Kurzfassung: I. The Regulation of Interstate Commerce -- 1. The Definition of Interstate Commerce -- 2. Regulation? — or Prohibition? -- 3. Inter-State? — or Intra-State?: Where does Interstate Commerce begin and end? -- 4. Regulation? — or Discrimination? -- 5. The Regulation of Particular Kinds of Interstate Commerce -- II. The Taxation of Interstate Commerce -- 6. The Definition of Taxation -- 7. Taxation? — or Regulation? -- 8. Direct Taxation? — or Indirect Taxation? -- III. Related Techniques of Interpretation -- 9. Implication and Inference -- 10. Incidental, Ancillary, and Necessary and Proper -- 11. Aspect, Pith and Substance, and True Nature and Character -- 12. Inconsistency, Trenching, and Supremacy -- IV. Conclusions -- 13. Purpose and Effect.

Kurzfassung: Modem societies, - like organized societies of all eras, - suffer from antithetical aspirations, from competing institutionalizations of that which is desirable, and that which, though unwelcome, is inevitable. Men clearly see the advantages of localism, of the self determination of small peoples, of l' amour du chocher uninhibited by imperial sovereign­ ty. At the same time men everywhere are seeing the clear necessity of bigness in organization of national effort. When the question is military organization no one has much doubt that strength derives from power­ ful union. The Swiss, to be sure, have continued independent not because of their power, but because of the convenience of their in­ dependent existence. In a world-society of titans, there must be members who are small, respected, independent and unfeared, available to be intermediaries. If Switzerland did not exist, it would have been necessary to invent her. But the power centers are those with the big battalions and the megatons of bombs; both demand great aggregates. Tomorrow's military power structure is calculated in the hundreds of millions of people. The world will afford only a few Switzerlands. The drive toward bigness is as inevitable in the economic world as in that of destructive machines. Economic problems in the next century, and in the next after it, will require the concentrated re­ sources of the nations; we must produce adequate food for the billions, or else billions will war against billions.

Kurzfassung: I. The policy of non-alignment -- The Indian case -- II. Sino-Indian relations prior to 1954 -- Tibet -- The conference at Simla -- Indian nationalism and China -- Independent India -- Communism in India -- China invades Tibet -- The search for a new relationship -- III. Five principles of peaceful coexistence -- IV. Panchsheel and Afro-Asian cooperation -- The Bandung conference -- V. India’s position in international conflict -- Junagadh and Hyderabad -- Kashmir -- Korea -- Suez and Hungary -- Goa -- Conclusions -- VI. The border dispute with China -- China probes the boundary -- Revolt in Tibet -- Challenge to the entire border -- The Premiers meet (April 1960) -- The Officials report -- Deadlock -- Further proposals -- The fighting starts -- The Colombo proposals -- The question of prisoners -- China’s agreements with other neighbours -- VII. Legal aspects of the border dispute -- The juridical status of Tibet -- Mountain boundaries -- Maps and boundary disputes -- Effective occupation -- Prescription -- Protest, acquiescence and estoppel -- The Western Sector -- The Eastern Sector -- VIII. Political motives in the border dispute -- China changes her evaluation of India -- Marxist ideology -- The Indian assessment of China’s motives -- Conclusions -- IX. Conclusions -- The boundary question -- The implications of the border dispute -- Panchsheel -- Prospects.

Kurzfassung: I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yüan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism VS. Republicanism: Political Institutions under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shihk’ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k’ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k’ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 4. Th Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan’s Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments Under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament’s Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People’s Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry Out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek’s Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People’s Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions During the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao’s Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and Its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People’s Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People’s Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of “Democratic Centralism”: Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People’s Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People’s Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People’s Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

Kurzfassung: This book is prepared primarily for students who are interested in studying the constitutional development and government structure of twentieth-century China. Since the emergence of the Chinese consti­ tutional movement at the end of the nineteenth century, political institutions in China have undergone constant changes. The first four chapters treat of constitutional development and government systems from the latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty to the re-unification of China by the Nationalist Party in 1928. The other eight chapters deal with the policies, programs, and institutions of the Nationalist and Commu­ nist governments up to 1962. While treatises on various subjects have been consulted, the sources of this book are chiefly based on the official documents from the collections as indicated in the bibliography. Materials in the first few chapters are partly drawn from my previous works on government and politics in China. Because of the immense scope of the subject and the intricacy of the problems involved, this work is not intended to be exhaustive, but is rather a brief description and discussion of each topic under consideration. As there are many valuable works on China in general as well as on her history and inter­ national relations, I have tried not to cover what has already been dealt with by others. In my presentation of facts and views, I have endeavored to be as objective as possible, personal political convictions notwithstanding.

