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  • 2015-2019
  • 1965-1969  (9)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (9)
  • Science—Philosophy.  (9)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401033909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (239p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 26
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Editor’s Introduction -- Three Logics of Belief -- The Consistency of Rational Belief -- Conjunctivitis -- Induction. A Discussion of the Relevance of the Theory of Knowledge to the Theory of Induction (with a Digression to the Effect that neither Deductive Logic nor the Probability Calculus has Anything to Do with Inference) -- Justification, Explanation, and Induction -- Probability and Evidence -- Dracula meets Wolfman: Acceptance vs. Partial Belief -- Induction, Acceptance, and Rational Belief: A Selected Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The papers collected in this volume were originally presented at a sym­ posium held at the University of Pennsylvania in December of 1968. Each of the papers has been revised in light of the discussions that took place during this symposium. None of the papers has appeared in print previously. The extensive bibliography that appears at the end of the volume was originally distributed during the symposium and was revised on the basis of many helpful suggestions made by those who participated. The symposium was made possible by a grant from The National Science Foundation and funds contributed by the Philosophy Depart­ ment of the University of Pennsylvania. On behalf of the contributors to this volume, I would like to express my thanks to these organizations for their generous support. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude to the members of the Graduate Philosophy Students Organization at the University of Penn­ sylvania for the considerable assistance they gave me during the sym­ posium. My thanks, also, to Judith Sofranko and Lynn Luckett for their very responsible efforts in the preparation of the manuscript. Finally, I would like to thank Professor James Cornman for his invaluable advice and encouragement.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789401731737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 475 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 22
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Methodology: Models and Measurement -- 1. A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences (1960) -- 2. Models of Data (1962) -- 3. A Set of Independent Axioms for Extensive Quantities (1951) -- 4. Foundational Aspects of Theories of Measurement (1958) -- 5. Measurement, Empirical Meaningfulness, and Three-Valued Logic (1959) -- II: Methodology: Probability and Utility -- 6. The Role of Subjective Probability and Utility in Decision-Making (1956) -- 7. The Philosophical Relevance of Decision Theory (1961) -- 8. An Axiomatization of Utility Based on the Notion of Utility Differences (1955) -- 9. Behavioristic Foundations of Utility (1961) -- 10. Some Formal Models of Grading Principles (1966) -- 11. Probabilistic Inference and the Concept of Total Evidence (1966) -- III: Foundations of Physics -- 12. Axioms for Relativistic Kinematics with or without Parity (1959) -- 13. Probability Concepts in Quantum Mechanics (1961) -- 14. The Role of Probability in Quantum Mechanics (1963) -- 15. The Probabilistic Argument for a Nonclassical Logic of Quantum Mechanics (1966) -- IV: Foundations of Psychology -- 16. Stimulus-Sampling Theory for a Continuum of Responses (1960) -- 17. On an Example of Unpredictability in Human Behavior (1964) -- 18. Behaviorism (1965) -- 19. On the Behavioral Foundations of Mathematical Concepts (1965) -- 20. Towards a Behavioral Foundation of Mathematical Proofs (1965) -- 21. The Psychological Foundations of Mathematics (1967) -- 22. On the Theory of Cognitive Processes (1966) -- 23. Stimulus-Response Theory of Finite Automata (1969) -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The twenty-three papers collected in tbis volume represent an important part of my published work up to the date of this volume. I have not arranged the paper chronologically, but under four main headings. Part I contains five papers on methodology concerned with models and measurement in the sciences. This part also contains the first paper I published, 'A Set of Independent Axioms for Extensive Quantities', in Portugaliae Mathematica in 1951. Part 11 also is concerned with methodology and ineludes six papers on probability and utility. It is not always easy to separate papers on probability and utility from papers on measurement, because of the elose connection between the two subjects, but Artieles 6 and 8, even though they have elose relations to measurement, seem more properly to belong in Part 11, because they are concerned with substantive questions about probability and utility. The last two parts are concerned with the foundations of physics and the foundations of psychology. I have used the term foundations rather than philosophy, because the papers are mainly concerned with specific axiomatic formulations for particular parts of physics or of psychology, and it seems to me that the termfoundations more appropriately describes such constructive axiomatic ventures. Part 111 contains four papers on the foundations of physics. The first paper deals with foundations of special relativity and the last three with the role ofprobability in quantum mechanics.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401033930
