; instead, their main purpose was to make the basic findings of the study widely available in a timely manner. This they certainly did.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306481963
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(X, 270 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2002.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 16
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    Keywords: Science education. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Educational technology. ; Physics. ; Chemistry. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Astronomy. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Education ; Chemistry ; Science Study and teaching ; Physics
    Abstract: General Introduction -- General Introduction -- Approaching Labwork: Frames and Tools -- Varieties of Labwork: A Way of Profiling Labwork Tasks -- Issues and Questions Regarding the Effectiveness of Labwork -- Talking Physics in Labwork Contexts - A Category Based Analysis of Videotapes -- Students’ Understanding of the Nature of Science and its Influence on Labwork -- Standard Labwork Based on Hands-on Experiments -- Modelling Activities of Students During a Traditional Labwork -- Students’ Intellectual Activities During Standard Labwork at Undergraduate Level -- A Laboratory-based Teaching Learning Sequence on Fluids: Developing Primary Student Teachers’ Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge -- Development and Evaluation of a Laboratory Course in Physics for Medical Students -- The Biology Textbook as a Source of Ideas about Scientific Knowledge and Experimental Activity -- Open-Ended Labwork -- The Role of Epistemological Information in Open-ended Investigative Labwork -- The Effectiveness of Mini-projects as a Preparation for Open-ended Investigations -- Data Interpretation Activities and Students’ Views of the Epistemology of Science during a University Earth Sciences Field Study Course -- Labwork and Data Handling -- The Use of Secondary Data in Teaching about Data Analysis in a First Year Undergraduate Biochemistry Course -- An Investigation of Teaching and Learning about Measurement Data and their Treatment in the Introductory Physics Laboratory -- Labwork Based on Integrated Use of New Information Technology -- Enhancing the Linking of theoretical Knowledge to Physical Phenomena by Real-time Graphing -- The Link of Theory and Practice in Traditional and in Computer-based University Laboratory Experiments -- Computer Tools in the Lab - Effects Linking Theory and Experiment -- Modelling in Geometrical Optics Using a Microcomputer -- Evolution of Students’ Reasoning about Microscopic Processes in Electrostatics under the Influence of Interactive Simulations.
    Abstract: Scope of the book There is an on-going debate regarding the role of labwork in science education, which dates back several decades and which illustrates the conviction and interest of teachers, researchers and policy-makers world-wide in the value of laboratory work for understanding science. This is evident in more recent books and studies regarding the laboratory, which mainly refer to countries with a considerable tradition in practical work in science education (Woolnough & Alsop 1985, Hodson 1993, Hegarthy-Hazel 1990, Wellington 2000). Yet in discussing research studies on labwork, several authors express their concern about its effectiveness in facilitating students' understanding of various aspects of scientific inquiry. They point out a comprehensive re-conceptualisation of the aims of labwork and, as a consequence, of investigating what the students actually learn in different contexts (Lazarowitz & Tamir 1994, Tobin & Tippins 1993, Lunetta 1998). It has also been argued that the relationship between instructional activities and student learning in labwork needs more attention than it has been given in science education research (Leach & Paulsen 1999). It appears that the case for research-based labwork emerges in several quarters in science education, particularly among researchers. This book presents and discusses a variety of laboratory practices and their effectiveness. The studies take into account recent theoretical developments and empirical results concerning students' understanding of scientific inquiry. A whole chapter is devoted to technological advances offering new learning opportunities for the students and teaching facilities for the teacher.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306472305
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(VII, 227 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2002.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 13
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    Keywords: Science education. ; Teaching. ; Curriculums (Courses of study). ; Education—Curricula. ; Teachers—Training of. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Education ; Curriculum planning ; Science Study and teaching ; Teachers Training of ; USA ; Lehrerbildung ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht
    Abstract: Collaboration and Apprenticeship Models -- Becoming-in-the-Classroom: Learning to Teach in/as Praxis -- Teams: A Science Learning and Teaching Apprenticeship Model -- A Problem-Based Learning Approach to Science Teacher Preparation -- Linking Schools and Universities in Partnership for Science Teacher Preparation -- The Dynamics of Collaboration in a State-Wide Professional Development Program for Cience Teachers -- Special Issues-Driven Models -- Instructional Congruence to Promote Science Learning and Literacy Development for Linguistically Diverse Students -- Gender Equity and Science Teacher Preparation -- Assessment Models that Integrate Theory and Best Practice -- New Technologies and Science Teacher Preparation -- Preparing New Teachers for Integrated-Science Classrooms -- Critical Multiculturalism and Science Teacher Education Programs -- Portraits of Professional Development Models in Science Teacher Education: A Synthesis of Perspectives and Issues.
