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  • 1985-1989  (56)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (56)
  • Philosophy.  (30)
  • Ethics  (26)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Textbook of Medical Ethics (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401744799
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 252 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: 1 Historical Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Considerations -- 3 Decision Making, Fallibility, and the Problem of Blameworthiness in Medicine -- 4 Doctors and Their Patients, Patients and Their Doctors -- 5 The Ongoing Dialectic Between Autonomy and Responsibility -- 6 The Physician as Citizen -- 7 Physicians and Patients in a Pluralist World -- 8 Risk Taking: Health Professionals and Risk -- 9 Organ Donation -- 10 Problems in the Care of the Terminally Ill -- 11 Problems at the Beginning of Life -- 12 Problems of Macro-Allocation -- 13 “Solving” Ethical Problems -- Appendix Summary of Sources.
    Abstract: When physicians in training enter their clinical years and first begin to become involved in clinical decision making, they soon find that more than the technical data they had so carefully learned is involved. Prior to that time, of course, they were aware that more than technology was involved in practicing medicine, but here, for the first time, the reality is forcefully brought home. It may be on the medical ward, when a patient or a patient's relatives ask that no further treatment be given and that the patient be allowed to die; it may be in ob/gyn, when a 4- or 5-month pregnant lady with two other children and just deserted by her husband pleads for an abortion; it may be in the outpatient setting, where patients unable to afford enough to eat cannot afford to buy antibiotics for their sick child or provide him or her with the recom­ mended diet. Whatever the setting, students soon find themselv. es con­ fronted with problems in which an answer is not given by the technical possibilities alone; indeed, students may have to face situations in which, all things considered, the use of these technical possibilities seems ill-advised. But choices need to be made. Some of us may choose to hide behind a mastery of technology.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4479-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Suicide and Euthanasia : Historical and Contemporary Themes (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401578387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 288 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Greek Philosophers on Euthanasia and Suicide -- A Historical Introduction to Jewish Casuistry on Suicide and Euthanasia -- Suicide and Early Christian Values -- The Ethics of Suicide in the Renaissance and Reformation -- Suicide in the Age of Reason -- Sanctity of Life and Suicide: Tensions and Developments within Common Morality -- Death by Free Choice: Modern Variations on an Antique Theme.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7838-7
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Technological Transformation : Contextual and Conceptual Implications (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400925977
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (325p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Technology 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Technology Philosophy ; Ethics ; History ; Economic policy ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Intra-Cultural Transformation -- “The Technological Self.” -- “Cryptanalysis: Uncovering Objective Knowledge of Hidden Realities.” -- “Research and Development from the Viewpoint of Social Philosophy.” -- “Impartiality and Interpretive Intervention in Technical Controversy.” -- “The Problem of Valuation in Risk-Cost-Benefit Assessment of Public Policies.” -- “Fusion and Fission, Governors and Elevators.” -- “The Good Old Days: Age-Specific Perceptions of Progress.” -- “Technology and the Crisis of Liberalism: Reflections on Michael J. Sandel’s Work.” -- “A Theory of Normative Technology.” -- “Globalization and Community: In Search of Transnational Justice.” -- II. Cross-Cultural Transformation -- “What Technologies Transfer: The Contingent Nature of Cultural Responses.” -- “Transferred and Transformed Technology: The C.R.S. Thresher/Winnower.” -- “A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Technology Transfer to the Third World.” -- “Appropriate Technology in Technology Transfer: A View from the People’s Republic of China.” -- “Diffusion of Technology vis-à-vis Transformation : — Increasing Contradictions Between Technocratic Market Values and Social Democratic Values.” -- “Cultural Alienation through Technology Transfer.” -- “Risk and Technology Transfer: Equal Protection across National Borders.” -- “Technology Transfer to Poor Nations” -- “Development and the Environment.” -- Biographical Notes -- Topical Index.
    Abstract: The philosophical study of technology has acquired only recently a voice in academic conversation. This situation is due, in part, to the fact that technology obviously impacts on "the real world," whereas the favored stereotype of philosophy allegedly does not. Furthermore, in some circles it was assumed that philosophy ought not impinge on the world. This bias continues today in the form of a general dismissal of the growing area now referred to as "applied philosophy". By contrast, the academic scrutiny of science has for the most part been accepted as legitimate for some 30 years, primarily because it has been conducted in a somewhat ethereal manner. This is, in part, because it was believed that, science being pure, one could think (even philosophically) about science without jeopardizing one's intellectual purity. Since World War II, however, practitioners of the metascientific arts have come to ac­ knowledge that science also shows signs of having touched down on numerous occasions in what can only be identified as the real world. No longer able to keep this banal truth a secret, purists have sought to defuse its import by stressing the difference between pure and applied science; and, lest science be tainted by contact with the world through its applications, they have devoted additional energy to separating applied science somehow from technology.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2597-7
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  • 4
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    Catholic Perspectives on Medical Morals : Foundational Issues (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400925380
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Religion (General) ; Ethics ; Religion. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: I: A Prologue -- Some Basic Considerations on Moral Teaching in the Church -- II: The Philosophical Foundations -- Nature and Human Nature as the Norm in Medical Ethics -- The Human Person and Philosophy of Medicine: A Response to William A. Wallace -- Philosophical Foundations of Catholic Medical Morals (translated by E. E. Langan) -- Moral Disagreements in Catholicism: A Commentary on Wallace, Schüller, and Thomasma -- III: The Theological Foundations -- “Catholic” Medical Moral Theology? -- “Theological” Medical Morality? A Response to Joseph Fuchs -- Theological Argument and Hermeneutics in Bioethics -- The Doctrinal Starting Points for Theology and Hermeneutics in Bioethics: A Response to Klaus Demmer -- A Brief History of Medical Ethics from the Roman Catholic Perspective: Comments on the Essays of Fuchs, Cahill, Demmer, and Hellwig -- IV: Pluralism within the Church -- Pluralism within the Church -- One Church, Plural Theologies -- Is Ethics One or Many? -- Can Ethics Be Contradictory?: A Response to Gerard J. Hughes, S. J. -- V: Pluralism in Society -- Religious Pluralism and Social Policy: The Case of Health Care -- Consensus, Moral Witness, and Health-Care Issues: A Dialogue with J. Bryan Hehir -- Notes on a Catholic Vision of Pluralism -- A Brief Commentary on “Notes on a Catholic Vision of Pluralism” -- VI: Agapeistic Medical Ethics -- The Art and Science of Medicine -- Agape and Ethics: Some Reflections on Medical Morals from a Catholic Christian Perspective -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: CATHOLIC PERSPECTIVES AND CONTEMPORARY MEDICAL MORALS A Catholic perspective on medical morals antedates the current world­ wide interest in medical and biomedical ethics by many centuries[5]. Discussions about the moral status of the fetus, abortion, contraception, and sterilization can be found in the writings of the Fathers and Doctors of the Church. Teachings on various aspects of medical morals were scattered throughout the penitential books of the early medieval church and later in more formal treatises when moral theology became recog­ nized as a distinct discipline. Still later, medical morality was incorpor­ ated into the many pastoral works on medicine. Finally, in the contemporary period, works that strictly focus on medical ethics are produced by Catholic moral theologians who have special interests in matters medical. Moreover, this long tradition of teaching has been put into practice in the medical moral directives governing the operation of hospitals under Catholic sponsorship. Catholic hospitals were monitored by Ethics Committees long before such committees were recommended by the New Jersey Court in the Karen Ann Quinlan case or by the President's Commission in 1983 ([8, 9]). Underlying the Catholic moral tradition was the use of the casuistic method, which since the 17th and 18th centuries was employed by Catholic moralists to study and resolve concrete clinical ethical dilem­ mas. The history of casuistry is of renewed interest today when the case method has become so widely used in the current revival of interest in medical ethics[ll].
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2538-0
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400922457
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Hume’s Analysis of Causation in Relation to His Analysis of Miracles -- 1. Hume’s Account of A Posteriori Reasoning -- 2. Miracles and Reasoning based on Experience -- 3. The Indian and The Ice: Understanding and Rejecting Hume’s Argument -- 4. A Better But Less Interesting Humean Argument -- 5. Miracles and The Logical Entailment Analysis of Causation -- 6. Are Miracles Violations of Laws of Nature? -- Notes to Part I -- II Can Anyone Ever Know That a Miracle Has Occurred? -- 7. What Is Involved In Knowing That a Miracle has Occurred? -- 8. Hume’s Account of Tillotson and the Alleged “Argument of a Like Nature” -- 9. Testimony and Sensory Evidence: Reasons For Belief in Miracles? -- 10. Tillotson’s Argument: Its Application to Justified Belief in Miracles -- 11. Conclusion: Miracles and Contemporary Epistemology -- Notes to Part II -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book developed from sections of my doctoral dissertation, "The Possibility of Religious Knowledge: Causation, Coherentism and Foundationalism," Brown University, 1982. However, it actually had its beginnings much earlier when, as an undergraduate at the University of Virginia, I first read Hume's "Of Miracles" and became interested in it. (Fascinated would be too strong. ) My teacher put the following marginal comment in a paper I wrote about it: "Suppose someone told you that they had been impregnated by an angel whispering into their ear. Wouldn't you think they had gone dotty?" She had spent time in England. I thought about it. I agreed that I would not have believed such testimony, but did not think this had much to do with Hume's argument against belief in miracles. What surprised me even more was the secondary literature. I became convinced that Hume's argument was misunderstood. My main thesis is established in Part I. This explains Hume's argument against justified belief in miracles and shows how it follows from, and is intrinsically connected with, his more general metaphysics. Part II Part I. It should give the reader a more complete understanding builds on of both the structure of Hume's argument and of his crucial and questionable premises. Chapters 5 and 11 are perhaps the most technical in the book, but they are also the least necessary. They can be skipped by the reader who is only interested in Hume on miracles.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2245-7
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  • 6
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    The Metaphysics of Liberty (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400909014
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 6
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Economics ; Philosophy. ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1 James McGill Buchanan and Individualism -- 1.1 The Work of Buchanan -- 1.2 Buchanan’s Individualism -- 1.3 A First Move away from Strict Methodological Individualism -- 1.4 New Contractarian Man -- 1.5 The Methodological Meaning of the Unanimity Rule -- 1.6 Additional Requirements for New Contractarian Man -- 1.7 Potential Abuses of the Unanimity Criterion -- 1.8 Duties to Obey the Laws? -- 1.9 Contractarianism and Natural Rights -- 1.10 Conclusion -- 2: Roberto Mangabeira Unger and Collectivism -- 2.1 Unger’s Characterization of Individualism -- 2.2 Buchanan’s Implicit Agreement with Unger -- 2.3 Unger’s Criticisms of the Individualist World View -- 2.4 The Factual Basis for the Separation of Theory and Fact -- 2.5 Unger on the Separation of Reason and Desire in Individualism -- 2.6 Response to Unger -- 2.7 Unger on the Separation of Public Rules and Private Values -- 2.8 Response to Unger -- 2.9 Unger’s Evolutionism -- 2.10 Conclusion -- 3: Mario Augusto Bunge and Scientific Metaphysics -- 3.1 The Aim of Bunge’s Philosophy -- 3.2 Bunge’s Furniture -- 3.3 Bunge’s Systemism -- 3.4 Bunge on Mind -- 3.5 Bunge’s Systemic Conception of Society -- 3.6 Conclusion -- 4: Friedrich August Von Hayek and the Mirage of Social Justice -- 4.1 Hayek’s Own Argument against Social Justice -- 4.2 The Metaphysical Issues in Hayek’s Argument -- 4.3 Progressive Taxes Not Necessarily a Mirage -- 4.4 Multi-Generational Social Contracts -- 4.5 Elitism -- 5: Ayn Rand and Natural Rights -- 5.1 Similarities and Differences with Contractarianism -- 5.2 The Arguments for Natural Rights -- 5.3 The Advantages of Contractarianism over Natural Rights -- 5.4 Value and Fact Again -- 6: Raymond Bernard Cattell and Evolutionary Federalism -- 6.1 The Self of Self-Interest -- 6.2 Teleology -- 6.3 Cattell’s Morality from Science -- 6.4 Criticism of Cattell -- 6.5 The Ontology of Federalism -- 6.6 Problems for Contractarianism in the Composition of Countries -- 6.7 Evolutionary Morality -- 6.8 Conclusion -- Endnotes -- Appendices -- No. 1: Egalitarianism as a Morality Racket -- No. 4: Contracting for Natural Rights -- About the Author -- Name Index -- Man as a Part of Nature Subindex -- Divine Subindex.
