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  • 1
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    Tackling Gender Discriminatory Inheritance Law Privately : Lessons from a Survey Experiment in Tunisia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hauser, Christina Sarah Tackling Gender Discriminatory Inheritance Law Privately: Lessons from a Survey Experiment in Tunisia
    Keywords: Family Law ; Gender Discrimination ; Gifting ; Inheritance Law ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: When reform of gender discriminatory law fails, individual action can offer a second-best solution. As most Muslim-majority countries, Tunisia applies Islamic inheritance law, systematically favoring sons over daughters. By making gifts to their daughter, parents can privately attenuate gender discrimination in inheritance. This study investigates to what extent gifting can represent an alternative to legal reform and for whom. Within a randomized experiment, this study tests whether providing information on public support for inheritance law reform and/or the possibility to make a gift to one's daughter has a causal impact on individual attitudes towards women's right to inheritance. The overall evidence on the effectiveness of the proposed informational treatments to encourage gifting is mixed. However, approval of gifting daughters is high--especially among the wealthy. Men are more likely to gift than women. By contrast, demand for legal reform is significantly higher among women and individuals with low educational attainment. The findings thus suggest that gifting indeed represents an alternative to legal reform; but mostly for a relatively well-off subset of the population, leaving the agency to the traditionally male head of the family
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10693
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
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    Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis : Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karalashvili, Nona Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Cash Transfers ; Covid Relief Eligibility ; Covid Support Effectiveness ; COVID-19 ; Economic Assistance ; Economic Stabilization ; Export ; Government Support To Firms ; High-Frequency Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness ; Resilience ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vulnerability ; Wage Subsidies ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic. The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic features of firms, as opposed to more prevalent criteria directly linked to firms' experiences during the pandemic and that greatly exacerbate concerns about selection bias in estimation. Four outcome variables are studied relating to firms' workforce, hours of operations, and expectations. Matching and panel estimation techniques are used on full and restricted samples, with the latter aimed at reducing selection bias. Government support appears to have helped firms avoid a reduction in operations in El Salvador, mainly through cash transfers, which also helped in terms of permanent workers, with the latter effect counteracted by wage subsidies. Smaller firms in Georgia appear to have benefited more from government support, mostly through fiscal relief, which was partially counteracted by wage subsidies that benefited larger firms more. The finding that smaller firms have benefited more helps raise confidence in the analysis as strong negative selection bias is expected in this context. Manufacturers of textiles and garments in El Salvador and hotels and restaurants in Georgia appear to have benefited from government support, but the patterns in other sectors are mixed and country-specific, highlighting potential complexities of attempting to target sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9980
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  • 3
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    Cultivating Opportunities for Faster Rural Income Growth and Poverty Reduction : Mozambique Rural Income Diagnostic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Mozambique's economy has experienced strong growth over the last two decades, with GDP expanding at an annual average rate of 7.2 percent. However, this growth has been unequally shared and rural areas still lag far behind urban centers in both monetary and non-monetary dimensions of wellbeing. As most poor households live in rural areas, increasing rural incomes is essential to reducing poverty and ensuring the benefits of growth are distributed more equally. Income growth opportunities for rural poor households in Mozambique in the next 5-10 years are predominantly in the agricultural sector. Smallholder farming is the chief activity for most rural households, with income from non-farm sources and migration playing a lesser role and often constrained to specific regions. However, low levels of agricultural productivity, low participation in input and output markets, and high vulnerability to seasonality factors and shocks inhibits the capacity of rural households to increase their incomes. This report proceeds as follows: After setting out the framework and methods in more detail in section two, the following section provides some context by detailing the income, assets, and market engagements of rural households in Mozambique, focusing on a characterization of the livelihoods of the rural bottom 40 percent. Section four discusses the opportunities for growth across the main three sources of rural income (farm, non-farm, and migration). Section five then presents the main barriers to taking advantage of these opportunities, detailing the evidence behind this prioritization for the three most binding set of constraints. From this list of priority constraints, policy actions and investments to address the top three groups of binding constraints are discussed
    DOI: 10.1596/37217
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  • 4
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    Labor Market Transitions in Egypt Post-Arab Spring (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deng, Jingyuan Labor Market Transitions in Egypt Post-Arab Spring
    Keywords: Education Advantage ; Education and Labor Market Access ; Employment ; Employment By Gender ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Informal Labor Market ; Informality ; Labor Market Non-Participation of Women ; Labor Market Participation ; Labor Market Transition Comparison ; Labor Markets ; Married Women in Labor Force ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Employment ; Public Sector Employment ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper examines the Arab Republic of Egypt's labor market transition dynamics post-Arab Spring based on the two most recent rounds of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey conducted in 2012 and 2018. In addition to providing disaggregated-level analysis by examining labor market transitions by gender, education, and age groups, the paper provides a cross-country, cross-regional perspective by comparing Egypt's labor market transitions with Mexico's, relying on data from the Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo. To match the span of Mexico's transitions (which are measured over a one-year period) and Egypt's (which are measured over six years), the analysis uses Monte Carlo simulations of repeated discrete-time Markov chains. Based on these results, the Egyptian labor market appears to be highly rigid compared to the Mexican labor market, which instead shows a large degree of dynamism regardless of individual initial labor market states at baseline. Auxiliary regression analyses focusing on transitions to and from the dominant absorbing labor market states in Egypt-public sector employment for both genders, nonparticipation for women, and the informal sector for men-show that having a post-secondary education is associated with a lower probability of remaining out of the labor force for women who were already out of the labor force at baseline, while being married at baseline is found to be a significant predictor for women to stay out of the labor force if they were already so. Among men, the better educated are found to be more likely to secure formal employment, be it in the public or private sector, and are more likely to keep their public formal jobs once they secure them
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10126
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  • 5
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    Heat Stress in Human Labor and Poverty : The Case of Ghana (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In this paper, authors assess the economic impacts of increased heat stress in humans in Ghana. As mean global temperatures increase, human capacity for manual labor is affected, particularly in activities with sun exposure such as agriculture and construction. This aspect of climate change is not well-studied, but, as this report will show, this is an important omission, particularly in regions where (i) heat and humidity are already high, (ii) there is high reliance on outdoor, manual labor, and (iii) a significant portion of the population is poor. The effects of heat stress and the resulting losses of labor capacity in such regions can cause large losses of output and GDP. These losses are likely to occur unevenly, affecting certain areas and economic sectors more than others. Some types of poor households (HH) are also likely to be disproportionately affected, especially those close to the poverty line if they earn large portions of their income from their labor and own few productive assets. The authors present projections of heat stress and labor capacity losses at high spatial resolution to identify the areas within Ghana that are most at risk. The authors then assess the economic impacts for 65 different sectors of the economy. The authors can therefore identify, with a high degree of specificity, both the locations and the economic activities that are in danger of experiencing the largest heat stress-induced labor capacity losses, and losses of output and value addition. The poverty impacts of human heat stress in Ghana are also assessed, disaggregated to identify the HH types that are more likely to be pushed into poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/38238
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  • 6
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    Ethiopia - Rural Income Diagnostics Study : Leveraging the Transformation in the Agri-Food System and Global Trade to Expand Rural Incomes (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Income ; Labor Mobility ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Ethiopia began the decade on a great run, with high economic growth and significant gains in poverty reduction nationally. But the gains were unevenly shared. Multiple shocks at the beginning of the new decade threaten to discontinue progress and possibly undo most of the gains made in the recent past. This rural income diagnostics (RID) study seeks to inform how to promote growth in rural incomes to accelerate poverty reduction. The objective of the RID is to examine how those who currently reside in rural areas can have higher incomes in the future, which can entail one or more members moving to urban areas. The focus is on income growth that results in higher incomes on average, but also income that is less volatile because of due consideration to effective risk reduction and management, and to ensuring that growth is sustainable. While the RID focuses only on income that is earned by rural households, it is much more detailed in its identification of the constraints because of this narrower focus. The diagnostic provides evidence to validate constraints and key areas of focus in ongoing agriculture and rural policy reforms and other relevant reforms under the Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda (HGERA), elevate the importance of some reforms where immediate action is required, and provide empirical arguments to support important policy interventions where consensus may be lacking or there is policy hesitation
    DOI: 10.1596/37954
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  • 7
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    Digitizing Cash Transfers to Remote Rural Populations : Challenges and Solutions from the Experience of Zambia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: There is currently a major focus on digitization within African countries, with the interest of, on the one hand, increasing efficiency and lowering the cost-of-service delivery, and on the other hand, increasing financial inclusion for excluded parts of the population. Zambia provides an important case study of digitization of social protection transfers. Whilst Zambia is sparsely populated with remote rural populations often living up to 100 km from the nearest town, making beneficiaries hard to reach with digital services, the country has successfully demonstrated that cash transfers can be digitized for remote rural populations to varying extents, tailored to their particular context. This Discussion Note presents challenges faced and solutions found in digitizing cash transfer payments in Zambia, which may be of interest to other countries embarking on similar endeavors
    DOI: 10.1596/38221
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  • 8
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    Bangladesh Rural Income Diagnostic : Enabling Faster and More Equal Income Growth in Rural Bangladesh (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Cultural Assets for Poverty Reduction ; Poverty and Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This Rural Income Diagnostic (RID) aims to answer the question: "What are the main opportunities and constraints to faster, sustained income growth for poor and vulnerable households in rural Bangladesh" This analysis is motivated by recent evidence highlighting the centrality of rural areas for poverty reduction in Bangladesh and the need to update our understanding of rural income dynamics to better inform policy solutions. The objective of the analysis is to inform the World Bank Systematic Country Diagnostic and governmentplanning. The analysis focuses on areas where progress can be made in the next five years, consistent with the country's long-term development path. The focus on short-term priorities to accelerate rural income growth needs to be implemented in a manner that is consistent with, and does not distract from, long-run goals and investments that will have very high future returns, especially for the poor. These include investments in child nutrition, health, and education
    DOI: 10.1596/37099
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  • 9
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    Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Transformation in China : A Decomposition Approach (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lugo, Maria Ana Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Transformation in China: A Decomposition Approach
    Keywords: Decomposition ; Growth Elasticity ; Inequality ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Structural Transformation
    Abstract: Rural poverty in China fell from 96 percent in 1980 to less than 1 percent of the population in 2019. Using PovcalNet data for China and a set of comparable countries, this paper estimates growth-poverty elasticities. It finds that China stands out for its record of sustained, fast growth, rather than because of an unusually high growth-poverty elasticity. In addition, changes in mean consumption, rather than changes in the distribution, drive Poverty Reduction. Furthermore, until 2010, changes in inequality attenuated the impact of growth on poverty. The paper also studies which channels mattered the most for rural Poverty Reduction by applying a decomposition framework to multiple rounds of Chinese Household Income Project surveys conducted in 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2018. The findings show that broad-based, labor-intensive growth in agriculture was initially the main driving force for rural Poverty Reduction, followed by the expansion of non-agriculture sectors. As the country's poverty rate approached 10 percent by 2007, transfers from migrant workers and, later, public transfers became the major drivers of further rural Poverty Reduction. Throughout the period, the fall in the demographic dependency rate also played a significant role. As China's living standards continue to rise, the official definition of poverty will have to adjust to the higher minimum. Continued structural transformation and the inclusive growth agenda retain crucial importance for sustained Poverty Reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9849
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  • 10
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    Are Low Food Prices Pro-Poor? : Net Food Buyers And Sellers In Low-Income Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aksoy, M. Ataman Are Low Food Prices Pro-Poor?