    Abstract: 1 Wolff Michael Roth & Derrick R. Lavoie² 1 2 University of Victoria, Virtual Institute for Learning Resources The current reform in science education requires a substantive change in how science is taught. Implicit in this reform is an equally substantive change in professional devel- ment practices at all levels. (NRC, 1996,p. 56) In a continuously changing society, it is not surprising that education also undergoes continuous change. Science education is no exception, and perhaps changes are more rapid given the daily construction of new scientific knowledge. In such a c- mate of continuous change, the preparation of science teachers has to follow suit in order to be appropriate to the reforms that national organizations encourage. H- ever, whereas science teaching reform movements spawned recommendations of what teachers should know and be able to do in order for their students to concep- alize and process science (NSTA, 1997), they provide little guidance in terms of - the-classroom concrete implementation. Thus, while national science education organizations continue to refine their positions about teacher education, there is no mechanism for translating these positions and statements into science education courses that can improve the preparation and quality of p- service science teachers at both the elementary and secondary levels. (Yager & Penick, 1990. p. 670) It is therefore not surprising that there are voices that describe teacher prepa- tion as unsuccessful and as unresponsive to reform efforts (Schnur & Golby, 1995).
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402058189
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 242 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science & Technology Education Library 15
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Education Philosophy ; Curriculum planning ; Science Study and teaching ; Science education. ; Curriculums (Courses of study). ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Education—Curricula. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The authors propose the science curriculum concept of Global Science Literacy justifying its use internationally with reference to the nature of science, the probable direction of science in the new millennium, the capability for GSL to develop inter-cultural understanding, and its relevance to non-Western cultures and traditions. GSL curricula are organized conceptually rather than by science discipline, include objectives from the social studies construct of global education, and represent the broad spectrum of science methodologies, not just those of the physical sciences typical of current curricula. The book is recommended reading for all who are interested in the future of science curricula and interested in considering a non-traditional viewpoint. Curriculum developers and researchers, future teachers and graduate students in general curriculum courses, science education courses and social studies education courses, and their professors should be particularly interested. The book is divided into three sections. In the first section, the concept of Global Science Literacy and the justification of its use for science curricula internationally are developed. The second section describes learning environments that are especially appropriate for GSL curricula. The third and last section provides ideas and approaches for developing aspects of GSL curricula
    Description / Table of Contents: Foundations for Global Science LiteracyEvolution of Global Science Literacy as a Curriculum Construct -- A Case History of Science and Science Education Policies -- The Philosophy of Science and Global Science Literacy -- Appropriate Learning Environments -- The ‘Explanatory Stories’ Approach to a Curriculum for Global Science Literacy -- Cooperative Learning: A Basic Instructional Methodology for Global Science Literacy -- Using the Internet in Earth Systems Courses -- Development of Charles Darwin as an Earth-Systems Scientist: A Field Experience -- A Student Conducted Earth Systems Field Investigation -- Using Historical Events to Develop Ethical and Aesthetic Attitudes -- Assessment in a Global Science Literacy and Korean Context -- Issues in Structuring Curriculum -- An Earth Systems Curriculum Development Model -- Enabling Global Science Literacy for all -- Developing the Concept of Deep Time -- How a Japanese Science Teacher Integrates Field Activities into His Curriculum -- The Potential Role for Global Science Literacy in Japanese Secondary Schools.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306472275
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(VIII, 148 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 12
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    Keywords: Science education. ; Assessment. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Education. ; Educational tests and measurements. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Education ; Science Study and teaching ; Educational tests and measurements ; Neuseeland ; Unterrichtsforschung ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht
    Abstract: A Review of the Relevant Literature -- A Case Study of Formative Assessment -- The Characteristics of Formative Assessment -- A Model of Formative Assessment -- Cameos of Formative Assessment -- Learning and Formative Assessment -- Doing Formative Assessment.
