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  • 1980-1984  (32)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (32)
  • Social sciences Philosophy  (17)
  • Linguistics  (15)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Existential Coordinates of the Human Condition: Poetic - Epic - Tragic : The Literary Genre (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963153
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 573 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Aesthetic Enjoyment and Poetic Sense. Poetic Sense: The Irreducible in Literature -- Movement in German Poems -- Why be a Poet? -- The Field of Poetic Constitution -- The Poet in the Poem: A Phenomenological Analysis of Anne Sexton’s ‘Briar Rose (Sleeping Beauty)’ -- Nature, Feeling, and Disclosure in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens -- “Fallings from us, Vanishings ...”: Composition and the Structure of Loss -- Poetic Thinking to Be -- From Helikon to Aetna: The Precinct of Poetry in Hesiod, Empedokles, Hölderlin, and Arnold -- What Can the Poem Do Today? The Self-Evaluation of Western Poets after 1945 -- Poetry as Essential Graphs -- The Shield and the Horizon: Homeric Ekphrasis and History -- The Myth of Man in the Hebraic Epic -- On Medieval Interpretation and Mythology -- The Epic Element in Japanese Literature -- A Long Day’s Journey into Night: The Historicity of Human Existence Unfolding in Virginia Woolf’s Fiction -- The Existential Sources of Rhetoric: A Comparison Between Traditional Epic and Modern Narrative -- Metaphor and the Flux of Human Experience -- The Literary Diary as a Witness of Man’s Historicity: Heinrich Böll, Karl Krolow, Günter Grass, and Peter Handke -- The French Nouveau Roman: The Ultimate Expression of Impressionism -- The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music: Claudel, Milhaud and the Oresteia -- Tragedy and the Completion of Freedom -- Hardy’s Jude: The Pursuit of the Ideal as Tragedy -- Values and German Tragedy 1770–1840 -- La Destinée de la tragédie dans la culture Islamique -- Toward a Theory of Contemporary Tragedy -- The Re-emergence of Tragedy in Late Medieval England: Sir Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur -- Tragical, Comical, Historical -- The Denial of Tragedy: The Self-Reflexive Process of the Creative Activity and the French New Novel -- Tragic Closure and the Cornelian Wager -- Intuition in Britannicus -- Myth and Tragic Action in La Celestina and Romeo and Juliet -- Du désordre à l’ordre: le rôle de la violence dans Horace -- The Act of Writing as an Apprehension of the Enigma of Being-in-the-World -- The Truth of the Body: Merleau-Ponty on Perception, Language, and Literature -- Fiction and the Transposition of Presence -- The Structure of Allegory -- Literary Impressionism and Phenomenology: Affinities and Contrasts -- Phenomenology and Literary Impressionism: The Prismatic Sensibility -- Un modèle d’analyse dy texte dramatique -- The Problem of Reading, Phenomenologically or Otherwise -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6315-3
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  • 2
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    Is Science Progressive? (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401719780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 177
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Nature of Science -- 2. How is Philosophy Possible as a Science? -- 3. Notes on Popper as Follower of Whewell and Peirce -- 4. The Evolution of Knowledge -- 5. Scientific Progress -- 6. The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach -- 7. Truthlikeness, Realism, and Progressive Theory-Change -- 8. The Growth of Knowledge in Mathematics -- 9. Realism, Worldmaking, and the Social Sciences -- 10. Finalization, Applied Science, and Science Policy -- 11. Paradigms and Problem-Solving in Operations Research -- 12. Remarks on Technological Progress -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This collection brings together several essays which have been written between the years 197 5 and 1983. During that period I have been occupied with the attempt to find a satisfactory explicate for the notion of tnithlike­ ness or verisimilitude. The technical results of this search have partly appeared elsewhere, and I am also working on a systematic presentation of them in a companion volume to this book: Truthlikeness (forthcoming hopefully in 1985). The essays collected in this book are less formal and more philos­ ophical: they all explore various aspects of the idea that progress in science is associated with an increase in the truthlikeness of its results. Even though they do not exhaust the problem area of scientific change, together they constitute a step in the direction which I find most promising in the defence of critical scientific realism. * Chapter 1 appeared originally in Finnish as the opening article of a new journal Tiede 2000 (no. 1 I 1980) - a Finnish counterpart to journals such as Science and Scientific American. This explains its programmatic character. It tries to give a compact answer to the question 'What is science?', and serves therefore as an introduction to the problem area of the later chapters. Chapter 2 is a revised translation of my inaugural lecture for the chair of Theoretical Philosophy in the University of Helsinki on April 8, 1981. It appeared in Finnish inParnasso 31 (1981), pp.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1978-0
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Boolean Semantics for Natural Language (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400964044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 23
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Boolean Semantics: An Overview -- 1. Sketch of the Semantics -- 2. On the Relation between English Form and Logical Form -- 3. An Ontological Innovation -- I: The Extensional Logic -- A. The Core Language, L -- I: The Extensional Logic -- B. Extending the Core Language -- II: The Intensional Logic.
    Abstract: In the spring of 1978, one of the authors of this book was sitting in on a course in logic for linguists given by the other author. In attempting to present some of Montague's insights in an elementary way (hopefully avoid­ ing the notation which many find difficult at first), the authors began dis­ cussions aimed towards the construction of a simple model-theoretical semantic apparatus which could be applied directly to a small English-like language and used to illustrate the methods of formal logical interpretation. In these discussions two points impressed themselves on us. First, our task could be simplified by using boolean algebras and boolean homomorphisms in the models; and second, the boolean approach we were developing had much more widespread relevance to the logical structure of English than we first thought. During the summer and fall of 1978 we continued work on the system, proving the more fundamental theorems (including what we have come to call the Justification Theorem) and outlining the way in which an intensional interpretation scheme could be developed which made use of the boolean approach (which was originally strictly extensional). We presented our findings in a monograph (Keenan and Faltz, 1978) which the UCLA Linguistics Department kindly published as part of their series called Occa­ sional Papers in Linguistics; one of the authors also presented the system at a colloquium held at the Winter Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America in December 1978.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6404-4
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  • 4
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    Reduction in Science : Structure, Examples, Philosophical Problems (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400964549
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (453p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 175
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: May We Identify Reduction and Explanation of Theories ? -- Restriction and Embedding -- Anomalies of Reduction -- Ontological Reduction in the Natural Sciences -- Explanation of Theories and the Problem of Progress in Physics -- Reduction, Interpretation and Invariance -- Reduction and Evolution — Arguments and Examples -- Limiting Case Correspondence between Physical Theories -- Contact Structures, Predifferentiability and Approximation -- Tangent Embedding — A Special Kind of Approximate Reduction -- A Logical Investigation of the Phlogiston Case -- Utilistic Reduction in Sociology: The Case of Collective Goods -- Intertheory Relations in Growth Economics: Sraffa and Wicksell -- Possible Approaches to Reduction in Economic Theory -- Why Language ? -- On the Comparison of Classical and Special Relativistic Space-Time -- Space-Time Geometries for One-Dimensional Space -- Quantum Theory as a Factualization of Classical Theory -- Classical and Non Classical Limiting Cases of Quantum Logic -- Bell’s Inequalities and the Reduction of Statistical Theories -- Name Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6454-9
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  • 5
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    Cognitive Constraints on Communication : Representations and Processes (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401091886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 428 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Dialogue and Cognition -- Diplomatic Communication -- Insight and Self-Observation: Their Role in the Analysis of the Etiology of Illness -- Parental Communication Deviance and Schizophrenia: A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis -- Contributions of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere in Perceiving Paralinguistic Cues of Emotion -- Towards a Computational Theory of Semantic Memory -- Two Types of Discourse in Hölderlin’s Madness -- Problems in Question Answering -- Looking for a Process Model of Dialogue: Speculations from the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence -- Jokes and the Logic of the Cognitive Unconscious -- A Logical Form Based on the Structural Descriptions of Events -- Linguistic and Situational Context in a Model of Task-Oriented Dialogue -- Some Ways of Representing Dialogues -- Towards a Logical Model of Dialogue -- Message Theory and the Semantics of Dialogue -- Rules, Utilities, and Strategies in Dialogical Games -- Focus and Dialogue Games: A Game-Theoretical Approach to the Interpretation of Intonational Focusing -- Intensional Man vs Extensional Man: A Difficult Dialogue -- Dynamic Model Selection in the Interpretation of Discourse -- Modelling the Dialogue by means of Formal Language Theory -- Precisiation of Meaning via Translation into PRUF -- Conversations between Programs -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Communication is one of the most challenging human phenomena, and the same is true of its paradigmatic verbal realization as a dialogue. Not only is communication crucial for virtually all interpersonal relations; dialogue is often seen as offering us also a paradigm for important intra-individual processes. The best known example is undoubtedly the idea of concep­ tualizing thinking as an internal dialogue, "inward dialogue carried on by the mind within itself without spoken sound", as Plato called it in the Sophist. At first, the study of communication seems to be too vaguely defmed to have much promise. It is up to us, so to speak, to decide what to say and how to say it. However, on eloser scrutiny, the process of communication is seen to be subject to various subtle constraints. They are due inter alia to the nature of the parties of the communicative act, and most importantly, to the properties of the language or other method of representation presupposed in that particuIar act of communication. It is therefore not surprising that in the study of communication as a cognitive process the critical issues revolve around the nature of the representations and the nature of the computations that create, maintain and interpret these representations. The term "repre­ sentation" as used here indicates a particular way of specifying information about a given subject.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9188-6