Kurzfassung: I. The Danube: Its Role and Significance -- Geographical Setting -- Benefits and Deprivations -- Economic Interests Prior to 1945: Some Facts and Figures -- Struggles for Control Prior to World War I -- World War I and Its Aftermath -- II. Goals and Interests: American and Soviet -- Objectives of American Foreign Policy -- Objectives of Soviet Foreign Policy -- III. The Background: Nazi Germany vs. Soviet Russia -- Russia’s Acquisition of Bessarabia, A Gateway to the Danube -- Liquidation of the International and European Commissions -- IV. Encounters and Methods: American and Soviet -- The Armistice Agreements -- Allocation of Zones of Occupation in Austria -- From Potsdam to Paris -- The Peace Treaties of 1947 -- Preparations for Belgrade -- V. Further Encounters and Methods: American and Soviet -- The Question of the Danube Barges Before the Economic and Social Council -- The Interpretation of “German Assets” as a Tool of Soviet Diplomacy -- The Device of “Joint Companies” -- Showdown at Belgrade -- VI. Changed Setting: Law and Politics of the New Danube Commission -- Dissension -- Rapprochement -- Cooperation -- Retrospect and Prospect -- A Selective List of Works on the Danube -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: The Danube has been for two centuries the great connecting link between the European West and the European East. Most commercial and cultural exchanges between the two parts of Europe took place with the help of or along the Danube. The West involved was, above all, southern Germany and the cisbithynian part of the Habsburg monarchy. The East was the formerly Turkish ruled territories, the Balkan peninsula and the Black Sea. The latter was, for the last two centuries, the center of conflict between Russian and Turkish hegemo­ nial aspirations. The events of the Balkan wars and of World War I almost ex­ tinguished Turkish influence, an event long expected: The outcome of World War I fortified, to an unexpected degree, the influence of Russia, which now became almost synonymous with the term of the European East. For a few years the middle and lower Danube threaten­ ed to disappear behind the Iron Curtain which marked the extent of Eastern influence.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. Nature of Legal Questions and Problems of handling them -- III. Questions relating to the Competence of the Security Council -- (A) Competence of the Council and Domestic Jurisdiction -- (B) Competence of the Council and Article 107 of the Charter -- (C) Competence of the Council and Article 52 of the Charter -- (D) Question of Functional Competence of the Council -- (E) Observations -- IV. Questions relating to Procedure of the Security Council: Voting -- (A) Scope of Double Veto -- (B) Double Veto and Presidential Ruling under Rule 30 -- (C) Effect of Abstention -- (D) Effect of Absence -- (E) Observations -- V. Questions relating to Substantive Rights and Duties of Parties -- (A) Corfu Channel Case -- (B) Egyptian Case -- (C) Trieste Case -- (D) Free Navigation through the Suez Canal Case -- (E) Suez Canal Company Case -- (F) Anglo-French Military Intervention -- (G) Cuban Crisis -- (H) Observations -- VI. Conclusions and Suggestions.

Kurzfassung: One respect in which the United Nations has departed most widely from the League of Nations in its practice has been the method adopted by the Security Coundl for handling legal questions that arise in connection with its work. While the League Coundl followed the practice of re­ ferring to the Permanent Court of International J ustice many questions of a legal nature arising in connection with its activities, including many that arose in connection with the handling of actual disputes, the Se­ curity Council of the United Nations has on no occasion requested an advisory opinion from the Court. All questions that have been sub­ mitted to the Court by organs of the United Nations have been sub­ mitted by the General Assembly. Nor has the Security Council, in the course of its activities, seen fit to rely on any other external body or even on a sub-committee of legal experts for the clarification of the issues of a legal nature that have arisen in the course of its deliberations. This attitude on the part of the Security Council was no doubt to some extent antidpated in the discussions that took place in con­ nection with the drafting of the Charter where great emphasis was placed upon the political nature of the responsibility of the Security Council and of its members for the maintenance of international peace and security.