    Abstract: Formative Assessment and Science Education documents the findings of a research project which investigated the ways in which teachers and students used formative assessment to improve the teaching and learning of science in some New Zealand classrooms. The research documented in this book used the definition of formative assessment as `the process used by teachers and students to recognise and respond to students' learning, in order to enhance that learning, during the learning'. The book contains one detailed case study from the research, as well as cameos of instances of formative assessment. The book also contains two summaries of the research findings - a model developed to describe the process of formative assessment used by the teachers and students involved in the research, and a summary of the characteristics of formative assessment. The findings are also theorised with respect to sociocultural and discursive views of learning. This research will be of interest to graduate students and researchers, as well as teacher educators, curriculum developers, and assessment specialists.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [139]-144) and index
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306472282
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XI, 358 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Series Statement: Mathematics Education Library 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science education. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Education ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Mathematikunterricht
    Abstract: Negotiating Meanings — An introduction -- Complementary Accounts Methodology -- Untangling Uncertainty, Negotiation and Intersubjectivity -- Accounting for Accounts of Learning Mathematics: Reading the ZPD in Videos and Transcripts -- Mathematical Interactions and Their Influence on Learning -- Interest in Learning and Classroom Interactions -- Cognitive engagement in the Mathematics Classroom -- Measuring Values in Classroom Teaching and Learning -- Opportunities to Learn Science? Multiple Contexts at Work in a Science Classroom -- The Role of Gesture in Co-Constructing Mathematical Understanding -- Learning and Teaching: From Ignorance to Understanding -- Teaching/Learning.
    Abstract: A team of researchers centred at the University of Melbourne, each with particular areas of expertise, contributed their analyses of a shared collection of videotape, interview, and documentary data. The result is a variegated picture of science and mathematics classrooms that challenges a research tradition that converges on the truth. In this book, we surround you with different images of the classroom. It is hoped that some will address issues of interest, some will confirm beliefs you have long held, some will challenge these same beliefs, and some may surprise you. The resulting account should appeal to educational researchers, research students, and practitioners with an interest in optimising the effectiveness of classrooms as environments for learning.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9780306476396
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(VIII, 344 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Learning. ; Instruction. ; Science education. ; Teaching. ; Educational technology. ; Chemistry. ; Humanities. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Teachers—Training of. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Social sciences. ; Education ; Chemistry ; Science Study and teaching ; Teachers Training of ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht ; Naturwissenschaftliche Bildung
    Abstract: Views and Visions of Science Education Research -- Science Education Researchers and Research in Transition: Issues and Policies -- Research in Science Education in Europe: Retrospect and Prospect -- Science Content as Problematic - Issues for Research -- Science Education Versus Science in the Academy: Questions - Discussion - Perspectives -- Scientific Literacy — Conceptions and Assessment -- The Assessment of Scientific Literacy in the OECD/PISA Project -- Scientific Literacy: From Theory to Practice -- Making Formative Use of a National Summative Assessment Regime -- A Comparison of STS-teaching and Traditional Physics Lessons - On the Correlation of Physics Knowledge and Taking Action -- Students’ Conceptions -- On the Quantum Thinking of Physics Undergraduates -- Experiences with a Modern Course in Quantum Physics -- Learning Process Studies in the Field of Fractals -- Students’ Understandings of their Internal Structure as Revealed by Drawings -- Personal Context and Continuity of Human Thought; Recurrent Themes in a Longitudinal Study of Pupils’ Understanding of Scientific Phenomena -- Entities of the World and Causality in Children’s Thinking -- Using Media Reports of Science Research in Pupils’ Evaluation of Evidence -- Pupils’ Perceptions of Science Education at Primary and Secondary School -- Teachers’ Conceptions -- Teacher Professionalism and Change: Developing a Professional Self Through Reflective Assessment -- Formative Assessment Using Concept