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  • 6
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    A Theory of Social Action (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400963177
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 171
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1: Philosophy and the Theory of Social Action -- I Scientific Realism and the Social Sciences -- II Theorizing about Social Action -- 2: Individualism and Concept Formation in the Social Sciences -- I Holistic Social Concepts -- II Conceptual Individualism -- III We-Intentions and Social Motivation -- 3: Theories of Action -- I Views of Human Action -- II Mental Cause Theory -- III Agency Theory -- IV Hermeneutic Theory -- V Arguments for and against Causal Theories of Action -- 4: The Purposive-Causal Theory of Human Action -- I The Fundamental Elements of the Purposive-Causal Theory of Action -- II The Structure of Single-Agent Action -- 5: The Structure of Social Action -- I The General Nature of Social Action -- II Simple Social Actions -- III Complex Social Actions -- IV The Acting of Social Collectives -- V Group Interests Revisited -- 6: Action Generation -- I Action Generation and the By-Relation -- II Action Generation and the Theory of Automata -- III Social Actions, Grammars, and Social Conduct Plans -- 7: Practical Inference and Social Action -- I Loop Beliefs and Practical Inference -- II Mutual Beliefs -- III The Replicative Justification of Social Beliefs -- IV Social Action and Practical Inference -- V Mixed Interest Games and Practical Inference -- VI Social Rules and the Scope of Social Action -- 8: Norms, Rules, and Social Structures -- I Social Norms -- II Social Rules -- III Similarity and Roles -- IV Social Structures -- 9: Social Interaction and Control -- I Acting in Social Relation -- II Overt Social Interaction -- III Covert Social Interaction -- 10: A Pragmatic Theory of Explanation -- I Explaining as Communicative Action -- II Emphasis -- III Understanding and Presuppositions -- 11: Proximate Explanation of Social Action -- I Explanation and Social Action -- II Teleological Explanation -- III Purposive-Causal Explanation -- IV Reason-Explanation -- V Explaining the Style of Action -- VI Understanding Action -- 12: Dynamic Explanation of Social Action -- I Explanation and Other-Regarding Utilities -- II Expected Utilities, Motives, and the Explanation of Social Action -- III The Nature of Dynamic Action Explanations -- 13: Functional and Invisible Hand Explanation of Social Action -- I Action-Functions and Functional Explanations -- II Invisible Hand Explanations of Social Action -- 14: Explanatory Individualism and Explanation of Social Laws -- I Explanatory Individualism -- II Explanation of Social Laws -- Notes -- Name index -- Index of Symbols, Definitions, and Theses.
    Abstract: It is somewhat surprising to find out how little serious theorizing there is in philosophy (and in social psychology as well as sociology) on the nature of social actions or joint act. hons in the sense of actions performed together by several agents. Actions performed by single agents have been extensively discussed both in philosophy and in psycho~ogy. There is, ac­ cordingly, a booming field called action theory in philosophy but it has so far strongly concentrated on actions performed by single agents only. We of course should not forget game theory, a discipline that systematically studies the strategic interac­ tion between several rational agents. Yet this important theory, besides being restricted to strongly rational acting, fails to study properly several central problems related to the concep­ tual nature of social action. Thus, it does not adequately clarify and classify the various types of joint action (except perhaps from the point of view of the agents' utilities). This book presents a systematic theory of social action. Because of its reliance on so-called purposive causation and generation it is called the purposive-causal theory. This work also discusses several problems related to the topic of social action, for instance that of how to create from this perspective the most central concepts needed by social psychology and soci­ ology. While quite a lot of ground is covered in the book, many important questions have been left unanswered and many others unasked as well.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6317-7
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  • 7
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    Dialectical Theory of Meaning (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 81
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 81
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: One / Epistemological Foundations of the Dialectical Theory of Meaning -- I. General Logical Problems of Constructing a Theory of Meaning -- II. Categories of Objective Reality -- III. Symbols -- IV. Objective Experience -- V. Concepts and Other Categories of Thought -- Two / Analysis of Meaning -- VI. Meaning as a Complex of Relationships -- VII. Mental Meaning -- VIII. Objective Meaning -- IX. Linguistic Meaning -- X. Practical Meaning -- Three / Meaning and Communication -- XI. The Genesis of Signs and Meaning -- XII. General Definition of Meaning: The Interrelationships of the Individual Dimensions of Meaning -- XIII. Conditions of Effective Communication -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This prize monograph was a pioneering work among Marxist philosophers, East and West, twenty-five years ago. To our mind, the work would have been received with respect and pleasure by philosophers of many viewpoints if it had been known abroad then. Now, revised for this English-language editiJn by our dear and honored colleague Mihailo Markovic, it is still admirable, still the insightful and stimulating accomplishment of a pioneering philosophical and scientific mind, still resonating to the three themes of technical mastery, humane purpose, political critique. Markovic has always worked with the scientific and the humanist disci­ plines inseparably, a faithful as well as a creative man oflate twentieth century thOUght. Reasoning is to be studied as any other object of investigation would be: empirically, theoretically, psychologically, historically, imaginatively. But the entry is often through the study of meaning, in language and in life. In his splendid guide into the work before us, his Introduction, Markovic shows his remarkable ability as the teacher, motivating, clarifying, sketching the whole, illuminating the detail, Critically situating the problem within a practical understanding of the tool oflanguage.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6256-9
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  • 8
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    Rationality in Science and Politics (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962545
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 79
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 79
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Creativity and Criticism in Science and Politics -- The Social Base of Scientific Theory and Practice -- Transcendental Realism and Rational Heuristics: Critical Rationalism and the Problem of Method -- How to Accept Fallible Test Statements? Popper’s Criticist Solution -- Logical Strength and Demarcation -- Xenophanes: A Forerunner of Critical Rationalism? -- The Social Roots of Modern Egalitarianism -- Explication and Implications of the Placebo Concept -- Analytic and Synthetic Philosophy -- Ethical Problems in Science Communication -- A Philosophical Conception of Finality in Biology -- The Justification of Scientific Progress -- Against Induction: One of Many Arguments -- The Problem of Ideology and Critical Rationalism -- Poincaré versus Le Roy on Incommensurability -- On Early Forms of Critical Rationalism -- Gerard Radnitzky: From Positivism, via Critical Theory, to Critical Rationalism -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This remarkable collection of essays, diverse but united by the theme of critical reasoning, testifies to the attention and respect paid by the authors to the philosophical career of Gerard Radnitzky. We, too, greet Professor Radnitzky for his decades of intellectual labor devoted to the establishment of rational analysis of human problems. Not least of his concerns has been to understand what it is to be rational, to disentangle the apparently rational and the genuine, to separate dogma from justified belief, to cherish imagination while seeking its test. If Radnitzky has long been known for his careful elaboration of the spectrum of modem approaches to epistemology, those who have gathered to celebrate his work in this volume will also be widely known for their own writings on this matter of critical methodology. Their signposts (or are they warning lights?) will be familiar to thoughtful philosophers and scientists, and they appear as queries as we read these papers: the rational heuristic and the irrational heuristic? accepting the fallible? differing societies but one rational cognitive practice? accepting evidence which is placebogenic? choosing among the incommensurables? what remains of the logic of demarcation? purpose in nature? progress of science? rationality in politics? a humane reasonableness and a critical rationalism? Gunnar Andersson sets the focus well for the reader. We need not choose between dogmatism and relativism, he argues. And then he tells the political lesson: we might avoid both anarchy and despotism.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6254-5
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  • 9
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    Praxiological Studies : Polish Contributions to the Science of Efficient Action (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969438
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (432p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 34
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 34
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Goal of an Act and the Task of the Agent -- On the Essence and Goals of General Methodology (Praxiology) -- An Outline of the Prehistory of Praxiology -- An Analysis of the Concept of Goal -- Comments on the Concept of Efficiency -- The Value of Perfect Information -- A Praxiological Theory of Evaluations -- Praxiosemiotics: the Theory of Optimum Message in the Service of Other Disciplines and Practical Activities -- A Formal Theory of Actions: Syntax and Semantics of Behaviour -- Praxiological Models — Praxiological Modelling of Systems of Action -- Planning and Implementation. An Elementary Primer of the Cybernetics of Planning -- Praxiology and the Theory of Programming -- Making Use of Science in Actions (A Study in Methodology and Praxiology) -- Practical Problems and Practical Directives -- A Praxiological Theory of Design -- Some Problems of the General Theory of Struggle -- Struggle in a Dense Social Environment -- The Theory of Organization and Management -- The Importance of Praxiology for Political Economy -- Praxiology and Technology -- About the Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6943-8
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  • 10
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    Questions and Answers (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
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    ISBN: 9789400970168
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Linguistic Calculation 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computational linguistics
    Abstract: On the “Tell Me Truly” Approach to the Analysis of Interrogatives -- The Epistemic Meaning of Questions and Statements -- What Answers Can Be Given? -- On Some Aspects of Presuppositions of Questions -- The Syntax and Semantics of English Mood -- New Foundations for a Theory of Questions and Answers -- On Questions -- Varieties of Cooperative Responses in Question-Answer Systems -- Questions of Believing -- Relevance of Topic and Focus for Automatic Question Answering -- The Polytext System — A New Design for a Text Retrieval System.