Kurzfassung: I. Background Developments and the Political Setting -- II. Tibet in Transition, 1951–1954 -- III. Tibet under Pressure, 1954–1959 -- IV. The Revolt and its Aftermath -- V. Tibet Today and Tomorrow -- VI. Epilogue: Peking-Lhasa-New Delhi -- Selective Bibliography.

Kurzfassung: The signing in Peking on May 27, 1951, of the 17-point Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet marked the end of Tibet's latest forty-year interlude of de facto independence and formalized an arrangement which, although in some respects differing from the earlier relationship between China and Tibet, in principle but reimposed the former's traditional suzerainty over the latter. Since then, the course and pattern of relations between the Central Government and the so-called Local Government of Tibet have undergone a series of drastic reappraisals and readjustments, culmi­ nating in the rebellion of 1959 and the flight of the Dalai Lama to India. These events, together with the recent degeneration of the Sino-Indian border dispute into a full-fledged military confrontation, have served to dramatize the importance of Tibet from the point of view of global strategy and world diplomacy. Long before that, however, indeed ever since Tibet's occupation by the Chinese Red armies and the region's effective submission to Peking's authority, the Tibetan question had already assumed the status of a major political problem and that for a variety of good reasons, internal as well as international. From the vantage-point of domestic politics, the Tibetan issue was from the very start, and still is now, of prime significance on at least three counts.

Kurzfassung: I. Why Reunification? -- II. The Diplomacy of World War II — Genesis of the Problem -- Tehran-Moscow -- Yalta -- Potsdam -- III. Occupation and Partition, 1945–1949 -- The Allied Control Council -- The Birth of Two German States -- The Council of Foreign Ministers -- Germany in 1949 -- IV. Reunification and the European Alliance System, 1950–1954 -- Elections for Unity -- The Rearmament Question -- Economic Integration -- Two Concepts of Reunification -- The Soviet Note of March 10, 1952 -- Berlin -- European Security and German Unity -- V. Germany and East-West Coexistence, 1955–1962 -- The Summit Conference of 1955 -- The Mounting Crisis, 1956–1958 -- Soviet-West German Relations -- Disengagement -- Berlin, 1958–1962 -- The Coalitions React -- VI. Indivisible Germany: Illusion or Reality? -- The Illusion of Reunification -- A Way to Unity? -- The Prospect: A European Union -- Selected Bibliography.

Kurzfassung: During World War II the quadriga, the impressive figure of the charioteer Victory driving four horses, on top of the Brandenburg Gate was destroyed. Later, both the East and West German au­ thorities agreed to replace it with a copy of the original. The former possessed the molds; the latter supplied the metal for casting. The process of negotiation and production required nearly two years. After the new quadriga was mounted, it was found that the Commu­ nists had made an important change: the chariot driven by Victory was placed so that it faces east and not west as in former times. The wit of the Berliners is sharp. It soon became known along the Kur­ fiirsten Damm (and not quite so loudly along what was then Stalin Allee) that Victory was advancing to defeat the East. The Pankow regime had unwittingly created an apparently prophetic symbol of its impending collapse.

Kurzfassung: 1. Introduction -- Berlin Divided—A City of Contrasts -- Governmental Heritage -- Early Postwar Developments Under Allied Occupation -- Complexity of Governance -- 2. Allied Governmental Authority -- “Statement of Principles” for Berlin -- The Allied Kommandatura -- 3. Constitutional System -- Temporary Constitution of 1946 -- Abortive Constitution of 1948 -- Division of Berlin -- Constitution of 1950 -- Amending the Constitution -- 4. Governmental System -- Electoral Law -- The Legislature -- The Executive -- Executive-Legislative Relations -- The Judiciary -- Government of East Berlin -- The Berlin Bezirke (Boroughs) -- 5. Politics and Elections -- Political Parties -- Communist Party (KPD) -- Early Elections -- Elections Since 1950 -- 6. Legal and Political Status of Berlin -- Legal Prerogatives of World-War-II Allies -- Legal Status of the Kommandatura -- Berlin and the West German Federation -- East Berlin and the East German Republic -- Concluding Statement -- Berlin—Pawn of the Powers -- Appendices -- Selected Bibliography -- Charts and Tables -- 1. Allied Control of Germany and Berlin, 1946 -- 2. Allied Kommandatura, 1951 -- 3. Allied Kommandatura, 1961 -- 4. Structure of Berlin Government Following 1946 Elections -- 8. Structure of East Berlin Government, 1961 -- Table I. Berlin Election Results -- Appendices -- 1. Protocol on Zones of Occupation in Germany and Administration of Greater Berlin, September 12, 1944—Excerpts -- 2. Agreement on Control Machinery in Germany, November 14, 1944—Excerpts -- 3. Quadripartite Statement on Zones of Occupation in Germany, June 5, 1945 -- 4. Quadripartite Statement on Control Machinery in Germany, June 5, 1945—Excerpts -- 5. Allied Agreement on Quadripartite Administration of Berlin, July 7, 1945 -- 6. Kommandatura Order No. 1, July 11, 1945 -- 7. Declaration by Western Commandants to Continue Operation of Kommandatura, December 21, 1948 -- 8. Statement of Principles for Berlin, 1949 -- 9. Instrument of Revision of Statement of Principles, 1951 -- 10. Allied Declaration on Berlin, May 5, 1955 -- 11. Kommandatura Letter Approving Constitution of 1950 -- 12. Berlin Constitution of 1950.

