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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (282)
  • Law and Development  (282)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Anticorruption Agenda ; Governance ; Governance and Financial Sector ; Integrity Risks ; Law and Development ; Public Administration ; Public Procurement
    Abstract: The Armenia public sector accountability survey is instrumental in addressing the disparities between de jure laws and regulations and de facto practices and seeks to fill existing knowledge gaps and inform further definition and implementation of the government's anticorruption initiatives. The survey was implemented by the Corruption Prevention Commission (CPC) and the World Bank. It aimed to: (i) provide a comprehensive assessment of the patterns and determinants of integrity risks, and how they can impact productivity and performance in the public administration in Armenia; (ii) understand the perceptions of Armenian public servants regarding ongoing anticorruption initiatives, their awareness of integrity risks, and the needs for further interventions; and (iii) generate evidence, support and inform further definition of reforms and anticorruption initiatives that help address and counter weak integrity practices in the public sector in Armenia. By highlighting the disparities between de jure laws and de facto practices, particularly in terms of integrity within the public sector, this survey aimed to serve as a cornerstone for informing effective implementation in targeted interventions and bridging the gap between policy intentions and actual practices within Armenia's governance. The Armenia public sector accountability survey was aimed at public servants in selected public entities in Armenia, including central ministries and agencies, regional governments, and selected municipalities across the country. The analysis of the survey findings is anchored in the government production function conceptual framework and adjusted to explicitly take into account the drivers and consequences of corruption
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thomas, Alastair VAT Rate Structures in Theory and Practice
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Redistribution ; Reduced Rates ; Tax Law ; Tax Rate ; Tax Reform ; Value Added Tax (VAT)
    Abstract: Most countries' value-added tax (VAT) systems apply reduced VAT rates to a selection of expenditure items in order to achieve distributional goals, and (to a lesser extent) social and cultural objectives. This paper assesses the case for applying reduced VAT rates, with a particular focus on OECD countries where reduced rates feature prominently. It examines both the theoretical and empirical evidence, as well as practical considerations, and concludes that the case for reduced VAT rates is weak. In particular, the optimal indirect tax literature finds no redistributive role for reduced VAT rates when other more direct instruments are available. These theoretical findings are supported by the empirical literature that shows reduced VAT rates to be a poorly targeted means of supporting lower income households, particularly when compared to targeted cash transfer programs. Similarly, reduced VAT rates are unlikely to be a well-targeted way to encourage consumption of merit goods, while they also create significant administrative complexity. These findings have significant implications for tax reform in both developed and developing economies. In particular, where countries have the administrative capacity to implement effectively targeted cash transfer programs, they should use these programs to support poorer households instead of reduced VAT rates
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Legal and Judicial Sector Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Justice ; Cameroon ; Data Gap ; Ethiopia ; Gender and Marital Gaps ; Law and Development ; Legal Reform ; Legal System ; Sierra Leone ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Zanzibar
    Abstract: Limited access to justice is a root cause of underdevelopment, social unrest, and conflict. Expanding access to all and especially vulnerable groups including women, the young, small business owners and the poor is clearly paramount for a peaceful and prosperous continent. Justice means different things to different people, particularly the multiple actors who design and administer justice systems and affect the outcomes. Elected leaders eager to respect aspirations for a fair society with human rights and accountable governance. Judges, lawyers, and service providers view justice as a moral duty to guarantee fairness before the law. Business leaders look to courts to resolve contract disputes and keep transaction costs and risks low. Yet the voices of vulnerable groups, who are the most impacted when justice fails, are not often heard in discussions regarding justice systems. This book aims to boost knowledge and improve decision making by exploring the perspectives of what justice means to the most vulnerable people and how to improve their access to justice
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wahby, Sarah Job Finding and Separation among Syrian refugees in Jordan and Their Hosts during the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Keywords: Covid-19 Impact on Refugees ; Human Rights ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Job Finding ; Job Separation ; Labor Market Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Refugee Camps and Resilience ; Refugees ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Refugees face important barriers to participation in the formal market, which locks them in informal employment and makes them more vulnerable to shocks. Using data from Jordan, this paper compares the job finding and separation rates of Syrian refugees to those of their hosts before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show the change in these rates over time for Syrians to be similar to those of their Jordanian hosts prior to the pandemic, with a significant divergence after the start of the pandemic. Distinguishing between Syrians living in camps and those living in host communities shows that the Syrian disadvantage was entirely explained by living in camps
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Artuc, Erhan Trade, Outsourcing, and the Environment
    Keywords: Border Carbon Adjustment ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Tariffs ; Carbon Tax ; CO2 Emission Leakage ; Environment ; Environment and Trade ; Environmental Policy ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Tax Law