    Abstract: In almost all principled accounts of questions questions are related to the corresponding answers. Zellig Harris (Harris 1978:1), for example, maintains that" ... all interrogative sentences can be derived, by means of the independently established transformations of the language, from sentences which assert that someone is asking about a disjunction of statements which are the relevant possible answers to that interroga­ tive." This amounts to the claim that a yes-no question such as Will John stay? is derived from I ask you whether John will stay and a wh­ question such as Who came is derived from something like I ask you whether A came or B came or ... or X came .. Though in generative grammar interrogatives are not derived from the corresponding declaratives, the semantic interpretation of questions is akin to the syntactic source of questions posited by Harris. Jerrold J.Katz and Paul M.Postal (Katz-Postal 1964:113-117) state a reading rule for Q, the interrogative constituent, which boils down to (1) in the case of yes-no questions and to (2) in the case of wh-questions. (1) Tell me which of the following is true: John will stay or John will not stay. (2) Tell me which of the following is true: A came or B came or ... or X came. Thus, the semantic interpretation of questions makes reference to the set of possible answers represented here by a disjunction of statements.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7016-8
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  • 11
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    Linguistic Categories: Auxiliaries and Related Puzzles : Volume One: Categories (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / The ‘AUX’ Hypothesis -- Da and the Category AUX in Bulgarian -- Person-Subject Marking in AUX in Egyptian Arabic -- Two / Some Elusive Categories -- Polarized Auxiliaries -- Marking Constituents -- Government and the Search for AUXes: A Case Study in Cross-linguistic Category Identification -- On Two Types of Infinitival Complementation -- The Case of German Adjectives -- Transitive Adjectives: A Case of Categorial Reanalysis.
    Abstract: VIrtually all the papers in these volumes originated in presentations at the Fourth Groningen Round Table, held in July 1980. That conference, organ­ ized by the Institute for General linguistics of Groningen University was the fourth in an irregular series of meetings devoted to issues of topical interest to linguists. Its predecessor, the Third Round Table, was held in June 1976, and dealt with the semantics of natural language. A selection of the papers was published as Syntax and Semantics 10, Selections from the Third Groningen Round Table, ed. by F. Heny and H. Schnelle, Academic Press, 1979. This fourth meeting was more narrowly focussed. The original intention was to examine the hypothesis of Akrnajian, Steele and Wasow in their paper 'The Category AUX in Universal Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry 10, 1-64. Ultimately the topic was broadened considerably to encompass not only the syntax, semantics and morphology of auxiliaries and related elements, but to tackle the problem (implicit in the original work of Akmajian, Steele and Wasow) of justifying the selection of categories for the analysis of natural language. In the summer of 1979, a workshop and short, informal conference were held at the University of Salzburg, in preparation for the Round Table. These were organized in conjunction with the Summer Institute of the linguistic Society of America. The cooperation of the LSA and of the University of Salzburg, and in particular of the Director of that Institute, Professor Gaberell Drachman, is hereby gratefully acknowledged.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6989-6
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  • 12
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    Pronominal Reference : Child Language and the Theory of Grammar (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970045
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: 1. An Approach to Language Acquisition -- 1.1. Language Acquisition Research and the Innateness Hypothesis -- 1.2. The Role of Experience -- 1.3. Hypothesis Formation and the Evaluation Metric -- 1.4. Implications for Language Acquisition Research -- Notes -- 2. Structural Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 2.1. The Domain of This Study -- 2.2. Structural Restrictions on Anaphora: A Brief History -- 2.3. Structural Restrictions on Anaphora: A Revision -- 2.4. Linguistic and Psycholinguistic Relevance of the BAR -- 2.5. Summary -- Notes -- 3. The Acquisition of Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. A Review of Some Previous Work on Children’s Acquisition of Restrictions on Pronominal Reference -- 3.3. The Backward Anaphora Restriction (BAR) and the Language Acquisition Process -- 3.4. Experiment 1: The Acquisition of the Structural Restrictions on Anaphora -- 3.5. Experiment 2: Anaphora in Sentences with Preposed Complements -- 3.6. Experiment 3: Reflexives -- 3.7. Experiment 4: Forward Anaphora -- 3.8. General Discussion -- Notes -- 4. Strategies and Contrastive Stress -- 4.1. Some Pragmatic Factors in Choosing Antecedents -- 4.2. Limitations on the Use of Contextual Information: Processing Principles -- 4.3. The Parallel Function Strategy -- 4.4. The Use of Contrastive Stress -- 4.5. Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. Parallel Function and Contrastive Stress in Child Language -- 5.1. Children’s Understanding of Contrastive Stress -- 5.2. Experiment on Contrastively Stressed Pronouns -- 5.3. Experiment on the Meaning of Parallel Function -- Notes -- 6. Some Conclusions.
    Abstract: Linguistic theory has seen a substantial shift in focus during the past decade. Whereas early research in generative grammar sought descriptive adequacy through the proliferation of transformational rules, recent efforts have concentrated on defining systems of principles that restrict the application of a greatly simplified sys­ tem of rules of grammar. These principles, because of their broad application within a particular language, and their appearance in a wide range of languages under investigation, are claimed to reflect innate cognitive structures often termed universal grammar. Accompanying this new, and very interesting research in linguis­ tic theory is an interest in certain aspects of the language acquisi­ tion process that relate to the theoretical claims. As new insights allow us to hypothesize both more specifically and more plausibly about linguistic universals, the actual facts about linguistic develop­ ment in young children become increasingly relevant as additional data on which to formulate and test new ideas. This book looks closely at a particular set of linguistic structures with respect to both linguistic theory and language development, exploring the relationship between the theoretical claims and the results of a series of language acquisition experiments. Although work of this sort is often called interdisciplinary, the issues addressed are clearly defined, although not all of them are answered. This book should be of particular interest to linguists, and to psychologists concerned with linguistic and cognitive development.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7004-5
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  • 13
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    Epistemology, Methodology, and the Social Sciences (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401714587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 270 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 71
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 71
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Ideology and Objectivity -- Toward a Logic of Historical Constitution -- Beyond Causality in the Social Sciences: Reciprocity as a Model of Non-exploitative Social Relations -- Empiricism and the Philosophy of Science, or, n Dogmas of Empiricism -- Realism and the Supposed Poverty of Sociological Theories -- The Role and Status of the Rationality Principle in the Social Sciences -- Marxian Paradigms versus Microeconomic Structures -- Paradise not Surrendered: Jewish Reactions to Copernicus and the Growth of Modern Science -- The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man -- Technologies as Forms of Life -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The last decades have seen major reformations in the philosophy and history of science. What has been called 'post-positivist' philosophy of science has introduced radically new concerns with historical, social, and valuative components of scientific thought in the natural sciences, and has raised up the demons of relativism, subjectivism and sociologism to haunt the once­ calm precincts of objectivity and realism. Though these disturbances intruded upon what had seemed to be the logically well-ordered domain of the philoso­ phy of the natural sciences, they were no news to the social sciences. There, the messy business of human action, volition, decision, the considerations of practical purposes and social values, the role of ideology and the problem of rationality, had long conspired to defeat logical-reconstructionist programs. The attempt to tarne the social sciences to the harness of a strict hypothetico­ deductive model of explanation failed. Within the social sciences, phenome­ nological, Marxist, hermeneuticist, action-theoretical approaches vied in attempting to capture the distinctiveness of human phenomena. In fact, the philosophy of the natural sciences, even in its 'hard' forms, has itself become infected with the increasing reflection upon the role of such social-scientific categories, in the attempt to understand the nature of the scientific enterprise.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1458-7