    Keywords: Agricultural activity ; Agricultural policies ; Agriculture ; Food & Beverage Industry ; Food intake ; Food needs ; Food prices ; Food production ; Food security ; Maize ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural activity ; Agricultural policies ; Agriculture ; Food & Beverage Industry ; Food intake ; Food needs ; Food prices ; Food production ; Food security ; Maize ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural activity ; Agricultural policies ; Agriculture ; Food & Beverage Industry ; Food intake ; Food needs ; Food prices ; Food production ; Food security ; Maize ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There is a general consensus that most of the poor in developing countries are net food buyers and food price increases are bad for the poor. This could be expected of urban poor, but it is also often attributed to the rural poor. Recent food price increases have increased the importance of this issue, and the possible policy responses to these price increases. This paper examines the characteristics of net food sellers and buyers in nine low-income countries. Although the largest share of poor households are found to be net food buyers, almost 50 percent of net food buyers are marginal net food buyers who would not be significantly affected by food price increases. Only three of the nine countries examined exhibited a substantial proportion of vulnerable households. The average incomes (as measured by expenditure) of net food buyers were found to be higher than net food sellers in eight of the nine countries examined. Thus, food price increases, ceteris paribus, would transfer income from generally higher income net food buyers to poorer net food sellers. The analysis also finds that the occupations and income sources of net sellers and buyers in rural areas are significantly different. In rural areas where food production is the main activity and where there are limited non-food activities, the incomes of net buyers might depend on the incomes and farming activities of net food sellers. These results suggest the need for reevaluation of the consensus on the impact of food prices on food needs. Further work on the regional differences, and more important, on the second order effects, are necessary to answer these questions more precisely. Only on the basis of further analysis can we start generating better policy responses
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  • 11
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    The Impact of Cash Transfers On School Enrollment : Evidence From Ecuador (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Oosterbeek, Hessel The Impact of Cash Transfers On School Enrollment
    Keywords: Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence about the impact on school enrollment of a program in Ecuador that gives cash transfers to the 40 percent poorest families. The evaluation design consists of a randomized experiment for families around the first quintile of the poverty index and of a regression discontinuity design for families around the second quintile of this index, which is the program's eligibility threshold. This allows us to compare results from two different credible identification methods, and to investigate whether the impact varies with families' poverty level. Around the first quintile of the poverty index the impact is positive while it is equal to zero around the second quintile. This suggests that for the poorest families the program lifts a credit constraint while this is not the case for families close to the eligibility threshold
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  • 12
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    Bailing Out The World's Poorest (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Bailing Out The World's Poorest
    Keywords: Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection
    Abstract: While the 2008 financial crisis is global in nature, it is likely to have heterogeneous welfare impacts within the developing world, with some countries, and some people, more vulnerable than others. It also threatens to have lasting impacts for some of those affected, notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. These features point to the need for a differentiated social policy response, aiming to provide rapid income support to those in most need, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. The paper points out some mistakes in past crisis responses and identifies key design features for safety net programs that can help compensate for the likely welfare losses in the short-term while also promoting longer-term recovery
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  • 13
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    Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth : Evidence From India (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. This paper uses panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the implementation of land reform, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. The results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. The paper draws policy implications, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time
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  • 14
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    Are There Lessons For Africa From China's Success Against Poverty? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Are There Lessons For Africa From China's Success Against Poverty?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture
    Abstract: At the outset of China's reform period, the country had a far higher poverty rate than for Africa as a whole. Within five years that was no longer true. This paper tries to explain how China escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies. While acknowledging that Africa faces constraints that China did not, and that context matters, two lessons stand out. The first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture, which will require both market-based incentives and public support. The second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government
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  • 15
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    Spatial Specialization And Farm-Nonfarm Linkages (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deichmann, Uwe Spatial Specialization And Farm-Nonfarm Linkages
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times
    Abstract: Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh
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  • 16
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    China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty
    Keywords: Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This paper examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate (derived by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We provide estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of USD 1.25 at 2005 PPP, we find a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981
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  • 17
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    Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs : A Methodology With Application To The Kala Oya Basin, Sri Lanka (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (71 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Saleth, R. Maria Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization
    Abstract: The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows
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  • 18
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    How Does Vietnam's Accession To The World Trade Organization Change The Spatial Incidence of Poverty? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fujii, Tomoki How Does Vietnam's Accession To The World Trade Organization Change The Spatial Incidence of Poverty?
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: Trade policies can promote aggregate efficiency, but the ensuing structural adjustments generally create both winners and losers. From an incomes perspective, trade liberalization can raise gross domestic product per capita, but rates of emergence from poverty depend on individual household characteristics of economic participation and asset holding. To fully realize the growth potential of trade, while limiting the risk of rising inequality, policies need to better account for microeconomic heterogeneity. One approach to this is geographic targeting that shifts resources to poor areas. This study combines an integrated microsimulation-computable general equilibrium model with small area estimation to evaluate the spatial incidence of Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization. Provincial-level poverty reduction after full liberalization was heterogeneous, ranging from 2.2 percent to 14.3 percent. Full liberalization will benefit the poor on a national basis, but the northwestern area of Vietnam is likely to lag behind. Furthermore, poverty can be shown to increase under comparable scenarios
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  • 19
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    Responding To Afghanistan's Opium Economy Challenge : Lessons And Policy Implications From A Development Perspective (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Byrd, William A Responding To Afghanistan's Opium Economy Challenge
    Keywords: Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population
    Abstract: Opium, Afghanistan's leading economic activity, lies at the heart of the challenges the country faces in state building, governance, security, and development. With their narrow law enforcement focus and limited recognition of development, security, and political implications, current global counter-narcotics polices impose a heavy burden on Afghanistan. This paper first provides a summary overview of Afghanistan's opium economy and the factors determining rural households' decisions on cultivating opium poppy. It then discusses the dynamic evolution of the Afghan drug industry in recent years, in particular its consolidation around fewer, powerful, politically-connected actors and the associated compromising of parts of some government agencies by drug industry interests. The paper reviews the experience with different counter-narcotics interventions, analyzes some proposals not yet tried in Afghanistan, and draws lessons and policy implications. Unfortunately there are no "silver bullets"-easy, quick, or one-dimensional solutions, and a longer-term horizon along with sustained commitment and resources will be required in order to phase out the opium economy over time. The paper concludes by putting forward some broad principles and approaches of a "smart strategy" against drugs in Afghanistan
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  • 20
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    The Impacts of Cash And In-Kind Transfers On Consumption And Labor Supply : Experimental Evidence From Rural Mexico (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Skoufias, Emmanuel The Impacts of Cash And In-Kind Transfers On Consumption And Labor Supply
    Keywords: Agricultural activities ; Corn ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food stamps ; Food transfers ; Foods ; Fruits ; Industry ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agricultural activities ; Corn ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food stamps ; Food transfers ; Foods ; Fruits ; Industry ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agricultural activities ; Corn ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food stamps ; Food transfers ; Foods ; Fruits ; Industry ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: The authors use the unique experimental design of the Food Support Program (Programa Apoyo Alimentario) to analyze in-kind and cash transfers in the poor rural areas of southern states of Mexico. They compare the impacts of monthly in-kind and cash transfers of equivalent value (mean share 11.5 percent of pre-program consumption) on household welfare as measured by food and total consumption, adult labor supply, and poverty. The results show that approximately two years later the transfer has a large and positive impact on total and food consumption. There are no differences in the size of the effect of transfer in cash versus transfers in-kind on consumption. The transfer, irrespective of type, does not affect overall participation in labor market activities but induces beneficiary households to switch their labor allocation from agricultural to nonagricultural activities. The analysis finds that the program leads to a significant reduction in poverty. Overall, the findings suggest that the Food Support Program intervention is able to relax the binding liquidity constraints faced by poor agricultural households, and thus increases both equity and efficiency
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  • 21
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    The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity : Theory And An Application To Latin America (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity
    Keywords: Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: What part of the inequality observed in a particular country is due to unequal opportunities, rather than to differences in individual efforts or luck? This paper estimates a lower bound for the opportunity share of inequality in labor earnings, household income per capita and household consumption per capita in six Latin American countries. Following John Roemer, the authors associate inequality of opportunity with outcome differences that can be accounted for by morally irrelevant pre-determined circumstances, such as race, gender, place of birth, and family background. Thus defined, unequal opportunities account for between 24 and 50 percent of inequality in consumption expenditure in the sample. Brazil and Central America are more opportunity-unequal than Colombia, Ecuador, or Peru. "Opportunity profiles," which identify the social groups with the most limited opportunity sets, are shown to be distinct from poverty profiles: ethnic origin and the geography of birth are markedly more important as determinants of opportunity deprivation than of outcome poverty, particularly in Brazil, Guatemala, and Peru
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  • 22
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    The Impact of Food Inflation On Urban Poverty And Its Monetary Cost : Some Back-Of-The-Envelope Calculations (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien The Impact of Food Inflation On Urban Poverty And Its Monetary Cost
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: This paper uses a sample of 73 developing countries to estimate the change in the cost of alleviating urban poverty brought about by the recent increase in food prices. This cost is approximated by the change in the poverty deficit, that is, the variation in financial resources required to eliminate poverty under perfect targeting. The results show that, for most countries, the cost represents less than 0.1 percent of gross domestic product. However, in the most severely affected, it may exceed 3 percent. In all countries, the change in the poverty deficit is mostly due to the negative real income effect of those households that were poor before the price shock, while the cost attributable to new households falling into poverty is negligible. Thus, in countries where transfer mechanisms with effective targeting already exist, the most cost-effective strategy would be to scale up such programs rather than designing tools to identify the new poor
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  • 23
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    Migration, Sorting And Regional Inequality : Evidence From Bangladesh (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shilpi, Forhad Migration, Sorting And Regional Inequality
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Using household level data from Bangladesh, this paper examines the differences in the rates of return to household attributes over the entire welfare distribution. The empirical evidence uncovers substantial differences in returns between an integrated region contiguous to the country's main growth centers, and a less integrated region cut-off from those centers by major rivers. The evidence suggests that households with better observed and unobserved attributes (such as education and ability) are concentrated in the integrated region where returns are higher. Within each region, mobility of workers seems to equalize returns at the lower half of the distribution. The natural border created by the rivers appears to hinder migration, causing returns differences between the regions to persist. To reduce regional inequality in welfare in Bangladesh, the results highlight the need for improving connectivity between the regions, and for investing in portable assets of the poor (such as human capital)
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  • 24
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    Earnings Inequality Within And Across Gender, Racial, And Ethnic Groups In Four Latin American Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cunningham, Wendy Earnings Inequality Within And Across Gender, Racial, And Ethnic Groups In Four Latin American Countries
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Geschlecht ; Rasse ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Konzentrationsmaß ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Lateinamerika ; Bolivien ; Brasilien ; Guatemala ; Guyana ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap
    Abstract: Latin American countries are generally characterized as displaying high income and earnings inequality overall along with high inequality by gender, race, and ethnicity. However, the latter phenomenon is not a major contributor to the former phenomenon. Using household survey data from four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Guyana) for which stratification by race or ethnicity is possible, this paper demonstrates (using Theil index decompositions as well as Gini indices, and 90/10 and 50/10 percentile comparisons) that within-group earnings inequality rather than between-group earnings inequality is the main contributor to overall earnings inequality. Simulations in which the relatively disadvantaged gender and/or racial/ethnic group is treated as if it were the relatively advantaged group tend to reduce overall earnings inequality measures only slightly and in some cases have the effect of increasing earnings inequality measures
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  • 25
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    Implications of Higher Global Food Prices For Poverty In Low-Income Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ivanic, Maros Implications of Higher Global Food Prices For Poverty In Low-Income Countries
    Keywords: Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods raise the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real-world data. Results using household data for ten observations on nine low-income countries show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially
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  • 26
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    Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers : The Case of Malawi (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Osgood, Daniel E Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence farmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have emerged in recent years to address these threats: the use of seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for example, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for expected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative financial instruments for risk sharing (for example, index-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit for agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have remained entirely separated. This paper explores the integration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot insurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The authors propose a model that adjusts the amount of high-yield agricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season. Simulation results - combining climatic, agricultural, and financial models - indicate that this approach substantially increases production in La Niña years (when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and reduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall often damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are more than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given modeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of wealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for participating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential of this approach for adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa
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  • 27
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    Health And Civil War In Rural Burundi (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bundervoet, Tom Health And Civil War In Rural Burundi
    Keywords: Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government ; Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government ; Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper combines household survey data with event data on the timing and location of armed conflicts to examine the impact of Burundi's civil war on children's health status. The identification strategy exploits exogenous variation in the war's timing across provinces and the exposure of children's birth cohorts to the fighting. After controlling for province of residence, birth cohort, individual and household characteristics, and province-specific time trends, the authors find that children exposed to the war have on average 0.515 standard deviations lower height-for-age z-scores than non-exposed children. This negative effect is robust to specifications exploiting alternative sources of exogenous variation
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  • 28