    Abstract: Philosophy suffers from an excess of convoluted introspection. One result is that concepts multiply unchecked. That some events have observable causes gets reified into a First Cause or, in a more secular age, to the thesis that every event is fatalistically determined. Another drawback of convoluted introspection is that tiny but crucial assumptions slip in, often unawares, with the result that densely argued counter-tomes are written in reply and no progress is made toward any kind of consensus. At bottom, subjectivity reigns. I exaggerate. Toward the other pole of the subjectivity-objectivity continuum, consensus among scientists is in fact always at a good healthy distance from compulsive unanimity. New theories replace old, and at any one time the evidence can usually be interpreted two ways. Indeed, it is possible to pile epicycle upon epicycle in the Ptolemaic system of the heavens and approximate the ellipses planets travel in the Copernican system. What cinched the case for Copernicus was not simplicity--after all alchemy is simpler than chemisty. Nor was it experiment--there were no moon shots back then. Rather it was Newton's foundations. He established a physics for the earth and the heavens alike. Earthly physics we can verify, and it does not jell with the Ptolemaic system.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0901-4
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  • 7
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    Aesthetic Values (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400924529
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Subjectivism -- II Objectivism -- III. Relationism -- IV. Panaestheticism -- V. Relativism and Universalism -- VI. Monism and Pluralism -- VII. Aesthetic Values in Avant-Garde Art -- VIII. Performance -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: What is aesthetic value? A property in an object? An experience of a perceiving person? An ideal object existing in a mysterious sphere, inaccessible to normal cognition? Does it appear in one form only, or in many forms, perhaps infinitely many? Is it something constant, immutable, or rather something susceptible to change, depending on the individual, the cultural milieu, or the epoch? Is a rational defence of aesthetic value judgements possible, or is any discussion of this topic meaningless? The above questions arise out of the most complicated philosophic problems. Volumes have been written on each of them. The discussions which continue over the centuries, the plurality of views and suggested solutions, indicate that all issues are controversial and contestable. Each view can adduce some arguments supporting it; each has some weaknesses. Another source of difficulty is the vagueness and ambiguity of the language in which the problems are discussed. This makes it hard to understand the ideas of particular thinkers and sometimes makes it impossible to decide whether different formulations express the actual divergence of views or only the verbal preferences of their authors. Let us add that this imperfection does not simply spring from inaccuracy on the part of scholars, but also results from the complexity of the problems themselves. The matter is further complicated by important factors of a social character.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2452-9
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  • 8
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    The Philosophy of Thomas Reid (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400923386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Note on references to the works of Thomas Reid -- Section 1 - Perception -- Reids Attack on the Theory of Ideas -- Reid on Perception and Conception -- The Theory of Sensations -- Reids View of Sensations Vindicated -- Sensation, Perception and Reids Realism -- Reids Opposition to the Theory of Ideas -- Thomas Reid on the Five Senses -- Section 2 - Knowledge and Common Sense -- Reid on Evidence and Conception -- The Defence of Common Sense in Reid and Moore -- The Scottish Kant? -- Did Reid Hold Coherentist Views? -- Reid and Peirce on Belief -- Reid on Testimony -- Section 3 - Mind and Action -- Making Out the Signatures: Reids Account of the Knowledge of Other Minds -- Causality and Agency in the Philosophy of Thomas Reid -- Reid, Scholasticism and Current Philosophy of Mind -- Section 4 - Aesthetics, Moral and Political Philosophy -- Seeing (and so forth) is Believing(among other things); on the Significance of Reid in the History of Aesthetics -- Reid versus Hume: a Dilemma in the Theory of Moral Worth -- Reid and Active Virtue -- Thomas Reid on Justice: A Rights-Based Theory -- Taking Upon Oneself a Character: Reid on Political Obligation -- Section 5 - Historical Context and Influences -- Thomas Reid and Pneumatology: the Text of the Old, the Tradition of the New -- Reid in the Philosophical Society -- Common Sense and the Association of Ideas; the Reid-Priestley Controversy -- Reid on Hypotheses and the Ether: a Reassessment -- The Role of Thomas Reids Philosophy in Science and Technology: the Case of W.J.M. Rankine -- George Jardines Course in Logic and Rhetoric: an Application of Thomas Reids Common Sense Philosophy -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Note on references to the works of Thomas Reid 5 SECTION 1 - Perception Yves Michaud (University of Paris, France) 9 'Reid's Attack on the Theory of Ideas' William P. Alston (Syracuse University, U. S. A. ) 35 'Reid on Perception and Conception' Vere Chappell (University of Massachusetts, U. S. A. ) 49 'The Theory of Sensations' Norton Nelkin (University of New Orleans, U. S. A. ) 65 'Reid's View of Sensations Vindicated' A. E. Pitson (University of Stirling, Scotland) 79 'Sensation, Perception and Reid's Realism' Aaron Ben-Zeev (University of Haifa, Israel) 91 'Reid's Opposition to the Theory of Ideas' Michel Malherbe (University of Nantes, France) 103 'Thomas Reid on the Five Senses' SECTION 2 - Knowledge and COlIIOOn Sense Keith Lehrer (University of Arizona, U. S. A. ) 121 'Reid on Evidence and Conception' Dennis Charles Holt (Southeast Missouri State 145 University, U. S. A. ) 'The Defence of Common Sense in Reid and Moore' T. J. Sutton (University of Oxford, England) 159 'The Scottish Kant?' Daniel Schulthess (university of Berne, Switzerland) 193 'Did Reid Hold Coherentist Views?' VI Claudine Engel-Tiercelin (University of Rouen, France) 205 'Reid and Peirce on Belief' C. A. J. Coady (University of Melbourne, Australia) 225 'Reid on Testimony' SECTION 3 - Mind and Action James Somerville (University of Hull, England) 249 'Making out the Signatures: Reid's Account of the Knowledge of Other Minds' R. F.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2338-6
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  • 9
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    Kant’s Practical Philosophy Reconsidered : Papers presented at the Seventh Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter, December 1986 (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401720168
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 262 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idées 128
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 128
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Ethics ; Pragmatism ; History ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: I: Fundamentals of Moral Action -- Empirical and Intelligible Character in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Morality as Freedom -- On the Formalism of Kant’s Ethics -- Agency and Anthropology in Kant’s Groundwork -- The Submission of our Sensuous Nature to the Moral Law in the Second Critique -- II: Moral Practice and Knowledge -- Theory as Practice in Kant -- Autonomy, Omniscience and the Ethical Imagination: From Theoretical to Practical Philosophy in Kant -- The Interests of Reason: From Metaphysics to Moral History -- III: From Morality to Justice and History -- Kant’s Principle of Justice as Categorical Imperative of Law -- Histoire et Guerre chez Kant -- Freedom as a Regulative Principle: On Some Aspects of the Kant-Herder Controversy on the Philosophy of History -- IV: Kant in Contemporary Contexts -- How Kantian is Rawls’s “Kantian Constructivism”? -- The Ideal Speech Situation: Neo-Kantian Ethics in Habermas and Apel -- Kant: Respect, Individuality and Dependence.
    Abstract: That Kant's ideas remain vitally present in ethical thinking today is as impossible to deny as it is to overlook their less persisting aspects and sometimes outdated idiom. The essays in this volume attempt to reassess some crucial questions in Kant's practical philosophy both by sketching the lines for new systematic interpretations and by examining how Kantian themes apply to contemporary moral concerns. In the previous decade, when Kant was primarily read as an answer to utilitarianism, emphasis was mainly laid on the fundamentals of his moral theory, stressing such concepts as universalization, duty for its own sake, personal autonomy, unconditional imperatives or humanity as end-in-itself, using the Groundwork and its broader (ifless popular) systematic parallel, the Analytic of the Critique of Practical Reason, as main sources. In recent years, however, emphasis has shifted and become diversified. The present essays reflect this diversification in discussing the extension of Kantian ethics in the domains of law, justice, politics and moral history, and also in considering such meta-philosophical questions as the relation between the various "inter­ ests of reason" (as Kant calls them), above all between knowledge and moral practice. The papers were first presented at the Seventh Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter, held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in December 1986. The Jerusalem Philosophical Encounters are a series of bi-annual international symposia, in which philosophers of different backgrounds meet in Jerusalem to discuss a common issue. Organized by the S. H.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2016-8
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  • 10
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    Responsibility and Criminal Liability (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400924406
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Ethics ; Criminal Law ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Responsibility and Criminal Law -- I. Law as Purposeful Activity -- II. Criminal Law and the Liberal Society -- III. The Two-Fold Aim -- IV. Responsibility -- V. Two Models of Responsibility -- 3. Law and Society -- I. Liability, Grading, and Allotment -- II. Excuse, Justification, and Mitigation -- III. Law and Society -- 4. The Requirement of Conduct -- I. The Act Doctrine -- II. Definitions and Terminology -- III. Omissions -- IV. Limitations of the Doctrine -- 5. Voluntariness -- I. Voluntariness and the Act Doctrine -- II. Involuntary and Nonvoluntary Conduct -- III. Objectivity and Subjectivity -- IV. Voluntariness and the Rationale of Excuses -- 6. Intentionality -- I. Intentionality -- II. Intentionality as Desire and Foresight -- III. Intentionality, Probabilities, and Purposes -- IV. Import and Implications -- 7. Knowledge and Foresight -- I. Introduction -- II. Knowledge and Foresight -- III. Taking Risks -- IV. Negligence -- V. Exculpatory Mistakes -- 8. Responsibility and Conditional Liability -- I. Introduction -- II. Choice and Control -- III. Opportunities and Responsibility -- IV. Primary (Potency) Responsibility -- V. Prior Fault -- VI. Conclusion -- Reference Bibliography -- Table of Cases Cited or Consulted.
    Abstract: autonomy principally in tenns of the agent's conscious choice of ends or conduct. From this, the cognitivist emphasis on mental states and their contents naturally follows. The presence of specified mental states, as signifying agent choice, thus becomes the hallmark of responsible conduct. Capacities model theorists, by contrast, interpret personal autonomy and agent responsibility in tenns of the looser notion of 'control'. From this perspective, conscious choosing is but one (highly responsible) instance of such control, and the presence or absence of mental states is primarily relevant to detennining degrees of responsibility. The examination of these two models occupies the bulk of this manuscript. Exploration of the capacities model and criticism of the orthodox view also generate treatment of legal issues such as the use of negligence liability, the nature of criminal omissions, the character of various legal defenses, and so on. Chapters 2 and 3 set out some of the thematic arguments outlined above and introduce tenninology and useful distinctions. Chapters 4 through 7 provide substantive analyses of agent responsibility and of standards of criminal liability. In these chapters, I argue for the comparative superiority of the capacities model of responsibility and offer recommendations for changes in current legal conceptions and standards of liability. Each chapter centers on an element of individual responsibility and related legal concerns. The final chapter, Chapter 8, comprises an overview of the integrated theory of responsibility and liability and its comparison with the traditional view.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2440-6
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  • 11
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    Philosophy of Technology : Practical, Historical and Other Dimensions (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400923034
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Technology 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Humanities ; Ethics ; Technology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Practical Problems -- Cybernetics, Culpability, and Risk: Automatic Launch and Accidental War -- Catastrophic Possibilities of Space-Based Defense -- Judgment and Policy: The Two-Step in Mandated Science and Technology -- II Historical Dimensions -- Skull’s Darkroom: The Camera Obscura and Subjectivity -- Workplace Democracy for Teachers: John Dewey’s Contribution -- Doing and Making in a Democracy: Dewey’s Experience of Technology -- Pragmatism, Praxis, and the Technological -- III International and Intergenerational Perspectives -- Philosophy of Technology in China -- Design Methodology: A Personal Statement -- Responsibility and Future Generations: A Constructivist Model -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The corps of philosophers who make up the Society for Philosophy & Technology has now been collaborating, in one fashion or another, for almost fifteen years. In addition, the number of philosophers, world-wide, who have begun to focus their analytical skills on technology and related social problems grows increasingly every year. {It would certainly swell the ranks if all of them joined the Society!) It seems more than ap­ propriate, in this context, to publish a miscellaneous volume that em­ phasizes the extraordinary range and diversity of contemporary contribu­ tions to the philosophical understanding of the exceedingly complex phenomenon that is modern technology. My thanks, once again, to the anonymous referees who do so much to maintain standards for the series. And thanks also to the secretaries - Mary Imperatore and Dorothy Milsom - in the Philosophy Department at the University of Delaware; their typing and retyping of the MSS, and especially notes and references, also contributes to keeping our standards high. PAUL T. DURBIN vii Paul T. Durbin (ed.), Philosophy ofT echnology, p. vii.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2303-4
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  • 12
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    Treatise on Basic Philosophy : Ethics: The Good and The Right (1989)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400926011
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Ethics ; Political science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: of Ethics -- 1. Value, Morality and Action: Fact, Theory, and Metatheory -- 2. Basic Schema of Values, Norms and Actions -- 3. Relations between Axiology, Ethics and Action Theory -- 4. The Task -- I Values -- 1. Roots of Values -- 2. Welfare -- 3. Value Theory -- II Morals -- 4. Roots of Morals -- 5. Morality Changes -- 6. Some Moral Issues -- III Ethics -- 7. Types of Ethical Theory -- 8. Ethics Et Alia -- 9. Metaethics -- IV Action Theory -- 10. Action -- 11. Social Philosophy -- 12 Values and Morals for a Viable Future -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The purpose of this Introduction is to sketch our approach to the study of value, morality and action, and to show the place we assign it in the system of human knowledge. 1. VALUE, MORALITY AND ACTION: FACT, THEORY, AND METATHEORY We take it that all animals evaluate some things and some processes, and that some of them learn the social behavior patterns we call 'moral principles', and even act according to them at least some of the time. An animal incapable of evaluating anything would be very short-lived; and a social animal that did not observe the accepted social behavior patterns would be punished. These are facts about values, morals and behavior patterns: they are incorporated into the bodies of animals or the structure of social groups. We distinguish then the facts of valuation, morality and action from the study of such facts. This study can be scientific, philosophic or both. wayan animal evaluates environmental A zoologist may investigate the or internal stimuli; a social psychologist may examine the way children learn, or fail to learn, certain values and norms when placed in certain environments. And a philosopher may study such descriptive or explan­ atory studies, with a view to evaluating valuations, moral norms, or behavior patterns; he may analyze the very concepts of value, morals and action, as well as their cognates; or he may criticize or reconstruct value beliefs, moral norms and action plans.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2601-1
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  • 13
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    Self and Others : A Study of Ethical Egoism (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928794
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 196
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: 1. The Aim of This Essay -- 2. Kinds of Egoism -- 3. The Plan of This Essay -- 4. Terminology and Conventions -- I Preliminary Matters -- 1. A Short History of Ethical Egoism -- 2. Kinds of Ethical Egoism -- 3. The Interpretation of Strong Egoism -- II The Debate on Ethical Egoism -- 4. Arguments for Ethical Egoism -- 5. Normative and Semantic Objections -- 6. Pragmatic and Other Objections -- III The Assessment of Ethical Egoism -- 7. The Strong Form of Ethical Egoism -- 8. Weak Forms of Egoism -- 9. Ethical Egoism and Rationality -- IV A Last Resort -- 10. Collective Egoism -- Notes -- Index (names and subjects).