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of carbon taxation and border carbon adjustments in a setting where firms can choose to respond to taxation by abating or by outsourcing part of their production. For this, this paper sets up a general equilibrium trade model, calibrated with world trade and input-output data that features a discrete choice production structure, where the producers choose between outsourcing or abating emission-intensive intermediate production steps. The paper finds that border adjustments that cannot target scope 3 emissions can lead to outsourcing, and thus leakage, further down the value chain, but nevertheless induce higher abatement both in the countries that impose the border adjustment and in the ones affected by it
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als El Mekkaoui, Najat For Labor or for Divorce? Unilateral Divorce Laws and Women's Labor Outcomes
    Keywords: Demographic and Health Survey ; Divorce ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Social Policy ; Intra-Household Bargaining ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Mothers Labor Force Participation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unilateral Divorce ; Women's Agency ; Women's Labor Force Participation
    Abstract: Despite substantial progress in closing the gender gap, women's labor force participation in the Middle East and North Africa remains one of the lowest globally, at a mere 18 percent. This paper investigates the effect of the introduction of unilateral divorce laws on women's labor outcomes, using data from the Demographic and Health Survey program that spans decades and a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design in three countries: Morocco, the Arab Republic of Egypt, and Jordan. The results highlight that no-fault divorce legislation was associated with a modest increase in mothers' labor outcomes, measured by current employment, a few years after the reform. These findings are likely induced by a power shift and anticipatory effects that drive women into the labor force. However, when a longer time window is considered, 10 or more years after the reform, the study documents a negative effect of the reform on women's labor outcomes in Morocco, and a positive effect in the Arab Republic of Egypt and Jordan. These differences can be attributed to a set of countervailing effects, including social norms, labor market dynamics, and evolution of the legislation, that make the derived utility from marriage, in some cases, more attractive than that derived from employment, and vice versa. These findings partially confirm results from previous research on the relationship between no-fault divorce and women's agency and empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa region, but, at the same time, contrast with prominent perspectives on legislation that aims at reducing gender-based discrimination. Instead, they show that there might be undesired effects of legislation and provide a policy relevant discussion on that basis
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Howard, Jacob The Impacts of Intellectual Property-Related Preferential Trade Agreements on Bilateral Patent Applications
    Keywords: Copyright Requirement ; Deep Trade Agreement ; Intellectual Property Rights ; International Law ; Law and Development ; Patent Application Research ; Preferential Trade Agreements ; Trade Governance ; Trade Regulations
    Abstract: Intellectual property rights have become a central emphasis in the negotiation of "deep" preferential trade agreements containing provisions on regulatory environments besides trade policy. These provisions typically require member countries to implement heightened standards on various aspects of intellectual property rights, such as coverage and enforcement, that go beyond the baseline requirements of international intellectual property rights agreements such as the World Tarde Organization's Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement. This study implements a structural gravity framework to investigate empirically the impacts of these agreements on bilateral international patenting, to quantify the effects of countries' membership in intellectual property-related preferential trade agreements on within-agreement patent applications at national patent offices, as well as extra-preferential trade agreement patenting at member country destinations originating from non-member countries. The study further explores the heterogeneity of these effects as originating from the attributes of the agreements, such as whether the major partner in the agreement is the United States or the European Union/European Free Trade Association, and the presence of key "Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-Plus" provisions in the agreement texts. The findings suggest that intellectual property rights standards in preferential trade agreements tend to generate positive impacts on international patenting, and that the specific features of the agreements give rise to significant disparities in these impacts. Most intriguing is that those agreements involving multiple Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-Plus norms significantly increase patenting within members compared to patenting from outside those areas, while other types of intellectual property rights encourage more patenting from non-members
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Traore, Mohamed Cross-Border Exchange of Information and Tax Revenue Mobilization in Africa
    Keywords: Domestic Resource Mobilizatoin ; Governance ; International Exchange of Informaiton ; Law and Development ; Propensity Score Matching ; Tax Avoidance ; Tax Collection ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Law
    Abstract: Tax evasion and avoidance generate distortions in tax systems and cause significant revenue losses for African economies. International cooperation is one of the most effective methods of combating tax evasion and tax avoidance. As such, many countries are participating in global initiatives toward the exchange of information between national administrations for tax purposes. This paper provides the first empirical evidence on the revenue effects of tax-related exchange of information for African countries. The regressions are carried out on a sample of 54 African countries on data from 1990-2020. The findings indicate that the exchange of information for tax purposes between national tax jurisdictions has a positive and statistically significant impact on tax revenue. The estimation results show that exchange of information could increase tax revenue collection by a magnitude ranging from 5 to 19 percent. These findings reiterate the importance of international cooperation for combating tax evasion and stimulating tax collection in Africa