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  • 14
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    Formal Thought and the Sciences of Man (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 75
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 75
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. The Problem of Forms and the Philosophy of the Sciences -- The Possibility of Science and the Fact of Science -- Perception and Science -- Linguistic Expression and Scientific Forms -- Coordination and Subordination of Forms -- A ‘Ptolemaic’ Revolution -- II. Language as a Vehicle of Information -- Rhetoric and Contents -- Epistemology, Genetic Psychology and Axiomatization -- Critique of the Notion of ‘Grouping’ as a Form of Logical Thought -- Ordinary Language and Formalized Language -- Pure Informational Language -- Semantics and Syntax -- III. Scientific Languages and Formalisms -- The ‘Mixed’ Language of Science -- The Formation of the Language of Chemistry -- Reversal of the Relations between Oral Language and Writing -- Multi-Dimensionality and Spatiality of Signs -- Semantic Polyvalence -- IV. The Découpage of Phenomena -- The Myth and the Concept -- Experienced Meanings and Scientific Objects -- Organized Practice, the Cultural Environment of the Concept -- An Example of Structural Objectivation: the ‘Wager’ -- Two Apparently Opposed Movements: ‘Formalist’ Découpage and ‘Operational’ Découpage -- The Saussurian Reduction -- The Phonological Découpage -- Hierarchy of Phonological Structures -- Dynamics of Linguistic Structures -- ‘Language Engineering’ -- The Theory of Queues -- Theories of Learning [apprentissage] as Dynamic Games -- V. Quality and Quantity -- Quality of the Object and Quality of the lived Experience [vécu] -- Difference and Similarity -- Qualitative Responses and Information -- Probability of Response, and Division into Latent Classes -- Scaling Structure -- Search for a Metric -- The Interpretation of ‘Principal Components.’ Return to Structural Organization -- The General Theme of Linear Structures -- Disorder and Order -- Qassifications -- Linear Structures, Vectorial Spaces -- The Random Schemata -- Conclusion: Dialectic of Quality and Axiomatization -- VI. Structuring and Axiomatizing -- ‘Energetic’ Models and ‘Cybernetic’ Models -- Causality in the Models -- Meanings and Functions of Axiomatization in Mathematics -- Axiomatization in the Natural Sciences -- Axiomatization in the Sciences of Man -- The Evaluative Structure of Random Situations -- The Definition of a Norm of Decision -- Conclusions: Consciousness and Concept -- VII. The Understanding of the Individual -- The Clinical Situation and Structures in Psychoanalysis -- Diachronic and Synchronic: Personalities as Informational Systems -- Practice as Art and the Individual -- Individual and Alienation -- History as a Clinical Undertaking without Practice -- History and the Present -- Individual and Field -- Conclusions -- Postface to the English Edition (1982) -- Notes -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: system reflected in Saussure's linguistic theory, and so influential in the great progress linguistic theory has made in this century. Indeed, Granger sees linguistic theory as expressing a paradigm for scientific theorizing, which research in other social sciences should adopt. But 'structuralism' as a method in science does not, in Granger's view, begin with Saussure and the linguists. It is nothing less than the strategy of all the sciences, both natural and social, since their beginnings. Now, 'structuralism' is a 'trendy' term no less in Anglophone methodology than in Francophone philosophy. But Granger's employment of the term is not to be assimilated to this trend, nor to the fashionable excesses for which this expression has been a watch­ word (he explicitly separates himself from this movement in the preface to the second edition). The exact nature of what Granger calls 'structuralist' methods is the subject of a large part of this work, and I will not dwell on it much further in this introduction. Suffice it to say that Granger's demand for structuralist description is nothing less than the recognition that the successful pursuit of science requires that its terms and predicates pick out what we may call 'natural kinds'; that is, describe classes of items that bear uniform nomolog­ ical relations to one another. A science whose descriptive terms do not meet this condition will never produce any laws that reflect such nomological connections.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7037-3
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  • 15
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    Concepts and Approaches in Evolutionary Epistemology : Towards an Evolutionary Theory of Knowledge (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400971271
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 36
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Evolutionary Epistemology — A Challenge to Science and Philosophy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Notion of the Innate — Immanuel Kant and Beyond -- 3. Patterns of Nature and the Nature of Cognition or, ‘Why the Eye is Attuned to the Sun’ -- 4. The Interdisciplinary Foundation of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 5. The Challenge to Science and Philosophy -- 6. Summary and Conclusion -- Notes -- Evolution and Evolutionary Knowledge — On the Correspondence Between Cognitive Order and Nature -- 1. Separate Approaches -- 2. Judgements and Prejudices -- 3. The Theory of Evolution -- 4. Epistemological Questions -- 5. Nature and Thinking -- 6. A System of Hypotheses -- 7. Natural and Cognitive Order 45 -- 8. The Kantian Apriori -- 9. Summary -- Notes -- A Short Introduction to the Biological Principles of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Life as a Cognition Process -- 2. The “Hypotheses” of the Ratiomorphic Apparatus -- 3. Summary -- Notes -- Mesocosm and Objective Knowledge — On Problems Solved by Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Facts and Fits — What Evolutionary Epistemology Tries to Explain -- 3. Tenets and Traits — What Evolutionary Epistemology Does Assert -- 4. Caveats and Corrections — What Evolutionary Epistemology Does Not Assert -- 5. Mesocosm and Visualization -- 6. Projection and Reconstruction -- 7. Objectivity and Invariance -- 8. Mathematics and Reality -- 9. Causality and Energy Transfer -- 10. Mind and Evolution -- 11. Unfinished Tasks and Unsolved Problems -- Neurobiological Aspects of Intelligence -- The Evolution of Scientific Method -- 1. The Historical Background -- 2. Objective Scientific Knowledge as a Break with the Ratiomorphic Past: The “Third” Evolution -- 3. The Systematic Relationship of Empirical-Evolutionary Epistemology and Meta-Empirical or Pure “Transcendental” Epistemology -- 4. Information and Knowledge -- 5. Science as an Evolutionary Information System -- 6. The “Law of Three Stages” of the Evolution of Method -- Notes -- The Ethics of Science: Compatible with the Concept of Evolutionary Epistemology? -- 1. The Traditional Viewpoint -- 2. Values -- 3. Science -- 4. Motivation of Science -- 5. Scientific Communities -- 6. The Ethics of Science -- 7. Justification of the Code (Compatibility with Evolutionary Epistemology) -- 8. The Ethics of Science as a Partial Code of Conduct -- 9. Extention of the Ethics of Science to Society? -- 10. Homo investigans versus Homo politicus -- 11. Threats Bearing upon the Ethics of Science -- The Metaphysical Limits of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. Evolutionary Epistemology is a Philosophical Proposal -- 2. As a Philosophical Theory, Evolutionary Epistemology is a Variant of Naturalistic Realism -- 3. Evolutionary Epistemology and Causality -- 4. Difficulties with the Principle of “Fulguration” -- 5. By Its Claim to Truth, Evolutionary Epistemology Annuls Itself -- 6. Evolutionary Epistemology is Unable to Support Its Own Ethical Claims -- 7. Evolutionary Epistemology and Ethics -- Notes -- Selected Bibliography -- Evolutionary Causality, Theory of Games, and Evolution of Intelligence -- 1. A Model for Evolutionary Causality -- 2. The Equivalence of the Theory of Evolution and Dynamic Games -- 3. Evolutionary Epistemology, Memory, and Intelligence -- References -- Evolutionary Epistemology — A New Copernican Revolution? -- Notes -- Appendix. The Logical Basis of Evolutionary Epistemology -- 1. The Limits of the Analytical Approach -- 2. The Logical Structure of the Evolutionary Approach to Epistemological Questions -- 3. Consistency Proof for Riedl’s Probability Hypothesis -- 4. The Problem of Theoretical Terms in Evolutionary Perspective -- Notes -- Index Of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The present volume brings together current interdisciplinary research which adds up to an evolutionary theory of human knowledge, Le. evolutionary epistemology. It comprises ten papers, dealing with the basic concepts, approaches and data in evolutionary epistemology and discussing some of their most important consequences. Because I am convinced that criticism, if not confused with mere polemics, is apt to stimulate the maturation of a scientific or philosophical theory, I invited Reinhard Low to present his critical view of evolutionary epistemology and to indicate some limits of our evolutionary conceptions. The main purpose of this book is to meet the urgent need of both science and philosophy for a comprehensive up-to-date approach to the problem of knowledge, going beyond the traditional disciplinary boundaries of scientific and philosophical thought. Evolutionary epistemology has emerged as a naturalistic and science-oriented view of knowledge taking cognizance of, and compatible with, results of biological, psychological, anthropological and linguistic inquiries concerning the structure and development of man's cognitive apparatus. Thus, evolutionary epistemology serves as a frame­ work for many contemporary discussions of the age-old problem of human knowledge.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7127-1