    Abstract: 1. The Aim of This Essay Ethical Egoism, the doctrine that, roughly speaking, one should promote one's own good, has been a live issue since the very beginnings of moral philosophy. Historically, it is the most widely held normative theory, and, next to Utilitarianism, it is the most intensely debated one. What is at stake in this debate is a fundamental question of ethics: 'Is there any reason, except self-interest, for considering the interests of other people?' The ethical egoist answers No to this question, thus rejecting the received conception of morality. Is Ethical Egoism an acceptable position? There are many forms of Ethical Egoism, and each may be interpreted in several different ways. So the relevant question is rather, 'Is there an acceptable version of Ethical It is the main aim of this essay to answer this question. This Egoism?' means that I will be confronted with many other controversial questions, for example, 'What is a moral principle?', 'Is value objective or subjec­ tive?', 'What is the nature of the self?' For the acceptability of most ver­ sions of Ethical Egoism, it has been alleged, depends on what answers are given to questions such as these. (I will show that in some of these cases there is in fact no such dependence. ) It is, of course, impossible to ad­ equately discuss all these questions within the compass of my essay.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2879-4
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  • 14
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    The Birth of Meaning in Hindu Thought (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400914315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (410p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 102
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 102
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Hindu Systems of Thought as Epistemic Disciplines -- I. The Science of Philosophies -- II. The Mechanism of Organization -- III. The Structural Design -- IV. Para-Methodology -- V. Modality and Modalization -- VI. The Self-Developing Culture and Text -- VII. Six Epistemic Disciplines Unfolding Into One Another -- VIII. Modal Semiotics and the Categories of Philosophical Thinking -- IX. Six Entries into the World of Philosophical Reflections -- X. Summa Philosophiae -- II / The Birth of ‘Meaning’: A Systematic Genealogy of Indian Semantics -- I. Segregation of Meaning and Language -- II. The Rgveda in the Making: A Meaningful Activity Without ‘Meaning’ -- III. The Nirukta: A Knot of Semantic and Etymological Problems -- IV. P?nini: Separating and Interconnecting Language and Logic -- V. The Individual and the Universal in Language and Knowledge -- III / Dialectics in Kant and in the Ny?ya-S?tra: Toward the History of the Formation of Formal Logical Thinking -- IV / The Canonical Self in the World of Knowledge: A Note on Ny?ya Gnoseology -- V / Revelation in Advaita Ved?nta as an Experiment in the Semantic Destruction of Language -- I. Theoretical Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Pary?ya) -- II. Intuitive Basis of the Possibility of Coming to Know Brahman (Prayojana) -- III. Pary?ya of the First Stage of Reflection from the Structure of the Text to the Nature of Brahman: The Theory of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- IV. Prayojana of the First Stage of Reflection: The Intuition of False Attribution and its Sublation (Transcendence) -- V. Pary?ya of the Second Stage of Reflection: The Theory of Brahman Shown in a Metaphoric Occurrence (Laksan?vritti) -- VI. Prayojana of the Second Stage of Reflection: Intuition of Brahman Shown by the Method of Metamorphic Definition -- VII. Language Inappropriateness Exposed and Brahman Demonstrated by the Netiv?da Method: The Theory of Intuition (Pary?ya) -- VIII. Prayojana of the Vedic Realization by the Netiv?da Method: The Intuition of a Theory -- VI / Is The Bodhisattva a Skeptic? On the Trichotomy of ‘Indicative’, ‘Recollective’, and ‘Collective’ Signs -- VII / Hindu Values and Buddhism: An Exemplary Discourse -- I. Methodological -- II. Theoretical -- II.1. The Mim?msa Normology -- VIII / Understanding Cultural Traditions Through Types of Thinking -- I. Level of Absolute Reality -- II. Level of Phenomenation -- III. Level of Absolute Irreality -- IX / The Family of Hindu ‘Visions’ as Cultural Entities -- Notes and References -- Bibliography: Selected Works of David Zilberman.
    Abstract: In his letter to B. K. Matilal, dated February 20, 1977, the author of this book wrote about his work on Advaita-Vedanta: " ... It was not to present Advaita in the light of current problems of the logic of scientific discovery and modern philosophy of language ... but just the contrary. I do not believe that any 'logic without metaphysics' or 'philosophy of language without thinking' is possible." This passage alone may serve as the clue to Zilberman's understanding and mode of explaining that specific and highly original approach to (not 'of'!) philosophy that he himself nicknamed modal. Four points would seem to me to be most essential here. First, a philosophy cannot have 'anything un-thinking' as its object of investigation. Language, to Zilberman, is not a phenomenon of con­ sciousness but a spontaneously working natural mechanism (like, for instance, 'mind' to some Buddhist philosophers). It may, of course, be­ come used for and by consciousness; consciousness may see itself, so to speak, in language, but only secondarily, only as in one of its modifica­ tions, derivations or modalities. That is why to Zilberman linguistic- as to Kant psychology - cannot and must not figure as the primary ground for any philosophical investigation.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1431-5
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  • 15
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    Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: Part 2 The Airy Elements in Poetic Imagination : Breath, Breeze, Wind, Tempest, Thunder, Snow, Flame, Fire, Volcano (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928411
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 443 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 23
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Address -- “Poetics at the Creative Crucibles” Offering New Guidelines for Literary Interpretation -- I Plurivocal Poiesis of the Airy Elements -- Empedocles: The Phenomenology of the Four Elements in Literature -- Fire in Goethe’s Work: Neptunism and Volcanism -- The Tempestuous Conflict of the Elements in Baroque Poetry and Painting -- Fire Transfigured in T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets -- Fire and Snow: The Dichotomies and Dichomachies of Polish Baroque Poetry -- II The Metamorphic Poiesis of Air -- Temporality Puts on Airs: Process, Purpose, and Poetry in Shakespeare’s Histories -- Filles de l’air -- Concretizations of the Aeolian Metaphor -- III The Aesthetic Forces of the Airy Elements -- Le thème de l’air dans la poésie de Paul-Marie Lapointe -- “L’Etre contre le vent”: Aspects du vent dans la poésie de Paul Valéry -- “Le Ciel est mort”: Mallarmé and a Metaphysics of (Im)Possibility -- IV The Elemental Fire and the Poetic Transfiguration of Reality -- Man against Fire: Alfred Döblin’s Utopian Novel Mountains, Oceans and Giants -- “This Hard Gemlike Flame”: Walter Pater and the Aesthetic Accommodation of Fire -- Thoreau’s Waiden: The Pro-vocation of Fire -- Flannery O’Connor: The Flames of Heaven and Hell -- V Fire, the Poetry of Elemental Passion -- From Fire to Fireworks in Baroque Poetry -- “Falling Fire”: The Negativity of Knowledge in the Poetry of William Blake -- The Poetics of Fire in Jean Giono’s Le Chant du Monde -- VI The Elemental Expanse -- Ruskin’s Queen of the Air -- Breathless Messages: Phenomenology in Deep Space -- A Poetics of Space: William Bronk’s Unhousing of the Universe -- Jean Giono’s Le Chant du monde: The Harmony of the Elements -- VII The Significance of Literature and Related Topics -- The Significance of Literature According to Contemporary Writers -- The “Literature in Life” Philosophy vs. Reality: The Role of the River in Beppe Fenoglio’s Il partigiano Johnny -- “The Origin of the Work of Art”: Truth in Existence and the Scholastic Tradition -- The Ontology of Language in a Post-Structuralist Feminist Perspective: Explosive Discourse in Monique Wittig -- Être-dans-un-monde-littéraire -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2841-1
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  • 16
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    Health Care Systems : Moral Conflicts in European and American Public Policy (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401578073
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 369 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Endogenous growth (Economics) ; Ethics ; Public health ; Economic development. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Value Conflicts in Allocation and Care -- National Health Care Systems: Conflicting Visions -- National Health Care Systems: Concurring Conflicts -- National Health Care Systems -- An Ethical Evaluation of Health Care in the United States -- The Health Care System of the Federal Republic of Germany: Moral Issues and Public Policy -- The American and West German Health Care Systems: A Physician’s Reflections -- Socialism, Equity, and Cost Containment in Health: The French Experience -- Ethics and Health Policy in the Netherlands -- Health in the U.S.S.R.: Organization, Trends, and Ethics -- The Public and Private Regulation of Health Care Markets -- Justice as Fairness or Fairness as Prudence? -- Macro-Allocation and Micro-Allocation -- Macro-Allocation in Health Care in the Federal Republic of Germany -- The Macro-Allocation of Health Care Resources -- Rights, Reasonable Expectations, and Rationing: A Commentary on the Essays of Ruth Mattheis and Baruch Brody -- Political-Medical Allocations in the Compulsory Health Insurance Program in the Federal Republic of Germany -- Micro-Allocation in the Health Care System: Fiscal Consolidation with Structural Reforms? -- Medical Micro-Allocation: Is and Ought -- Preventive Medicine, Occupational Health, and Future Issues -- Preventive Interventionism and Individual Liberty -- Improving Occupational Health in the Federal Republic of Germany -- A View from a Clinician’s Window -- Epilogue.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7807-3
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  • 17
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    Logos and Life: The Three Movements of the Soul : The Spontaneous and the Creative in Man’s Self-Interpretation-in-the-Sacred (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928398
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXV, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 25
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Foreground -- I / Toward the Extended Phenomenology of The Soul: The Soul as the “Soil” of Life’s Forces and the Transmitter of Life’s Constructive Progress from the Primeval Logos of Life to Its Annihilation in the Anti-Logos of Man’s “Transnatural Telos” -- II / In Which the Principles of a New Phenomenological Explication of Spiritual Interiority, as Well as an Outline of its Philosophical Interpretation, are Proposed -- One The First Movement of The Soul: Radical Examination -- I / “Radical Examination” and the Current of Man’s Life -- II / The Second Movement of the Soul: Exalted Existence. The Discovery of the Finiteness of Life (Does the Soul Have Its Very Own Resources and Hidden Means for Passing beyond This Finitude ?) -- III / The Third Movement of the Soul: Toward Transcending -- Two Progress in the Life of the Soul as the Logos of Life Declines -- I / Inward “Communication” -- II / “Personal Truth” and the Essential Point of Communiscation -- Three The Secret Architecture of the Soul -- I / The Establishment of the “Inward Sacredness” of the Soul’s Quest -- II / The Dianoiac Thread of the Logos Running Through Our Polyphonic Exploration of the Pursuit of Destiny: Creative Self-Interpretation between the Self and the Other -- Notes -- Index of Names -- of Book 1.
    Abstract: PART I THE CRITIQUE OF REASON CONTINUED: FROM LOGOS TO ANTI-LOGOS 1. THE NEW CRITIQUE OF REASON A new critique of reason is the crucial task imposed on the philosophy of our times as we emerge more and more from so-called "modernism" into a historical phase which will have to take its own paths and find its own determination. It may be considered that the main developmental line of modern times in its philosophy as well as in its culture at large was traced by the Cartesian cogito. The unfolding of Occidental philos­ ophy has culminated in reason or intellect's being awarded the central place. This is its specific trait. We can see a direct line of progression from the cogito to Kant's Critique. It is no wonder that this work is the landmark of modern philosophy. Kant's Critique was concerned with the foundation of the sciences. Edmund-Husserllaunched a second major, renewed, critique of reason, one which addresses not only the critical situation of the sciences but extends the critique even to the situation of Occidental culture as its malaise is diagnosed by this great thinker. Edmund Husserl voiced, in fact, the conviction that Occidental humanity has reached in our age the peak of its unfolding. His identify­ ing this peak with the formulation of phenomenological philosophy strikes at the point in which the significant and novel developments of Occidental culture and philosophy (phenomenology, that is) coincide.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2839-8
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  • 18
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    The Ideal and the Real : An Outline of Kant’s Theory of Space, Time and Mathematical Construction (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400914155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 37
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One Prologue: Newton and Leibniz -- 1.1. Newton on Space, Time and Metaphysics -- 1.2. Leibniz: The Ideal and the Real -- Two Kant’s Theory of Space and Time -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Concepts and Definitions -- 2.3. Kant’s Anti-logicist programme -- 2.4. Transcendental Aesthetic -- 2.5. Construction and Schematism -- 2.6. Spaces and Geometries -- 2.7. Incongruent Counterparts & the Intuitive Nature of Space -- 2.8. Infinity: Reason and Experience -- 2.9. Transcendental Idealism -- Three Acts, Intuitions and Constructions -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Concepts, Intuitions and the Schematism -- 3.3. Kant’s Constructivism -- 3.4. Incongruity and Constructions -- 3.5. Indirect Proof -- Notes -- Notes on Further Reading.