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    Reading Tealeaves On The Potential Impact of The Privatization of Tea Estates In Rwanda (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Reading Tealeaves On The Potential Impact of The Privatization of Tea Estates In Rwanda
    Keywords: Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector
    Abstract: The Poverty Reduction Strategy of the Government of Rwanda seeks to unlock the growth and poverty reduction potential of the tea sector through the privatization of tea estates. This paper uses the logic of causal inference and data from the 2004 Quantitative Baseline Survey of the tea sector to assess the potential impact of the privatization program. This entails a normalized comparison of productivity outcomes to account for household heterogeneity in terms of observable and non-observable determinants of these outcomes. The paper also compares living standards between tea and non-tea households. Three main findings emerge from the analysis. Productivity outcomes are generally better in the private sector than in the public sector. Male-headed households outperform female-headed households along all dimensions considered here. And tea households tend to be better off than non-tea households
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  • 29
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    Finding Missing Markets (And A Disturbing Epilogue) : Evidence From An Export Crop Adoption And Marketing Intervention In Kenya (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ashraf, Nava Finding Missing Markets (And A Disturbing Epilogue)
    Keywords: Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In much of the developing world, many farmers grow crops for local or personal consumption despite export options that appear to be more profitable. Thus many conjecture that one or several markets are missing. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial conducted by DrumNet in Kenya that attempts to help farmers adopt and market export crops. DrumNet provides smallholder farmers with information about how to switch to export crops, makes in-kind loans for the purchase of the agricultural inputs, and provides marketing services by facilitating the transaction with exporters. The experimental evaluation design randomly assigns pre-existing farmer self-help groups to one of three groups: (1) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services, (2) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services except credit, or (3) a control group. After one year, DrumNet services led to an increase in production of export oriented crops and lower marketing costs; this translated into household income gains for new adopters. However, one year after the study ended, the exporter refused to continue buying the cash crops from the farmers because the conditions of the farms did not satisfy European export requirements. DrumNet collapsed in this region as farmers were forced to sell to middlemen and defaulted on their loans. The risk of such events may explain, at least partly, why many seemingly more profitable export crops are not adopted
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  • 30
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    Social Transfers, Labor Supply And Poverty Reduction : The Case of Albania (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dabalen, Andrew Social Transfers, Labor Supply And Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ
    Abstract: In 1993, in response to persistent unemployment, and rising poverty and social unrest, the government of Albania introduced an anti-poverty program, namely Ndihma Ekonomike; in 1995 it was extended to all poor households. This paper estimates the separate effects of participation in this income support program and the old-age pension program on objective and subjective measures of household poverty. The analysis uses the nationally representative Albanian Living Standards Measurement Surveys carried out in 2002 and 2005. Using propensity score matching methods, the paper finds that Ndihma Ekonomike households, particularly urban residents, have lower per capita consumption and are more likely to be discontented with their lives, financial situation, and consumption levels than their matched comparators. In contrast, households receiving pensions are not significantly different from their matched comparators in reference to the same set of outcomes. The paper finds that the negative impact of Ndihma Ekonomike participation on welfare is driven by a negative labor supply response among work-eligible individuals. This negative labor response is larger among women and urban residents. In contrast to Ndihma Ekonomike, the receipt of old-age pension income transfers does not significantly impact the labor supply of prime-age individuals living in pension households
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    The Impact of Remittances On Rural Poverty And Inequality In China (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhu, Nong The Impact of Remittances On Rural Poverty And Inequality In China
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Counterfactual ; Farm income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural household ; Rural household income ; Rural income ; Rural poverty ; Access to Finance ; Counterfactual ; Farm income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural household ; Rural household income ; Rural income ; Rural poverty ; Access to Finance ; Counterfactual ; Farm income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural household ; Rural household income ; Rural income ; Rural poverty
    Abstract: Large numbers of agricultural labor moved from the countryside to cities after the economic reforms in China. Migration and remittances play an important role in transforming the structure of rural household income. This paper examines the impact of rural-to-urban migration on rural poverty and inequality in the case of Hubei province using the data of a 2002 household survey. Since remittances are a potential substitute for farm income, the paper presents counterfactual scenarios of what rural income, poverty, and inequality would have been in the absence of migration. The results show that, by providing alternatives to households with lower marginal labor productivity in agriculture, migration leads to an increase in rural income. In contrast to many studies that suggest the increasing share of non-farm income in total income widens inequality, this paper offers support for the hypothesis that migration tends to have egalitarian effects on rural income for three reasons: (i) migration is rational self-selection - farmers with higher agricultural productivities choose to remain in local agricultural production while those with higher expected return in urban non-farm sectors migrate; (ii) poorer households facing binding constraints of land shortage are more likely to migrate; and (iii) the poorest poor benefit disproportionately from remittances
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  • 32
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    On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines
    Keywords: Armut ; Messung ; Theorie ; Malawi ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas
    Abstract: The theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement are critically reviewed. Various sources of welfare interdependence are identified, including the idea of "relative deprivation" as well other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk sharing with the idea of a "positional good," and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The paper then reviews the problems encountered in testing for welfare effects of relative deprivation and discusses the implications of micro evidence from Malawi. The results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions. However, relative deprivation is still evident in the data from this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become a more important factor as the country develops
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  • 33
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    Inequality In Latin America : Determinants And Consequences (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, J. Humberto Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Latin America is together with Sub-Saharan Africa the most unequal region of the world. This paper documents recent inequality trends in the Latin American region, going beyond traditional measures of income inequality. The paper also reviews some of the explanations that have been put forward to understand the current situation, and discusses why reducing income inequality should be an important policy priority. In particular, the authors discuss channels through which inequality can affect growth and output volatility. On the whole, the analysis suggests a two-pronged approach to reduce inequality in the region that combines policies aimed at improving the distribution of assets (especially education) with elements aimed at improving the capacity of the state to redistribute income through taxes and transfers
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  • 34
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    Dollar A Day Revisited (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Dollar A Day Revisited
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day
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  • 35
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    Making Poor Haitians Count : Poverty in Rural and Urban Haiti Based on the First Household Survey for Haiti (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Making Poor Haitians Count
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas
    Abstract: This paper analyzes poverty in Haiti based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. Using a USD1 a day extreme poverty line, the analysis reveals that 49 percent of Haitian households live in absolute poverty. Twenty, 56, and 58 percent of households in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively, are poor. At the regional level, poverty is especially extensive in the northeastern and northwestern regions. Access to assets such as education and infrastructure services is highly unequal and strongly correlated with poverty. Moreover, children in indigent households attain less education than children in nonpoor households. Controlling for individual and household characteristics, location, and region, living in a rural area does not by itself affect the probability of being poor. But in rural areas female headed households are more likely to experience poverty than male headed households. Domestic migration and education are both key factors that reduce the likelihood of falling into poverty. Employment is essential to improve livelihoods and both the farm and nonfarm sector play a key role
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  • 36
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    Labor Markets in Rural and Urban Haiti : Based on the First Household Survey for Haiti (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets in Rural and Urban Haiti
    Keywords: Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper addresses labor markets in Haiti, including farm and nonfarm employment and income generation. The analyses are based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. The findings suggest that four key determinants of employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, gender, location, and migration status. This is emphasized when nonfarm activities are divided into low-return and high-return activities. The wage and producer income analyses reveal that education is key to earning higher wages and incomes. Moreover, producer incomes increase with farm size, land title, and access to tools, electricity, roads, irrigation, and other farm inputs
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  • 37
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    Social Assistance and Poverty Reduction in Moldova, 2001-2004 : An Impact Evaluation (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verme, Paolo Social Assistance and Poverty Reduction in Moldova, 2001-2004
    Keywords: Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment ; Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment ; Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of social assistance benefits on household welfare in Moldova. Ignoring standard issues of impact evaluations such as selection bias, behavioral responses, unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity, an incidence analysis suggests that increased spending on social assistance enhances the probability of moving out of poverty and reduces the probability of moving into poverty. However, double difference estimates (based on a mimicked randomized experiment) and parametric estimates (based on panel data) indicate that social benefits have not contributed to improve household welfare or reduce poverty. Double difference estimates point to a negative impact on welfare. Parametric estimates do not yield any consistent significant impact on welfare or poverty. The author concludes that the growth in population coverage and expenditure on cash benefits that characterized social assistance policies in recent years has not resulted in a significant improvement in welfare, all other factors being equal
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  • 38
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    How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: This paper uses a cross sectional method to analyze irrigation choice and crop choice across 8,405 farmers in 28 provinces in China. The findings show that Chinese farmers are more likely to irrigate when facing lower temperatures and less precipitation. Farmers in warmer places are more likely to choose oil crops, maize, and especially cotton and wheat, and are less likely to choose vegetables, potatoes, sugar, and especially rice and soybeans. In wetter locations, farmers are more likely to choose soybeans, oil crops, sugar, vegetables, cotton, and especially rice, and they are less likely to choose potatoes, wheat, and especially maize. The analysis of how Chinese farmers have adapted to current climate, provides insight into how they will likely adapt when climate changes. Future climate scenarios will cause farmers in China to want to reduce irrigation and shift toward oil crops, wheat, and especially cotton. In turn, farmers will shift away from potatoes, rice, vegetables, and soybeans. However, adaptation will likely vary greatly from region to region. Policy makers should anticipate that adaptation is important, that the magnitude of changes depends on the climate scenario, and that the desired changes depend on the location of each farm
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  • 39
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    Absolute Poverty Measures For The Developing World, 1981-2004 (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Absolute Poverty Measures For The Developing World, 1981-2004
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors report new estimates of measures of absolute poverty for the developing world over 1981-2004. A clear trend decline in the percentage of people who are absolutely poor is evident, although with uneven progress across regions. They find more mixed success in reducing the total number of poor. Indeed, the developing world outside China has seen little or no sustained progress in reducing the number of poor, with rising poverty counts in some regions, notably Sub-Saharan Africa. There are encouraging signs of progress in reducing the incidence of poverty in all regions after 2000, although it is too early to say if this is a new trend
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  • 40
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    Assessing the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Egypt : a ricardian approach (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ouda, Samiha A Assessing the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Egypt
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Marginal analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water use ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Marginal analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water use ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Marginal analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water use
    Abstract: This study employed the Ricardian approach to measure the economic impacts of climate change on farm net revenue in Egypt. Farm net revenue were regressed against climate, soil, socioeconomic and hydrological variables to determine which factors influence the variability of farm net revenues. 900 households from 20 governorates were interviewed. The standard Ricardian model was applied, in addition to three other models, each representing an adaptation option that could be used to reduce the harmful effects of temperature stress. A further adaptation strategy was tested: raising livestock on the farm to cope with the harmful effects of climate change. Besides this, the effects of two climate change scenarios (using MAGICC/SCENGEN and GCMs-General Circulation Models) were considered. The results from the two climate change scenarios showed that high temperatures will constrain agricultural production in Egypt. Irrigation and technology are therefore the recommended adaptation options. However, warming may also affect water resources and that would pose another problem for agricultural production. A policy should be developed to cope with the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. It should focus on three areas: crop management, water management, and land management. The favored option for adapting to increased temperatures is irrigation. Some farmers adjust their crop sowing dates to avoid the expected high temperatures. To adjust to shortages in rainfall, farmers use crop varieties with high water use efficiency and early maturing varieties
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  • 41
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    Poverty, Inequality, And Social Disparities During China's Economic Reform (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Poverty, Inequality, And Social Disparities During China's Economic Reform
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population
    Abstract: China has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world over the past 25 years. This growth has fueled a remarkable increase in per capita income and a decline in the poverty rate from 64 percent at the beginning of reform to 10 percent in 2004. At the same time, however, different kinds of disparities have increased. Income inequality has risen, propelled by the rural-urban income gap and by the growing disparity between highly educated urban professionals and the urban working class. There have also been increases in inequality of health and education outcomes. Some rise in inequality was inevitable as China introduced a market system, but inequality may have been exacerbated rather than mitigated by a number of policy features. Restrictions on rural-urban migration have limited opportunities for the relatively poor rural population. The inability to sell or mortgage rural land has further reduced opportunities. China has a uniquely decentralized fiscal system that has relied on local government to fund basic health and education. The result has been that poor villages could not afford to provide good services, and poor households could not afford the high private costs of basic public services. Ironically, the large trade surplus that China has built up in recent years is a further problem, in that it stimulates an urban industrial sector that no longer creates many jobs while restricting the government's ability to increase spending to improve services and address disparities. The government's recent policy shift to encourage migration, fund education and health for poor areas and poor households, and rebalance the economy away from investment and exports toward domestic consumption and public services should help reduce social disparities
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  • 42
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    Non-Traditional Crops, Traditional Constraints : The Adoption And Diffusion of Export Crops Among Guatemalan Smallholders (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Carletto, Calogero Non-Traditional Crops, Traditional Constraints
    Keywords: Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food production ; Incomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food production ; Incomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural production ; Agriculture ; Crops ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food production ; Incomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty alleviation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper uses a duration analysis based on adoption data spanning more than 25 years from six communities in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. The analysis explores how household characteristics and external trends play into both the adoption and diffusion processes of non-traditional exports among smallholders. Adoption was initially widespread and rapid, which led nontraditional exports to be hailed as a pro-poor success, reaching all but the smallest landholders. However, over time more than two-thirds of adopters eventually dropped out of production of nontraditional exports. Based on the analysis, production of nontraditional exports appears to have delivered less prosperity to adopters than initially promised. Although smallholders may be enticed into entering into nontraditional exports markets when conditions are favorable, they may lack the capacity to overcome the difficulties that inevitably arise in complex types of cultivations and in highly variable global agricultural markets. Governmental and non-governmental organizations can attempt to mitigate these difficulties, but market forces may overwhelm their efforts, with some adopters still unable to compete in global markets
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  • 43