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  • 16
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    Philosophical Papers 1913-1946 : With a Bibliography of Neurath in English (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969957
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Lost Wanderers of Descartes and the Auxiliary Motive (On The Psychology of Decision) (1913) -- 2. On The Classification of Systems of Hypotheses (With Special Reference to Optics) (1916) -- 3. Ways of the Scientific World-Conception (1930) -- 4. Physicalism: The Philosophy of the Viennese Circle (1931) -- 5. Physicalism (1931) -- 6. Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism (1931) -- 7. Protocol Statements (1932) -- 8. Radical Physicalism and the ‘Real World’ (1934) -- 9. The Unity of Science as a Task (1935) -- 10. Pseudorationalism of Falsification (1935) -- 11. Individual Sciences, Unified Science, Pseudorationalism (1936) -- 12. An International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (1936) -- 13. Encyclopedia as ‘Model’ (1936) -- 14. Physicalism and the Investigation of Knowledge (1936) -- 15. Unified Science and Its Encyclopedia (1937) -- 16. The Concept of ‘Type’ in the Light of Modern Logic (1937) -- 17. The New Encyclopedia of Scientific Empiricism (1937) -- 18. The Departmentalization of Unified Science (1937) -- 19. Comments on the Papers by Black, Kokoszy?ska, Williams (1937) -- 20. The Social Sciences and Unified Science (1939) -- 21. Universal Jargon and Terminology (1941) -- 22. The Orchestration of the Sciences by the Encyclopedism of Logical Empiricism (1946) -- 23. Prediction and Induction (1946) -- 24. Bibliographies -- A. Bibliography of Works Cited -- B. Supplementary List of Works by Otto Neurath [See ‘List’, Which Is Chapter 12 of Empiricism and Sociology, 1973] -- C. Neurath in English -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The philosophical writings of Otto Neurath, and their central themes, have been described many times, by Carnap in his authobiographical essay, by Ayer and Morris and Kraft decades ago, by Haller and Hegselmann and Nemeth and others in recent years. How extraordinary Neurath's insights were, even when they perhaps were more to be seen as conjectures, aperfus, philosophical hypotheses, tools to be taken up and used in the practical workshop of life; and how prescient he was. A few examples may be helpful: (1) Neurath's 1912 lecture on the conceptual critique of the idea of a pleasure maximum [ON 50] substantially anticipates the development of aspects of analytical ethics in mid-century. (2) Neurath's 1915 paper on alternative hypotheses, and systems of hypotheses, within the science of physical optics [ON 81] gives a lucid account of the historically-developed clashing theories of light, their un­ realized further possibilities, and the implied contingencies of theory survival in science, all within his framework that antedates not only the quite similar work of Kuhn so many years later but also of the Vienna Circle too. (3) Neurath's subsequent paper of 1916 investigates the inadequacies of various attempts to classify systems of hypotheses [ON 82, and this volume], and sets forth a pioneering conception of the metatheoretical task of scientific philosophy.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6995-7
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  • 17
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    Quantification and Syntactic Theory (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401569323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 21
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: I: Syntax and Model-Theoretic Semantics -- II: A Fragment of English -- III: Quantifier Storage -- IV: Storage and wh-Phenomena -- V: wh-Phenomena and the Theory of Grammar -- VI: Presupposition and Quantification -- VII: Gender Agreement -- Notes -- Answers to Selected Exercises -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The format of this book is unusual, especially for a book about linguistics. The book is meant primarily as a research monograph aimed at linguists who have some background in formal semantics, e. g. Montague Grammar. However, I have two other audiences in mind. Linguists who have little or no experience of formal semantics, but who have worked through a basic mathematics for linguists course (e. g. using Wall, 1972, or Partee, 1978), should, perhaps with the help of a sympathetic Montague gramma­ rian, be able to discover enough of how I have adapted some of the basic ideas in formal semantics to make the developments that I undertake in the rest of the book accessible. Logicians and computer scientists who know about model theoretic semantics and formal systems should be able to glean enough from Chapters I and II about linguistic concerns and techniques to be able to read the remainder of the book, again possibly with the help of a sympathetic Montague grammarian. However, readers should beware. Chapter II is not meant as a general introduction either to formal semantics or to linguistics and while much of the presentation there is going over ground that is already well covered in the literature, the particular formulation and the emphases are very much oriented to the developments to be undertaken later in the book.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-6932-3
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  • 18
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    The Nature of Syntactic Representation (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Long Distance Agreement in Modern Icelandic -- Purpose Clauses and Control -- Binding in Wholewheat* Syntax (*unenriched with inaudibilia) -- Grammatical Relations and Montague Grammar -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- Evidence for Gaps -- A Phrase Structure Account of Scandinavian Extraction Phenomena -- Syntactic Representation, Syntactic Levels, and the Notion of Subject -- Some Arc Pair Grammar Descriptions -- A Semantic Theory of “NP-movement” Dependencies.
    Abstract: The work collected in this book represents the results of some intensive recent work on the syntax of natural languages. The authors' differing viewpoints have in common the program of revising current conceptions of syntactic representation so that the role of transformational derivations is reduced or eliminated. The fact that the papers cross-refer to each other a good deal, and that authors assuming quite different fram{:works are aware of each other's results and address themselves to shared problems, is partly the result of a conference on the nature of syntactic representation that was held at Brown University in May 1979 with the express purpose of bringing together different lines of research in syntax. The papers in this volume mostly arise out of work that was presented in preliminary form at that conference, though much rewriting and further research has been done in the interim period. Two papers are included because although they were not given even in preliminary form at the conference, it has become clear since then that they interrelate with the work of the conference so much that they cannot reasonably be left out: Gerald Gazdar's statement of his program for phrase structure description of natural language forms the theoretical basis that is assumed by Maling and Zaenen and by Sag, and David Dowty's paper represents a bridge between the relational grammar exemplified here in the papers by Perlmutter and Postal on the one hand and the Montague­.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7707-5
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  • 19
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    Papers in Game Theory (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401725279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 260 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 28
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 28
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. Approaches to the Bargaining Problem Before and After the Theory of Games: A Critical Discussion of Zeuthen’s, Hicks’, and Nash’s Theories -- 2. On the Rationality Postulates Underlying the Theory of Cooperative Games -- 3. A Simplified Bargaining Model for the n-Person Cooperative Game -- 4. Games with Randomly Disturbed Payoffs: A New Rationale for Mixed-Strategy Equilibrium Points -- 5. Oddness of the Number of Equilibrium Points: A New Proof -- 6. Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players. Part I: The Basic Model -- 7. Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players. Part II: Bayesian Equilibrium Points -- 8. Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players. Part III: The Basic Probability Distribution of the Game -- 9. Uses of Bayesian Probability Models in Game Theory -- 10. An Equilibrium-Point Interpretation of Stable Sets and a Proposed Alternative Definition -- 11. A New General Solution Concept for Both Cooperative and Noncooperative Games -- 12. Rule Utilitarianism, Rights, Obligations and the Theory of Rational Behavior.