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (441p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 25
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 25
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Logic of Scientific Knowledge -- Levels of Knowledge and Stages in the Process of Knowledge -- I. Differences Between the Problems, ‘Sensation-Thought’ and ‘Empirical-Theoretical’ -- II. Basis of the Division of the Sentences of the Language of Science into Levels -- III. The Semantic System: Admissible Objects of Thought and Modes of Expression -- IV. Empirical and Theoretical Objects of Science -- V. Sentences Which Express Facts and Sentences Which Formulate Laws -- VI. Stages in the Process of Knowledge -- VII. Types of Explanation of Empirical Connections -- VIII. Stages in the Process of Knowledge, II -- Problems of the Logical-Methodological Analysis of Relations Between the Theoretical and Empirical Planes of Scientific Knowledge -- I. The Traditional Inductivist Approach to the Problem of the Relations Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge and its Limitations -- II. Critique of the Neopositivist Approach to the Analysis of the Relations Between the Theoretical and Empirical Levels of Scientific Knowledge -- III. Contemporary Logic of Science on the Relations Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge: The Connection of the Theoretical and Empirical Levels of Knowledge in the Structure of Hypothetical-Deductive Theory -- IV. Contemporary Logic of Science on the Relations Between Empirical and Theoretical Knowledge: The Problem of the Establishment of Logical Correspondence Between Theoretical and Empirical Knowledge -- Logical and Physical Implication -- The Deductive Method as a Problem of the Logic of Science -- I. Introduction -- II. Deduction and Deductive Inference -- III. Deductive System and Deductive Theory -- IV. Types of Deductive Systems -- V. Problems of the Logical-Epistemological Analysis of the Deductive Sphere of Knowledge -- Probability Logic and its Role in Scientific Research -- I. Introduction -- II. Systems of Probability Logic -- III. Probability Logic and Statistical Inference -- IV. Probability Logic and the Problem of the Selection of Hypotheses -- V. Probability Logic and the Problem of Confirmation of Hypotheses -- The Basic Forms and Rules of Inference by Analogy -- I. The General Schema of Inferences by Analogy -- II. Traditional Analogy -- III. Causal and Substantial Analogy -- IV. Analogy of Consequence -- IV. Analogy of Correlation -- VI. Functional-Structural and Structural-Functional Analogy -- On the Types of Definition and Their Importance for Science -- I. Preliminary Remarks -- II. Types of Definition -- III. The Problem of Definitions in Formal Systems -- IV. On the Importance of Definitions in Science -- Idealization as a Method of Scientific Knowledge -- I. The Abstraction of Identity -- II. Idealization -- III. Some Methodological Considerations -- The Statistical Interpretation of Fact and the Role of Statistical Methods in the Structure of Empirical Knowledge -- I. The Nature of Empirical Knowledge and the Principle of Verification -- II. The Statistical Nature of the Object and the Structure of the Construction of Empirical Knowledge -- Index of Names.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789401033787
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (556p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 4
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Work and Influence of Wernicke -- The Symptom Complex of Aphasia: A Psychological Study on an Anatomical Basis -- Anatomy and the Higher Functions of the Brain -- What is Perception? -- Knowledge, Language and Rationality. Statement of the Problem -- Comments: Language and Knowledge, by Stephen Toulmin -- A Parallelism Between Wittgensteinian and Aristotelian Ontologies -- Wolniewicz on Wittgenstein and Aristotle -- The Computer as Gadfly -- The Subject of Cultural Creation -- Dialectical Materialism and the Philosophy of Praxis -- Theory in History -- Understanding and Participant Observation in Cultural and Social Anthropology -- Comments: Theory and Practice of Participant-Observation, by Judith B. Agassi -- Comments: Participant-Observation and the Collection of Data, by Sidney W. Mintz -- Patterns of Use of Science in Ethics -- Comments by Ruth Anna Putnam -- Comments on Abraham Edel’s ‘Patterns of Use of Science in Ethics’, by John Ladd -- On Empirical Knowledge -- Comments on ‘On Empirical Knowledge’, by John Compton -- Causal Connection -- Some Comments to ‘Causal Connection’, by M. M. Schuster -- Causality and the Notion of Necessity -- Unity and Diversity in Science -- On Methods of Refutation in Metaphysics.