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Awasthi, Rajul Gender-Based Discounts on Taxes Related to Property: Role in Encouraging Female Ownership - a Case Study of Indian States and Cities
    Keywords: Female Land Ownership ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Bias ; Gender-Based Discount ; Governance ; Law and Development ; Local Government ; Online Payment System ; Property Ownership Rights ; Property Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax Revenue ; Urban Immovable Property Tax
    Abstract: In India, state and city governments are making a simultaneous push to increase revenues through property-related taxes and to offer tax incentives to female property owners. This dual policy approach creates an opportunity to study the impact of gender-based tax incentives on property ownership patterns and tax compliance. This paper investigates linkages between gender-based discounts on taxes related to property (stamp duties and property taxes), female property ownership, and revenues from taxes related to property. The methodology designed for this paper deploys researchers to collect insights through focus group discussions with male and female property owners and taxpayers and to conduct one-to-one interviews with government officials in state and urban local body revenue and land administration departments. The study's most important finding is that incentives related to property taxes and involving economically significant amounts, such as the stamp duty, encourage female property ownership. It is notable, however, that property ownership does not always translate into a greater role for females in the control and management of the property. Other factors - such as concessions in loan terms offered to females buying properties in their own names or through joint ownership, security of inheritance, and equal property ownership rights for females - can also positively contribute to encouraging female property ownership
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Keywords: Economic Empowerment ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender-Based Violence ; Law and Development ; Protective Infrastructures ; Social Protection ; Women
    Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) affects more than one in three women over the course of their lifetimes, regardless of social or economic boundaries. Violence against women and girls takes a significant toll on survivors and their families and exacts heavy social and economic costs. In some countries, violence against women is estimated to cost up to 3.7 percent of GDP- more than double of what most governments spend on education. Lockdowns and reduced mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic led to sharp increases in violence against women and girls. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence across the world to understand what works, and what does not, in reducing GBV. This note presents evidence on four key findings based on impact evaluations from three regions
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cali, Massimiliano Product Market Monopolies and Labor Market Monopsonies
    Keywords: Firm Entry ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Power ; Law and Development ; Minimum Wage Markdown ; Minimum Wage Reduction ; Monopoly ; Monopsony ; Product Market Regulations
    Abstract: This paper unveils a novel externality of product market regulation in the labor market. It shows theoretically and empirically that higher barriers to entry in product markets translate into higher labor market power, measured by the wage markdown-the ratio between the marginal product of labor and the wage. The literature suggests that this wedge can distort factor allocation, resulting in lower aggregate output and employment, but also in higher inequality through a reduction in the labor share of national output. Using variation in investment restrictions across 346 manufacturing product markets in Indonesia, the analysis finds that wage markdowns increase by 25 percent in product markets that become subject to investment restrictions. The result is rationalized using a simple oligopsony model in which higher entry costs reduce the equilibrium number of firms, thereby limiting employment options for workers and, hence, their labor market power. Instrumental variable estimates support the model's prediction that lower entry is the main driver of the positive relationship between investment restrictions and wage markdowns
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stojetz, Wolfgang Coping with Compounding Challenges in Conflict Crises: Evidence from North-East Nigeria
    Keywords: Conflict Crisis ; Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Displacement ; Internallydisplaced Persons ; Law and Development ; Most Vulnerable Refugee Groups ; Social Development ; Violent Conflict
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the intersectionality of gender, forced displacement, and collective violence shapes coping behaviors in conflict crises, paying particular attention to household composition by gender and age. Drawing on survey data from 17,951 individuals in North-east Nigeria, the analysis finds that coping behaviors at the household, adult, and child levels are interlinked and strongly shaped by compounding challenges stemming from individual gender, household forced displacement status, and local violence shocks. These challenges have significant welfare implications and create severe vulnerabilities and special needs for specific groups of households and individuals, such as rural communities affected by violence, large households with many children, female breadwinners, and displaced girls. The findings emphasize the need for and potential of concerted policy approaches that account for the intersectionality of gender, displacement, and violence in conflict settings and pay particular attention to specific types of communities, households, and individuals
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bernini, Andrea Corruption as a Push and Pull Factor of Migration Flows: Evidence from European Countries
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Corruption ; Economic and Social Cost of Corruption ; Gravity Model ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Impact of Corruption ; Internal Migration ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Migration ; Remittances
    Abstract: Conclusive evidence on the relationship between corruption and migration has remained scant in the literature to date. Using data from 2008 to 2018 on bilateral migration flows across European Union and European Free Trade Association countries and four measures of corruption, this paper shows that corruption acts as both a push factor and a pull factor for migration patterns. Based on a gravity model, a one-unit increase in the corruption level in the origin country is associated with a 11 percent increase in out-migration. The same one-unit increase in the destination country is associated with a 10 percent decline in in-migration