Kurzfassung: Berlin lies more than 100 miles behind the Iron Curtain within the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany. It is not, however, part of that zone. It is a separate political entity for which the four major allies of the war against Nazi tyranny are jointly responsible. Its special status stems from the fact that it was the capital not only of Hitler's Third Reich but of the German nation formed in the latter half of the 19th century. In essence, the four major allies agreed to hold Berlin, as the traditional capital, in trust for a democratic and united Germany. United States, Department of State Berlin-I96I (1961) The division of Germany, and with it the bifurcation of its one-time capital - Berlin - has produced one of the foremost political contro­ versies of the mid-twentieth century. There has long been a "German problem," and volumes have been written concerning the history and culture of the country, the Nazi era and World War II, the Allied occupation, and recent political and economic developments in Ger­ many. Yet, the "Berlin problem" - as part of the broader German question - is historically of the current era.

Kurzfassung: I. The Nominating and Appointing Power -- Establishment of the Practice -- The Change in the President’s Authority -- Summary -- II. Historical Arguments for and Against the Use of the Special Agent -- Arguments Against the Use of Special Agents -- Arguments For the Use of Special Agents -- Summary -- III. The Question of Office -- Marshall’s Opinion -- Later Definitions of Office -- The Problem of Rank -- The Presidential Signature and the United States’ Seal -- The Contingent Fund -- Establishment of the Fund -- Summary -- IV. The President’s Appointing Power with Respect to Special Agents -- Early Attempts at Restrictions -- Restrictions Successfully Passed -- Restrictions With Respect to International Organizations -- The United Nations “Battle” -- Special Agents and the Question of Rank -- Summary -- V. Status of the Regular Diplomatic Agent under International Law -- Agréation -- La Lettre de Créance -- The Nature of Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities -- Duration of Diplomatic Immunities -- Theories on the Basis of Diplomatic Immunity -- Who Receives Diplomatic Privileges and Immunity -- Who Decides the Question of Entitlement to Immunity -- The Basis for the Decision -- The Meaning of Function -- Responsibility for the Protection of Diplomats -- Responsibility for the Acts of a State’s Agents -- Functions of a Diplomat -- Diplomatic Agents Below the Rank of Ambassador -- Summary -- VI. Status of Miscellaneous Agents under International Law -- International Conferences -- International Organizations -- International Commissions -- Summary -- VII. Status of the Special Agent under International Law -- Special Secret Agents -- Special Public Agents -- The Establishment of Special Missions -- Privileges and Immunities -- Freedom of Movement and Communication -- Responsibility for the Protection of Special Agents -- Responsibility for the Acts of the Special Agent -- Functions of the Special Agent -- Summary -- VIII. Conclusions -- Municipal Law Aspect -- International Law Aspect -- Appendix A -- Representative List of Special Agents -- Appendix B -- Provisions for Appointing United States Delegates to International Organizations -- Appendix C -- Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations -- Appendix D -- The Agencies of Colonel House and Harry Hopkins -- Edward M. House -- House’s Background -- The Nature of the House-Wilson Relationship -- His Influence and Methods of Operation -- Five Missions Abroad -- Advantages and Disadvantages in Using House -- Summary -- Harry L. Hopkins -- Hopkins’ Background -- The Nature of the Hopkins-Roosevelt Relationship -- Five Missions Abroad -- His Influence and Methods of Operation -- Advantages and Disadvantages in Using Hopkins -- Summary.