    Abstract: Many students coming to grips with Kant's philosophy are understandably daunted not only by the complexity and sheer difficulty of the man's writings, but almost equally by the amount of secondary literature available. A great deal of this seems to be - and not only on first reading - just about as difficult as the work it is meant to make more accessible. Any writer deliberately setting out to provide an authentically introductory text thus faces a double problem: how to provide an exegesis which would capture some of the spirit of the original, without gross and misleading over-simplification; and secondly, how to anchor the argument in the best and most imaginative secondary literature, yet avoid the whole project appearing so fragmented as to make the average book of chess openings seem positively austere. Until fairly recently, matters were made even more difficul t, in that commentaries on Kant were very often of a whole work, say, The Critique of Pure Reason, with the result that students would have to struggle through a very great deal of material indeed in order to feel any confidence at all that they had begun to understand the original writings. Recently, things have changed somewhat. There are now excellent commentaries on "Kant's Analytic", "Kant's Analogies" etc. . We have also seen, (at least as reflected in book titles), a resurgence of interest in what is perhaps the most controversial and far-reaching Kantian claim, viz.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1415-5
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  • 19
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    Moral Theory and Moral Judgments in Medical Ethics (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: — Moral Theory and Moral Judgments in Biomedical Ethics -- Section I / Deriving Utilitarian Consequences -- Utilitarian Goals and Kantian Constraints (or: Always True to You, Darling, in my Fashion) -- Utilitarians Among the Optimists -- Utilitarianism and the Informed Consent Requirement (or: Should Utilitarians be Allowed on Medical Research Ethical Review Boards?) -- Reply to Ruddick and Reiman -- Section II / Natural Right Casuistry -- Moral Rights and Causal Casuistry -- Death by Omission -- Coffee and Casuistry: It Doesn’t Matter Who Caused What -- Section III / Marx’s Theory: Deriving Moral Implications -- Marxism and Moral Judgment -- Marx, Moral Judgment, and Medical Ethics: Commentary on Buchanan -- Section IV / Christian Casuistry -- Reconciling the Practice of Reason: Casuistry in a Christian Context -- Christianity in a Social Context: Practical Reasoning and Forgiveness -- Section V / From Theory to Praxis -- The Relation of Moral Theory to Moral Judgments: A Kantian View -- Justification in Ethics -- Theory and Practice in Ethics -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: principles. A second solution to this problem is to develop a scale for weighing the significance of the conflicting principles in a given case and for concluding which action should be adopted because it is supported by the weightier considerations in that case. Such a solution seems more realistic than the lexical ordering approach, but the development of such a scale is a problematic task. Still other, more complex solutions are possible. Which is the best solution to this problem of conflicting principles of bioethics? We need a moral theory to answer that question. This is the first reason for concluding that the principles of bioethics are not the true foundations of justified judgment in bioethics. What is the problem of the unclear scope and implications of the principles of bioethics and how can an appeal to moral theory help deal with that problem? The scope of a bioethical principle is the range of cases in which it applies. The implications of a bioethical principle are the conclusions to be derived from that principle in those cases in which it applies. It is clear from a review of the discussions in bioethics that there are major unclarities about the scope and implications of each of the principles. Consider, for example, the principle of autonomy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2715-5
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  • 20
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    The Vienna Circle and the Lvov-Warsaw School (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928299
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Ethics ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Vienna, Warsaw, Copenhagen -- The Cracow Circle -- Austrian Origins of Logical Positivism -- The Approach to Metaphysics in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- Ajdukiewicz’s Contribution to the Realism/Idealism Debate -- Towards Universal Grammars Carnap’s and Ajdukiewicz’ Contributions -- Principles of Categorial Grammar in the Light of Current Formalisms -- On ‘Categorial Grammar’ -- Meta-Ethics: Contributions from Vienna and Warsaw -- The Project to Create an Empirical Ethical Theory -- Mereology and Metaphysics: From Boethius of Dacia to Lesniewski -- Definitions in Russell, in the Vienna Circle and in the Lvov-Warsaw School -- ?ukasiewicz, Meinong, and Many-Valued Logic -- ?ukasiewiczian Logic of Tenses and The Problem of Determinism -- Kasimir Twardowski: An Essay on The Borderlines of Ontology, Psychology and Logic -- Some Remarks on the Place of Logical Empiricism in 20th Century Philosophy -- De Veritate: Austro-Polish Contributions to the Theory of Truth from Brentano to Tarski -- The Lvov-Warsaw School and the Vienna Circle.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2829-9
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  • 21
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    The Horizons of Continental Philosophy : Essays on Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401733502
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 305 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Comparative Literature ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Questions of Method: On Describing the Individual as Exemplary -- 2. The Necessity of Intersubjectivity -- 3. Existence and Essence in Thomas and Husserl -- 4. A Phenomenological Exploration of Popper’s ‘World 3’ -- 5. Dwelling -- 6. Textuality and the Origin of the Work of Art -- 7. On the Occlusion of the Subject: Heidegger and Lacan -- 8. From the Deconstruction of Hermeneutics to the Hermeneutics of Deconstruction -- 9. Communication Science and Merleau-Ponty’s Critique of the Objectivist Illusion -- 10. Merleau-Ponty: The Depth of Memory as the Depth of the World -- 11. Towards an Erotics of Art -- 12. Merleau-Ponty on Silence and the Work of Philosophy -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: lacan. Barthes. Jakobson. Horkheimer. Adorno. Gadamer. Ricoeur. Foucault. Deleuze. Derrida. lyotard. Vattimo. Kofman. and Irigaray are also part of that outer horizon of continental philosophy. The purpose of this volume however is to establish that space within the core of continental philosophy -­ specifically in relation to the work of Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty -- and to move out to some of its various horizons. In some cases. these horizons are set by the history of philosophy. in others by newer directions in contemporary philosophy. and in others by alternative modes of philosophizing. The horizons also appear in areas as diverse as epistemology and the philosophy of science. metaphysics. philosophical psychology. and aesthetics. Furthermore. these limits are set by the relationships between philosophy and other disciplines such as psychology. communication theory. and the arts. Nevertheless the volume is organized around each of the three major figures in the phenomenological core of continental philosophy. The twelve essays provide important investigations into current research -- they represent the range and skills of contemporary work in relation to Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty. In themselves however they indicate advances in philosophical research and are hardly simple commentaries on these three figures. Husserl. Heidegger. and Merleau-Ponty constitute texts on the basis of which phenomenology is taken to its limits -- and even beyond.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3350-2
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  • 22
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    The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic : Selected Essays (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400926479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Essay 1. Is Alethic Modal Logic Possible? -- Essay 2. Reasoning About Knowledge in Philosophy: The Paradigm of Epistemic Logic -- Essay 3. Are There Nonexistent Objects? Why Not? But Where Are They? -- Essay 4. On Sense, Reference, and the Objects of Knowledge -- Essay 5. Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated -- Essay 6. Towards a General Theory of Individuation and Identification -- Essay 7. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics -- Essay 8. The Cartesian cogito, Epistemic Logic and Neuroscience: Some Surprising Interrelations -- Essay 9. Quine on Who’s Who -- Essay 10. How Can Language Be Sexist? -- Essay 11. On Denoting What? -- Essay 12. Degrees and Dimensions of Intentionality -- Essay 13. Situations, Possible Worlds and Attitudes -- Essay 14. Questioning as a Philosophical Method -- Erratum -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2647-9
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  • 23
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    Meaning and Inference in Medieval Philosophy : Studies in Memory of Jan Pinborg (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400928435
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 32
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Historical linguistics.
    Abstract: On Boethius’s Notion of Being: A Chapter of Boethian Semantics -- Logic in the Early Twelfth Century -- The Distinction Actus Exercitus/Actus Significatus in Medieval Semantics -- Denomination in Peter of Auvergne -- Concrete Accidental Terms: Late Thirteenth-Century Debates About Problems Relating to Such Terms as ‘Album’ -- Concrete Accidental Terms and the Fallacy of Figure of Speech -- The Logic of the Categorical: The Medieval Theory of Descent and Ascent -- Tu Scis Hoc Esse Omne Quod Est Hoc: Richard Kilvington and the Logic of Knowledge -- Logic and Trinitarian Theology: De Modo Predicandi ac Sylogizandi in Divinis -- A Seventeenth-Century Physician on God and Atoms: Sebastian Basso -- Index of Persons.
    Abstract: The studies that make up this book were written and brought together to honor the memory of Jan Pinborg. His unexpected death in 1982 at the age of forty-five shocked and saddened students of medieval philosophy everywhere and left them with a keen sense of disappoint­ ment. In his fifteen-year career Jan Pinborg had done so much for our field with his more than ninety books, editions, articles, and reviews and had done it all so well that we recognized him as a leader and counted on many more years of his scholarship, his help, and his friendship. To be missed so sorely by his international colleagues in an academic field is a mark of Jan's achievement, but only of one aspect of it, for historians of philosophy are not the only scholars who have reacted in this way to Jan's death. In his decade and a half of intense productivity he also acquired the same sort of special status among historians of linguistics, whose volume of essays in his memory is being G. L. Bursill-Hall almost simultane­ published under the editorship of ously with this one. Sten Ebbesen, Jan's student, colleague, and successor as Director of the Institute of Medieval Greek and Latin Philology at the University of Copenhagen, has earned the gratitude of all of us by memorializing Jan 1 in various biographical sketches, one of which is accompanied by a 2 complete bibliography of his publications.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2843-5
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  • 24
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    Mandated Science : Science and Scientists in the Making of Standards (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927117
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Ethics and Science Policy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Environmental management ; Sociology.
    Abstract: One: Introduction to Mandated Science -- Identifying Mandated Science -- The Character of Mandated Science -- The Approach to be Taken in the Study of Mandated Science -- Standard Setting: A Case Study of Mandated Science -- The Design of the Study -- Specific Methodological Decisions -- The Organization of the Book -- Two: An Introduction to Standards -- The Features of Standards -- Confusions in Terminology -- The Data Problem in Standard Setting -- The Debates about Standards -- Standard Setting as an Example of Mandated Science -- Three: In the Eye of the StormCase Study One: The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -- The Early History -- The Active Phase -- The Transition Period -- ACGIH Today -- Membership of the TLV Committee -- Standard Setting in ACGIH -- ACGIH Standards -- Controversies about Standards -- The Status of ACGIH Standards -- The Use of ACGIH Standards -- Discussion -- Four: Alphabet SoupCase Study Two: The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues -- The Codex Alimentarius -- The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) -- The Joint Management Committee on Pesticide Residues -- The Three Organizations -- The Standards -- The Status of Codex Standards -- Discussion -- Five: Political ChemicalsCase Study Three: The Toronto Lead Controversy -- Background Information -- Standards in the Toronto Lead Controversy -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (1) — Early History -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (2) — the Case Goes to Court -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (3) — Words Become Dangerous -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (4) — Studying the Problem -- The Toronto Lead Controversy (5) — The Hearing Acts as a Court -- Discussion -- Six: An Economic PoisonCase Study Four: Pentachlorophenol -- Sorne Background Information -- The Standards -- History of the Controversy -- Discussion -- Seven: Standards Revisited -- The Characteristics of Standards -- The Character of Standard Setting: The Two Organizations -- The Character of Standard Setting: The Two Controversies -- Standards and the Debate about Regulation -- The Debate about Standards: Prescriptive versus Performance Standards -- Standards and Mandated Science -- Eight: Mandated Science -- The Character of Mandated Science -- Questions Arising from the Study of Mandated Science -- The Debates in Mandated Science -- Conclusions from the Study of Mandated Science -- Notes.
    Abstract: For a long time I would not eat strawberries. In 1977, a scandal broke about a testing laboratory having falsified the data that was used to register a large number of pesticides. The Canadian government, along with several others, began the process of re-evaluating both the procedures for testing and these specific chemicals. One chemical proved particularly controversial, the commonly-used pesticide named captan. In light of the controversy, which was manifest in a conflict between two government departments, in 1981, the Canadian government chose to appoint a special panel of experts to advise them. I was a member of this expert committee. The experience on the captan committee did little to reassure me, either about captan or about the way that decisions had been made about many pesticides in widespread use. Although it could not be demonstrated that captan was dangerous to people in the amounts to which they would likely be exposed, the animal studies provided the basis for concern. Prudence required at the very least that consumers take the precaution of washing their fruit, for captan is widely used on apples, cherries and berry fruits. Captan residues wash off apples relatively easily; they are less easily removed from berry fruits, such as straw­ berries.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2711-7
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  • 25
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    The Use of Human Beings in Research : With Special Reference to Clinical Trials (1988)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400927056
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Public health laws ; Ethics ; Medical laws and legislation. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Human Experimentation and the Legacy of Nuremberg -- The Search for Universality in the Ethics of Human Research: Andrew C. Ivy, Henry K. Beecher, and the Legacy of Nuremberg -- Section II / The Development in Medicine of the Imperative to Conduct Research with Human Subjects: an Historical Analysis -- Cultural Contents in the History of the Use of Human Subjects in Research -- Reflections on the History of Human Experimentation -- Comparative Models and Goals for the Regulation of Human Research -- Moral Appropriateness in Human Research -- Public Control over Biomedical Experiments Involving Human Beings: An Israeli Perspective -- Section III / Ethical and Epistemological Issues in Randomized Clinical Trials -- Diagnosing Well and Treating Prudently: Randomized Clinical Trials and the Problem of Knowing Truly -- Research Risks, Randomization, and Risks to Research: Reflections on the Prudential Use of “Pilot” Trials -- Epistemological Presuppositions Involved in the Programs of Human Research -- At What Level of Statistical Certainty Ought a Random Clinical Trial to be Interrupted? -- Comment on Michael Ruse’s Essay -- Section IV / Obligations and the Avoidance of Injury -- Is There an Obligation to Participate in Biomedical Research? -- Physicians Experimenting on Themselves: Some Ethical and Philosophical Considerations -- Protection of Human Subjects: Remedies for Injury -- Israel Health Regulations: Experiments on Human Subjects - 1980 -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: This volume, which has developed from the Fourteenth Trans­ Disciplinary Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine, September 5-8, 1982, at Tel Aviv University, Israel, contains the contributions of a group of distinguished scholars who together examine the ethical issues raised by the advance of biomedical science and technology. We are, of course, still at the beginning of a revolution in our understanding of human biology; scientific medicine and clinical research are scarcely one hundred years old. Both the sciences and the technology of medicine until ten or fifteen years ago had the feeling of the 19th century about them; we sense that they belonged to an older time; that era is ending. The next twenty-five to fifty years of investigative work belong to neurobiology, genetics, and reproductive biology. The technologies of information processing and imaging will make diagnosis and treatment almost incomprehensible by my generation of physicians. Our science and technology will become so powerful that we shall require all of the art and wisdom we can muster to be sure that they remain dedicated, as Francis Bacon hoped four centuries ago, "to the uses of life." It is well that, as philosophers and physicians, we grapple with the issues now when they are relatively simple, and while the pace of change is relatively slow. We require a strategy for the future; that strategy must be worked out by scientists, philosophers, physicians, lawyers, theologians, and, I should like to add, artists and poets.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2705-6
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  • 26
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    The Event of Death: A Phenomenological Enquiry (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (368p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Ontological Roots of the Phenomenon of Death: A Heideggerean Interpretation -- One: Individuation and Temporality -- Two: Temporality as the Meaning of Being-Towards-Death -- Three: Death, Time and Appropration -- Four: A Project Beyond Heidegger -- Two: Death as an Ontic E-Vent: Coming to terms with the phenomenon of death as a determinate possibility -- One: Reflecting on One’s own Death -- Two: The Death of the Other -- Three: The Phenomenon of Immortality -- Three: Ontic/Ontological Implications -- One: Ontology as Concrete -- Two: Is Phenomenology still too Metaphysical? -- Key to abbreviations.