    Abstract: The fourth volume of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science consists mainly of papers which were contributed to our Colloquium during the past few years. The volume represents a wide range of interests in contem­ porary philosophy of science: issues in the philosophy of mind and of language, the neurophysiology of perceptual and linguistic behavior, philosophy of history and of the social sciences, and studies in the fun­ damental categories and methods of philosophy and the inter-relation­ ships of the sciences with ethics and metaphysics. Papers on the logic and methods of the natural sciences, including biological, physical and mathematical topics appear in the fifth volume of our series. We have included in the present volume the first English translation of the classic and fundamental work on aphasia by Carl Wernicke, together with a lucid and appreciative guide to his work by Dr. Norman Geschwind. The papers were not written to form a coherent volume, nor have they been edited with such a purpose. They represent current work-in­ progress, both in the United States and in Europe. Although most of the authors are philosophers, it is worth noting that we have essays of philosophical significance here written by a sociologist, an anthropologist, a political scientist, and by three neurophysiologists. We hope that collaboration among working scientists and working philosophers may develop further.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789401033817
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (496p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 5
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Reply to Hilary Putnam’s ‘An Examination of Grünbaum’s Philosophy of Geometry’ -- Causality Requirements and the Theory of Relativity -- Comments on ‘Causality Requirements and the Theory of Relativity’ -- Matter, Space and Logic -- Is Logic Empirical? -- On the Philosophical Significance of the Correspondence Argument -- On Distinguishing Types of Measurement -- Hypotheses in Newton’s Philosophy -- The Role of Models in Theoretical Physics -- The Problem of Truth -- Symmetry in Physics -- Verification or Proof — An Undecided Issue? -- Ernst Mach’s Biological Theory of Knowledge -- Theories and Hypotheses in Biology: Theoretical Entities and Functional Explanation -- Comments on ‘Theories and Hypotheses in Biology’ -- Comments: Theoretical Entities Versus Theories -- The Unity of Physics -- Supplementary Comments to Weizsäcker’s Paper.
    Abstract: In this fifth volume of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, we have gathered papers about the logic and methods of the natural sciences. Along with the individual pieces, there are several which have originated as commentaries but are now supplementary contributions: those by Stachel and Putnam. Grlinbaum's long essay developed from a paper first suggested for our Colloquium some years ago, and we are glad of the occasion to publish it here. Several of the papers were not first presented to our Colloquium but they are the work of friends and scholars who have contributed to our discussions along similar lines. We are grateful to them for allowing us to publish their papers: L Bernard Cohen, Hilary Putnam, Mihailo Markovic. And we are also grateful to C. F. von Weizsacker for his paper, recently presented to the Boston philosophical and scientific community as a lecture at M. LT. With these few exceptions, the fifth volume presents work which was partially supported by a grant from the U. S. National Science Foundation to Boston University. Such support will conclude with the fourth volume of philosophical studies of psychology, the social sciences, history, and the inter-relationships of the sciences with ethics and metaphysics. Unimportant circumstances made it necessary to publish that fourth volume after this fifth volume, and perhaps this will mildly suggest that neither science nor the philosophy of science needs to be constrained by orthodoxy of procedure.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789401714662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 274 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 24
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Reminiscences of Peter -- Natural Kinds -- Inductive Independence and the Paradoxes of Confirmation -- Partial Entailment as a Basis for Inductive Logic -- Are There Non-Deductive Logics? -- Statistical Explanation vs. Statistical Inference -- Newcomb’s Problem and Two Principles of Choice -- The Meaning of Time -- Lawfulness as Mind-Dependent -- Events and Their Descriptions: Some Considerations -- The Individuation of Events -- On Properties -- A Method for Avoiding the Curry Paradox -- Publications (1934–1969) by Carl G. Hempel -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The eminent philosopher of science Carl G. Hempel, Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton University and a Past President of the American Philosophical Association, has had a long and distinguished academic career in the course of which he has been professorial mentor to some of America's most distinguished philosophers. This volume gathers together twelve original papers by Hempel's students and associates into a volume intended to do homage to Hempel on the occasion of his 65th year in 1970. The papers are grouped around the unifying topic of Hempel's own interests in logic and philosophy of science, the great majority dealing with issues on inductive logic and the theory of scientific explanatio- problems to which Hempel has devoted the bulk of his outstandingly fruitful efforts. With the approach of 'Peter' Hempel's 65th birthday, an editorial committee sprang into being by an uncannily spontaneous process to prepare to commemorate this event with an appropriate Festschrift. The editors were pleased to receive unfailingly prompt and efficient coopera­ tion on the part of all contributors. The responsibility of seeing the work through the press was assumed by Nicholas Rescher. The editors are grateful to all concerned for their collaboration. ALAN ROSS ANDERSON PAUL BENACERRAF ADOLF GRUNBAUM GERALD J. MASSEY NICHOLAS RESCHER RICHARD S. RUDNER TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V PAUL OPPENHEIM: Reminiscences of Peter 1 w. v. QUINE: Natural Kinds 5 JAAKKO HINTIKKA: Inductive Independence and the Paradoxes of Confirmation 24 WESLEY c.
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401718684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 296 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 15
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 15
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Science—Philosophy. ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: The Relation between Induction and Probability I–II -- A Treatise on Probability -- Logic, Part II (abridged) -- Mr. Johnson on the Logical Foundations of Science I–II (abridged) -- The Principles of Problematic Induction (with an Addendum) -- The Principles of Demonstrative Induction -- Mechanical and Teleological Causation -- Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik, und Wahrheit -- Probability and Induction -- Broad on Induction and Probability -- Replies to my Critics.