Kurzfassung: The special diplomatic agent has played in the history of American foreign policy an important and, it is safe to say, unique role. The names of Colonel House and Harry Hopkins come, of course, right away to mind. But there have been others: John Quincy Adams, Ber­ nard M. Baruch, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, James Monroe, John Randolph, Daniel Webster, Wendell Wilkie, for instance. At the beginning of American history, the use of the special agent was primarily due to the scarcity of available talent. Later it was due to the low quality of many diplomatic representatives, chosen for political reasons and without regard for their diplomatic qualifications. More recently, the President has availed himself of the special agent in order to make sure that his will prevails in the conduct of American foreign policy. The institution of the special agent is indeed inseparable from the preeminent, contested and uncertain role the President plays in the determination of American foreign policy. Since the Constitution is silent on that point, the ultimate determi­ nation of American foreign policy has been throughout American history a subject ot controversy between the President and Congress.

Kurzfassung: I. Aung San’s Hour -- II. U Saw and His Men -- III. The Trial -- IV. The Approver’s Story -- V. U Saw’s Story -- VI. Speeches and Decisions -- VII. The Long Journey.

Kurzfassung: Crime does not pay, and politics by assassination pays even less. That is perhaps the one sharp lesson which stands out from the trial of U Saw and his men for the murder of Bogyoke Aung San and his colleagues. The trial is a historie one, and the murders undoubtedly altered the course of Burma' s modem history. I present the judgement of the Special Tribunal in full and the story of the assassinations for the record, in the hope that they will serve historians and our peoples in Burma in several ways. Mr. ]ustice Mya Thein of the High Court gave me the records which he compiled of the trial while serving on the prosecution. That was a few years ago, and I have, since then, wanted to edit and publish a book of the trial. Dr. Myint Thein, Chief ]ustice of the Union, also gave his file of the records to the Defence Services Historical Research Institute, and I was able to check and compare the papers. To both I owe and sincerely acknow­ ledge thanks. I am also grateful to Mr. ]ustice Aung Tha Gyaw of the Supreme Court who answered my questions with kindness and courtesy, and to U Kyaw Soe, Director of Information, and his staff, who dug up the pictures which are published in this book.

Kurzfassung: I. The Legality of the Anschluss -- Conventional Obligations and the Anschluss -- The Advent of Anschluss -- The Reaction of the International Community -- Conflicting Views -- II. Austrian Independence -- Constitutional Developments, First Phase -- Constitutional Developments, Second Phase -- Domestic Developments and Austrian Authority -- III. Recognition -- Court Cases -- IV. Nationality -- The War Period -- The Post-War Period -- V. The Public Foreign Debt -- The Anschluss -- Post-World-War-II Arrangements -- VI. Treaties -- The Anschluss Period -- Austria’s Statehood -- The Continuity of the Austrian State -- VII. Austria’s Status in International Organizations -- The League of Nations -- The United Nations -- The Specialized Agencies of the United Nations -- VIII. Conclusions -- The Problem -- The Anschluss and Traditional International Law -- Changing Concepts in International Law -- Appendices -- A. Cases from National Courts -- B. Bilateral Agreements to which Austria has been a Party, 1946–1952 -- Selected Bibliography.

Kurzfassung: Austria was the first victim of Hitler's policy of aggression. The Ger­ man domination of that country (the so-called Anschluss) heralded the beginning of a diplomatie demarche. The event also had deep implications for the legal system of the international community. The Allied occupation of Austria after W orId War II and the long delay in attaining aState Treaty to arrange for the Allied withdrawal from Austrian territory eventually gave rise to some doubts as to the international legal status of the latter. This study is confined to an examination of the international legal problems involved in Austria's changed status from the Anschluss of March 13, I938, until the signing of the State Treaty on May 15, 1955. It is not intended to be a history of the period covered and no attempt is made to treat fully such fascinating topics as the diplo­ matie negotiations leading up to the Anschluss or the story of the long struggle between the occupying powers to attain aState Treaty for Austria. The time span of this work was deliberately chosen in a desire to confine it to an appraisal ofthe legal continuity ofthe Austrian State and an evaluation of the impact of the Austrian question on the traditional law of state succession and recognition. The problem of Austria's new neutralized status resulting from the negotiations in connection with and subsequent to the signing of the Austrian State Treaty is worthy of separate treatment and is not dealt with in the present study.