    Abstract: Building upon the "preliminary conception of Phenomenology" introduced by Heidegger in section II of the Introduction to Sein und zeit,l one may say that a phenomenology of death would mean: "to let death, as that which shows itself, be seen from itself in the very way in which it shows itself from itself. " Does this mean then, that a properly phenomenological d- cription of death may reveal to us what death as a factical event is like "in the very way in which it shows itself from itself"? Although I cannot experience my death in order to describe it, may some kind of phenomenologica'l inference or "extrapolation"2 be the condition for a unique and privileged revelation of what it is like to be dead? There is an important element of phenomenological descr- tion which renders such an extrapolation implausible, and it involves what Husserl originally called the reduction to signi- cance or meaning. It can never be true for the phenomenologist, 1 Heidegger, Martin, Sein und zeit, p. 34. e. t. page 58. 2 Henry W. Johnstone Jr. thinks that while one cannot extrapo­ late from the experience of sleep to the experience of death, it may be possible to extrapolate from the phenomeno­ lQgy of sleep to the phenomenology of death. Cf. H. W. John­ stone Jr. , "Toward a Phenomenology of Death", in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, 1975, pages 396-7. Cf.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3509-9
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  • 27
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    Philosophy of Prediction and Capitalism (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400936379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Sociology. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Three Characters of Absolute Time -- a) The Coincidence of Meaning and Phase -- b) The Distinction between Becoming and What Comes-To-Be -- c) The Phenomenon of Transition -- II The Impulsion of Life -- a) Ultimate Foundations of Organic and Inorganic Matter -- b) Impulsion and Phantasy -- c) The Factors of Reality and Ideality -- III Mind and the Genesis of Human Ideas -- a) Two Examples for the Genesis of Ideas in Greek Philosophy -- b) Contemporary Conception of Ideas: The Essence of Pragmatism -- c) The Essence of Pragmatic Truth: Functionalization -- d) Idea as “Sketch”: Introductory Comment -- IV The Unfinished Idea of Man -- a) Man’s Self-Understanding as Sketch -- b) Capitalism and the Concept of an Entity -- c) Variations of the Functional Appearance of Entities and the Role of the Sketch -- d) A Second Look at the Idea as Sketch and the Essence of Capitalism and Economics -- Notes.
    Abstract: There is little more than a decade left before the bells allover the world will be ringing in the first hour of the twenty-first century, which will surely be an era of highly advanced technology. Looking back on the century that we live in, one can realize that generations of people who have already lived in it for the better parts of their lives have begun to ask the same question that also every individual person thinks about when he is faced with the first signs of the end of his life. It is the question: "Why did everything in my life happen the way it did?" Or, "It would have been so easy to have channelled events into directions other than the way they went. " Or, "Why, in all the world, is my life coming to an end as it does, or, why must all of us face this kind of end of our century?" Whenever human beings take retrospective views of their lives and times - when they are faced with their own personal "fin du siecle" - there appears to be an increasing anxiety throughout the masses asso­ ciated with a somber feeling of pessimism, which may even be mixed with a slight degree of fatalism. There is quite another feeling with those persons who were born late in this century and who did not share all the events the older generation experi­ enced.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3637-9
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  • 28
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    Philosophy and the Visual Arts : Seeing and Abstracting (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Humanities ; Aesthetics ; Arts. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Abstracting and Depicting -- Depiction and the Golden Calf -- Painting, Expression, Abstraction -- Dimensions of Meaning -- Cubism — abstract or realist? -- Representing and Abstracting -- Alienation and Disalienation in Abstract Art -- On Attempting to Define Abstract Art -- On Being an Abstract Artist -- II Depicting Colours -- Identity, Predication and Colour -- Colour Systems and Perception in Early Abstract Painting -- Colour, Culture and Cinematography -- Form and Meaning in Colour -- Colour Appearances and the Colour Solid -- III The Limits of Depiction -- Perspective and Meaning: Illusion, Allusion and Collusion -- Looking at Pictures and Looking at Things -- Some New Problems in Perspective -- The Limits of Portrayal -- Bibliography of Works Cited.
    Abstract: This volume consists of papers given to the Royal Institute of Philos­ ophy Conference on 'Philosophy and the Visual Arts: Seeing and Abstracting' given at the University of Bristol in September 1985. The contributors here come about equally from the disciplines of Philosophy and Art History and for that reason the Conference was hosted jointly by the Bristol University Departments of Philosophy and History of Art. Other conferences sponsored by the Royal Institute of Philosophy have been concerned with links between Philosophy and related disciplines, but here, with the generous support of South West Arts and with the enthusiastic co-operation of the staff of the Arnolfini Gallery in Bristol we were able to attempt even more in the way of bridge building; not only were we able to hold some of our meetings in as possible to the general the Gallery, thus making them as accessible public, but we were also privileged in having our discussions supported by two exhibitions of contemporary painting that together presented contrasting aspects of the abstracting enterprise. One, featuring works by Ian McKeever, and drawings and painting by Frank Auerbach, some of which are discussed and illustrated in the present volume, was about the painterly exploration of 'abstracting from' images in nature and in painting itself. The other, curated by Waldemar Januszczak, while showing some figurative works, was concerned with the 'pure' power of colour perceived 'abstractly, in its own right.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3847-2
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  • 29
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    Pierre Gassendi : From Aristotelianism to a New Natural Philosophy (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937932
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 30
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Pierre Gassendi -- Manuscripts and published works -- Bibliographical survey -- 1. Sceptical anti-Aristotelianism -- 2. Copernican anti-Aristotelianism -- 3. Epicurean anti-Aristotelianism -- Epicureanism as substitute for Aristotelianism -- 4. Empirical anti-Aristotelianism -- 1. Logical writings: from Aristotelian dialectic to Epicurean canonic -- 2. Cognition: the physical and physiological processes -- 3. Cognition: the ‘psychological’ processes -- 4. Empirical anti-Aristotelianism -- 5. The ‘sceptical crisis’ -- 5. “A truer philosophy” -- 1. Atoms and the void -- 2. The substance of physical causes -- 3. Obscurity vanquished -- Conclusion -- Notes.
    Abstract: Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) lived in three civilizations in the span of one life-time: medieval ecclesiastic, Renaissance humanist and modern and he never cut himself loose from any of them. It is probably scientific; because he managed to be at home in all three that history has allocated to him a position somewhere on the fringe of the inner circle of genius in the seventeenth-century scientific revolution. While he was not a front-runner, Gassendi was nevertheless a pioneer of modern corpuscularianism and his influence on the development of empirical science was truly international. It is precisely because Gassendi was a figure of the second rank - a significant but lesser luminary - that we need to examine his work closely, for the less famous contemporaries help us to explain what the great ones do. It might seem that Gassendi has received his share of attention from scholars, even though it is sometimes suggested otherwise. Several full­ length monographs have been published in the past three decades, and there have been a number of articles in scholarly journals. Yet, despite the indisputable worth of these studies, the picture of Gassendi that has emerged from them has been partial and at times wide of the mark, so that the true story remains to be told.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3793-2
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  • 30
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    Ethical Emotivism (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400935075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: I The Theory of Value and the Rise of Ethical Emotivism -- i. The standard account -- ii. German and Austrian roots -- iii. Ayer and the Vienna Circle -- II Attitudes, Beliefs and Disagreements -- i. Introductory -- ii. Attitudes and beliefs: interest and cognition -- iii. Disagreement in belief and disagreement in attitude -- III Emotive Meaning: Marty to Ayer -- i. Introductory -- ii. Marty -- iii. Ogden and Richards -- iv. Ayer -- IV Emotive Meaning: Stevenson -- i. Morris and pragmatic meaning -- ii. Dispositions and the causal theory of meaning -- iii. A confusion of two theses -- iv. The pragmatic meaning question: emotive meaning and descriptive meaning -- v. Emotive meaning and human social nature -- V Perry, Hume and the Rejection of Naturalism -- i. Introductory; Hume and Stevenson -- ii. Perry’s interest theory -- iii. Stevenson’s rejection of Perry -- iv. Stevenson on Hume -- v. Further on Hume and emotivism -- vi. Sympathy, the is/ought gap and motivation -- VI Reasons and Persuasion -- i. Introductory -- ii. Ethical argument -- iii. The two patterns of analysis and the issue of relevance -- iv. Further on the two patterns; naturalistic fallacy; self-persuasion -- VII Hare’s Critique of Emotivism -- i. Introductory -- ii. Hare: two groups of verbs and six differences -- VIII Does Prescriptivism Supersede Emotivism? -- i. Introductory -- ii. General criticism -- iii. Emotivism vs. prescriptivism -- iv. Moral thinking: two levels.