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    Global Growth And Distribution : Are China And India Reshaping The World? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Global Growth And Distribution
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Over the past 20 years, aggregate measures of global inequality have changed little even if significant structural changes have been observed. High growth rates of China and India lifted millions out of poverty, while the stagnation in many African countries caused them to fall behind. Using the World Bank's LINKAGE global general equilibrium model and the newly developed Global Income Distribution Dynamics (GIDD) tool, this paper assesses the distribution and poverty effects of a scenario where these trends continue in the future. Even by anticipating a deceleration, growth in China and India is a key force behind the expected convergence of per-capita incomes at the global level. Millions of Chinese and Indian consumers will enter into a rapidly emerging global middle class-a group of people who can afford, and demand access to, the standards of living previously reserved mainly for the residents of developed countries. Notwithstanding these positive developments, fast growth is often characterized by high urbanization and growing demand for skills, both of which result in widening of income distribution within countries. These opposing distributional effects highlight the importance of analyzing global disparities by taking into account - as the GIDD does - income dynamics between and within countries
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  • 44
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    Pathways Out of Poverty During An Economic Crisis : An Empirical Assessment of Rural Indonesia (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timmer, C. Peter Pathways Out of Poverty During An Economic Crisis
    Keywords: Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Most poor people in developing countries still live in rural areas and are primarily engaged in low productivity farming activities. Thus pathways out of poverty are likely to be strongly connected to productivity increases in the rural economy, whether they are realized in farming, in rural nonfarm enterprises, or by way of rural-urban migration. The authors use cross-sectional data from the Central Statistical Board for 1993 and 2002, as well as a panel data set from the Indonesia Family Life Survey for 1993 and 2000, to show which pathways out of poverty were most successful over this period. The findings suggest that increased engagement of farmers in rural nonfarm enterprises is an important route out of rural poverty, but that most of the rural agricultural poor that exit poverty still do so while remaining rural and agricultural. So changes in agricultural prices, wages, and productivity still play a critical role in moving people out of poverty
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  • 45
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    The Role of Services In Rural Income : The Case of Vietnam (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin The Role of Services In Rural Income
    Keywords: Alternative Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good Transport ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Changes ; Public Transport ; Public Transportation ; Quality of Transport ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Quality ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Alternative Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good Transport ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Changes ; Public Transport ; Public Transportation ; Quality of Transport ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Quality ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Alternative Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good Transport ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Changes ; Public Transport ; Public Transportation ; Quality of Transport ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Quality ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper investigates the role of services in the household response to trade reforms in Vietnam. The relative response of the households and income growth after a major trade liberalization in rice are analyzed aiming to answer the following questions: What type of households, in which locations, having access to what type of services, benefited more from the reforms? It focuses on services that have an impact on transaction costs (roads or quality of roads, public transportation, access to credit, extension services, and availability of markets in communication services) because transaction costs are often cited as a barrier to rural households in responding to the price changes and increased incentives offered by trade and other policy reforms. The results suggest that availability of production related services contributes positively to the impact of trade reforms. Although most of the service variables have a positive and significant effect on growth in income, some that are expected to have an impact are not significant. This may be explained by the exceptional coverage of infrastructure services in Vietnam even before the reforms. When service availability is very similar across different localities, household characteristics become more important in determining the response
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  • 46
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    Local Elections And Consumption Insurance : Evidence From Chinese Villages (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yao, Yang Local Elections And Consumption Insurance
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While the literature on consumption insurance is growing fast, little research has been conducted on how rural consumption insurance is affected by democracy. In this paper the authors examine how consumption insurance of Chinese rural residents is affected if the local leader is democratically elected. Exploring a unique panel data set of 1,400 households from 1987 to 2002, they find that consumption insurance is more complete when the households are in villages with elected village leaders. Furthermore, democracy improves consumption insurance only for the poor and middle-income farmers, but not for the rich. These findings underline the importance of democratic governance for ensuring better rural consumption insurance and poverty reduction
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  • 47
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    How Good A Map ? : Putting Small Area Estimation To The Test (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel How Good A Map ?
    Keywords: Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Abstract: The authors examine the performance of small area welfare estimation. The method combines census and survey data to produce spatially disaggregated poverty and inequality estimates. To test the method, they compare predicted welfare indicators for a set of target populations with their true values. They construct target populations using actual data from a census of households in a set of rural Mexican communities. They examine estimates along three criteria: accuracy of confidence intervals, bias, and correlation with true values. The authors find that while point estimates are very stable, the precision of the estimates varies with alternative simulation methods. While the original approach of numerical gradient estimation yields standard errors that seem appropriate, some computationally less-intensive simulation procedures yield confidence intervals that are slightly too narrow. The precision of estimates is shown to diminish markedly if unobserved location effects at the village level are not well captured in underlying consumption models. With well specified models there is only slight evidence of bias, but the authors show that bias increases if underlying models fail to capture latent location effects. Correlations between estimated and true welfare at the local level are highest for mean expenditure and poverty measures and lower for inequality measures
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  • 48
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    An Analysis of Crop Choice : Adapting To Climate Change In Latin American Farms (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Crop Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American farmers adapt to climate by changing crops. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of crops. Estimating the model across over 2,000 farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affects the crops that Latin American farmers choose. Farmers choose fruits and vegetables in warmer locations and wheat and potatoes in cooler locations. Farms in wetter locations are more likely to grow rice, fruits, and squash, and in dryer locations maize and potatoes. Global warming will cause Latin American farmers to switch away from wheat and potatoes toward fruits and vegetables. Predictions of the impact of climate change must reflect not only changes in yields or net revenues per crop but also crop switching
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  • 49
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    New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sangraula, Prem New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors provide new evidence on the extent to which absolute poverty has urbanized in the developing world, and the role that population urbanization has played in overall poverty reduction. They find that one-quarter of the world's consumption poor live in urban areas and that the proportion has been rising over time. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate but did little for urban poverty. Over 1993-2002, the count of the
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  • 50
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    Civil War, Crop Failure, And Child Stunting In Rwanda (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bundervoet, Tom Civil War, Crop Failure, And Child Stunting In Rwanda
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Economic shocks at birth have lasting effects on children's health several years after the shock. The authors calculate height for age z-scores for children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally representative household survey conducted in 1992. They exploit district and time variation in crop failure and civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks that children experience at birth on their height several years later. They find that boys and girls born after the shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both negatively affected with height for age z-scores 0.30 and 0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely, only girls are negatively affected by crop failure, with these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviation lower height for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor households. Results are robust to using sibling difference estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks as alternative measures of crop failure
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  • 51
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    Gauging The Welfare Effects of Shocks In Rural Tanzania (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Gauging The Welfare Effects of Shocks In Rural Tanzania
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Crime ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Holistic Approach ; Hospitalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality Of Life ; Risk Factors ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Unemployment ; Agriculture ; Crime ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Holistic Approach ; Hospitalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality Of Life ; Risk Factors ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Unemployment ; Agriculture ; Crime ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Holistic Approach ; Hospitalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality Of Life ; Risk Factors ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Unemployment
    Abstract: Studies of risk and its consequences tend to focus on one risk factor, such as a drought or an economic crisis. Yet 2003 household surveys in rural Kilimanjaro and Ruvuma, two cash-crop-growing regions in Tanzania that experienced a precipitous coffee price decline around the turn of the millennium, identified health and drought shocks as well as commodity price declines as major risk factors, suggesting the need for a comprehensive approach to analyzing household vulnerability. In fact, most coffee growers, except the smaller ones in Kilimanjaro, weathered the coffee price declines rather well, at least to the point of not being worse off than non-coffee growers. Conversely, improving health conditions and reducing the effect of droughts emerge as critical to reduce vulnerability. One-third of the rural households in Kilimanjaro experienced a drought or health shocks, resulting in an estimated 8 percent welfare loss on average, after using savings and aid. Rainfall is more reliable in Ruvuma, and drought there did not affect welfare. Surprisingly, neither did health shocks, plausibly because of lower medical expenditures given limited health care provisions
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  • 52
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    Patterns of Rainfall Insurance Participation In Rural India (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Patterns of Rainfall Insurance Participation In Rural India
    Keywords: Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance
    Abstract: This paper describes the contract design and institutional features of an innovative rainfall insurance policy offered to smallholder farmers in rural India, and presents preliminary evidence on the determinants of insurance participation. Insurance takeup is found to be decreasing in basis risk between insurance payouts and income fluctuations, increasing in household wealth and decreasing in the extent to which credit constraints bind. These results match with predictions of a simple neoclassical model appended with borrowing constraints. Other patterns are less consistent with the "benchmark" model; namely, participation in village networks and measures of familiarity with the insurance vendor are strongly correlated with insurance takeup decisions, and risk-averse households are found to be less, not more, likely to purchase insurance. We suggest that these results reflect household uncertainty about the product itself, given their limited experience with it
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  • 53
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    Perceptions of Environmental Risks In Mozambique : Implications For The Success of Adaptation And Coping Strategies (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Patt, Anthony G Perceptions of Environmental Risks In Mozambique
    Keywords: Banks ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Disaster ; Early Warning ; Emergency Assistance ; Environment ; Farmers ; Flood ; Flooded ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Slums ; Urban Development ; Banks ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Disaster ; Early Warning ; Emergency Assistance ; Environment ; Farmers ; Flood ; Flooded ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Slums ; Urban Development ; Banks ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Disaster ; Early Warning ; Emergency Assistance ; Environment ; Farmers ; Flood ; Flooded ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Slums ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Policies to promote adaptation climate risks often rely on the willing cooperation of the intended beneficiaries. If these beneficiaries disagree with policy makers and programme managers about the need for adaptation, or the effectiveness of the measures they are being asked to undertake, then implementation of the policies will fail. A case study of a resettlement programme in Mozambique shows this to be the case. Farmers and policy-maker disagreed about the seriousness of climate risks, and the potential negative consequences of proposed adaptive measures. A project to provide more information about climate change to farmers did not change their beliefs. The results highlight the need for active dialog across stakeholder groups, as a necessary condition for formulating policies that can then be successfully implemented
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  • 54
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    Indigenous Peoples In Latin America : Economic Opportunities And Social Networks (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lunde, Trine Indigenous Peoples In Latin America
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income-generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. The authors show that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors
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  • 55
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    Work-Related Migration And Poverty Reduction In Nepal (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glinskaya, Elena Work-Related Migration And Poverty Reduction In Nepal
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Migration ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Purchasing power ; Purchasing power parity ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Migration ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Purchasing power ; Purchasing power parity ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Migration ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Purchasing power ; Purchasing power parity ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Using two rounds of nationally representative household survey data in this study, the authors measure the impact on poverty in Nepal of local and international migration for work. They apply an instrumental variable approach to deal with nonrandom selection of migrants and simulate various scenarios for the different levels of work-related migration, comparing observed and counterfactual household expenditure distribution. The results indicate that one-fifth of the poverty reduction in Nepal occurring between 1995 and 2004 can be attributed to increased levels of work-related migration and remittances sent home. The authors also show that while the increase in work migration abroad was the leading cause of this poverty reduction, internal migration also played an important role. The findings show that strategies for economic growth and poverty reduction in Nepal should consider aspects of the dynamics of domestic and international migration
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  • 56
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    A Poverty : Focused Evaluation of Commodity Tax Options (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B A Poverty
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The difficulties faced by many developing countries in raising revenue from direct taxes have forced them to rely heavily on indirect taxes to finance development interventions. The purpose of this paper is to show how to identify socially desirable options for commodity taxation in the context of a poverty reduction strategy. Within the logic of social evaluation the author assesses tax options on the basis of value judgments underlying members of the additively separable class of poverty measures. The criterion hinges on both the pattern of consumption of each commodity and the price elasticity of the poverty measure used. An application of this methodology to data for Guinea shows that many components of food expenditure (particularly cereals, grains, and roots) would be good candidates for exemption from value-added tax. Even though expenditure on health and education is distributed in favor of the non-poor, their importance for human capital development argues for a program of targeted subsidies in a broader context of cost recovery
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  • 57
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    The Impact of Remittances On Poverty And Human Capital : Evidence From Latin American Household Surveys (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, J. Humberto The Impact of Remittances On Poverty And Human Capital
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Recipient countries ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Recipient countries ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Recipient countries ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of remittances on poverty, education, and health in 11 Latin American countries using nationally representative household surveys and making an explicit attempt to account for one of the inherent costs associated with migration-the potential income that the migrant may have made at home. The main findings of the study are the following: (1) regardless of the counterfactual used remittances appear to lower poverty levels in most recipient countries; (2) yet despite this general tendency, the estimated impacts tend to be modest; and (3) there is significant country heterogeneity in the poverty reduction impact of remittances' flows. Among the aspects that have been identified in the paper that may lead to varying outcomes across countries are the percentage of households reporting remittances income, the share of remittances of recipient households belonging to the lowest quintiles of the income distribution, and the relative importance of remittances flows with respect to GDP. While remittances tend to have positive effects on education and health, this impact is often restricted to specific groups of the population
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  • 58
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    What Is The Impact of International Remittances On Poverty And Inequality In Latin America ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, Humberto What Is The Impact of International Remittances On Poverty And Inequality In Latin America ?