Kurzfassung: 1. The World of Imagination -- 2. The Cross of the Spaniards -- I. Formulation of a Policy -- 1. Search -- 2. The Problems of the Opposition -- II. Metamorphosis of Non-Intervention -- 1. Support Withdrawn -- 2. Further Complications -- 3. The League of Nations Ignored -- III. Conflict of Interests -- 1. A Vital Artery -- 2. Prohibition and Control -- 3. Unfulfilled Desires -- IV. Change of Leadership -- 1. Defense of Interests -- 2. Chamberlain Takes Over -- 3. The Boulevard des Inconnus -- 4. The Mediterranean Conference -- V. Themes and Variations -- 1. Geneva Debates -- 2. Dissent in the Labour Party -- 3. Counter Proposals and Reservations -- 4. Indignant Resignation -- VI. Struggle for Spanish Resources -- 1. British Business Interests -- 2. The Indirect War -- 3. Recognition in Fact -- VII. Results of Violation -- 1. Spheres of Separation -- 2. The Resignation of Eden -- VIII. Negotiating with Mussolini -- 1. Lord Halifax Becomes Foreign Minister -- 2. Bringing the Treaty into Force -- 3. A Game Ending in No Score -- Conclusion -- Chronology -- General Index.

Kurzfassung: Few modern events have aroused more controversy than the Spanish Civil War. This controversy was especially acute in Great Britain, which was torn between its distrust of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on the one hand and of Communist Russia on the other. The British public, pacifist in sentiment and determined to avoid war at almost any cost, sensed the danger implicit in the Civil War, yet realised its impotence to control events in Spain which indeed it little understood. The British Government, though under heavy attack from the Opposition and from a handful of its own supporters, succeeded in its endeavours to keep the country out of war on this occasion. The neutrality of Spain, even after Mussolini had entered World War II, was of inestimable value to Britain after the debacle in the summer of 1940. It may be therefore that British policy during the Civil War paid off later on as well as achieving its purpose at the time. Dr. Kleine's book, lucidly written and carefully documented, ex­ amines the British attitude toward the Spanish Civil War. The author has the advantage of belonging to a generation which is able to analyse these events with historical detachment. Yet his understanding and easy style have made the period live. Neutrality was not easy for Britain. Its far-reaching interests in trading with Spain and in passage through Iberian waters again and again raised awkward problems.

Kurzfassung: 1. Theoretical Considerations -- General Approach -- Groups -- The Political Activities of Interest Groups -- Factors Affecting the Nature of the Political Activities of Interest Groups -- The Case of the Political Activities of Dutch Agricultural Organisations on International Issues -- 2. International Agricultural Problems -- 3. Background of Dutch Political Life -- 4. Agricultural Organisations in the Netherlands -- 5. Earlier Benelux Problems -- 6. Proposals for a European Organisation of Agricultural Markets -- 7. Negotiation and Ratification of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community -- 8. Implementation of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community I: Institutions and Issues -- Institutional Arrangements -- Policy Issues -- 9. Implementation of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community II: The Political Activities of Dutch Organised Agriculture -- Political Activities Within The Netherlands -- Political Activities Outside The Netherlands -- 10. Later Benelux Problems -- 11. Further Attempts to Co-ordinate Western European Agricultural Policies -- 12. Non-Regional Issues -- 13. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.

Kurzfassung: I. The Story of the Constitution -- I. Annexation and British Rule -- II. War and Japanese Occupation -- III. Liberation and Fulfilment -- II. The Constitution at Work -- I. Form of State -- II. Fundamental Rights -- III. Peasants and Workers -- IV. Directive Principles of State Policy -- V. The President -- VI. Parliament -- VII. The Union Government -- VIII. The Union Judiciary -- IX. The States -- X. Amendment of the Constitution -- XI. International Relations -- XII. General Provisions -- XIII. Transitory Provisions -- XIV. End of an Era -- Appendices -- I. Opinion of the Law Officers of the Crown on annexation of Burma -- II. The constitution of Burma under Japanese occupation -- III. The Panglong Agreement, 1947 -- IV. Draft constitution approved by the AFPFL convention, May 1947 -- V. Members of the constitution drafting committees, and staff, Constituent Assembly, June-September 1947 -- VI. Prime Minister U Nu’s motion in the Constituent Assembly to adopt the constitution, September 24, 1947 -- VII. The Constitution of the Union of Burma, with amendments -- VIII. The Constitution Amendment Act, 1951 -- IX. The Constitution Amendment Act, 1961 -- X. Boundary Treaty between Burma and China, October 1, 1960 -- XI. Chronology of Events.