    Abstract: The primary contributions of this work are in three overlapping categories: (i) the history of ideas (and in particular the history of the idea of value) and moral philosophy in both continental and Anglo-American traditions, (ii) the identification and interpretation of ethical emotivism as one of the major twentieth-century ethical theories, and (iii) the evolution of a philosophically viable form of ethical emotivism as an alternative to utilitarianism and Kantianism. In addition, along the way, many particular points are touched upon, e. g. , the relation of Hume to Stevenson and emotivism, the facti value distinction, and human emotional and social nature. The work begins by challenging the received account of the development of twentieth-century moral philosophy, i. e. , the account that occurs in all the recognized historical books (such as G. c. Kerner, The Revolution in Ethical Theory, Oxford, 1966; G. 1. Warnock, Contemporary Moral Philosophy, London, 1967; W. D. Hudson, Modern Moral Philosophy, London, 1967; Mary Warnock, Ethics Since 1900, 3rd ed. , Oxford, 1978; and W. D. Hudson, A Century of Moral Philosophy, New York, 1980). This received account is not only the property of scholars of the history of recent moral philosophy but is also generally assumed by philosophers themselves, and is repeated quite uncritically in the literature at large.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3507-5
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    Rationality: The Critical View (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (490p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Rationality in General -- 1. Seven Desiderata for Rationality -- 2. Arguments for Skepticism -- 3. Skeptical Rationalism -- 4. The Sceptic at Bay -- 5. Esotericism -- 6. Science and the Search for Truth -- 7. Rationality and the Problem of Scientific Traditions -- 8. An Ethic of Cognition -- 9. Methodological Individualism and Institutional Individualism -- 10. Epistemology and Politics -- 11. The Concept of Decision -- 12. Galileo’s Knife -- 13. The Objectivity of Criticism of the Arts -- 14. What is Literature? -- 15. Utopia and the Architect -- II: Rationality and Criticism -- 16. Theories of Rationality -- 17. Rationality and Problem-Solving -- 18. The Choice of Problems and the Limits of Reason -- 19. Rationality and Criticism -- 20. On Explaining Beliefs -- 21. Historicist Relativism and Bootstrap Rationality -- 22. On Two Non-Justificationist Theories -- 23. A Critique of Good Reasons -- III: Rationality and Irrationality -- 24. The Problem of the Rationality of Magic -- 25. Magic and Rationality Again -- 26. A Study in Westernization -- 27. Is Face the Same as Li? -- 28. The Rationality of Dogmatism -- 29. The Rationality of Irrationalism -- For Further Reading -- Sources -- Biographical Sketches -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In our papers on the rationality of magic, we distinghuished, for purposes of analysis, three levels of rationality. First and lowest (rationalitYl) the goal­ directed action of an agent with given aims and circumstances, where among his circumstances we included his knowledge and opinions. On this level the magician's treatment of illness by incantation is as rational as any traditional doctor's blood-letting or any modern one's use of anti-biotics. At the second level (rationalitY2) we add the element of rational thinking or thinking which obeys some set of explicit rules, a level which is not found in magic in general, though it is sometimes given to specific details of magical thinking within the magical thought-system. It was the late Sir Edward E. Evans-Pritchard who observed that when considering magic in detail the magician may be as consistent or critical as anyone else; but when considering magic in general, or any system of thought in general, the magician could not be critical or even comprehend the criticism. Evans-Pritchard went even further: he was sceptical as to whether it could be done in a truly consistent manner: one cannot be critical of one's own system, he thought. On this level (rationalitY2) of discussion we have explained (earlier) why we prefer to wed Evans­ Pritchard's view of the magician's capacity for piece-meal rationality to Sir James Frazer's view that magic in general is pseudo-rational because it lacks standards of rational thinking.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3491-7
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  • 32
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    Sexuality and Medicine : Volume I: Conceptual Roots (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937253
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Public health. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I: Human Sexuality -- Medical and Psychiatric Perspectives on a ‘Healthy Sexuality’ -- Medical and Psychiatric Perspectives on Human Sexual Behavior -- The Origins of Sexual Identity: A Clinician’s View -- Theories of Transsexualism -- Sex Research and Therapy -- A Survey of Human Reproduction, Infertility Therapy, Fertility Control and Ethical Consequences -- Section II: Sexuality and Sexual Concepts -- Philosophy, Medicine, and Healthy Sexuality -- Concepts of Disease and Sexuality -- Freud and Perversion -- The Politics of The Natural: The Case of Sex Differences -- Heterosex -- Bisexuality: Challenging Our Understanding of Human Sexuality and Sexual Orientation -- Sex and Love: Sexual Dysfunction as a Spiritual Disorder -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: When confronted by the concerns of human sexual function or dys­ function, American medicine finds itself well impaled on the horns of a dilemma. Currently it is acceptable medical practice to treat sexual dysfunctions, disorders, or dissatisfactions that arise from psy­ chogenic etiologies, endocrine imbalances, neurologic defects or are side effects of necessary medication regimes. In addition, implanta­ tion of penile prostheses in cases of organic impotence is an increas­ ingly popular surgical procedure. These clinical approaches to sexual inadequacies, accepted by medicine since 1970, represent one horn of the dilemma. The opposite horn pictures the medical profession firmly backed into a corner by cultural influences. For example, when hospital admissions occur, a significant portion of the routine medical history is the section on system review. A few questions are asked about the cardio-respiratory, the genito-urinary, and the gastro-intestinal sys­ tems. But in a preponderance of hospitals no questions are permitted or, if raised, answers are not recorded about human sexual functioning. Physicians tend to forget that they are victims of cultural imposition first and of professional training a distant second.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3725-3
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  • 33
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    Jaakko Hintikka (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400937635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 8
    Series Statement: Profiles 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Constituents -- Surface Information and Analyticity -- Hintikka on Quantifying In and On Trans-World Identity -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Logical Form -- Hintikka’s Inductive Logic -- Hintikka’s Epistemic Logic -- Hintikka’s Theory of Questions -- What Is a “Perceptually Well-Defined Individual”? Hintikka’s Views on Perception -- On Objects and Worlds of Thought in the Philosophy of Hintikka -- Hintikka on Modalities and Determinism in Aristotle -- Hintikka’s Ontology -- Replies and Comments -- Three -- Bibliography of Jaakko Hintikka -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant his to rial and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussion will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3763-5
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  • 34
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    Time and Meaning in History (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938458
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 101
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 101
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Philosophy—History. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: The Status of History -- 2: The Subject and Process -- 3: Progress and Direction -- 4: Interaction, Actions and Events -- 5: Contexts and Individuals -- 6: Conditioning Situations and Decisions -- 7: Evaluations and Values -- 8: Rhythm of Time -- 9: The Settings and Ideologies -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: There are several characteristics of Nathan Rotenstreich's work which are striking: his thoughtful writings are both subtle and deep; they are steeped in his critical appreciation of other thinkers of this and preceding times, an appreciation which is formed by his learned understanding of the history of philosophy; and with all this, he has an original and independent intelligence. He has from time to time brought his skills to bear upon historical scholarship, most notably perhaps in his book Between Past and Present (1958, 2nd edition, 1973), his interpretive essays in the philosophy of history Philosophy, History and Politics (1976) and his scholarly work concerned with the influence of historical development upon modern Jewish thought, Tradition and Reality (1972). Related to these, and equally works of that philosophical humanity which Professor Rotenstreich embodies, are his Humanism in the Contemporary Era (1963), Spirit and Man: An Essay on Being and Value (1963) and Reflection and Action (1983). Rotenstreich combines both the naturalistic and the phenomenological attitudes in an interesting and illuminating way through the full spectrum of issues in the philosophy of history in this century. Surely he sets boundaries to any doubtful extrapolation. Not only would he bring the understanding of history back from those who claim it as only a positive science but equally would he prevent the transformation of that understanding into merely speculative inquiry.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3845-8
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  • 35
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    Conscience: An Interdisciplinary View : Salzburg Colloquium on Ethics in the Sciences and Humanities (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400938212
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 1
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Ethics ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Conscience: Foundational Aspects -- Conscience as Principled Responsibility: On the Philosophy of Stage Six -- Discussion -- The Phenomenon of Conscience: Subject-Orientation and Object-Orientation -- Discussion -- 2 / Conscience: Social and Educational Aspects -- Value-Neutrality, Conscience, and the Social Sciences -- Discussion -- Moral Competence and Education in Democratic Society -- Discussion -- The Idea of Conscience in High School Students. Development of Judgments of Responsibility in Democratic Just Community Programs -- Discussion -- 3 / Conscience: Special Topics -- Conscience in Conflict? -- Discussion -- Aquinas’ Theory of Conscience from a Logical Point of View -- Discussion -- The Ambivalent Relationship of Law and Freedom of Conscience: Intensification and Relaxation of Conscience Through the Legal System -- Discussion -- Psychoanalysis and Ethics -- Discussion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Value change and uncertainty about the validity of traditional moral convictions are frequently observed when scientific re­ search confronts us with new moral problems or challenges the moral responsibility of the scientist. Which ethics is to be relied on? Which principles are the most reasonable, the most humane ones? For want of an appropriate answer, moral authorities of­ ten point to conscience, the individual conscience, which seems to be man's unique, directly accessible and final source of moral contention. But what is meant by 'conscience'? There is hardly a notion as widely used and at the same time as controversial as that of conscience. In the history of ethics we can distinguish several trends in the interpretation of the concept and function of conscience. The Greeks used the word O"uvEt81lm~ to denote a kind of 'accompa­ nying knowledge' that mostly referred to negatively experienced behavior. In Latin, the expression conscientia meant a knowing­ together pointing beyond the individual consciousness to the common knowledge of other people. In the Bible, especially in the New Testament, O"uvEt81l0"t~ is used for the guiding con­ sciousness of the morality of one's own action.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3821-2
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  • 36
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    Sexuality and Medicine : Volume II: Ethical Viewpoints in Transition (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401539432
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Table of Contents Volume II -- Section I: Reproduction, Medicine, and Morals -- Sexual Ethics: Some Perspectives from the History of Philosophy -- Medicine and the Control of Reproduction -- On the Connection of Sex to Reproduction -- Having Sex and Making Love: The Search for Morality in Eros -- Section II: Society, Sexuality, and Medicine -- Sex, Society, Medicine: An Historical Comment -- The Clinician as Sexual Philosopher -- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association: Classifying Sexual Disorders -- Changing Life-Styles and Medical Practice -- Human Sexuality: Counselling and Treatment in a Family Medicine Practice -- Sex Research and Therapy: On the Morality of the Methods, Practices and Procedures -- Section III: Religion, Medicine, and Moral Controversy -- Theological Approaches to Sexuality: An Overview -- Contemporary Controversies in Sexual Ethics: A Case Study in Post-Vatican II Moral Theology -- Transsexual Surgery: Some Reflections on the Moral Issues Involved -- The Irrelevance of Theology for Sexual Ethics -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: It may be unnecessary to some to publish a text on sexuality in 1986 since the popular press speaks of the sexual revolution as if it were over and was possibly a mistake. Some people characterize society as too sexually obsessed, and there is an undercurrent of desire for a return to a supposedly simpler and happier time when sex was not openly dis­ cussed, displayed, taught or even, presumedly, contemplated. Indeed, we are experiencing something of a backlash against open sexuality and sexual liberation. For example, during the '60s and '70s tolerance of homosexual persons and homosexuality increased. Of late there has been a conservative backlash against gay-rights laws. Sexual intercourse before marriage, which had been considered healthy and good, has been, of late, characterized as promiscuous. In fact, numer­ ous articles have appeared about the growing popularity of sexual abstinence. There is a renewed vigor in the fight against sex education in the schools, and an 'anti-pornography' battle being waged by those on the right and those on the left who organize under the guise of such worthy goals as deterring child abuse and rape, but who are basically uncomfortable with diverse expressions of sexuality. One would hope that such trends, and the ignorance about sex and sexuality that they reflect, would not touch medical professionals. That Dr.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-3943-2
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  • 37
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    Ethical Dimensions of Geriatric Care : Value Conflicts for the 21st Century (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400933910
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 25
    DDC: 618.97
    Keywords: Medicine ; Ethics ; Geriatrics ; Aging Research
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3391-0
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  • 38
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    A History of Women Philosophers : Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. - 500 A.D (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 229 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: A History of Women Philosophers 1
    Series Statement: History of Women Philosophers 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; History ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy, Ancient.
    Abstract: to Volume 1 -- 1. Early Pythagoreans: Themistoclea, Theano, Arignote, Myia, and Damo -- I. Themistoclea, Arignote, and Damo -- II. Theano of Crotona -- III. Myia; Notes. -- 2. Late Pythagoreans: Aesara of Lucania, Phintys of Sparta, and Perictione I -- I. Aesara of Lucania -- II. Phintys of Sparta -- III. Perictione I -- 3. Late Pythagoreans: Theano II, and Perictione II -- I. Theano II -- II. Perictione II -- 4. Authenticating the Fragments and Letters -- I. The Forgery Hypothesis -- II. The Pseudonymy Hypothesis -- III. The Eponymy Hypothesis: -- 5. Aspasia of Miletus -- I. Background -- II. The Menexenus and Pericles’ Funeral Oration -- III. Two arguments about the Menexenus -- IV. Aspasia and Sophistic Rhetoric; Conclusions; Notes. -- 6. Diotima of Mantinea -- I. Distinguishing Diotima from Plato and Socrates -- II. The Tradition of Diotima as a Fictitious Character -- III. The historical Diotima -- IV. In Support of Thesis B -- 7. Julia Domna -- I. Julia Domna’s Biography -- II. “The Philosopher Julia” -- III. Conclusion; Notes. -- 8. Makrina -- I. Biography -- II. Makrina and the Spiritual Tradition -- III. Makrina and Woman’s Soul -- IV. Makrina on Creation, Reincarnation, and Resurrection -- 9. Hypatia of Alexandria -- I. Biography -- II. Teaching -- III. Works -- 10. Arete, Asclepigenia, Axiothea, Cleobulina, Hipparchia, and Lasthenia -- I. Arete of Cyrene -- II. Asclepigenia of Athens -- III. Axiothea of Philesia -- IV. Cleobulina of Rhodes -- V. Hipparchia the Cynic -- VI. Lathenia of Mantinea; Notes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3497-9
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  • 39
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    Search Without Idols (1987)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400934931
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Ethics ; Self. ; Philosophy of mind.
    Abstract: I Toward a New Perspective on Totalities -- 1 The dimensions and language of transcendence -- 2 Reification and the birth of totalities -- 3 The nature and the meaning of the totalist -- 4 Projectivism and the finite search for wholeness -- 5 Projectivism and the dismantling of totalities -- II A Critical Look at Modern Totalities -- Section one: Marxist literature -- 6 Marx and history -- 7 Sociology, ontology and totality in Georg Lukacs -- 8 The critique of domination in the Frankfurt School -- Section two: Totalisms in phenomenology and phenomenological ontology -- 9 Husserl’s world of infinite transcendence -- 10 From Dasein to Being in Heidegger’s totality -- 11 Totalism versus subjectivism in Gadamer’s hermeneutics -- 12 Finite transcendence and its idol: infinite transcendence.