    Abstract: This volume contains twelve of my game-theoretical papers, published in the period of 1956-80. It complements my Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior, and Scientific Explanation, Reidel, 1976, and my Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and Social Situations, Cambridge University Press, 1977. These twelve papers deal with a wide range of game-theoretical problems. But there is a common intellectual thread going though all of them: they are all parts of an attempt to generalize and combine various game-theoretical solution concepts into a unified solution theory yielding one-point solutions for both cooperative and noncooperative games, and covering even such 'non-classical' games as games with incomplete information. SECTION A The first three papers deal with bargaining models. The first one discusses Nash's two-person bargaining solution and shows its equivalence with Zeuthen's bargaining theory. The second considers the rationality postulates underlying the Nash-Zeuthen theory and defends it against Schelling's objections. The third extends the Shapley value to games without transferable utility and proposes a solution concept that is at the same time a generaliza­ tion of the Shapley value and of the Nash bargaining solution.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2527-9
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  • 20
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    Polish Essays in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977051
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 68
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 68
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. General Methodological Problems -- Reflections on Science and Rationality -- The Epistemological and Methodological Sense of the Concept of Rationality -- On Two Kinds of Conventionalism with Respect to Empirical Sciences -- Realism and Instrumentalism: On A Priori Conditions of Science -- Once More about Empirical Support -- The Context of Discovery and the Context of Justification: A Reappraisal -- Continuity and Anticumulative Changes in the Growth of Science -- Some Remarks in Defense of the Incommensurability Thesis -- Marxism and the Controversy over the Development of Science -- Are there Definitively Falsifying Procedures in Science? -- The Pluralistic Approach to Empirical Testing and the Special Forms of Experiment -- Dialectical Correspondence and Essential Truth -- Testing Idealizational Laws -- Practical Idealization -- II. Formal Analysis -- An Interpretation of a Concept in Science by a Set of Operational Procedures -- A Formal Definition of the Concept of Simplicity -- Characteristics of Additive Quantities -- III. Ontological Problems -- On the Concept of Matter -- Time Separation -- Four Conceptions of Causation -- IV. Philosophy of Mathematics and Information Theory -- On the Philosophy of Mathematics -- Information, Regulation, Negentropy -- Information and Signal -- V. Philosophy of Physics -- Principles of Physics as Meta-laws -- Structural Laws in Physics -- Controversial Problems of the Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Phenomena -- Quantum Mechanics and the Structure of Physical Theories -- Difficulties with the Reduction of Classical to Relativistic Mechanics -- VI. Philosophy of Biology and Linguistics -- Genetic and Historical Explanation in Biology -- The Idealizational Status of Theoretical Biology -- Chomsky’s Inconsistencies in his Critique of Evolutionary Conceptions of Language -- VII. Other Papers -- The Problem of the Chemical Organization of Matter in the Light of a Closed Development Model -- An Outline of a Simulation Model of Science as a Part of the Model of Action -- The Notion of Technological Research and its Place among other Informational Activities -- Difficulties with Absolutism: The Case of Von Weizsäcker’s Philosophy -- Bibliographies -- Abbreviations used in the Bibliographies -- Bibliography of Polish Philosophy of Natural Science -- Bibliography of Non-Polish Authors Cited -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7705-1
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  • 21
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    The Philosophical Reflection of Man in Literature : Selected Papers from Several Conferences Held by the International Society for Phenomenology and Literature in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977204
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (498p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Language and languages—Style. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introductory Essay: Poeticanova -- Introductory Essay: Poeticanova -- I Pessimism and Optimism in the Human Condition: The Limit Situations of Existence -- The Present Tide of Pessimism in Philosophy and Letters: Agonistic literature and Cervantes’ Message -- Is the Battle with Alienation the Raison d’Être of Twentieth-Century Protagonists? -- Nihilism, Reason, and Death: Reflections on John Barth’s Floating Opera -- Beckett, Philosophy, and the Self -- Protagonist, Reader, and the Author’s Commitment -- II The Human Spirit On The Rebound -- Nature and Personal Destiny: A Turning Point in the Enterprise of Human Self-Responsibility -- Amor Fati and the Will to Power in Nietzsche -- Jorge Luis Borges—Lover of Labyrinths: A Heideggerian Critique -- Laughter in the Cathedral: Religious Affirmation and Ridicule in the Writings of D. H. Lawrence -- The Enigmatic Child in Literature -- III The Gift of Nature: Man and the Literary Work of Art -- Homecoming in Heidegger and Hebel -- Pastoral Paradoxes -- Reality and Truth in La Comédie Humaine -- Man and Nature: Does the Husserlian Analysis of Pre-Predicative Experience Shed light on the Emergence of Nature in the Work of Art? -- The Language of The Gay Science -- Santayana on Beauty -- IV Genesis of the Aesthetic Reality: Ways and Means -- Heroism and Creativity in Literature: Some Ethical and Aesthetic Aspects -- Permutation and Meaning: A Heideggerian Troisième Voie -- Criticism of Robert Magliola’s Paper -- Mythos and Logos in Plato’s Phaedo -- Sartre’s Conception of the Reader-Writer Relationship -- “Souvenir” and “Imagination” in the Works of Rousseau and Nerval -- Intuitions -- Eidetic Conception and the Analysis of Meaning in Literature -- Annex: Programs of the Conferences from Which the Papers Were Selected -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7720-4
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  • 22
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    Prelude to Galileo : Essays on Medieval and Sixteenth-Century Sources of Galileo’s Thought (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400984042
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 62
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 62
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I: Medieval Prologue -- 1. The Philosophical Setting of Medieval Science -- 2. The Medieval Accomplishment in Mechanics and Optics -- II: The Sixteenth-Century Achievement -- 3. The Development of Mechanics to the Sixteenth Century -- 4. The Concept of Motion in the Sixteenth Century -- 5. The Calculatores in the Sixteenth Century -- 6. The Enigma of Domingo de Soto -- 7. Causes and Forces at the Collegio Romano -- III: Galileo in the Sixteenth-Century Context -- 8. Galileo and Reasoning Ex suppositione -- 9. Galileo and the Thomists -- 10. Galileo and the Doctores Parisienses -- 11. Galileo and the Scotists -- 12. Galileo and Albertus Magnus -- 13. Galileo and the Causality of Nature -- IV: From Medieval to Early Modern Science -- 14. Pierre Duhem: Galileo and the Science of Motion -- 15. Anneliese Maier: Galileo and Theories of Impetus -- 16. Ernest Moody: Galileo and Nominalism -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Can it be true that Galilean studies will be without end, without conclusion, that each interpreter will find his own Galileo? William A. Wallace seems to have a historical grasp which will have to be matched by any further workers: he sees directly into Galileo's primary epoch of intellectual formation, the sixteenth century. In this volume, Wallace provides the companion to his splendid annotated translation of Galileo 's Early Notebooks: The Physical Questions (University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), pointing to the 'realist' sources, mainly unearthed by the author himself during the past two decades. Explicit controversy arises, for the issues are serious: nominalism and realism, two early rivals for the foundation of knowledge, contend at the birth of modem science, OI better yet, contend in our modem efforts to understand that birth. Related to this, continuity and discontinuity, so opposed to each other, are interwoven in the interpretive writings ever since those striking works of Duhem in the first years of this century, and the later studies of Annaliese Maier, Alexandre Koyre and E. A. Moody. Historio­ grapher as well as philosopher, WaUace has critically supported the continuity of scientific development without abandoning the revolutionary transforma­ tive achievement of Galileo's labors. That continuity had its contemporary as well as developmental quality; and we note that William Wallace's Prelude studies are complementary to Maurice A.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8404-2
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  • 23
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    Ambiguities in Intensional Contexts (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400983779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (342p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Quantifier Phrases Are (At Least) Five Ways Ambiguous in Intensional Contexts -- On Semantic Scope -- Defensible Descriptions -- The Ortcutt Connection -- Reference and Relational Belief: On Causality and the Pragmatics of ‘Referring to’ and ‘Believing About’ -- A Pragmatic Analysis of Specificity -- Pronouns, Reference and Semantic Laziness -- Tense as a Source of Intensional Ambiguity -- On Intensionality in Programming Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The essays in this book deal with a number of problems in the analysis of intensional language - more especially with the analysis of the personal modalities in natural language. Together they cover a representative spectrum of the problems of contemporary ,interest in this area, in a way that should make them of interest to linguists, logicians and philosophers concerned with natural language. The contributors are mostly more linguists than logicians or philosophers but some are more logicians or philosophers than linguists. As far as possible, we have tried to conduct the discussion in terms that will enable students from any of these fields to come to grips with the central issues. This volume will provide, I think, material for a very stimulating course. I have used it as the basis for a course at the introductory level in the philosophy of language. The essays in the book led us back to look at the classic texts­ and a good deal of the intervening literature crept in of its own accord. Out of that experience grew the introduction that follows. In contrast with the rest of the book, the introduction is frankly pedagogical. I hope and believe that many who would otherwise find the papers themselves hard to digest will ~e helped on their way by that summary.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8377-9
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  • 24
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    Crossing the Boundaries in Linguistics : Studies Presented to Manfred Bierwisch (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400984530