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Official development assistance ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Progress ; Rates of growth ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Official development assistance ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Progress ; Rates of growth ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Official development assistance ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Progress ; Rates of growth ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Workers' remittances have become a major source of income for developing countries. However, little is still known about their impact on poverty and inequality. Using a large cross-country panel dataset, the authors find that remittances in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have increased growth and reduced inequality and poverty. These results are robust to the use of different instruments that attempt to correct for the potential endogeneity of remittances. Household survey-based estimates for 10 LAC countries confirm that remittances have negative albeit relatively small inequality and poverty-reducing effects, even after imputations for the potential home earnings of migrants
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  • 59
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    Accounting For Mexican Income Inequality During The 1990s (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Accounting For Mexican Income Inequality During The 1990s
    Keywords: Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The author implements several inequality decomposition methods to measure the extent to which total household income disparities can be attributable to sectoral asymmetries and differences in skill endowments. The results show that at least half of total household inequality in Mexico is attributable to incomes derived from entrepreneurial activities, an income source rarely scrutinized in the inequality literature. He shows that education (skills) endowments are unevenly distributed among the Mexican population, with positive shifts in the market returns to schooling associated with increases in inequality. Asymmetries in the allocation of education explain around 20 percent of overall household income disparities in Mexico during the 1990s. Moreover, the proportion of inequality attributable to education endowments increases during stable periods and reduces during the crisis. This pattern is explained by shifts in returns to schooling rather than changes in the distribution of skills. Applying the same techniques to decompose within-sector income differences, the author finds that skill endowments can account for as much as 25 percent of earnings disparities but as little as 5 percent of dispersion in other income sources
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  • 60
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    The Perception of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maddison, David The Perception of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Climate warming ; Environment ; Fertilization ; Global climate change ; Hazard Risk Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Temperature ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Climate warming ; Environment ; Fertilization ; Global climate change ; Hazard Risk Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Temperature ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Climate warming ; Environment ; Fertilization ; Global climate change ; Hazard Risk Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Temperature ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation
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  • 61
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    Are cash transfers made to women spent like other sources of income? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rosero, Jose Are cash transfers made to women spent like other sources of income?
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food Policy ; Food Policy Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food supplements ; Fruits ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Hygiene ; Industry ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Labeling ; Meat ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Vegetables ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food Policy ; Food Policy Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food supplements ; Fruits ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Hygiene ; Industry ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Labeling ; Meat ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Vegetables ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food Policy ; Food Policy Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food supplements ; Fruits ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Hygiene ; Industry ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Labeling ; Meat ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Vegetables
    Abstract: How cash transfers made to women are used has important implications for models of household behavior and for the design of social programs. In this paper, the authors use the randomized introduction of an unconditional cash transfer to poor women in rural Ecuador to analyze the effect of transfers on the food Engel curve. There are two main findings. First, the authors show that households randomly assigned to receive Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) transfers have a significantly higher food share in expenditures than those that were randomly assigned to the control group. Second, they show that the rising food share among BDH beneficiaries is found among households that have both adult males and females, but not among households that only have adult females. Bargaining power between men and women is likely to be important in mixed-adult households, but not among female-only households, where there are no men to bargain with. Finally, the authors show that within mixed-adult households, program effects are only significant in households in which the initial bargaining capacity of women was likely to be weak. This pattern of results is consistent with an increase in the bargaining power of women in households that received BDH transfers
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  • 62
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    Yield impact of irrigation management transfer : story from the Philippines (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Yield impact of irrigation management transfer
    Keywords: Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Irrigation ; Irrigation Management ; Irrigation Management Transfer ; Irrigation and Drainage ; Irrigation association ; Irrigation associations ; Irrigation departments ; Irrigation infrastructure ; Irrigation projects ; Participatory irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water delivery ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Irrigation ; Irrigation Management ; Irrigation Management Transfer ; Irrigation and Drainage ; Irrigation association ; Irrigation associations ; Irrigation departments ; Irrigation infrastructure ; Irrigation projects ; Participatory irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water delivery ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Irrigation ; Irrigation Management ; Irrigation Management Transfer ; Irrigation and Drainage ; Irrigation association ; Irrigation associations ; Irrigation departments ; Irrigation infrastructure ; Irrigation projects ; Participatory irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water Use ; Water delivery
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  • 63
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    An Emerging Agricultural Problem In High-Performing Asian Economies (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hayami, Yujiro An Emerging Agricultural Problem In High-Performing Asian Economies
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Policies to tax farmers in low-income countries and policies to subsidize them in high-income countries have been identified as a major source of the disequilibrium of world agriculture. Recently, as many high-performing economies in Asia advanced from the low-income to the middle-income stage through successful industrialization, they have been confronted with the problem of a widening income gap between farm and non-farm workers corresponding to rapid shifts in comparative advantage from agriculture to manufacturing. In order to prevent this disparity from culminating in serious social and political instability, policies have been reoriented toward supporting the income of farmers. At the same time, governments in middle-income countries must continue to secure low-cost food for the urban poor who are still large in number. The need to achieve the two conflicting goals under the still weak fiscal capacity of governments tends to make agricultural policies in the middle-income stage tinkering and ineffective. Greater research inputs in this area are called for in order to prevent the growth momentum of high-performing economies in Asia from being disrupted by political crises
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  • 64
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    Economy-Wide And Distributional Impacts of An Oil Price Shock On The South African Economy (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Economy-Wide And Distributional Impacts of An Oil Price Shock On The South African Economy
    Keywords: Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: As crude oil prices reach new highs, there is renewed concern about how external shocks will affect growth and poverty in developing countries. This paper describes a macro-micro framework for examining the structural and distributional consequences of a significant external shock-an increase in the world price of oil-on the South African economy. The authors merge results from a highly disaggregative computable general equilibrium model and a micro-simulation analysis of earnings and occupational choice based on socio-demographic characteristics of the household. The model provides changes in employment, wages, and prices that are used in the micro-simulation. The analysis finds that a 125 percent increase in the price of crude oil and refined petroleum reduces employment and GDP by approximately 2 percent, and reduces household consumption by approximately 7 percent. The oil price shock tends to increase the disparity between rich and poor. The adverse impact of the oil price shock is felt by the poorer segment of the formal labor market in the form of declining wages and increased unemployment. Unemployment hits mostly low and medium-skilled workers in the services sector. High-skilled households, on average, gain from the oil price shock. Their income rises and their spending basket is less skewed toward food and other goods that are most affected by changes in oil prices
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  • 65
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    A Micro-Decomposition Analysis of The Macroeconomic Determinants of Human Development (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lambert, Sylvie A Micro-Decomposition Analysis of The Macroeconomic Determinants of Human Development
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools
    Abstract: This paper shows how differences in aggregate human development outcomes over time and space can be additively decomposed into a pure economic-growth component, a component attributed to differences in the distribution of income, and components attributed to "non-income" factors and differences in the model linking outcomes to income or non-income characteristics. The income effect at the micro level is modeled non-parametrically, so as to flexibly reflect distributional changes. The paper illustrates the decomposition using data for Morocco and Vietnam, and the results offer some surprising insights into the observed aggregate gains in schooling attainments. A user friendly STATA program is available to implement the method in other settings
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  • 66
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    Poverty Reduction Without Economic Growth ? : Explaining Brazil's Poverty Dynamics, 1985-2004 (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Poverty Reduction Without Economic Growth ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security ; Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security ; Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security
    Abstract: Brazil's slow pace of poverty reduction over the last two decades reflects both low growth and a low growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Using GDP data disaggregated by state and sector for a twenty-year period, this paper finds considerable variation in the poverty-reducing effectiveness of growth-across sectors, across space, and over time. Growth in the services sector was substantially more poverty-reducing than was growth in either agriculture or industry. Growth in industry had very different effects on poverty across different states and its impact varied with initial conditions related to human development and worker empowerment. The determinants of poverty reduction changed around 1994: positive growth rates and a greater (absolute) elasticity with respect to agricultural growth contributed to faster poverty reduction. But because there was so little of it, economic growth played a relatively small role in accounting for Brazil's poverty reduction between 1985 and 2004. The taming of hyperinflation (in 1994) and substantial expansions in social security and social assistance transfers, beginning in 1988, accounted for a larger share of the overall reduction in poverty
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  • 67
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    Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ? (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Catalina Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ?