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Assistance ; Gender ; Gender Identity ; Human Rights ; International Law ; Law ; Law and Development ; LGBTI Exclusion ; Sexual Orientation ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sogiesc-Based Exclusion ; Vulnerable Groups ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of North Macedonia and to provide the country's policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs)
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: 2018 Capital Increase Results ; Accountability ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Final Report Commitment ; Governance ; Independent Evaluation ; International Governmental Organizations ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty, Environment and Development ; Transparency ; World Bank Results
    Abstract: This report presents the Independent Evaluation Group's validation of the World Bank Group's 2018 capital increase package (CIP). It assesses the World Bank Group's progress in implementing the CIP's policy measures and achieving its targets, as well as the quality of management's CIP reporting. The 2018 CIP boosted the Bank Group's financial firepower with a USD 7.5 billion paid-in capital increase for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), USD 5.5 billion paid-in capital increase for the International Finance Corporation (IFC), USD 52.6 billion callable capital increase for IBRD, and internal savings measures. The CIP also included a policy package that committed Bank Group management to policy actions linked to the Bank Group's 2016 Forward Look strategy. The CIP committed to reporting annually on its implementation and an independent assessment after five years. This report fulfills the commitment to an independent assessment. This validation builds on management's own reporting and other complementary evidence to assess the World Bank Group's progress in implementing the CIP's policy measures and achieving its targets. The report also assesses the quality of management's CIP reporting. The report points to lessons on developing, implementing, and reporting corporate initiatives and commitments, such as the importance of having clear strategies or action plans, explicit buy-in from senior management, and accurate reporting with meaningful indicators and realistic targets
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clement, Anne Containing Tariff Evasion
    Keywords: Corporate Governance and Corruption ; Exporters ; Importers ; Law and Development ; Mirror Statistics ; Private Sector Development ; Sea Freight Corruption ; Tariff ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Law ; Trade
    Abstract: To identify transactions at risk of tariff evasion, this paper matches export transaction data from France with import transaction data from Madagascar using container identifiers. Reporting discrepancies between exporters and importers are prevalent but small, with over two-fifths of importers reporting in a way that increases their tariff liability. Yet, aggregate tariff revenues are 24 percent lower due to discrepancies. These revenue losses are highly concentrated: the top five evaders account for three-quarters of all tariff revenue losses and larger shipments are more at risk of evasion. Tariff enforcement in Madagascar is ineffective and only marginally mitigates revenue losses
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dahis, Ricardo MiDES: New Data and Facts from Local Procurement and Budget Execution in Brazil
    Keywords: Administrative and Regulatory Law ; Budget Execution ; Competitive Tender ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Local Public Procurement Data ; Municipal Public Finance ; Payment Timeliness ; Public Procurement ; Reproducible Research Repository ; Subnational Public Finance
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new disaggregated and harmonized dataset on public procurement and budget execution by Brazilian subnational entities, which currently covers half of Brazilian municipalities and spans the years 2003-21. This dataset provides key information that was previously unavailable from aggregate data, such as the identities of suppliers, details on purchases of goods and services, and granular information on the life cycle of each expenditure action. It then uses these data to provide new stylized facts about local public finance. First, it shows that about one-quarter of government purchases are locally procured and discusses implications for efficiency. Second, it demonstrates that close to 15 percent of payments exceed the 30-day threshold and that payment timeliness is systematically correlated with the income level of the municipality
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 7800
    Keywords: Country Gender Assessment ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Law Enforcement ; Gender Legal Framework ; Gender Policy ; Human Rights ; Law and Development
    Abstract: This note reviews the legal, institutional, and policy framework that affects gender equality in the country, including efforts to enforce gender laws and policies
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Driver Licenses ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Transport ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Public Transport ; Vehicle Ownership ; Women ; Women's Mobility
    Abstract: This report sheds light on public transport's role in women's access to economic opportunities in urban MENA. It examines the links among mobility, gender, and access to economic opportunities. It provides evidence of gender differences in mobility patterns and travel behavior, as well as the barriers and challenges women face when using public transport. It also assesses whether public transport systemdeficiencies constrain women's economic participation. This report focuses on three metropolitan areas: Amman, Jordan; Beirut, Lebanon; and Cairo, Egypt. These cities were chosen for their contrasting size, context, and economic stability