    Abstract: In his essay on 'Broad on Induction and Probability' (first published in 1959, reprinted in this volume), Professor G. H. von Wright writes: "If Broad's writings on induction have remained less known than some of his other contributions to philosophy . . . , one reason for this is that Broad never has published a book on the subject. It is very much to be hoped that, for the benefit of future students, Broad's chief papers on induction and probability will be collected in a single volume . . . . " The present volume attempts to perform this service to future students of induction and probability. The suggestion of publishing a volume of this kind in Synthese Library was first made by Professor Donald Davidson, one of the editors of the Library, and was partly prompted by Professor von Wright's statement. In carrying out this suggestion, the editors of Synthese Library have had the generous support of Professor Broad who has among other things supplied a new Addendum to 'The Principles of Problematic Induction' and corrected a number of misprints found in the first printings of this paper. The editors gratefully acknow­ ledge Professor Broad's help and encouragement. A bibliography of Professor Broad's writings (up to 1959) has been compiled by Dr. C. Lewy and has appeared in P. A. Schilpp, editor, The Philosophy of C. D. Broad (The Library of Living Philosophers), pp. 833-852.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789401035088
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XLIX, 489 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 3
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Early Modern Revolution in Science and Philosophy -- Taxonomy and Information -- On the Elementarity of Measurement in General Relativity: toward a General Theory -- Symposium on Innate Ideas -- Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas -- The ‘Innateness Hypothesis’ and Explanatory Models in Linguistics -- The Epistemological Argument -- Natural Kinds -- Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science -- Comments -- Rationalism and the Physical World -- On the Foundations of Probability Theory -- Comments -- Elementarity and Reality in Particle Physics (with an exchange of letters between E. K. Gora and W. Heisenberg) -- Comments -- Semantic Sources of the Concept of Law -- Science in Flux: Footnotes to Popper -- Comments -- Conceptual Revolutions in Science -- Comments -- The Center of the World -- Comments: Analytic Premises and Existential Conclusions -- On the Improvement of the Sciences and Arts, and the possible Identity of the Two -- Comments: Acute Proliferitis -- Comments -- Comments: Illustration vs. Experimental Test -- Logic as Calculus and Logic as Language -- Three Studies in the Philosophy of Space and Time -- What I Don’t Believe.
    Abstract: This third volume of Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science contains papers which are based upon Colloquia from 1964 to 1966. In most cases, they have been substantially modified subsequent to presentation and discussion. Once again we publish work which goes beyond technical analysis of scientific theories and explanations in order to include philo­ sophical reflections upon the history of science and also upon the still problematic interactions between metaphysics and science. The philo­ sophical history of scientific ideas has increasingly been recognized as part of the philosophy of science, and likewise the cultural context of the genesis of such ideas. There is no school or attitude to be taken as de­ fining the scope or criteria of our Colloquium, and so we seek to under­ stand both analytic and historical aspects of science. This volume, as the previous two, constitutes a substantial part of our final report to the U. S. National Science Foundation, which has continued its support of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science by a grant to Boston University. That report will be concluded by a subse­ quent volume of these Studies. It is a pleasure to record our thanks to the Foundation for its confidence and funds. We dedicate this book to the memory of Norwood Russell Hanson. During this academic year of 1966-67, this beloved and distinguished American philosopher participated in our Colloquium, and he did so before.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401722070
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 208 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, A Series of Monographs on the Recent Development of Symbolic Logic, Significs, Sociology of Language, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, Statistics of Language and Related Fields 11
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 11
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Criticism of Mathematics as Based on Naive Intuition -- III. The Foundations of Arithmetic -- IV. Symbolic Logic and Its Connections with Traditional Logic -- V. Intuitionism and Formalism -- VI. The Paradoxes -- VII. Significs and Logic -- VIII. Recent Developments -- IX. Concluding Remarks -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: In contributing a foreword to this book I am complying with a wish my husband expressed a few days before his death. He had completed the manuscript of this work, which may be considered a companion volume to his book Formal Methods. The task of seeing it through the press was undertaken by Mr. J. J. A. Mooij, acting director of the Institute for Research in Foundations and the Philosophy of Science (Instituut voor Grondslagenonderzoek en Filoso:fie der Exacte Wetenschappen) of the University of Amsterdam, with the help of Mrs. E. M. Barth, lecturer at the Institute. I wish to thank Mr. Mooij and Mrs. Barth most cordially for the care with which they have acquitted themselves of this delicate task and for the speed with which they have brought it to completion. I also wish to express my gratitude to Miss L. E. Minning, M. A. , for the helpful advice she has so kindly given to Mr. Mooij and Mrs. Barth during the proof reading. C. P. C. BETH-PASTOOR VII PREFACE A few years ago Mr. Horace S.
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