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the employment/productivity profile of growth and its sectoral pattern are correlated with poverty reduction. The authors use a sample of 104 short-run growth spells in developing countries, between 1980 and 2001. They also identify some conditions of the labor market and the economic environment that are associated with employment-intensive growth or specific sectoral growth. The results show that, in the short run, although the aggregate employment-rate intensity of growth does not matter for poverty reduction any more than the aggregate productivity intensity of growth, the sectoral pattern of employment growth and productivity growth is important. Employment-intensive growth in the secondary sector is associated with decreases in poverty, while employment-intensive growth in agriculture is correlated with poverty increases. Similarly, productivity-intensive growth in agriculture is associated with decreases in poverty. Although the study does not address causality, coincidence of these phenomena in this large sample of heterogeneous countries and periods suggests that, in the short run, the sectoral productivity and employment pattern of growth may have important implications for poverty alleviation. Therefore, policies for reducing poverty should not overlook the sectoral productivity and employment implications of different growth policies
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  • 68
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    Assessment of the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe : a ricardian approach (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Nhemachena, Charles Assessment of the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This study uses the Ricardian approach to examine the economic impact of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe. Net farm revenue is regressed against various climate, soil, hydrological and socio-economic variables to help determine the factors that influence variability in net farm revenues. The study is based on data from a survey of 700 smallholder farming households interviewed across the country. The empirical results show that climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) have significant effects on net farm revenues in Zimbabwe. In addition to the analysis of all farms, the study also analyzes the effects on dryland farms and farms with irrigation. The analysis indicates that net farm revenues are affected negatively by increases in temperature and positively by increases in precipitation. The results from sensitivity analysis suggest that agricultural production in Zimbabwe's smallholder farming system is significantly constrained by climatic factors (high temperature and low rainfall). The elasticity results show that the changes in net revenue are high for dryland farming compared to farms with irrigation. The results show that farms with irrigation are more resistant to changes in climate, indicating that irrigation is an important adaptation option to help reduce the impact of further changes in climate. An overview of farmer adaptation to changing climate indicates that farmers are already using some adaptation strategies-such as dry and early planting, growing drought resistant crops, changing planting dates, and using irrigation-to cushion themselves against further anticipated adverse climatic conditions. An important policy message from the empirical findings is that there is a need to provide adequate extension information services to ensure that farmers receive up-to-date information about rainfall patterns in the forthcoming season so that they make well-informed decisions on their planting dates. Policies that increase farmer training and access to credit and aid facilities and help farmers acquire livestock and other important farm assets can help improve net farm performance. Ensuring the availability and accessibility of fertilizers and crop seeds before the onset of the next cropping season can also significantly improve net farm performance across households
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  • 69
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    Insurance, Credit, And Technology Adoption : Field Experimental Evidence From Malawi (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Insurance, Credit, And Technology Adoption
    Keywords: Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The adoption of new agricultural technologies may be discouraged because of their inherent riskiness. This study implemented a randomized field experiment to ask whether the provision of insurance against a major source of production risk induces farmers to take out loans to invest in a new crop variety. The study sample was composed of roughly 800 maize and groundnut farmers in Malawi, where by far the dominant source of production risk is the level of rainfall. We randomly selected half of the farmers to be offered credit to purchase high-yielding hybrid maize and improved groundnut seeds for planting in the November 2006 crop season. The other half of the farmers were offered a similar credit package but were also required to purchase (at actuarially fair rates) a weather insurance policy that partially or fully forgave the loan in the event of poor rainfall. Surprisingly, take up was lower by 13 percentage points among farmers offered insurance with the loan. Take-up was 33.0 percent for farmers who were offered the uninsured loan. There is suggestive evidence that the reduced take-up of the insured loan was due to the high cognitive cost of evaluating the insurance: insured loan take-up was positively correlated with farmer education levels. By contrast, the take-up of the uninsured loan was uncorrelated with farmer education
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  • 70
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    Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stifel, David Tracking Poverty Over Time In The Absence of Comparable Consumption Data
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Production ; Developing Countries ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Assets ; Household Level ; Malaria ; Millennium Development Goals ; National Level ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Following the endorsement of the Millennium Development Goals, there is an increasing demand for methods to track poverty regularly. This paper develops an economically intuitive and inexpensive methodology to do so in the absence of regular, comparable data on household consumption. The minimum data requirements for the methodology are the availability of a household budget survey and a series of surveys with a comparable set of asset data also contained in the budget survey. The methodology is illustrated using a series of Demographic Health Surveys from Kenya
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  • 71
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    Finance And Hunger : Empirical Evidence of The Agricultural Productivity Channel (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Finance And Hunger
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Using cross-country and panel regressions, the authors show that financial sector development significantly reduces undernourishment (hunger), largely through gaining farmers and others access to productivity-enhancing equipment, translating into beneficial income and general effects. They show specifically that a deeper financial sector leads to higher agricultural productivity, including higher cereal yields, through increased fertilizer and tractor use. Higher productivity in turn leads to lower undernourishment. The results are robust to various specifications and econometric tests and imply that a 1 percentage point increase in private credit to GDP reduces undernourishment by 0.22-2.45 percentage points, or about one-quarter the impact of GDP per capita
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  • 72
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    Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper addresses three areas of the rural labor market-employment, labor wages, and agriculture producer incomes. Findings show that the poor allocate a lower share of their labor to farm sectors than the nonpoor do, but still around 70 percent work in agriculture, and the vast majority of rural workers are engaged in the informal sector. When examining nonfarm employment in rural Argentina, findings suggest that key determinants of access to employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, skills, land access, location, and gender. Employment analyses show that women have higher probability than men to participate in rural nonfarm activities and they are not confined to low-return employment. Moreover, workers living in poorer regions with land access are less likely to be employed in the nonfarm sector. There is strong evidence that educated people have better prospects in both the farm and nonfarm sectors, and that education is an important determinant of employment in the better-paid nonfarm activities. Labor wage analyses reveal that labor markets pay lower returns to poorer than to richer women and returns to education are increasing with increased level of completed education and income level. And nonfarm income and employment are highly correlated with gender, skills, household size, and education. This analysis also shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the income distribution, but education is important for all levels of income. Agricultural producer income analyses reveal that producers' income monotonically increases with land size and with completed education level, and positively correlates with road access and use of electricity, fertilizer, and irrigation. Finally, farms operated by women are slightly more productive than farms operated by men
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  • 73
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    Rural Vulnerability In Serbia (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ersado, Lire Rural Vulnerability In Serbia
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In the presence of risk and uncertainty, measures such as poverty rates are inadequate to analyze the well-being of poor households. The poor are not only concerned about the current low levels of their income or consumption, but also the likelihood of experiencing stressful declines in these levels in the future. Risks to livelihood are particularly important in rural areas where there is generally high dependence on agriculture and the environment. In this study, the author analyzes the nature, extent, and causes of rural vulnerability in Serbia using panel national household data from the 2002 and 2003 Serbia Living Standard Surveys. He measures rural vulnerability as a function of nonstochastic determinants of poverty as well as exposure to risk. While low levels of consumption (poverty) explain about 70 percent of vulnerability, the author identifies risk and uncertainty as crucial dimensions of rural life in accounting for the remaining 30 percent of household vulnerability. Households and regions with a greater share of their livelihood depending on agricultural activities are more at risk of vulnerability than those with a significantly higher share of their income coming from nonagricultural sources. Dependence on agricultural income is directly associated with higher aggregate risk, underscoring the agricultural sector's lopsided exposure to covariate shocks in general, and the negative impact of the 2003 drought in particular. Rural vulnerability to poverty and risk is also strongly associated with asset ownership and access to markets to mobilize them in time of need
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  • 74
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    Trade Reforms And Welfare : An Ex-Post Decomposition of Income In Vietnam (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin Trade Reforms And Welfare
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of trade reforms on household welfare. In particular, it studies the importance of each of the links that together constitute the impact using data from the Vietnamese experience in the 1990s. The implementation of trade reforms in the 1990s, most noteworthy of which was the liberalization of rice, resulted in substantial improvement in welfare as evidenced by the drastic decline in poverty. Using analytical and empirical methods, the author examines the role of each channel (direct versus indirect) in this improvement for different groups of households. Results indicate that the growth has been broad based and pro-poor. Poorer households experienced more growth for each and every group analyzed. And contrary to the standard literature, net buyer households had more growth compared with net sellers, emphasizing the importance of indirect links. Decomposition of the growth shows that for rural households, both the direct effect and the multiplier effect drive growth while the multiplier effect was key in urban areas. The importance of the secondary effects underscores the need for a broader model to estimate the impact of trade reforms fully
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  • 75
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    Adult Mortality And Consumption Growth In The Age of HIV/AIDS (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beegle, Kathleen Adult Mortality And Consumption Growth In The Age of HIV/AIDS
    Keywords: Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors use a 13-year panel of individuals in Tanzania to assess how adult mortality shocks affect both short and long-run consumption growth of surviving household members. Using unique data which tracks individuals from 1991 to 2004, they examine consumption growth, controlling for a set of initial community, household and individual characteristics. The effect is identified using the sample of households in 2004 which grew out of baseline households. The authors find robust evidence that an affected household will see consumption drop 7 percent within the first five years after the adult death. With high growth in the sample over this time period, this creates a 19 percentage point growth gap with the average household. There is some evidence of persistent effects of these shocks for up to 13 years, but these effects are imprecisely estimated and not significantly different from zero. The impact of female adult death is found to be particularly severe
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  • 76
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    Fiscal And Social Impact of A Nominal Exchange Rate Devaluation In Djibouti (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anos Casero, Paloma Fiscal And Social Impact of A Nominal Exchange Rate Devaluation In Djibouti
    Keywords: Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Limited fiscal space limits Djibouti's ability to meet the Millennium Development Goals and improve the living conditions of its population. Djibouti's fiscal structure is unique in that almost 70 percent of government revenue is denominated in foreign currency (import taxes, foreign aid grants, and military revenue) while over 50 percent of government expenditure is denominated in local currency (wages, salaries, and social transfers). Djibouti's economic structure is also unusual in that merchandise exports of local origin are insignificant, and the country relies heavily on imported goods (food, medicines, consumer and capital goods). A currency devaluation, by reducing real wages, could potentially generate additional fiscal space that would help meet Djibouti's fundamental development goals. Using macroeconomic and household level data, the authors quantify the impact of a devaluation of the nominal exchange rate on fiscal savings, real public sector wages, real income, and poverty under various hypothetical scenarios of exchange-rate pass-through and magnitude of devaluation. They find that a currency devaluation could generate fiscal savings in the short-term, but it would have an adverse effect on poverty and income distribution. A 30 percent nominal exchange rate devaluation could generate fiscal savings amounting between 3 and 7 percent of GDP. At the same time, a 30 percent nominal devaluation could cause nearly a fifth of the poorest households to fall below the extreme poverty line and pull the same fraction of upper middle-income households below the national poverty line. The authors also find that currency devaluation could generate net fiscal savings even after accounting for the additional social transfers needed to compensate the poor for their real income loss. However, the absence of formal social safety nets limits the government's readiness to provide well-targeted and timely social transfers to the poor
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  • 77
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    Measuring The Pro-Poorness of Income Growth Within An Elasticity Framework (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah B Measuring The Pro-Poorness of Income Growth Within An Elasticity Framework
    Keywords: Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing World ; Development Goals ; Development Policy ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Growth ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Process ; Growth Rate ; Growth Rates ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: Poverty reduction has become a fundamental objective of development, and therefore a metric for assessing the effectiveness of various interventions. Economic growth can be a powerful instrument of income poverty reduction. This creates a need for meaningful ways of assessing the poverty impact of growth. This paper follows the elasticity approach to propose a measure of pro-poorness defined as a weighted average of the deviation of a growth pattern from the benchmark case. The measure can help assess pro-poorness both in terms of aggregate poverty measures, which are members of the additively separable class, and at percentiles. It also lends itself to a decomposition procedure, whereby the overall pattern of income growth can be unbundled, and the contributions of income components to overall pro-poorness identified. An application to data for Indonesia in the 1990s reveals that the amount of poverty reduction achieved over that period remains far below what would have been achieved under distributional neutrality. This conclusion is robust to the choice of a poverty measure among members of the additively separable class, and can be tracked back to changes in expenditure components