    Abstract: Search Without Idols is a study of human transcendence in the context of human striving, projecting, surpassing, overcoming. This power is central to man's search for wholeness. Such transcendence makes reality tolerable. It provides us with ~m impressive array of human responses which enable us to cope. But it also provides the excesses that go beyond human striving. Nothing seems to be off-limits to this ubiquitous power. Such a state of surpassing limits is what we find in the relation between the human search for wholeness and the quest for external totalities which lies beyond the human context. Such soaring flights beyond the capacity of human striving are hard to control, impossible to show responsibility-for and beyond the reach of criteria. The reach exceeds both our grasp and our control. Transcendence, then, is a greatly used and much abuse~ human power. Its activities have never ceased to amaze me, its excesses have always troubled me even from the beginning of my studies. This book is not an exercise in self-clarification. I have some thoughts on the matter which I wish to share with the reader. Perhaps we can mutually appreciate the great gift without compromising our sanity. Part I will provide a new look at the meaning of transcendence.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3493-1
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  • 40
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    Likeness to Truth (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400946583
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 30
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: One: Truth and Closeness to Truth -- 1.1 The problem of truthlikeness -- 1.2 Explications and intuitions -- 1.3 Some adequacy conditions -- Notes -- Two: Popper on Truthlikeness -- 2.1 Truthlikeness in Popper’s methodology -- 2.2 Truthlikeness by truth content and falsity content -- 2.3 Measuring truth content and falsity content -- Notes -- Three: Distance in Logical Space -- 3.1 Conceptual frameworks and possible worlds -- 3.2 Distance between propositions -- 3.3 Measuring the symmetric difference -- 3.4 Truthlikeness for a propositional framework -- 3.5 Truthlikeness by similarity spheres -- Notes -- Four: Truthlikeness by Distributive Normal Forms -- 4.1 Languages and pictures -- 4.2 Worlds and interpretations -- 4.3 Constituents in a first-order language -- 4.4 The symmetric difference on constituents -- 4.5 The propositional measure extended -- Notes -- Five: Beyond First-Order Truthlikeness -- 5.1 Questions, answers, and propositional distance again -- 5.2 Infinitely deep theories and ultimate questions -- 5.3 Higher-order frameworks -- 5.4 Verisimilitude and legisimilitude -- Notes -- Six: Truthlikeness and Translation -- 6.1 Invariance under translation -- 6.2 The identity of states of affairs -- 6.3 Coactualisation and structure -- 6.4 Two criticisms of the structure argument -- 6.5 Numerical accuracy, confirmation and disconfirmation -- 6.6 Privileged properties -- Notes -- Seven: Truthlikeness, Content, and Utility -- 7.1 The content condition -- 7.2 The attractions of brute strength -- 7.3 Epistemic utilities -- 7.4 Accuracy and action: a conjecture -- Notes -- 8.1 First-order languages and their interpretations -- 8.2 Higher-order languages -- 8.3 Examples J and K formalized -- 8.4 First-order normal forms -- 8.5 Permutative normal forms -- 8.6 The distance between constituents -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The concept of likeness to truth, like that of truth itself, is fundamental to a realist conception of inquiry. To demonstrate this we need only make two rather modest aim of an inquiry, as an inquiry, is realist assumptions: the truth doctrine (that the the truth of some matter) and the progress doctrine (that one false theory may realise this aim better than another). Together these yield the conclusion that a false theory may be more truthlike, or closer to the truth, than another. It is the aim of this book to give a rigorous philosophical analysis of the concept of likeness to truth, and to examine the consequences, some of them no doubt surprising to those who have been unduly impressed by the (admittedly important) true/false dichotomy. Truthlikeness is not only a requirement of a particular philosophical outlook, it is as deeply embedded in common sense as the concept of truth. Everyone seems to be capable of grading various propositions, in different (hypothetical) situations, according to their closeness to the truth in those situations. And (if my experience is anything to go by) there is remarkable unanimity on these pretheoretical judge­ ments. This is not proof that there is a single coherent concept underlying these judgements. The whole point of engaging in philosophical analysis is to make this claim plausible.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4658-3
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  • 41
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    Possibility of the Aesthetic Experience (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Content -- I. Aporetic Character of the Aesthetic Experience -- One: The Idea of Aesthetic Experience -- Two: A Critique of Aesthetics -- Three: The Actualities of Non-Aesthetic Experience -- Four: Can We Speak of ‘Aesthetic Experience’? -- II. Having an Aesthetic Experience -- Five: Experiencing Aesthetically, Aesthetic Experience, and Experience in Aesthetics -- Six: The Deweyan View of Experience -- Seven: Experience and Theory in Aesthetics -- Eight: The Aesthetic Experience: An Exploration -- III. Nature of the Aesthetic Experience -- Nine: What Makes an Experience Aesthetic? -- Ten: Controversy About Aesthetic Attitude: Does Aesthetic Attitude Condition Aesthetic Experience? -- Eleven: Mode of Existence of Aesthetic Qualities.
    Abstract: The majority of aestheticians have focused their attention during the past three decades on the identity, or essential nature, of art: can 'art' be defined? What makes an object a work of art? Under what conditions can we characterize in a classificatory sense an object as an art work? The debate, and at times controversy, over these questions proved to be constructive, intellectually stimulating, and in many cases suggestive of new ideas. I hope this debate continues in its momentum and creative outcome. The time is, however, ripe to direct our attention to another important, yet neglected, concept - viz. , 'aesthetic experience' - which occupies a prominent place in the philosohpy of art. We do not only create art; we also enjoy, i. e. , experience, and evaluate it. How can we theorize about the nature of art in general and the art work in particular, and about what makes an object a good work of art, if we do not experience it? For example, how can we identify an object as an art work and distinguish it from other types of objects unless we first perceive it, that is in a critical, educated manner? Again, how can we judge a work as good, elegant, melodramatic, or beautiful unless we first perceive it and recognize its artistic aspect? It seems to me that experiencing art works is a necessary condition for any reasonable theory on the nature of art and artistic criticism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4372-8
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  • 42
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    Rationality, Relativism and the Human Sciences (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943629
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of the Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium 1
    Series Statement: Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I -- Why Studies of Human Capacities Modeled on Ideal Natural Science Can Never Achieve Their Goal -- Narrative versus Analysis in History -- Heidegger’s Philosophy of Science: The Two Essences of Science -- II -- The Intelligibility of Action -- How to Interpret Actions -- Mind as a Social Formation -- III -- Intentionality and Rationality -- The Rationality of Science -- Philosophy, Swarthmore CollegeHeuristics for Scientific and Literary Creativity: The Role of Models, Analogies, and Metaphors -- IV -- Art and Its Mythologies: A Relativist View -- On Relativity, Relativism, and Social Theory -- Rationality and Realism -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium was launched in the early eighties. It began during a particularly lean period in the American economy. But its success is linked as much to the need to be in touch with the rapidly changing currents of the philosophical climate as with the need to insure an adequately stocked professional community in the Philadelphia area faced, perhaps permanently, with the threat of increasing attrition. The member schools of the Consortium now include Bryn Mawr College, the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, and Villanova University, that is, the schools of the area that offer advanced degrees in philosophy. The philosophy faculties of these schools form the core of the Consortium, which offers graduate students the instructional and library facilities of each member school. The Consortium is also supported by the associated faculties of other regional schools that do not offer advanced degrees - notably, those at Drexel University, Haverford College, La Salle University, and Swarthmore College - both philosophers and members of other departments as well as interested and professionally qualified persons from the entire region. The affiliated and core professionals now number several hundreds, and the Consortium's various ventures have been received most enthusiastically by the academic community. At this moment, the Consortium is planning its fifth year of what it calls the Conferences on the Philosophy of the Human Studies.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4362-9
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  • 43
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    Language and Production : A Critique of the Paradigms (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945746
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 96
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 96
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Anthropology ; Philosophy. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: I: On the Paradigm of Language: Positivism and Hermeneutics as Theories of Objectivation -- II: On the Paradigm of Production: Marxian Materialism and the Problem of the Constitution of the Social World -- 1. On the Meaning of Marx’s Materialism -- 2. Consumption as an Intrinsic Moment of Productive Activity -- 3. Reification and the Antinomies of Its Overcoming -- 4. Production Versus Communication: Paradigm-Change in Radical Theory -- 5. On the Possibility of Critical Theory -- Appendix I: Four Forms of Critical Theory — Some Theses on Marx’s Development -- Appendix II: Marx and the Problem of Technology -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In Language and Production, Gyorgy Markus presents us with a pro­ found critique of contemporary social theory: of the philosophy and methodology of the social sciences; of the philosophy of language; of hermeneutics and critical theory; and finally, of Marx and of Marxisms. The sweep of Markus' project is complemented by the extraordinary detail of his analysis and the elaborately developed argument which gives the work its clear logical structure: it is a dialectical work. Markus begins with a critique of the paradigm of language and of that scientific ra­ tionality modeled on language, as frameworks for the understanding of social reality, and for a rational 'science of society' . After revealing what he takes to be the essential failure of that paradigm in its positivist ver­ sion (in the work of Sir Karl Popper, who, he argues, remains within the positivist framework despite his differences with other positivists) - Markus examines the alternative interpretations of that paradigm in the hermeneutic tradition from Dilthey through Heidegger and Gadamer, and then in the structural anthropology of Claude Levi-Strauss and in the philosophy of language of Ludwig Wittgenstein. In all of these approaches, Markus sees a systematic flaw in the at­ tempt to frame human action as one or another form of linguistic prac­ tice, or even to read human self-constitution as essentially linguistic.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4574-6
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  • 44
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    Nietzsche as Affirmative Thinker : Papers Presented at the Fifth Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter, April 1983 (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400943605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Nietzsche and the Method of Philosophy -- Nietzsche on Philosophy, Interpretation, and Truth -- Nietzsche, Hume, and the Genealogical Method -- Nietzsche and the Project of Bringing Philosophy to an End -- Nietzsche and Contemporary Hermeneutics -- II. Varieties of Nietzsche’s Affirmation -- A More Severe Morality: Nietzsche’s Affirmative Ethics -- Will to Knowledge, Will to Ignorance, and Will to Power in Beyond Good and Evil -- The Socratic Nietzsche -- Nietzsche’s Concept of Education -- Nietzsche’s Style of Affirmation: The Metaphors of Genealogy -- Nietzsche: Psychology vs. Philosophy, and Freedom -- Nietzsche’s Enticing Psychology of Power -- III. Nietzschean Affinities and Confrontations -- Nietzsche and Spinoza: amor fati and amor dei -- Nietzsche und Heine. Kritik des christlichen Gottesbegriffs -- Nietzsche—Wagner im Sommer 1878.
    Abstract: The full century that has elapsed since Nietzsche was at the height of his work did not obliterate his impact. In many ways he is still a contemporary philosopher, even in that sense of 'contemporary' which points to the future. We may have outgrown his style (always, however, admirable and exciting to read), his sense of drama, his creative exaggeration, his sometimes flamboy­ ant posture of a rebel wavering between the heroic and the puerile. Yet Nietzsche's critique of transcendental values and, especially, his attack on the inherited conceptions of rationality remain pertinent and continue to pro­ voke anew cultural critique or dissent. Today Nietzsche is no longer discussed apologetically, nor is his radicalism shunned or suppressed. That his work remains the object of extremely diverse readings is befitting a philosopher who replaced the concept of truth with that of interpretation. It is, indeed, around the concept of interpretation that much of the rem:wed interest in Nietzsche seems to center today. Special emphasis is being laid on his manner of doing philosophy, and his views on interpretation and the genealogical method are often re-read in the context of contemporary hermeneutics and "deconstructionist" positions.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4360-5
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  • 45
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    Roderick M. Chisholm (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401729192
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 238 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 7
    Series Statement: Profiles 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Self-Profile -- Chisholm on Intentionality, Thought, and Reference -- States of Affairs -- The Objects of Perception -- Chisholm on Certainty -- Chisholm’s Theory of Action -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Roderick Chisholm -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library oj Living Phi/osophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of wh at happens in the profession. PRO­ FILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of signifi­ cant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to­ date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2919-2
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  • 46
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    The Moral Sense in the Communal Significance of Life : Investigations in Phenomenological Praxeology: Psychiatric Therapeutics, Medical Ethics und Social Praxis Within the Life- and Communal World (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (444p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Human Person and the Human Sciences -- The Moral Sense and the Human Person within the Fabric of Communal Life -- Psychiatry in Quest after Orientation -- The Moral Sense and Health Care -- On a Sociocultural Conception of Health and Disease -- The Education of a Medical Student -- II The Moral Sense in Psychiatry: the Switch From the Isolating Approach to that of “Transacting” with the other -- The Moral Sense and the Invisible Object -- The Genesis of a Purposeful Self -- The Unfolding of“Benevolent Sentiment” as the Basis of Psychotherapy -- Clinical Phenomenology as the“De- mythologising” of Psychiatry: The Movement toward the Other -- Theoretical Foundations of Psychiatry: The (K)not of Being as a (W)hole -- III Circuits of Communication -- A Phenomenological Approach to Language Acquisition and Autism in Terms of a Motor Unconscious -- Process Ethics and the Political Question -- IV Psychic Circuits of Sensibility and Morally Significant Spontaneities -- Natural Spontaneities and Morality in Confucian Philosophy -- Pathei Mathos — The Knowledge of Suffering -- Le visible et le tangible comme paradigmes du savoir -- V The Life-World and The Specifically Moral Significance of the Communal/Social World -- The Constitution of the Human Community: Value Experience in the Thought of Edmund Husserl; an Axiological Approach to Ethics -- Inter subjectivity and the Value of the Other -- Phenomenological Conceptions of the Life-World -- Controversies about Humanism in Sociology -- The Function of Norms in Social Existence -- Chinese Values: A Sociologist’s View -- The Moral A Priori and the Diversity of Cultures -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4538-8
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  • 47
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    Hector-Neri Castañeda (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945340
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (460p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 6
    Series Statement: Profiles 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy—History. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Casta?eda’s Ontology -- Mind and Guise: Castaneda’s Philosophy of Mind in the World Order -- Castaneda’s Philosophy of Language -- Castaneda’s Theory of Knowing -- Thinking-to-Be and Thinking-to-Do: Some Remarks on Casta?eda on Believing and Intending -- Good Samaritans and Castaneda’s System of Deontic Logic -- Casta?eda’s Theory of Deontic Meaning and Truth -- Casta?eda Theory of Morality -- Casta?eda on Plato, Leibniz, and Kant -- Replies -- Three -- Philosophical Bibliography of Hector-Neri Casta?Eda -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc.) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the logic. results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schipp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussion will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4534-0
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  • 48
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    An Ontology of Consciousness (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401707152
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 205 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ontology ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I—Psychological Methods of Observing Consciousness -- II—The Relation between Consciousness and Physiology -- III—The Ego as Continuity of Conscious Functions -- IV—Conscious Structures -- V—The Directed Attention Progression.