Cartoons: Initial Teacher Training in the UK -- Teaching Chemical Equilibrium in Australian and German Senior High Schools -- The Ideas of Spanish Primary Teachers on how to Develop an Understanding of Processes in Science and their Support in Textbooks -- Pre-service Elementary Teachers Constructing the Nature and Language of Science -- Combining Knowledge of Physics and Chemistry in Teaching: The Behaviour of a Narrow Jet of Water in the Presence of Charged Insulators -- Intuitive Rules: A Theory and its Implications to Mathematics and Science Teacher Education -- Conceptual Change — Teaching and Learning Processes -- Conceptual Change Research and the Teaching of Science -- Rhetoric and Science Education -- Development of Complexity through Dealing with Physical Qualities: One Type of Conceptual Change? -- On the Micro-structure of Analogical Reasoning: The Case of Understanding Chaotic Systems -- Role-playing, Conceptual Change, and the Learning Process: A Case Study of 7th Grade Pupils -- Concept Mapping as a Tool for Research in Science Education -- The Need for and the Role of Metacognition in Teaching and Learning the Particle Model -- Evolving Mental Models of Electric Circuits -- Two Models for a Physical Situation: the Case of Optics. Students’ Difficulties, Teachers’ Viewpoints and Guidelines for a ?Didactic Structure? -- The Influence of a Historically Oriented Course on the Content Knowledge of Students in Optics -- Using Everyday and Scientific Conceptions for Developing Guidelines of Teaching Microbiology -- Teaching and Learning the Concept of the Model in Secondary Schools -- Conceptual Change and Student Diversity: The Case of Volcanism at Primary School -- The Development of Prospective Teachers’ Concerns about Teaching Chemistry Topics at a Macro-micro-symbolic Interface -- How to Enhance Students’ Motivation and Ability to Communicate in Science Class-discourse -- How do Boys and Girls use Language in Physics Classes? -- Instructional Media and Lab Work -- Improving the Use of Instructional Illustrations in Learning Chemistry -- Computing in Stereochemistry - 2D or 3D Representations? -- Learning Physics with Multimedia- and Experimental-supported Workshop Instruction -- Generating Hypotheses in Scientific Enquiry -- Using Laboratory Work for Purposeful Learning about the Practice of Science -- University Students During Practical Work: Can We Make the Learning Process Intelligible? -- Learning About Investigations - The Teacher’s Role -- Point and Set Paradigms in Students’ Handling of Experimental Measurements -- Beyond the Laboratory-learning Physics Using Real-life Contexts.
    Abstract: This volume includes articles based on papers presented at the Second International Conference of the European Science Education Research Association (E.S.E.R.A.) held in Kiel, August 31 to September 4, 1999. About 300 colleagues, virtually from around the world - with a particular European focus - participated. Some 200 papers were presented. Three pages synopses of these papers were published in Proceedings of the conference (edited by Michael Komorek, Helga Behrendt, Helmut Dahncke, Reinders Duit, Wolfgang Gräber and Angela Kross). They are available from the IPN homepage: http://www.ipn.uni-kiel.de. The participants were asked to submit contributions to the present volume. It contains the invited plenary lectures and a selection of the submitted contributions based on reviews by an international board and the editors. The volume mirrors main lines of research in science education in Europe and around the world. The invited lectures provide overviews of the growth of science education research from the past to the present, including views of future developments. Major emphasis of empirical research still seems to be students' conceptions and conceptual change. About half of the contributions fall into that category. In addition, most of the remaining contributions deal with various cognitive issues of teaching and learning science. It was surprising for us that the number of studies on affective issues and gender differences was much smaller than expected.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306476235
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XV, 300 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Series Statement: Innovations in Science Education and Technology 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science education. ; Physics. ; Philosophy and science. ; History. ; Religion. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Education ; History ; Science Study and teaching ; Physics History ; Science Philosophy ; Religion (General) ; Naturwissenschaften ; Philosophie ; Soziologie
    Abstract: The World of Values and Facts -- Modern People and the State of Their Societies -- The Way Science Works and Evolves -- Science: The Penetrator of the Physical Universe -- Distinct Characteristics and Principles of Science -- The Scientist and the Science Worker -- From Basic Research to Application (Science and Technology) -- The Cultural and Educational Value of Science -- Where Science Meets Religion -- Limits of and to Science -- The Future of and in Science.