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Harmony Processes -- The “Epistemic Dative” Construction in French and Its Relevance to Some Current Problems in Generative Grammar -- Some Rules of Regular Ellipsis in German -- Some Remarks on Scope Phenomena -- Topic, Focus, and Local Relevance -- Questions about Questions -- Questions and Attitudes -- On the Distinctions between Semantics and Pragmatics -- In Defense of a Strawsonian Approach to Presupposition -- Blurred Conditionals -- Semantics and Pragmatics in Psycho-physiological Context -- Lexical Search and Order of Mention in Sentence Production -- Negative Verbs in Children’s Speech -- Robert Frost’s ‘Out, out —’. A way in -- Bibliography of Manfred Bierwisch’s Publications -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8453-0
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  • 25
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    Pictures, Images, and Conceptual Change : An Analysis of Wilfrid Sellars’ Philosophy of Science (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400984820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 151
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I/Pictures and Teleology -- 1. Science, Philosophy, and Change -- 2. Images -- 3. Pictures and Coherent Images -- 4. Truth and Explanation -- 5. Explanationism -- II/Rules of Inference, Induction, and Ampliative Frameworks -- 1. Ampliative Inference -- 2. Sellarsian Rules of Inference -- 3. Goodman on Induction and the Scientific Framework -- 4. Quine, Induction, and Natural Kinds -- 5. Conclusion -- III/Induction and Justification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Rules, Theories, and Conceptual Frameworks -- 3. Justification, Probability, and Acceptance -- 4. The Meaning of ‘Probable’ -- 5. ‘Probable’ Versus the Ground-Consequence Relation -- 6. The Purpose of Probability Arguments -- 7. Practical Reasoning -- 8. Modes of Probability -- IV/Theories -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Sellarsian View of a Theory; an Introduction -- 3. Sellars and Nagel on the Formal Structure of Theories -- 4. The Observation Framework -- 5. Correspondence Rules (C-Rules) -- 6. Explanation -- 7. Ontological Preliminaries -- 8. Explanation and Existence -- 9. Explanation and Two Senses of ‘About’ -- 10. Explanation Versus Derivation -- 11. The Theoretician’s Dilemma and the Levels Theory of Theories -- 12. Sellarsian Systematization -- 13. Explanation and Existence: The Role of C-Rules -- V/Conceptual Change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Scientific Image: a Reconsideration -- 3. Ontological Necessity -- 4. Reasonableness and Rationality -- 5. Conceptual Change -- 6. Rationality Versus Reasonableness -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this essay I am concerned with the problem of conceptual change. There are, needless to say, many ways to approach the issue. But, as I see it, the problem reduces to showing how present and future systems of thought are the rational extensions of prior ones. This goal may not be attainable. Kuhn, for example, suggests that change is mainly a function of socio-economic pressures (taken broadly). But there are some who believe that a case can be made for the rationality of change, especially in science. Wilfrid Sellars is one of those. While Sellars has developed a full account of the issues involved in solving the problem of conceptual change, he is also a very difficult philosopher to discuss. The difficulty stems from the fact that he is a philosopher in the very best sense of the word. First, he performs the tasks of analyzing alternative views with both finesse and insight, dialectically laying bare the essentials of problems and the inadequacies of previous proposals. Secondly, he is a systematic philosopher. That is, he is concerned to elaborate a system of philosophical thought in the grand tradition stretching from Plato to White­ head. Now with all of this to his credit, it would appear that there is no difficulty at all, one should simply treat him like all the others, if he indeed follows in the footsteps of past builders of philosophic systems.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8482-0
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  • 26
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    The Unhappy Consciousness : The Poetic Plight of Samuel Beckett An Inquiry at the Intersection of Phenomenology and Literature (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400985223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Language and languages—Style. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Introduction The Babel of Criticism -- I -- II In The Beginning, The Word -- III Apprenticeship in Sorcery -- IV The Gift of Tongues -- V Through Streets Wide and Narrow -- VI “I was my Father and I was my Son” -- VII Voices in the Mud -- II -- VIII Creating a Scene -- IX Voices, in English, on the Air -- X English Voices for the Stage -- XI The Limits of Theater -- XII Soul made Light, and Sound -- XIII Sound, Sense and Sound -- XIV Closure -- References.
    Abstract: In the wake of so many other keys to the treasure, whoever undertakes still another book of criticism on the novels and drama of Samuel Beckett must assume the grave burden of justifying the attempt, especially for him who like one of John Barth's recent fictional characterizations of himself, believes that the key to the treasure is the treasure itself. No one will ever have the privilege of the last word on these texts, since any words other than the author's own found therein must be referred back to the text themselves for cautious verification. Indeed, the words the author has used to create the oeuvre stand by virtue of their own creativeness, or fail in their pretense, and need no critical comment to be appreciated for what they have achieved or have failed to achieve. In criticism there is no privileged point of view - not even the author's own. He has consulted his knowledge and experience to make the work, and whoever would criticize his efforts would seem to owe him the indulgence of doing the same. If communication is mediated through the works, the author and his readers respond in recipro­ cal fashion to the expressiveness of their contexts. For the philosopher of art, the challenge is extremely tempting - on a manifold count.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8522-3
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  • 27
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    Papers on Syntax (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400984677
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (486p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Text and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 14
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Structural Analysis -- 1. Distributional Structure -- 2. Morpheme Alternants in Linguistic Analysis -- 3. Discontinuous Morphemes -- 4. From Morpheme to Utterance -- 5. Structural Restatements: I -- 6. Structural Restatements: II -- Transformational Analysis -- 7. Discourse Analysis -- 8. Co-occurrence and Transformation in Linguistic Structure -- 9. The Elementary Transformations -- 10. Transformational Theory -- 11. Decomposition Lattices -- Operator Grammar -- 12. The Two Systems of Grammar: Report and Paraphrase -- 13. A Theory of Language Structure -- 14. On a Theory of Language -- 15.3 Grammar on Mathematical Principles -- 16. Operator Grammar of English -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Symbols.
    Abstract: The selection of papers reprinted here traces the development of syntax from structural linguistics through transformational linguistics to operator gram­ mar. These three are not opposing views or independent assumptions about language. Rather, they are successive stages of investigation into the word­ combinations which constitue the sentences of a language in contrast to those which do not. Throughout, the goal has been to find the systemati­ cities of these combinations, and then to obtain each sentence in a uniform way from its parts. In structural analysis, the parts were words (simple or complex, belonging to particular classes) or particular sequences of these. In transformational analysis, it is found that the parts of a sentence are elementary sentences, whose parts in turn are simple words of particular classes. The relation between these two analyses is seen in the existence of an intermediate stage between the two, presented in paper 4, From Morpheme to Utterance. A further intermediate stage is presented in the writer's String Analysis of Sentence Structure, Papers on Formal Linguistics I, Mouton, The Hague 1962 (though it was developed after transformations, as a syntactic rep­ resentation for computational analysis). Generalization of both of these analyses leads to operator grammar, in which each sentence is derived in a uniform way as a partial ordering of the originally simple words which enter into it: Each step (least upper bound) of the partial ordering (of a word requiring another) forms a sentence which is a component of the sentence being analyzed.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8467-7
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  • 28
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    Scientific Discovery, Logic, and Rationality (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400989863
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 56
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 56
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Introductory Essay: Scientific Discovery and the Future of Philosophy of Science -- The Character of Scientific Change -- Discussion of Shapere -- Discovery and Rule-Books -- Discussion of Achinstein -- Analysis as a Method of Discovery During the Scientific Revolution -- The Method of Analysis in Mathematics -- Why Was the Logic of Discovery Abandoned? -- The Rationality of Discovery -- The Logic of Discovery: An Analysis of Three Approaches -- The Logic of Invention -- Scientific Discoveries as Growth of Understanding: The Case of Newton’s Gravitation -- The Vanishing Context of Discovery: Newton’s Discovery of Gravity -- The Role of Models in Theory Construction -- Can Scientific Constraints Be Violated Rationally? -- Why Philosophers Should Not Despair Of Understanding Scientific Discovery -- Productive Reasoning and the Structure of Scientific Research -- Structural Explanations in Social Science -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: It is fast becoming a cliche that scientific discovery is being rediscovered. For two philosophical generations (that of the Founders and that of the Followers of the logical positivist and logical empiricist movements), discovery had been consigned to the domain of the intractable, the ineffable, the inscrutable. The philosophy of science was focused on the so-called context of justification as its proper domain. More recently, as the exclusivity of the logical reconstruc­ tion program in philosophy of science came under question, and as the critique of justification developed within the framework of logical and epistemological analysis, the old question of scientific discovery, which had been put on the back burner, began to emerge once again. Emphasis on the relation of the history of science to the philosophy of science, and attention to the question of theory change and theory replacement, also served to legitimate a new concern with the origins of scientific change to be found within discovery and invention. How welcome then to see what a wide range of issues and what a broad representation of philosophers and historians of science have been brought together in the present two volumes of the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science! For what these volumes achieve, in effect, is the continuation of a tradition which had once been strong in the philosophy of science - namely, that tradition which addressed the question of scientific discovery as a central question in the understanding of science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8986-3
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  • 29
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    Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400989641