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schuettler, Kirsten Outcomes for Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees in Low and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Economic Integration ; Forced Displacement ; Host Communities ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Migration ; Refugees ; Social Integration ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: The paper takes stock of the growing quantitative literature on outcomes for the forcibly displaced in low- and middle-income countries, where 85 percent of refugees and nearly all internally displaced persons live. The main takeaway is that forced dis- placement research has now become a full-fledged sub-field of the migration literature: it addresses the same questions of economic and social integration, returns, and the impact of conditions and policies in the destination country. Yet, the specificity of the sub-field lies in the analysis of migration of a particularly vulnerable population because of the forced selection into displacement and because those forcibly displaced have experienced shocks before and during displacement, including the loss of physical assets, human capital, and mental health
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Keywords: Discrimination ; Female ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Policy ; Genital Mutilation ; Human Rights ; International Law ; Law and Development ; Violence Against Women ; Women's Rights
    Abstract: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a development issue and am extreme form of violence against women and girls that affects more than 200 million women in the world. FGM/C is a harmful practice proven to impact the physical and mental health of affected women and girls from the moment of the cutting, with prolonged and irreversible consequences during their entire lives. FGM/C is at the confluence of domestic violence, child abuse and sexual assault and a serious violation of human rights. Studies show that FGM/C has economic and social consequences and a high obstetric cost although a comprehensive study on the exact extent of these economic, health and social costs is still to be carried out. Beyond the data and the statistics, researchers have shown that FGM/C deprives women of sexual satisfaction, sexual health and psychophysical wellbeing. The Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation (the Compendium) was prepared to contribute to this urgent and important development debate with the understanding that the knowledge of the law is an important empowerment tool to end FGM/C. It provides a survey of the key international and regional instruments as well as domestic legislation as they relate to the prohibition of FGM/C. The Compendium consists of topical chapters (international legal frameworks; regional legal frameworks; consensus documents and national legal frameworks) with hyperlinks to source documents, such as United Nations conventions, regional treaties, and national legislations. The Compendium is a working document intended as a reference tool for anyone interested in the topic of FGM/C (development practitioners, lawyers, community leaders, academics, researchers, students, et cetera
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Querejeta, Martina Sharing Parental Leave between Mothers and Fathers: Experimental Evidence from a Messaging Intervention in Uruguay
    Keywords: Breastfeeding ; Father's Parental Leave ; Gender Equality Promotion ; Gender Norms ; Government Text Messaging ; Intrahousehold Childcare Roles ; Law and Development ; Parental Leave ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Parental leave has been increasingly used as a family policy to facilitate balancing care and work responsibilities and promoting gender equality. However, fathers' parental leave participation is still low, even when it offers both job and wage protection. This paper examines the effects of an information and awareness-raising intervention, delivered via email and text messages on men's and women's awareness and intentions of shared take-up of a parental leave program. The experiment provided recent and prospective parents meeting the social security requirements to benefit from parental leave with information about the program. Additionally, a subset of recent parents received messages that told them about (i) the benefits of fathers' involvement in childcare, or (ii) the importance of planning parental childcare. The intervention was successful in increasing knowledge about the parental leave program and shifting traditional gender norm views among women, regarding father's involvement and care planning. For men, knowledge about the program increased. However, the strong association between parental leave and breastfeeding led to fathers privileging mothers' use of the leave benefit. The findings show limited impact on actual leave taking, with the message about couples' leave planning increasing the effective use of parental leave among fathers compared to the information message. The results show that low-cost, targeted information interventions can have substantial effects on program knowledge among potential future beneficiaries. Although these interventions can support more equal gender roles and change gendered attitudes toward care responsibilities, they are not sufficient to shift behaviors
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Attracting Business Investment ; Business Environment ; Employment Policy ; Job Generation and Creation ; Jobs Policy ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market Regulations ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Shaping a Better Future for the Filipino Workforce aims to inform jobs policy by examining key determinants and outcomes of jobs. Jobs are created when the macroeconomic environment is conducive and policies are predictable to businesses with sustained growth, trades, and investments. At the same time, a large body of literature also shows that economic growth alone is not sufficient for generating jobs. Jobs are created when firms pursue expansion through innovation and competitiveness and demand for more labor input, while workers' skills and human capital are able to meet the needs of firms. Intrahousehold resource allocation and decisions for labor supply also affect the jobs outcomes. It is not uncommon that workers as self-employed create jobs by initiating their own business. The market clearing process of labor is then affected by labor market institutions, most notably labor market regulations and labor policies and programs. These are key determinants of how easy it is to start a business or to hire a worker, how high labor costs are, and how efficiently firms and workers are matched. Part I looks into the country's labor market in chronological order, while Part II discusses three major areas of Philippine jobs - labor regulation, international migration, and emerging demands for green and digital jobs