Kurzfassung: In his former work, Burma in the Family oj Nations, Dr. Maung Maung has already gained an international reputation as a student of public affairs in Burma; in this new book he earns fresh laurels. It is mainly in two parts. In Part I he traces the genesis of the Constitution and in Part II he explains it. The first part outlines the constitutional progress of Burma under British rule, the changes under Dr. Ba Maw during the Japanese occupation, and further developments until the attainment of independence by the Anti­ Fascist People's Freedom League. Nowhere else can one find such a clear and comprehensive account of the political evolution of Burma since 1931, doubly significant by the Saya San rebellion and the birth of the Thakin movement; its value is enhanced by the reproduction of three documents not otherwise readily accessible: the interim Constitution under the Japanese; the Panglong Agreement, in which the Hill Peoples undertook to co-operate in framing the Constitution for the Union of Burma; and the original draft Constitution which the AFPFL published in May 1947 for consideration by the Constituent Assembly.

Kurzfassung: I The Missed Opportunity 1871–1873 -- II The ‘Unhappy Reign’ of ‘Philippe VII’ 1883–1894 -- III The Beginnings of the Action Française Charles Maurras -- IV The Action Française Militant 1906–1914 -- V The Action Française Between the Wars 1919–1934 -- VI The Comte de Paris and the Action Française 1934–1937 -- VII The Comte de Paris Doctrines and Politics to 1939 -- VIII The Royalist Movement on the Eve of World War II -- IX World War II -- X The Aftermath 1945–1950 -- XI Maurrassians, The Comte de Paris, and the Fourth Republic -- XII Conclusion -- Genealogical Table.

Kurzfassung: "Let them come forward, they are thirsty for the sight of a King," said Henri IV to his followers who were trying to push back the curious crowds as he entered Paris in February, I594. It is perhaps to be regretted that seven kings (to say nothing of two emperors) have since more than quenched the French's taste for royalty, because they have long been in need of - and periodically have sought - a symbol of national unity. Modern-day France has had far more than her share of revolutions, counterrevolutions, uprisings, days, coups, affairs, crises, scandals - and constitution drafting. While it would be an over­ simplification to interpret this endemie strife as a seesaw conflict between two well-integrated blocs with the ideology of the Great Revolution as the dividing issue, the fact remains that since I789 political divisions and quarrels among Frenchmen have been deep, bitter, and fundamental. may have been the one solution which After I870, a Republic divided Frenchmen the least (to borrow an expression from Monsieur Thiers); but like any and all of the preceding alternatives it was to incur the relentless, irreconcilable opposition of important segments of the population. This study deals with those individuals and organ­ izations which continued to advocate, and sought to bring about a return to the monarchy under the Third and Fourth Republies.