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  • 78
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    Learning Through Monitoring : Lessons From A Large-Scale Nutrition Program In Madagascar (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Galasso, Emanuela Learning Through Monitoring
    Keywords: Breastfeeding ; Children ; E-Business ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Exercises ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hygiene ; Immunization ; Implementation ; Intervention ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Nutrition ; Nutrition ; Nutrition Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Breastfeeding ; Children ; E-Business ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Exercises ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hygiene ; Immunization ; Implementation ; Intervention ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Nutrition ; Nutrition ; Nutrition Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Breastfeeding ; Children ; E-Business ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Exercises ; Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hygiene ; Immunization ; Implementation ; Intervention ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Nutrition ; Nutrition ; Nutrition Education ; Population Policies ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Monitoring data are generally collected as a by-product of the process of monitoring program implementation. Yet this rich source of data have not been exploited to assess the effectiveness of the program. In this paper the authors use detailed administered data from a large-scale, community-based nutrition program in Madagascar to argue that this data can be used to estimate the differential effect of increased exposure to the program and study how these returns to exposure evolve over time. They find that the returns to exposure are positive: communities exposed for an additional one or two years display on average lower malnutrition rates of around 7-9 percentage points. And they find that the returns decrease as time and duration increase, although they do not dissipate to zero. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the returns to the program reflect learning effects from the intervention. Finally, the results show higher differential returns to the program in poorer areas and areas more vulnerable to diseases. These findings have important implications for how such programs should be scaled-up within a country
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  • 79
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    Rural Poor In Rich Rural Areas : Poverty In Rural Argentina (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Rural Poor In Rich Rural Areas
    Keywords: Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Heads ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Poverty ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural People ; Rural Poor ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Rural poverty remains a crucial part of the poverty picture in Argentina. This paper used a rural dataset collected by the World Bank in 2003. Findings show that extreme income poverty in rural areas reached 39 percent of the people or 200,000-250,000 indigent families. These families tend to: be large, and young, and to escape from poverty as they mature and children leave the household (life cycle); live largely in dispersed areas where basic service provision is often weak and delivery is difficult (in particular school attendance beyond 11 years of age falls off very rapidly compared with grouped rural or urban areas); and be more likely to be small landholders than landless laborers. The structure of poverty in rural Argentina shows that larger households are poorer than smaller households, female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households, young households/household heads are poorer than older households/household heads, the poor tend to work more in the informal sector, and a greater share of those engaged in agriculture are poor. However, poverty is by no means strictly an agricultural problem. Furthermore, the deepest poverty is among the poorly educated and young household heads with children. Without interventions to improve their opportunities and assets, their plight is likely to worsen
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  • 80
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    How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Olarreaga, Marcelo How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs
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  • 81
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    The Role of Agriculture In Poverty Reduction An Empirical Perspective (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc The Role of Agriculture In Poverty Reduction An Empirical Perspective
    Keywords: Agricultural Development ; Agricultural Growth ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Productivity Growth ; Agricultural Sector ; Agricultural Technology ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Development ; Agricultural Growth ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Productivity Growth ; Agricultural Sector ; Agricultural Technology ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Development ; Agricultural Growth ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Productivity Growth ; Agricultural Sector ; Agricultural Technology ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The relative contribution of a sector to poverty reduction is shown to depend on its direct and indirect growth effects as well as its participation effect. The paper assesses how these effects compare between agriculture and non-agriculture by reviewing the literature and by analyzing cross-country national accounts and poverty data from household surveys. Special attention is given to Sub-Saharan Africa. While the direct growth effect of agriculture on poverty reduction is likely to be smaller than that of non-agriculture (though not because of inherently inferior productivity growth), the indirect growth effect of agriculture (through its linkages with nonagriculture) appears substantial and at least as large as the reverse feedback effect. The poor participate much more in growth in the agricultural sector, especially in low-income countries, resulting in much larger poverty reduction impact. Together, these findings support the overall premise that enhancing agricultural productivity is the critical entry-point in designing effective poverty reduction strategies, including in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, to maximize the poverty reducing effects, the right agricultural technology and investments must be pursued, underscoring the need for much more country specific analysis of the structure and institutional organization of the rural economy in designing poverty reduction strategies
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  • 82
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    Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ? : Evidence From Rural China (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ?
    Keywords: Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The paper revisits the site of a large, World Bank-financed, rural development program in China 10 years after it began and four years after disbursements ended. The program emphasized community participation in multi-sectoral interventions (including farming, animal husbandry, infrastructure and social services). Data were collected on 2,000 households in project and nonproject areas, spanning 10 years. A double-difference estimator of the program's impact (on top of pre-existing governmental programs) reveals sizeable short-term income gains that were mostly saved. Only modest gains to mean consumption emerged in the longer term-in rough accord with the gain to permanent income. Certain types of households gained more than others. The educated poor were under-covered by the community-based selection process-greatly reducing overall impact. The main results are robust to corrections for various sources of selection bias, including village targeting and interference due to spillover effects generated by the response of local governments to the external aid
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  • 83
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    Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies : Is There More To Come? (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mitra, Pradeep Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: This paper decomposes changes in inequality, which has in general been increasing in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, both by income source and socio-economic group, with a view to understanding the determinants of inequality and assessing how it might evolve in the future. The empirical analysis relies on a set of inequality statistics that, unlike "official data", are consistent and comparable across countries and are based on primary records from household surveys recently put together for the World Bank study "Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: 1998-2003" [World Bank (2005b)]. The increase in inequality in transition, as predicted by a number of theoretical models, in practice differed substantially across countries, with the size and speed of its evolution depending on the relative importance of its key determinants, viz., changes in the wage distribution, employment, entrepreneurial incomes and social safety nets. Its evolution was also influenced by policy. This diversity of outcomes is exemplified on the one hand for Central Europe by Poland, where the increase in inequality has been steady but gradual and reflects, inter alia, larger changes in employment and compensating adjustments in social safety nets and, on the other for the Commonwealth of Independent States by Russia, where an explosive overshooting of inequality peaked in the mid-1990s before being moderated through the extinguishing of wage arrears during its post-1998 recovery. The paper argues that the process of transition to a market economy is not complete and that further evolution of inequality will depend both on (i) transition-related factors, such as the evolution of the education premium, a bias in the investment climate against new private sector firms which are important vehicles of job creation and regional impediments to mobility of goods and labor, as well as increasingly (ii) other factors, such as technological change and globalization. The paper also contrasts key features of inequality in Russia in the context of other transition economies with trends in inequality observed in China where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by a steep increase in inequality. It argues that the latter's experience is, to a large extent, a developmental, rather than a transition-related phenomenon deriving from the rural-urban divide and is, therefore, of limited relevance for predicting changes in inequality in Russia
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  • 84
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    Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms In Rich And Poor Countries (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (61 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hertel, Thomas W Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms In Rich And Poor Countries
    Keywords: Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Liberalization ; Agricultural Products ; Agricultural Support ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farm Households ; Farm Income ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Price ; Free Trade ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Rich countries' agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO's troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. The authors' findings reject this claim. The analysis uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the United States, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from 15 developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries' agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protect U.S. large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization
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  • 85
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    The Composition of Growth Matters For Poverty Alleviation (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman V The Composition of Growth Matters For Poverty Alleviation
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper contributes to explain the cross-country heterogeneity of the poverty response to changes in economic growth. It does so by focusing on the structure of output growth. The paper presents a two-sector theoretical model that clarifies the mechanism through which the sectoral composition of growth and associated labor intensity can affect workers' wages and, thus, poverty alleviation. Then it presents cross-country empirical evidence that analyzes first, the differential poverty-reducing impact of sectoral growth at various levels of disaggregation, and the role of unskilled labor intensity in such differential impact. The paper finds evidence that not only the size of economic growth but also its composition matters for poverty alleviation, with the largest contributions from labor-intensive sectors (such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing). The results are robust to the influence of outliers, alternative explanations, and various poverty measures
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  • 86
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    Partially Awakened Giants : Uneven Growth In China And India (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chaudhuri, Shubham Partially Awakened Giants
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper examines the ways in which recent economic growth has been uneven in China and India and what this has meant for inequality and poverty. Drawing on analyses based on existing household survey data and aggregate data from official sources, the authors show that growth has indeed been uneven-geographically, sectorally, and at the household level-and that this has meant uneven progress against poverty, less poverty reduction than might have been achieved had growth been more balanced, and an increase in income inequality. The paper then examines why growth was uneven and why this should be of concern. The discussion is structured around the idea that there are both "good" and "bad" inequalities-drivers and dimensions of inequality and uneven growth that are good or bad in terms of what they imply for both equity and long-term growth and development. The authors argue that the development paths of both China and India have been influenced by, and have generated, both types of inequalities and that while good inequalities-most notably those that reflect the role of economic incentives-have been critical to the growth experience thus far, there is a risk that bad inequalities-those that prevent individuals from connecting to markets and limit investment and accumulation of human capital and physical capital-may undermine the sustainability of growth in the coming years. The authors argue that policies are needed that preserve the good inequalities-continued incentives for innovation and investment-but reduce the scope for bad ones, notably through investments in human capital and rural infrastructure that help the poor connect to markets
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  • 87
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    Azerbaijan's Household Survey Data : Explaining Why Inequality Is So Low (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ersado, Lire Azerbaijan's Household Survey Data
    Keywords: Consumption ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Consumption ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Consumption ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Consumption ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Consumption ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Consumption ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Human Development ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping
    Abstract: While the Azerbaijan household income and expenditure survey (HIES) data satisfy most empirical regularities expected in a typical household survey data, the unequality measures based on the data are unusually low. For example, for the latest three years for which we have data (2002 - 2004), the consumption Gini coefficient (the commonly used summary measure of inequality) is in the range of 16 - 18 percent. This is among the lowest Gini coefficients ever observed in any country, and is extremely low even with the standard of countries generally considered as most equal in the world. Azerbaijan, a transitional economy with a significant natural resource base, is unlikely to be the most equal country in the world. The objective of this paper is to investigate why inequality measures are unusually low in the Azerbaijan household survey data. The author presents a methodology for diagnosing and identifying the potential sources of low inequality in the data, including cluster analysis at the primary sampling unit level. The main inference from the findings of the cluster analysis is that the observed low inequality indices are not due to poor supervision of the interviewers and the data collection process. The author finds that the main culprits for the observed low inequality in the HIES data are (1) the low participation rates of wealthy households in the household surveys, and (2) the widespread availability of well-targeted public and private transfers
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  • 88
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    What Is The Real Impact of Schooling On Age of First Union And Age of First Parenting ? : New Evidence From Guatemala (2006)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Behrman, Jere R What Is The Real Impact of Schooling On Age of First Union And Age of First Parenting ?