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Building Regulations ; Environment ; Hazards ; Infrastructure and Law ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Law and Development ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Regulatory Frameworks ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Urban Development ; Vulnerabilities
    Abstract: Buildings should provide safe, comfortable, and healthy environments for people to live and work. They are an essential component of societies and economies, housing critical infrastructure necessary to keep governments and businesses in operation. At the same time, buildings are the first line of defense against natural hazards and climate impacts for the general population. The scope of this report is limited to regulatory frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa countries, with a focus on buildings rather than on specialized construction types such as infrastructure for water, energy, transport, or communications. The report focuses on the technical aspects of the regulatory frameworks: market and financial solutions fall beyond its scope. Chapter 1 of the report describes the components, concepts, and desired outcomes of building regulatory frameworks. Chapter 2 explains the evolution of the building regulation environment in Sub-Saharan Africa and the region-specific hazards and risks that the regulatory environment must respond to. Chapter 3 presents data on the building regulatory environment for each country in the region. It covers all aspects of the building regulatory cycle: from the legally adopted building regulations that exist, to what they cover, to the implementation of regulations through compliance and enforcement mechanisms. Chapter 4 offers guidance on how to improve and update building regulatory frameworks. Chapter 5 contains region-specific conclusions and recommendations for strengthening building regulatory frameworks because of the analyses carried out in Chapters 3 and 4. Additionally, Appendix A summarizes key data for each country
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baquero, Juan Pablo Revisiting the Distributive Impacts of Fiscal Policy in Colombia
    Keywords: Distributiveimpact of Taxes ; Equity and Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty and Fiscal Policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Spending Impact Inequality ; Tax Law ; Transfer Impact on Poverty
    Abstract: Colombia is one of the most unequal countries in the region and the world. Given the redistributive role of fiscal policy, this study uses recent data from the 2021 Integrated Household Survey to explore the impacts of taxes and spending on poverty and inequality in Colombia. The study introduces innovations to the literature on Colombia, including an update of the fiscal microsimulation model to reflect the most recent economic context; an introduction of new fiscal policy parameters, such as gasoline subsidies and carbon taxes; and methodological improvements. The results show positive redistributive impacts, but these are considerably lower than those seen in other country members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Direct taxes and transfers reduce the Gini index from 0.543 to 0.505; and direct taxes, indirect taxes, subsidies, and monetary transfers reduce total poverty from 42.1 to 40.2 percent and extreme poverty from 16.1 to 11.7 percent. Direct taxes, transfers, and subsidies are progressive and contribute to poverty reduction, while indirect taxes such as the value-added tax or consumption tax are regressive and do not reduce poverty. This reflects a tax system that is progressive, but not progressive enough (with a low proportion of the population with high levels of income contributing), and cash transfer and subsidy programs that have room for improvement in their targeting
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fajardo-Heyward, Paola Assessing the Success of National Human Rights Action Plans through a Political Economy Lens: The Case of Chile
    Keywords: Human Rights ; Human Rights Action Plan ; Human Rights Policy ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Human Rights Consensus ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: National human rights action plans turn state commitments on human rights into policy. After three decades of numerous countries implementing these plans, the few existing assessments of their success are inconclusive. This paper develops a political economy framework to complement previous studies. The approach hypothesizes that such action plans will be successful only if they are built on political consensus; their perceived political benefits exceed their costs; and governments have adequate resources to design and implement them. The paper tests this hypothesis in Chile, a country with a recent history of human rights violations and sustained inequalities that is legally bound to produce human rights action plans. The findings show that these plans have not been successful in Chile, as none of the three conditions is satisfied. The paper contends that the proposed political economy framework can be replicated across multiple national action plans, countries, and contexts
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Commercial Properties ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Law and Development ; Property Taxes ; Residential Properties ; Tax Law ; Women
    Abstract: This knowledge note provides new evidence on property ownership and taxation patterns across genders in Sao Paulo (Brazil), the largest city in the Americas, with 12 million inhabitants. We exploit microdata on all commercial and residential properties to document the share of total property and property wealth owned by women, the geographic distribution of female-owned properties, and the implications of this data for property taxes in the city
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beegle, Kathleen Missing SDG Gender Indicators
    Keywords: Corporate Data and Reporting ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality Goals ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; National Statistical System ; Private Sector Development ; Statistical Indicators ; Tracking Gender SDG Goals
    Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goal agenda lays out an ambitious set of 231 indicators to track progress. Countries continue to fall short in terms of reporting on the indicators in general, and this is particularly the case for the subset of 50 gender-related indicators, where countries reported on average on 31 percent of these indicators in at least one year from 2016 to 2020. A closer look at this low coverage reveals four salient fundings. First, this is not just a problem of missing data; lack of reporting on existing data is detected to be a problem. For example, of the 32 gender-related indicators that are sex disaggregated, if countries that had a population estimate also had a sex-disaggregated estimate (which is almost always feasible), the Sustainable Development Goal gender coverage rate would be 43 percent instead of 31 percent. Second, better statistical systems are a major part of the solution, as statistical system strength is correlated with higher coverage. Third, poorer countries are doing no worse in reporting on gender-related Sustainable Development Goal indicators than high-income countries, despite weaker statistical systems. Lastly, sizable over (and under) performance in reporting, conditional on statistical strength, suggests that country-level advocacy and focus can yield wins in Sustainable Development Goal gender indicator coverage
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Robinson, James A Endogenous Institutions and Economic Policy
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Endogenous Institutions ; Growth ; Inclusive and Extractive Institutions ; Institutional Change Policy ; Institutional Cooperaton Framework ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Norms
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new framework to model institutions and institutional change. It shows how moral agents, who strive to cooperate with others, can form institutions that facilitate cooperation. The framework makes it possible to model informal as well as formal institutions as games played by moral agents: when the quality of the government is low and agents are not willing to use its services they will create informal institutions that allow them to cooperate outside the official channels. It is also possible to conceptualize institutions as inclusive or extractive and model institutional change as a consequence of the choice of moral agents among available institutions as time unfolds. With a series of examples of clientelistic networks, the paper shows that the framework can be useful for understanding how and why such networks form and persist. The framework can be used to model any interactions among moral agents, thus giving rise to a wide variety of possible institutional settings
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Cliamte Change Effects ; Coastal States ; Environment ; Law and Development ; Legal Framework ; Sea Level Rise
    Abstract: This legal study is based on Legal Dimensions of Sea Level Rise: Pacific Perspectives which was published on June 29, 2021. The original version provided an assessment of key legal frameworks and policy questions that are relevant in the context of sea level rise in the Pacific region. This work, on the other hand, while largely based on the analysis of the original version, provides an updated assessment of the impacts of climate change, especially sea level rise, on the maritime rights of all island and coastal States.1 It is designed for a global audience. The study is divided into three parts. Part I looks briefly at the pioneering work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and its most recent predictions for sea level rise during the current century, and then sets it in the context of other scientific work on threats from sea level rise and warming. Part II sets out an overview of relevant legal frameworks, key terminology, and principles based on international law, as well as judicial decisions and scholarly work that define the rights, resources, and obligations of all coastal States, particularly island and low-lying States. Part III then presents a series of responses to key legal and policy questions faced by these States in relation to sea level rise
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hemono, Rebecca Effect of a Lottery Intervention on Gender-Based Violence among Female Sex Workers in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Results from a Randomized Trial
    Keywords: Female Sex Workers and Violence ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Based Violence ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; HIV Prevention and Violence ; Law and Development ; Lottery Reward for Health Promotion ; Public Health Promotion ; Respect II ; Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Prevention
    Abstract: Financial incentives are a promising approach for HIV prevention. Some studies have shown that financial incentive interventions aimed to promote positive health and social behaviors have mixed or harmful effects on gender-based violence, and little is known about their effects among higher risk groups such as female sex workers. To address this gap, this study investigated the relationship between a lottery-based incentive and gender-based violence among female sex workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data were analyzed from the RESPECT II trial, which enrolled 2,206 female sex workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to evaluate the effect of a lottery-based incentive on HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Participants were randomized in a one-to-one ratio to: (1) the basic test group (control), which provided baseline testing and counseling for HIV and sexually transmitted infections and bi-weekly text messages on safe sex practices; or (2) the lottery group, which included the basic test group intervention plus entry into a weekly random lottery for an award of 100,000 Tanzanian shillings conditional on negative tests for sexually transmitted infections (syphilis and trichomonas vaginalis). An intent-to-treat analysis was conducted to estimate differences in physical and sexual gender-based violence (overall), and intimate partner violence and non-partner violence between treatment arms at endline, with estimates expressed as unadjusted prevalence differences with 95 percent confidence intervals. Adjusted estimates controlled for baseline reports of violence. Multiple imputation and inverse-probability of treatment weighting were used to account for missing data. Causal, population-level impacts were estimated using g-computation. Gender-based violence, intimate partner violence, and non-partner violence declined in both treatment arms over the study period among the sample of 1,117 female sex workers retained at endline. The lottery group had a lower prevalence of gender-based violence overall, intimate partner violence, and non-partner violence compared to control at endline; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The results indicate that the lottery intervention had no effect on violence outcomes among endline participants in the RESPECT II trial. These results suggest that this economic approach does not pose additional risks of violence in the context of sex work; however, they must be interpreted with caution due to high attrition in the study sample. Additional research is warranted to examine how this incentive mechanism impacts violence for female sex workers