Kurzfassung: I: The Administrative System -- The East India Company -- The Period of Daendels -- The British Interregnum -- The Restoration of Dutch Authority -- The Gradual Organisation of Administration in Java -- The Development of the Central Organisation of Government after 1816 -- Development of the Regional Administrative Organisation in Java since 1870 -- The Controller and Indirect Rule -- The Regent -- Dutch Administration in the other Islands -- The Indonesian States -- District Administration in annexed Territories -- Conclusion -- II: The Administration of Justice -- The Separation of Powers -- Division of Administration and of Justice -- The Judicial Organisation in Java -- The Judicial Organisation outside Java -- The Law and the Principle of Dualism -- Western Law and Adat Law -- Unification and Differentiation of Law -- Administration of Justice in the Indonesianverning States -- Indonesian Jurisdiction left to the Population in annexed Territories -- III: Education -- Education as a Social Force -- Mohammedan Popular and Extension Education -- The growing demand for General Formative Education -- The First Organisation of Education -- Education of Indonesians in Town and Country -- The Dutch Indigenous School and the Problem of Westernisation -- Improvement of Government Elementary Education for Indonesians -- Popular Education in the Village -- The Link between Country and Town Education -- Education for Indonesian Girls -- Future Development of Popular Education -- The Link between Indigenous Elementary and Western Education -- Training Colleges -- Elementary Vocational Education -- Agricultural Education -- Western Education for Indonesians -- Private Education -- The Board of Education -- IV: The Construction of Society -- Society and the State -- The Great Contrast and its Solution -- State Organisation in the Colonial World -- The Western Structure of Unity and Indonesian Society -- Traffic and Indonesian Society -- The Influence of Foreign Groups upon the Indonesian Population -- East Indian and Indonesian Society -- The Dutch Nation and East Indian Society -- Education and Preparation -- Welfare Policy and Welfare Research -- Enquiries into Prosperity as a Basis for a Welfare Policy -- Statistics and Welfare Policy -- Education, Irrigation, and Emigration -- Government Pawnshops and the Fight against Usury -- The Fight against Opium and the System of a Government Monopoly -- Constructive Welfare Policy; the Popular Credit System -- Popular Credit and the Village Banks -- Criticism of the Popular Credit System -- The Development of the Co-operative Movement -- Public Health -- The Fight against Social Evils -- Child Marriage -- Religion and Marriage -- Popular Reading -- Art and Industrial Art -- The Protection of Monuments -- Agricultural Information and Improvement -- V: Political Construction -- The Idea of Unity and Self Renovation -- The Administrative Corps in the Frame of Unity -- Administration and Self-Exertion -- The Administrative Corps and Autonomous Development -- Administrative Re-organisation -- The Decentralisation of 1903 -- A New Direction of Administrative Re-organisation -- The Decentralisation of 1903 and the Political Construction of 1922 -- The Tendency of the Government Proposals of 1922 -- The Political Contents of the Administrative Reform -- The Execution of the Administrative Reform -- The Regency -- The Province -- The Indigenous Commune -- The Council of the People -- Internal Affairs -- The Imperial Connection -- The Freedom of the Press -- The Right to Associate and to Meet -- Conclusion -- VI: The Agrarian Policy -- World Economy and Indonesian Production -- The Doctrine of State Ownership of the Land -- Authority and the Ownership of the Soil in the East -- The Influence of the Land Tax and of the Cultivation System -- Ground Rent and Contracts for Delivery -- The Cultivation System or Big Agricultural Industries -- The Twofold Aim of Agrarian Legislation -- The Indigenous Right to the Soil and its Mystico-Magical Basis -- First Steps of Agrarian Legislation -- Declarations of State Ownership -- The Village Territory and the Right of Reclamation -- Agrarian Policy and Social Development -- Security of Rights on Land and the Prohibition of Alienation -- Communal Land and the Future -- Private Estates; Rent of Arable Land in Javanese States -- Disposal of Domain Lands -- The Renting of Arable Land to non-Indonesians -- Security of Rights on Land and Registration -- Register of Property -- Land Tax Cadaster and Registration of Land -- Results and Prospects -- VII: Labour Legislation -- First Beginnings -- Slavery -- Labour Contracts -- General Labour Legislation and the Penal Sanction -- Special Labour Legislation in the other Isles -- The Coolie Ordinances -- The Basis of the long Labour Agreement -- Objections to the Principle of Penal Sanction -- The Sanction and its Practice -- Improvement of Labour Law -- Agricultural Colonisation and Labour Legislation -- The Free Labour Ordinance -- Further Improvement of Special Labour Legislation -- The Struggle over the Penal Sanction 191524 -- Developments since 1924 -- Present Day Practice -- Wages -- Divers Opinions and Summary -- Labour Recruiting -- Organised Free Emigration -- Direct Recruiting by the Enterprises -- The End of the Embarkation Prohibition and the Arrival of Free Emigration -- Colonisation by Labourers -- Labour Inspection and the Office of Labour -- Accidents and the Protection of Women and Children -- Appendix I: the Coolie Ordinance for the East Coast of Sumatra -- The Coolie Ordinance 1931 and Restriction of the Penal Sanction -- Appendix II: a Model Agreement applicable to all Regions as laid down by Stbl. 1925, 312 and 1927, 572 -- VIII: Taxation -- Taxation -- Personal Services in Java in the Interest of the State, of the Communes, and of Private Landlords -- Taxation in Labour in the Other Isles -- Land Tax in Java -- Improvement of the Land Tax Assessment -- The Population and the Land Tax -- The Land Tax in the Other Isles -- Income Tax -- Personal Taxation -- Direct and Indirect Taxes -- Summary -- IX: Conclusion.