    Keywords: Adolescents ; Adulthood ; Adults ; Age ; Aged ; Childhood ; Children ; Demography ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Generations ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Mothers ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Adolescents ; Adulthood ; Adults ; Age ; Aged ; Childhood ; Children ; Demography ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Generations ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Mothers ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Adolescents ; Adulthood ; Adults ; Age ; Aged ; Childhood ; Children ; Demography ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Family ; Females ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Generations ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Mothers ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The ages of first union and of first parenting are of considerable interest, not only because of their implications for individual welfare and well-being over the life cycle, but also because they are strongly associated with fertility patterns that are thought to have important implications for the broader society. But the many positive associations between schooling attainment and ages of first union and first parenting do not mean that increasing education causes increases in ages of first union and first parenting. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the impact of schooling on ages of first union and first parenting using data collected over 35 years in Guatemala. It advances beyond the previous literature by (1) treating schooling as behaviorally-determined, which changes the estimated schooling impacts considerably in a number of cases, tending to result in stronger positive effects of schooling for females and weaker ones for males; (2) including other aspects of individuals' human capital and parental family background, which in some cases changes the estimated impact of schooling attainment a fair amount; and (3) including outcomes, additional to ages of first union and first parenting, such as union partner's human capital and union partner's family's social and economic status, which enriches the understanding of the multiple effects that schooling attainment has on the processes under study
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  • 89
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    Environmental Factors and Children's Malnutrition in Ethiopia (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Silva, Patricia Environmental Factors and Children's Malnutrition in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Child Health Services ; Children ; Decision Making ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Family Planning ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medical Treatment ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Youth and Government ; Child Health Services ; Children ; Decision Making ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Family Planning ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medical Treatment ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Youth and Government ; Child Health Services ; Children ; Decision Making ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Family Planning ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunization ; Interview ; Knowledge ; Measurement ; Medical Treatment ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Ethiopia has one of the highest child malnutrition rates in the world. A considerable effort to monitor child malnutrition rates over the past two decades shows that, despite some improvements, approximately half of the children under five are still malnourished. Much of the burden of deaths resulting from malnutrition, estimated to be over half of childhood deaths in developing countries, can be attributed to mild or moderate malnutrition. Several biological and social economic factors contribute to malnutrition. Using the 2000 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey data, Silva examines the impact of access to basic environmental services, such as water and sanitation, on the probability children are stunted and underweight. She focuses on the impact of externalities associated with access to these services. The author finds that biological factors (such as child's age and mother's height) and social economic factors (such as household wealth and mother's education) are important determinants of a child's nutritional status. This is consistent with the findings of most studies in the literature. With respect to the environmental factors, the author finds that there are indeed significant externalities associated with access to water and sanitation at the community level. The external impacts at the community level of access to these services are an important determinant of the probability a child is underweight. The results also show that the external impact of access to water is larger for children living in rural areas. This paper—a product of the Environment Department—is part of a larger effort in the department to understand the linkages between poverty and the environment
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  • 90
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    Poverty in Rural and Semi-Urban Mexico During 1992-2002 (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Poverty in Rural and Semi-Urban Mexico During 1992-2002
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Gap ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Alleviation Strategy ; Poverty Gap ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Sector ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Gap ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Alleviation Strategy ; Poverty Gap ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Sector ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Gap ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Alleviation Strategy ; Poverty Gap ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper analyzes poverty in rural and semi-urban areas of Mexico (localities with less than 2,500 and 15,000 inhabitants, respectively) and it provides guidance on a social agenda and poverty alleviation strategy for rural Mexico. The analyses are based on INIGH and ENE datasets for 1992-2002. Monetary extreme poverty affected 42 percent of the rural population in dispersed rural areas and 21 percent in semi-urban areas in 2002, slightly less than one decade earlier. Most of the rural poor live in dispersed rural areas and 13.2 million people live in poverty in rural Mexico with less than 15,000 inhabitants. It is disproportionately a feature of households whose heads main job is in the agricultural sector, as self-employed farmers or rural laborers, and that have at most a primary education. However, the incidence of extreme rural poverty has declined since 1996 but at a slower pace than the decline in urban poverty. Hence, the rural-urban poverty gap increased in recent years and in some places extreme poverty is at least four times higher in rural than urban areas. Moreover, not only is the income gap in urban areas increasing, but also the gap between richer and poorer segments of the population
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  • 91
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    How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter? (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Paternostro, Stefano How Does the Composition of Public Spending Matter?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Development ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Development ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Human Development ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Public spending has effects which are complex to trace and difficult to quantify. But the composition of public expenditure has become the key instrument by which development agencies seek to promote economic development. In recent years, the development assistance to heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) has been made conditional on increased expenditure on categories that are thought to be "pro-poor". This paper responds to the growing concern being expressed about the conceptual foundations and the empirical basis for the belief that poverty can be reduced through targeted public spending. While it is widely accepted that growth and redistribution are important sources of reduction in absolute poverty, a review of the literature confirms the lack of an appropriate theoretical framework for assessing the impact of public spending on growth as well as poverty. There is a need to combine principles of both public economics and growth theory to develop appropriate theoretical guidance for public expenditure policy. This paper identifies a number of approaches that are beginning to address this gap. Building on these approaches, it proposes a framework that has its foundation in a broadly articulated development strategy and its economic goals such as growth, equity, and poverty reduction. It recommends the use of public economics principles to clarify the roles of the private and public sectors and to recognize the complementarity of spending, taxation, and regulatory instruments available to affect public policy. With regard to the impact of any given type of public spending, policy recommendations must be tailored to countries and be based on empirical analysis that takes account of the lags and leads in their effects on equity and growth and ultimately on poverty. The paper sketches out such a framework as the first step in what will have to be a longer-term research agenda to provide theoretically and empirically robust and verifiable guidance to public spending policy
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  • 92
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    Re-Interpreting Sub-Group Inequality Decompositions (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Elbers, Chris Re-Interpreting Sub-Group Inequality Decompositions
    Keywords: Between-Group Inequality ; Differences In Income ; Economic Inequality ; Economic Policy ; Equity and Development ; Group Inequality ; Group Means ; Income ; Income Differences ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Between-Group Inequality ; Differences In Income ; Economic Inequality ; Economic Policy ; Equity and Development ; Group Inequality ; Group Means ; Income ; Income Differences ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Between-Group Inequality ; Differences In Income ; Economic Inequality ; Economic Policy ; Equity and Development ; Group Inequality ; Group Means ; Income ; Income Differences ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The authors propose a modification to the conventional approach of decomposing income inequality by population sub-groups. Specifically, they propose a measure that evaluates observed between-group inequality against a benchmark of maximum between-group inequality that can be attained when the number and relative sizes of groups under examination are fixed. The authors argue that such a modification can provide a complementary perspective on the question of whether a particular population breakdown is salient to an assessment of inequality in a country. As their measure normalizes between-group inequality by the number and relative sizes of groups, it is also less subject to problems of comparability across different settings. The authors show that for a large set of countries their assessment of the importance of group differences typically increases substantially on the basis of this approach. The ranking of countries (or different population groups) can also differ from that obtained using traditional decomposition methods. Finally, they observe an interesting pattern of higher levels of overall inequality in countries where their measure finds higher between-group contributions
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  • 93
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    Do Services and Transfers Reach Morocco's Poor? : Evidence from Poverty and Spending Maps (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: van de Walle, Dominique Do Services and Transfers Reach Morocco's Poor?
    Keywords: Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level Data ; Poor ; Poor Children ; Poor Girls ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Incidence ; Poverty Incidence Across Regions ; Poverty Map ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Programs ; Poverty Rate ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level Data ; Poor ; Poor Children ; Poor Girls ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Incidence ; Poverty Incidence Across Regions ; Poverty Map ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Programs ; Poverty Rate ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level Data ; Poor ; Poor Children ; Poor Girls ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Incidence ; Poverty Incidence Across Regions ; Poverty Map ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Programs ; Poverty Rate ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: In the absence of household level data on participation in public programs, spending allocations and poverty measures across regions of Morocco are used to infer incidence across poor and non-poor groups and to decompose incidence within rural and urban areas separately, as well as to decompose improvements in enrollment rates across poor and non-poor children by gender. Programs appear to be well targeted to the rural poor but not to the urban poor. Substantial benefits accrue to the urban non-poor, while benefits largely bypass the urban poor. The analysis also uncovers evidence of impressive progress in primary and secondary school enrollments for the poor, as well as for poor girls since 1994. However, here too, the gains are concentrated on the rural poor. This paper—a product of the Public Services Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the incidence and targeting of public expenditures
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  • 94
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    Which Inequality Matters? : Growth Evidence Based On Small Area Welfare Estimates In Uganda (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schipper, Youdi Which Inequality Matters?
    Keywords: Cross-Country Data ; Data Sets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Empirical Studies ; Equity and Development ; Growth Regression ; Growth Regressions ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Cross-Country Data ; Data Sets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Empirical Studies ; Equity and Development ; Growth Regression ; Growth Regressions ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Cross-Country Data ; Data Sets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Growth ; Empirical Evidence ; Empirical Research ; Empirical Studies ; Equity and Development ; Growth Regression ; Growth Regressions ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: Existing empirical studies on the relation between inequality and growth have been criticized for their focus on income inequality and their use of cross-country data sets. Schipper and Hoogeveen use two sets of small area welfare estimates-often referred to as poverty maps-to estimate a model of rural per capita expenditure growth for Uganda between 1992 and 1999. They estimate the growth effects of expenditure and education inequality while controlling for other factors, such as initial levels of expenditure and human capital, family characteristics, and unobserved spatial heterogeneity. The authors correct standard errors to reflect the uncertainty due to the fact that they use estimates rather than observations. They find that per capita expenditure growth in rural Uganda is affected positively by the level of education as well as by the degree of education inequality. Expenditure inequality does not have a significant impact on growth
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  • 95
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    How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Keywords: Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
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  • 96
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    Labor Market Distortions, Rural-Urban Inequality, and the Opening of China's Economy (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhai, Fan Labor Market Distortions, Rural-Urban Inequality, and the Opening of China's Economy
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Factor Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Product Market ; Product Market Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development Policy ; Urban Housing and Land ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Factor Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Product Market ; Product Market Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development Policy ; Urban Housing and Land ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Factor Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Product Market ; Product Market Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development Policy ; Urban Housing and Land
    Abstract: Hertel and Zhai evaluate the impact of two key factor market distortions in China on rural-urban inequality and income distribution. They find that creation of a fully functioning land market has a significant impact on rural-urban inequality. This reform permits agricultural households to focus solely on the differential between farm and nonfarm returns to labor in determining whether to work on or off-farm. This gives rise to an additional 10 million people moving out of agriculture by 2007 and lends a significant boost to the incomes of those remaining in agriculture. This off-farm migration also contributes to a significant rise in rural-urban migration, thereby lowering urban wages, particularly for unskilled workers. As a consequence, rural-urban inequality declines significantly. The authors find that reform of the Hukou system has the most significant impact on aggregate economic activity, as well as income distribution. Whereas the land market reform primarily benefits the agricultural households, this reform's primary beneficiaries are the rural households currently sending temporary migrants to the city. By reducing the implicit tax on temporary migrants, Hukou reform boosts their welfare and contributes to increased rural-urban migration. The combined effect of both factor market reforms is to reduce the urban-rural income ratio dramatically, from 2.59 in 2007 under the authors' baseline scenario to 2.27. When viewed as a combined policy package, along with WTO accession, rather than increasing inequality in China, the combined impact of product and factor market reforms significantly reduces rural-urban income inequality. This is an important outcome in an economy currently experiencing historic levels of rural-urban inequality. This paper—a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to evaluate the poverty impacts of trade policy reforms
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  • 97
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    China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 98
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    The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Environmental degradation can inflict serious damage on poor people because their livelihoods often depend on natural resource use and their living conditions may offer little protection from air, water, and soil pollution. At the same time, poverty-constrained options may induce the poor to deplete resources and degrade the environment at rates that are incompatible with long-term sustainability. In such cases, degraded resources may precipitate a downward spiral, by further reducing the income and livelihoods of the poor. This "poverty/environment nexus" has become a major issue in the recent literature on sustainable development. In regions where the nexus is significant, jointly addressing problems of poverty and environmental degradation may be more cost-effective than addressing them separately. Empirical evidence on the prevalence and importance of the poverty/environment nexus is sparse because the requisite data are often difficult to obtain in developing countries. The authors use newly available spatial and survey data to investigate the spatial dimension of the nexus in Cambodia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic. The data enable the authors to quantify several environmental problems at the district and provincial level. In a parallel exercise, they map the provincial distribution of poor households. Merging the geographic information on poverty and the environment, the authors search for the nexus using geo-referenced indicator maps and statistical analysis. The results suggest that the nexus is country-specific: geographical, historical, and institutional factors may all play important roles in determining the relative importance of poverty and environment links in different contexts. Joint implementation of poverty and environment strategies may be cost-effective for some environmental problems, but independent implementation may be preferable in many cases as well. Since the search has not revealed a common nexus, the authors conclude on a cautionary note. The evidence suggests that the nexus concept can provide a useful catalyst for country-specific work, but not a general formula for program design. This paper—a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand poverty/environment links in different contexts
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  • 99
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    Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty
    Keywords: Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its rural people by way of greater import competition in its agricultural markets. Anderson, Huang, and Ianchovichina explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm products could rise. Also, the removal of restrictions on exports of textiles and clothing could boost town and village enterprises, so demand for unskilled labor for nonfarm work in rural areas may grow even if demand for farm labor in aggregate falls. New estimates, from the global economywide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the factor reward implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm-nonfarm and Western-Eastern income inequality may well rise in China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The authors conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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  • 100
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    Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the household welfare impacts of economywide policy changes
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