    Abstract: This is an engrossing book. It is also an unusual book: it is written by a scientist who is quite willing to talk about the softer side of life, about things such as love and respect and responsibility, and to try and position them in the context of his science. He is also willing to talk about religion, the manner in which it relates to science and science to it, and to attempt reconciliation of both. He sets himself a tough task, to tread the narrow path between the maudlin and the severely sober. In this, he is eminently successful. He is successful not because he aims at any grand synthesis, but because he has chosen the more modest path of simply laying out the cards on the table. This work is also unusual for another reason. The majority of books that attempt to explain science to a lay public, that try to describe its workings, its raison d'être, its hidden contents, its societal impact, its implications for our future, etc. , are written by theorists. This is hardly surprising. The theoretician, after all, is expected to think deeply, to be the great unifier, to be concernedwith meaning. Very few books about science are written by scientists, ones who spend their time in a working experimental laboratory. This is such a book. And because it is, it is also a very different book.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789401007306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 376 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Science education. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; History ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This anthology contains 21 papers by prominent historians and philosophers of science, philosophers of education, science educators and science teachers. It is expansive in its subject matter, and detailed in its analysis. The common thread in all papers is the contribution that the history and philosophy of science makes to theoretical, curricular, and pedagogical issues in science education. This is a timely focus as, worldwide, there are increasing demands made on science curriculum writers and teachers to ensure that students come to know something of the `nature of science', or something about the `big picture' of science. This means knowing something of the history and methodology of science, its relations with world views, and how science articulates with social and cultural values and interests. The contributions show how historically and philosophically informed teaching of science can create this `big picture' knowledge about science, which in turn allows science to inform culture and social life
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789401008020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 264 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Science Study and teaching ; Science education. ; Teaching. ; Assessment. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Educational tests and measurements ; Teachers—Training of. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Learning, Psychology of.
    Abstract: Assessment in Science combines professional development and classroom practice in a single volume. The pragmatic nature of the book makes it a valuable resource for administrators and staff developers interested in designing professional development programs, and for science teachers looking for techniques and examples of classroom-based assessments. Unique features of Assessment in Science include: 1) practical strategies and tools for implementing successful professional development programs in science assessment, 2) teacher stories and case studies about classroom-based assessment practice and how these teachers changed their assessment practice, 3) examples of classroom-based assessments and scoring guides, 4) samples of student work with teacher commentary, and 5) examples of how the national reform documents in science education served as tools in professional development programs and in designing classroom-based assessments. Assessment in Science expands the existing literature on science assessment by sharing a model for professional development, and examples of teacher-developed assessments with accompanying student work and teacher commentary. Chapters written by science teachers tell how they assess students and how they have changed their assessment practice, as well as how changing assessment practice has resulted in a change in their science instruction. Assessment in Science is targeted at practising professionals in science education: administrators, staff developers, science teachers, and university science educators. Assessment in Science has applicability to graduate-level courses in science education and in-service courses for science teachers. The teacher chapters are also appropriate for use in undergraduate science methods courses to illustrate classroom-based assessments
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction to Assessment in Science: A Guide to Professional Development and Classroom PracticeSection I -- 2. A Professional Development Framework for Collaborating with Teachers to Change Classroom Assessment Practice -- 3. The NRC Standards as a Tool in the Professional Development of Science Teachers Assessment Knowledge and Practice -- 4. Facilitating Change in Classroom Assessment Practice: Issues for Professional Development -- 5. Thinking about Assessment: An Example from an Elementary Classroom -- 6. A Framework for Thinking about and Planning Classroom Assessments in Science -- Section II -- 7. Assessment for Emergent Science Literacy in Classrooms for Young Children -- 8. Tools for Assessing and Teaching Science in Elementary and Middle School -- 9. Assessing Children’s Science Learning and Process Skills in the Elementary Classroom -- 10. Pedagogical-Assessment Activities in a Middle School Life Science Classroom -- 11. The Multidimensional Assessment of Student Performance in Middle School Science -- 12. Developing and Using Diagnostic and Summative Assessments to Determine Students’ Conceptual Understanding in a Junior High School Earth Science Classroom -- 13. Alternatives to Teaching and Assessing in A High School Chemistry Classroom: Computer Animations and Other Forms of Visualization -- 14. Authentic Assessment in High School Science: A Classroom Perspective -- Section III -- 15. What We Have Learned: A Summary of Chapter Themes -- Notes on Contributors -- Author Index.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306472220
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(IX, 237 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2000.