    Abstract: The object of this study is to find a coherent theoretical approach to three problems which appear to interrelate in complex ways: (1) What is the ontological status of consciousness? (2) How can there be 'un­ conscious,' 'prereflective' or 'self-alienated' consciousness? And (3) Is there a 'self' or 'ego' formed by means of the interrelation of more elementary states of consciousness? The motivation for combining such a diversity of difficult questions is that we often learn more by looking at interrelations of problems than we could by viewing them only in isola­ tion. The three questions posed here have emerged as especially prob­ lematic in the context of twentieth century philosophy. 1. The question of the ontological status of consciousness The question 'What is consciousness?' is one of the most perplexing in philosophy-so perplexing that many have been motivated to proceed as though consciousness did not exist. If William James was speaking rhetorically when he said "Consciousness does not exist," 1 many behaviorists of the recent past were not. 2 James meant only to imply that consciousness is not an independently existing soul-substance, along­ side physical substances. He did not mean that we do not really 'have' consciousness, and he did not provide final resolution for the problem of the causal interrelations between consciousness and the physical realm (e. g. , our bodies). Many recent philosophers and psychologists, however, try to proceed as though these problems did not exist.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0715-2
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  • 49
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    Doing the Best We Can : An Essay in Informal Deontic Logic (1986)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400945708
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 35
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: One/Absolute Moral Obligation -- 1. Utilitarian Foundations -- 2. A Theory of Moral Obligation -- 3. Moral Objections to MO -- Two/Iffy Oughts -- 4. Basic Iffy Oughts -- 5 Hypothetical Imperatives -- 6. Defeasible Commitment and Prima Facie Obligation -- Three/Extensions -- 7. Individual Obligation and Group Welfare -- 8. What Ought to be -- 9. Conflicts of Obligation -- 10. Conclusions -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Several years ago I came across a marvelous little paper in which Hector-Neri Castaneda shows that standard versions of act utilitarian­ l ism are formally incoherent. I was intrigued by his argument. It had long seemed to me that I had a firm grasp on act utilitarianism. Indeed, it had often seemed to me that it was the clearest and most attractive of normative theories. Yet here was a simple and relatively uncontrover­ sial argument that showed, with only some trivial assumptions, that the doctrine is virtually unintelligible. The gist of Castaneda's argument is this: suppose we understand act utilitarianism to be the view that an act is obligatory if and only if its utility exceeds that of each alternative. Suppose it is obligatory for a certain person to perform an act with two parts - we can call it 'A & B'. Then, obviously enough, it is also obligatory for this person to perform the parts, A and B. If act utilitarianism were true, we appar­ ently could infer that the utility of A & B is higher than that of A, and higher than that of B (because A & B is obligatory, and the other acts are alternatives to A & B).
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4570-8
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  • 50
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    Philosophy, its History and Historiography (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400953178
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 337 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy (General) ; History ; Philosophy—History. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: The End of Metaphysics: Philosophy’s Supreme Fiction? -- ‘The End of Metaphysics’ and the Historiography of Philosophy -- The End of Metaphysics: A Comment -- Reply to Ayers and Manser -- Epistemology without Foundations -- Philosophy after Rorty -- Comment on Rorty -- ‘Heterodox’, ‘Xenodox’, and Hermeneutic Dialogue -- Reply to Mary Hesse -- Occultism and Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century -- Occultism and Reason -- Reply to Simon Schaffer -- First Philosophy and Natural Philosophy in Descartes -- Cartesian Science in France, 1660–1700 -- Caricatures in the History of Philosophy: The Case of Spinoza -- Leibniz’s Break with Cartesian ‘Rationalism’ -- Lockean Mechanism -- Lockean Mechanism: A Comment -- Hume and the “Metaphysical Argument A Priori” -- The Historical and Philosophical Significance of Hume’s Theory of the Self -- Kant’s Refutation of Idealism -- The Hagiography of Common Sense: Dugald Stewart’s Account of the Life and Writings of Thomas Reid.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alternate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have included discussions between philosophers and distinguished practitioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is h.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5317-8
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  • 51
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    Thinking about Society: Theory and Practice (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400954243
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (544p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 93
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 93
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology ; Sociology. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Problems and Theories in the Social Sciences -- I.1. Objectivism Versus Relativism -- 1 / The Notion of a Social Science -- 2 / Social Perception and Social Change -- 3 / Realism and the Supposed Poverty of Sociological Theories -- 4 / Rationality and Relativism -- 5 / Popper on the Difference between the Natural and the Social Sciences -- I.2. Philosophy of Anthropology -- 6 / The Emergence of Social Anthropology from Philosophy -- 7 / On Theories of Fieldwork and the Scientific Character of Social Anthropology -- 8 / Limits to Functionalism and Alternatives to It in Anthropology -- 9 / On the Objectivity of Anthropology -- 10 / The Problem of Ethical Integrity in Participant Observation -- 11 / Anthropology as Science and the Anthropology of Science and of Anthropology -- 12 / Epistle to the Anthropologists -- 13 / On the Limits of Symbolic Interpretation in Anthropology -- 14 / The Problem of the Ethnographic Real -- 15 / Anthropologists and the Irrational -- 16 / Freeman on Mead -- II: Applications and Implications -- II.1 Society and the Arts -- 17 / The Objectivity of Criticism of the Arts -- 18 / The Rationality of Creativity -- II.2. Society and Technology -- 19 / Technology and the Structure of Knowledge -- 20 / The Social Character of Technological Problems -- 21 / Is Technology Unnatural? -- 22 / Utopia and the Architect -- II.3. Society and social control -- 23 / Nationalism and the Social Sciences -- 24 / Explorations in the Social Career of Movies: Business and Religion -- 25 / Methodological and Conceptual Problems in the Study of Pornography and Violence -- Sources -- List of Publications -- Indexes.
    Abstract: I. C. Jarvie was trained as a social anthropologist in the center of British social anthropology - the London School of Economics, where Bronislaw Malinowski was the object of ancestor worship. Jarvie's doctorate was in philosophy, however, under the guidance of Karl Popper and John Watkins. He changed his department not as a defector but as a rebel, attempting to exorcize the ancestral spirit. He criticized the method of participant obser­ vation not as useless but as not comprehensive: it is neither necessary nor sufficient for the making of certain contributions to anthropology; rather, it all depends on the problem-situation. And so Jarvie remained an anthro­ pologist at heart, who, in addition to some studies in rather conventional anthropological or sociological molds, also studied the tribe of social scien­ tists, but also critically examining their problems - especially their overall, rather philosophical problems, but not always so: a few of the studies in­ cluded in this volume exemplify his work on specific issues, whether of technology, or architecture, or nationalism in the academy, or moviemaking, or even movies exhibiting excessive sex and violence. These studies attract his attention both on account of their own merit and on account of their need for new and powerful research tools, such as those which he has forged in his own intellectual workshop over the last two decades.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5424-3
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  • 52
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    Medical Ethics in Antiquity : Philosophical Perspectives on Abortion and Euthanasia (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400952355
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: One/ The Social and Scientific Setting -- I/ The Status of the Physician -- II/ Theories of Health and Disease -- III/ Attitudes Toward Death -- Two/ The Rise of Medical Ethics -- IV/ Who was Hippocrates? -- V/ The Hippocratic Oath -- Three/ Abortion and Euthanasia -- VI/ The Problem of Abortion -- VII/ The Problem of Euthanasia -- VIII/ The Physician’s Moral Responsibility -- IX/ Conclusion -- X/ Epilogue -- Appendices -- Appendix A -- Principles of Medical Ethics -- Appendix B -- A Patient’s Bill of Rights -- Appendix C -- Declaration of Geneva -- Notes -- Select Bibliography.
    Abstract: The idea of reviewing the ethical concerns of ancient medicine with an eye as to how they might instruct us about the extremely lively disputes of our own contemporary medicine is such a natural one that it surprises us to real­ ize how very slow we have been to pursue it in a sustained way_ Ideologues have often seized on the very name of Hippocrates to close off debate about such matters as abortion and euthanasia - as if by appeal to a well-known and sacred authority that no informed person would care or dare to oppose_ And yet, beneath the polite fakery of such reference, we have deprived our­ selves of a familiarity with the genuinely 'unsimple' variety of Greek and Roman reflections on the great questions of medical ethics. The fascination of recovering those views surely depends on one stunning truism at least: humans sicken and die; they must be cared for by those who are socially endorsed to specialize in the task; and the changes in the rounds of human life are so much the same from ancient times to our own that the disputes and agreements of the past are remarkably similar to those of our own.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5235-5
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  • 53
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    Texts in Context : Revisionist Methods for Studying the History of Ideas (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400950757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff Philosophy Library 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: History, Historicism, and Hermeneutics -- One British Idealism and the Philosophy of History: Sources of Sustenance -- Two Historians of Political Thought and Their Critics: Sources of Anxiety -- Three Philosophical History: W.H. Greenleaf and the Study of the History of Political Thought -- Four The Priority of Paradigms: The Pocock Alternative -- Five The View from the Inside: Skinner and the Priority of Retrieving Authorial Intentions -- Assessment and Conclusion.
    Abstract: The methodology of the study of the history of political thought is an area of study which has occupied my interests for nearly a decade. I was introduced to the subject in University College, Swansea. My teachers there provided me with an excellent grounding in political studies. I am particularly indebted to Bruce Haddock, Peter Nicholson and W. H. Greenleaf. Professor Greenleaf was kind enough to supply me with a copy of his bibliography and copies of two of his unpublished papers. I continued to pursue my interest in methodology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. I am indebted to Ken Minogue and Robert Orr who taught me there. My greatest debt is to Dr. Joseph Femia ofthe University of Liverpool who devoted a great deal of time to considering the arguments presented here. His criticisms and suggestions for improvement proved to be invaluable. I would also like to thank Alan Ryan for his general comments and encouraging advice. It would be remiss of me if I neglected to express my gratitude to Dewi Beynon who was my first teacher of politics. The research for this project was carried out in the following places; The British Library of Political Science, London; The Sidney Jones Library, University of Liverpool; The National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; The Main Library, University of Edinburgh; The Arts and Social Science Library, University College, Cardiff; and the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5075-7
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  • 54
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    Theology and Bioethics : Exploring the Foundations and Frontiers (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401577236
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIV, 315 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Hendricks, John L. Theology and Bioethics: Exploring the Foundations and Frontiers. Earl E. Shelp 1989
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I: Theology, Science, and Bioethics -- Religion and the Renaissance of Medical Ethics in the United States: 1965–1975 -- Theology and Science: Their Difference as a Source of Interaction in Ethics -- Scientific and Religious Aspects of Bioethics -- Hartshorne, Theology, and the Nameless God -- The Potential of Theology for Ethics -- The Role of Theology in Bioethics -- Looking for God and Finding the Abyss: Bioethics and Natural Theology -- Section II: Foundations and Frontiers in Religious Bioethics -- Theology and Bioethics: Christian Foundations -- Theological Frontiers: Implications for Bioethics -- Contextuality and Convenant: The Pertinence of Social Theory and Theology to Bioethics -- Feminist Theology and Bioethics -- Doing Ethics in a Plural World -- Section III: Religious Reasoning about Bioethics and Medical Practice -- Salvation and Health: Why Medicine Needs the Church -- Love and Justice in Christian Biomedical Ethics -- Contemporary Jewish Bioethics: A Critical Assessment -- Medical Loyalty: Dimensions and Problems of a Rich Idea -- Responsibility for Life: Bioethics in Theological Perspective -- Epilogue: Does Theology Make a Contribution to Bioethics? -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: We who live in this post-modern late twentieth century culture are still children of dualism. For a variety of rather complex reasons we continue to split apart and treat as radical opposites body and spirit, medicine and religion, sacred and secular, private and public, love and justice, men and women. Though this is still our strong tendency, we are beginning to­ discover both the futility and the harm of such dualistic splitting. Peoples of many ancient cultures might smile at the belatedness of our discovery concerning the commonalities of medicine and religion. A cur­ sory glance back at ancient Egypt, Samaria, Babylonia, Persia, Greece, and Rome would disclose a common thread - the close union of religion and medicine. Both were centrally concerned with healing, health, and wholeness. The person was understood as a unity of body, mind, and spirit. The priest and the physician frequently were combined in the same individual. One of the important contributions of this significant volume of essays is the sustained attack upon dualism. From a variety of vantage points, virtually all of the authors unmask the varied manifestations of dualism in religion and medicine, urging a more holistic approach. Since the editor has provided an excellent summary of each article, I shall not attempt to comment on specific contributions. Rather , I wish to highlight three 1 broad themes which I find notable for theological ethics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7723-6
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  • 55
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    Alvin Plantinga (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400952232
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 5
    Series Statement: Profiles 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Plantinga on Trans-World Identity -- Plantinga on Possible Worlds -- Plantinga on the Reduction of Possibilist Discourse -- Plantinga’s Theory of Proper Names -- Plantinga and the Philosophy of Mind -- Plantinga on the Problem of Evil -- Plantinga and the Ontological Argument -- Plantinga on Foreknowledge and Freedom -- Plantinga’s Epistemology of Religious Belief -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Alvin Plantinga -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc.) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremendous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frightening division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PROFILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of significant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5223-2
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  • 56
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    Ethics (1985)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400950573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: 1 The subject matter of ethics -- 1 The raw material -- 2 Subdivisions -- 2 Moral psychology -- 1 General properties of conscious beings -- 2 Some peculiarities of human minds -- 3 Classification of experiences -- 4 More detailed account of certain kinds of experience -- 3 Ethical problems: right and wrong -- 1 Right and wrong -- 4 Ethical problems: good and evil -- 1 Good and evil -- 5 Metaphysics of morals -- 1 Determinism, indeterminism, and libertarianism -- 2 Arguments for and against determinism -- 3 Consequences of determinism -- Guide to authors/subjects.
    Abstract: This volume contains C. D. Broad's Cambridge lectures on Ethics. Broad gave a course of lectures on the subject, intended primarily for Part I of the Moral Sciences Tripos, every academic year from 1933 - 34 up to and in­ cluding 1952 - 53 (except that he did not lecture on Ethics in 1935 - 36). The course however was frequently revised, and the present version is es­ sentially that which he gave in 1952 - 53. Broad always wrote out his lectures fully beforehand, and the manuscript on Ethics, although full of revisions, is in a reasonably good state. But his handwriting is small and close and in places difficult to decipher. I therefore fear that some words may have been misread. There was an additional complication. In the summer of 1953 Broad revised and enlarged two sections of the course, namely the section on "Moore's theory" and that on "Naturalistic theories" (both sections occur in Chapter 4). The revised version of the section on Moore is undoubtedly superior to the earlier version, and I have therefore included it. But in my opinion this is not true of the new version of the section on naturalistic theories: although more comprehensive than the earlier version, it is not only repetitive in itself, but also repeats, sometimes almost verbatim, passages which occur elsewhere in the lectures. In brief, the new version is not fully integrated with the rest of the course.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-5057-3
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