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Semantic Structure and Illocutionary Force -- Perlocutions -- Pragmatic Entailment and Questions -- Surface Compositionality and the Semantics of Mood -- Yes-No Questions as Wh-Questions -- Syntactic Meanings -- Situational Context and Illocutionary Force -- Semantics and Pragmatics of Sentence Connectives in Natural Language -- Some Remarks on Explicit Performatives, Indirect Speech Acts, Locutionary Meaning and Truth-Value -- The Background of Meaning -- Towards a Pragmatically Based Theory of Meaning -- Illocutionary Logic and Self-Defeating Speech Acts -- Telling the Facts -- Methodological Remarks on Speech Act Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the study of language, as in any other systematic study, there is no neutral terminology. Every technical term is an expression of the assumptions and theoretical presuppositions of its users; and in this introduction, we want to clarify some of the issues that have surrounded the assumptions behind the use of the two terms "speech acts" and "pragmatics". The notion of a speech act is fairly well understood. The theory of speech acts starts with the assumption that the minimal unit of human communica­ tion is not a sentence or other expression, but rather the performance of certain kinds of acts, such as making statements, asking questions, giving orders, describing, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc. Characteristically, a speaker performs one or more of these acts by uttering a sentence or sentences; but the act itself is not to be confused with a sentence or other expression uttered in its performance. Such types of acts as those exemplified above are called, following Austin, illocutionary acts, and they are standardly contrasted in the literature with certain other types of acts such as perlocutionary acts and propositional acts. Perlocutionary acts have to do with those effects which our utterances have on hearers which go beyond the hearer's understanding of the utterance. Such acts as convincing, persuading, annoying, amusing, and frightening are all cases of perlocutionary acts.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8964-1
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  • 30
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    Scientific Discovery: Case Studies (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400990159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (404p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 60
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 60
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Understanding Scientific Discovery -- Scientific Judgment: Creativity and Discovery in Scientific Thought -- Discussion of Wartofsky’s Paper -- The Rational Explanation of Historical Discoveries -- Theoretical and Methodological Innovation in the Copernican Era and Beyond: Social Factors -- The Legitimation of Scientific Belief: Theory Justification by Copernicus -- Wilhelm IV of Hesse-Kassel: Informal Commun-ication and the Aristocratic Context of Discovery -- The Clock Metaphor in the History of Psychology -- Biological Sciences From Darwin To Computer Diagnosis -- The Evolving Systems Approach to Creative Scientific Work: Charles Darwin’s Early Thought -- Ought Philosophers Consider Scientific Discovery? A Darwinian Case-Study -- Theory Construction in Genetics -- Discovery in the Biomedical Sciences: Logic or Irrational Intuition? -- Comment on Schaffner -- Reply -- Reductionistic Research Strategies and their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy -- Physics and Chemistry in the Twentieth Century -- The Discovery of a New Quantum Theory -- The Personal Character of the Discovery of Mechanisms in Cloud Physics -- The Structure of Discovery: Evolution of Structural Accounts of Chemical Bonding -- The Revolution in Geology: Continental Drift -- The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses and the Development of Plate Tectonic Theory -- Hess’s Development of his Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The history of science is articulated by moments of discovery. Yet, these 'moments' are not simple or isolated events in science. Just as a scientific discovery illuminates our understanding of nature or of society, and reveals new connections among phenomena, so too does the history of scientific activity and the analysis of scientific reasoning illuminate the processes which give rise to moments of discovery and the complex network of consequences which follow upon such moments. Understanding discovery has not been, until recently, a major concern of modem philosophy of science. Whether the act of discoyery was regarded as mysterious and inexplicable, or obvious and in no need of explanation, modem philosophy of science in effect bracketed the question. It concentrated instead on the logic of scientific explanation or on the issues of validation or justification of scientific theories or laws. The recent revival of interest in the context of discovery, indeed in the acts of discovery, on the part of philosophers and historians of science, represents no one particular method'ological or philosophical orientation. It proceeds as much from an empiricist and analytical approach as from a sociological or historical one; from considerations of the logic of science as much as from the alogical or extralogical contexts of scientific tho'¢tt and practice. But, in general, this new interest focuses sharply on the actual historical and contem­ porary cases of scientific discovery, and on an examination of the act or moment of discovery in situ.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9015-9
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  • 31
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    Concept Formation in the Humanities and the Social Sciences (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400990197
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 144
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: One: Methods of Concept Formation -- I. Metrical Concepts and Measurement in the Humanities -- II. Concepts with Family Meanings in the Humanities -- III. Persuasive Function of Language -- Two: Applications -- A. Aesthetics and Art Theory -- IV. Informational Aesthetics -- V. The Concept of Kitsch -- VI. The Concept of Happening -- VII. Interpretation of Art Works -- VIII. Beauty and its Socio-Psychological Determinants -- B. Social Sciences -- IX. The Concept of Indicator in the Social Sciences -- X. Semiotic Theory of Culture -- XI. Theory of Questions and its Applications in the Social Sciences -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Uniqueness of style versus plurality of styles: in terms of these aesthetic categories one of the most important differences between the recent past and the present can be described. This difference manifests itself in all spheres of life - in fashion, in everyday life, in the arts, in science. What is of interest for my purposes in this book are its manifestations in the processes of con­ cept formation as they occur in the humanities, broadly conceived. Here the following methodological approaches seem to dominate the scene. 1. A tendency to apply semiotic concepts in various fields of research. 2. Attempts to introduce metrical concepts and measurement, even into disciplines tra­ ditionally considered as unamenable to mathematical treatment, like aesthetics and theory of art. 3. Efforts to fmd ways of formulating empirically testable, operational criteria for the application of concepts, especially concepts which refer to objects directly not observable, like dispositions, attitudes, character or personality traits. Care is also taken to take advantage of the conceptual apparatus of methodology to express problems in the humanities with the highest possible degree of clarity and precision. 4. Analysis of the p~rsuasive function oflanguage and its possible uses in science and in everyday life. The above tendencies are present in this book. It is divided into two parts: I. Methods of Concept Formation, and II. Applications. In the first part some general methods of concept formation are presented and their merits discussed.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9019-7
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  • 32
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    Introduction to Montague Semantics (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400990654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 11
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Syntax and Semantics of Two Simple Languages -- I. The Language L0 -- II. The Language L0E -- III. A Synopsis of Truth-Conditional Semantics -- IV. The Notion of Truth Relative to a Model -- V. Validity and Entailment Defined in Terms of Possible Models -- VI. Model Theory and Deductive Systems -- Exercises -- Note -- 3. First-Order Predicate Logic -- I. The Language L1 -- II. The Language L1E -- Exercises -- Notes -- 4. A Higher-Order Type-Theoretic Language -- I. A Notational Variant of L1 -- II. The Language Ltype -- III. Lambda Abstraction and the Language L? -- Exercises -- Notes -- 5. Tense and Modal Operators -- I. Tense Operators and Their Interpretation -- II. The Other Varieties of Modal Logic; the Operators ? and ? -- III. Languages Containing Both Tense and Modal Operators: Coordinate Semantics -- Exercises -- Notes -- 6. Montague’s Intensional Logic -- I. Compositionality and the Intension-Extension Distinction -- II. The Intensional Logic of PTQ -- III. Examples of ‘Oblique Contexts’ as Represented in IL -- IV. Some Unresolved Issues with Possible Worlds Semantics and Propositional Attitudes -- Notes -- 7. The Grammar of PTQ -- I. The Overall Organization of the PTQ Grammar -- II. Subject-Predicate and Determiner-Noun Rules -- III. Conjoined Sentences, Verb Phrases, and Term Phrases -- IV. Anaphoric Pronouns as Bound Variables; Scope Ambiguities and Relative Clauses -- V. Be, Transitive Verbs, Meaning Postulates, and Non-Specific Readings -- VI. Adverbs and Infinitive Complement Verbs -- VII. De dicto Pronouns and Some Pronoun Problems -- VIII. Prepositions, Tenses, and Negation -- Exercises -- Notes -- 8. Montague’s General Semiotic Program -- 9. An Annotated Bibliography of Further Work in Montague Semantics -- Appendix I: Index of Symbols -- Appendix II: Variable Type Conventions for Chapter 7 -- Notes -- References -- Answers to Selected Problems and Exercises.
    Abstract: In this book we hope to acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of truth­ conditional model-theoretic semantics, and in particular with a version of this developed by Richard Montague in a series of papers published during the 1960's and early 1970's. In many ways the paper 'The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English' (commonly abbreviated PTQ) represents the culmination of Montague's efforts to apply the techniques developed within mathematical logic to the semantics of natural languages, and indeed it is the system outlined there that people generally have in mind when they refer to "Montague Grammar". (We prefer the term "Montague Semantics" inasmuch as a grammar, as conceived of in current linguistics, would contain at least a phonological component, a morphological component, and other subsystems which are either lacking entirely or present only in a very rudi­ mentary state in the PTQ system. ) Montague's work has attracted increasing attention in recent years among linguists and philosophers since it offers the hope that semantics can be characterized with the same formal rigor and explicitness that transformational approaches have brought to syntax. Whether this hope can be fully realized remains to be seen, but it is clear nonetheless that Montague semantics has already established itself as a productive para­ digm, leading to new areas of inquiry and suggesting new ways of conceiving of theories of natural language. Unfortunately, Montague's papers are tersely written and very difficult to follow unless one has a considerable background in logical semantics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9065-4
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