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science education. ; Teaching. ; International education . ; Comparative education. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Teachers—Training of. ; Comparative Education ; Education ; Science Study and teaching ; Teachers Training of ; Lehrerbildung
    Abstract: International Perspectives on Science Teacher Education -- Policy and Practice in International Science Teacher Education -- The Development of Preservice Elementary Science Teacher Education in Australia -- Reform in Science Teacher Education in Italy -- Science Teacher Preparation in Lebanon -- Science Teacher Education in Pakistan -- Making Sense of Science Teacher Learning -- Higher Order Thinking in Science Teacher Education in Israel -- Secondary Science Student Teaching Assessment Model -- Thinking Like a Teacher -- Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Science Eacher Education -- A Meeting of Two Cultures -- International Partnerships as a Means of Reforming Science Teacher Education -- International Science Educators’ Perceptions of Scientific Literacy.
    Abstract: Analysis of past developments in teacher education in Pakistan has shown that substantial progress has been made in this field. It has, however, been pointed out that education of science teachers still needs much improvement. At the present, there is an emergent need to meet the shortage of qualified science teachers and at the same time to bring qualitative improvements in the courses offered in teacher education institutions. First, we recommend that the 1-year duration of teacher preparation is grossly inadequate for all teaching courses, and should be lengthened, and the qualifications for entrance be increased. We believe that teaching must be made a graduate profession. For example, the basic qualification of primary school teachers for admission to teacher education institution should be increased. We recommend that PTC should be made a 12 + 2 year program. Similarly, CT, 12 + 3; B. Ed. , 14 + 2; B. S. Ed. , 12 + 4; M. A. Ed. , 14 + 3; and M. Ed. one year after B. Ed. or B. S. Ed. Secondly, we think the quality of instruction in teacher preparation programs should be improved. Most teachers in the teacher preparation institutions use the lecture method most of the time. Prospective teachers behave like passive listeners to their teachers. They do not participate in the teaching/ learning process. Some instructors even dictate their notes to the preservice teachers. When the teachers join schools, they behave the same way.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and indexes
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401008761
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 387 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Consciousness ; Science education. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Philosophy and science. ; Cognitive psychology. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Models and modelling play a central role in the nature of science, in its conduct, in the accreditation and dissemination of its outcomes, as well as forming a bridge to technology. They therefore have an important place in both the formal and informal science education provision made for people of all ages. This book is a product of five years collaborative work by eighteen researchers from four countries. It addresses four key issues: the roles of models in science and their implications for science education; the place of models in curricula for major science subjects; the ways that models can be presented to, are learned about, and can be produced by, individuals; the implications of all these for research and for science teacher education. The work draws on insights from the history and philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, sociology, linguistics, and classroom research, to establish what may be done and what is done. The book will be of interest to researchers in science education and to those taking courses of advanced study throughout the world
    Description / Table of Contents: Section One: On the Nature and Significance of Models1. Positioning Models in Science Education and in Design and Technology Education -- 2. Science and Education: Notions of Reality, Theory and Model -- 3. Constructing a Typology of Models for Science Education -- 4. Mathematical Models in Science -- Section Two: The Development of Mental Models -- 5. Grasping Mental Models -- 6. Investigating the Role of Representations and Expressed Models in Building Mental Models -- 7. Modelling and Creativity in Design and Technology Education -- 8. Thought Experiments and Embodied Cognition -- 9. Computers and the Development of Mental Models -- Section Three: Teaching and Learning Consensus Models -- 10. Explanations with Models in Science Education -- 11. Teaching with Historical Models -- 12. Models in Explanations of Chemistry: The Case of Acidity -- 13. Models in the Explanations of Physics: The Case of Light -- 14. The Role of Models in Biotechnology Education: An Analysis of Teaching Models -- 15. Language, Models and Modelling in the Primary Science Classroom -- 16. Teaching and Learning about Chemistry and Modelling with a Computer Managed Modelling System -- 17. The Structure and Development of Science Teachers’ Pedagogical Models: Implications for Teacher Education -- 18 Challenges and Opportunities -- References.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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