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Assistance ; Gender ; Gender Identity ; Human Rights ; International Law ; Law ; Law and Development ; LGBTI Exclusion ; Sexual Orientation ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Labor ; Sogiesc-Based Exclusion ; Vulnerable Groups ; Workplace Discrimination
    Abstract: Recent research suggests that the effects of stigma, discrimination, and exclusion against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people could be costing economies billions of dollars. There are numerous reasons for these costs, including adverse educational environments, employment discrimination, physical and mental health disparities, and violence. This research aims to estimate the economic cost of exclusion based on sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) in the Republic of Serbia and to provide the country's policy makers, civil society, and development partners with new evidence on the ongoing policy dialogue on strengthening the social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) people. To estimate the cost of exclusion, this report presents two theoretical models focused on the labor market and related issues. The first model centers mainly on the accumulated loss of individual wages due to the consequences of exclusion. The second model calculates the negative effect of exclusion on accumulated fiscal revenues (due to lower income and payroll taxes) and expenditures (due to higher expenditures for unemployment benefits and active labor market programs)
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Education and Work ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Gender Norms ; Human Rights ; Informal Trading ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Labor ; Teenage Pregnancies ; Women and Girls
    Abstract: Gender equality is a key foundation of inclusive and sustainable economic development that can translate into long-term and effective poverty reduction. While gender equality matters on its own as a human right, it also offers instrumental value for individuals, households, and societies at large. Global evidence consistently shows that empowering women and girls reduces poverty incidence and food insecurity, boosts economic growth and productivity, and enhances investments in children's human capital. Angola, a country where a third of the population lives in poverty and economic output is heavily dependent on its oil sector, stands out in Sub-Saharan Africa for its particularly large gender disparities, especially when compared to countries of same income levels. Family formation, education, and labor market decisions are intrinsically interwoven and connected, which in the case of Angola leads to extreme demographic pressure on an already weak public service system. To begin tackling these significant gender disparities, well-designed and targeted policies are needed. But there are significant knowledge gaps when it comes to understanding the key barriers facing Angolan girls and young women in accessing education and transitioning to the labor market. This report presents insights gained from the voices of young women and girls, their parents, and key informants through a series of interviews carried out in Luanda, home to a quarter of the country's population, in 2022. Based on these in-depth interviews with low-income young women in Luanda, this report points to the multiple challenges they face across their life cycle - challenges relating to the dimensions of education, family formation, and work. It also shows how those dimensions in a woman's life are deeply interconnected - and how they are determined by structural constraints including poverty and vulnerability, gender norms, corruption and lack of transparency in access to services and opportunities, and violence in public and private spheres
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2190
    Keywords: Education ; Empowerment Factors ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Health ; Gender Equality ; Gender Gap ; Health ; Labor ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Advancing gender equality by strengthening women's empowerment is essential for improving development outcomes in Liberia. This report draws on existing literature and data review, as well as new qualitative evidence collected in Liberia. It shows that despite some progress, significant gender gaps still hold back the individual well-being of half of the population. Although abject poverty is part of the story, formal and informal institutions that shift the balance of decision-making power and access to resources away from women also disempower. Eliminating institutional and resource constraints and strengthening women's ability to make choices to improve their lives can leverage women's skills and talents and enhance their contributions to a more prosperous and sustainable Liberia. This report is grounded in the concepts underlying women's and girls' empowerment - namely, a process whereby women and girls who have been denied the ability to make choices and realize them acquire such an ability. The analysis is focused on identifying the constraints Liberian women face in achieving better outcomes in education, health, and productive employment, through the lens of the three pillars of empowerment: context, resources, and agency
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Measuring Poverty in Forced Displacement Contexts
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict and Development ; Forced Displacement ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Refugee Poverty Measurement ; Refugees ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Poverty measurement among forcibly displaced populations, including refugees and internally displaced persons, has been, for long, neglected by the economics profession and by poverty specialists working across the social sciences. This has changed since the beginning of the Syrian conflict in 2011 and the peak of the European migration crisis in 2015. This paper reviews the evolution, current status, and future prospects of the poverty measurement literature on forcibly displaced populations; discusses the main data and measurement challenges associated with this type of population; illustrates selected empirical findings that have emerged from the recent literature; and provides an overview of the substantial effort that humanitarian and development organizations are currently undertaking to close this historical gap in poverty measurement
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Economic Uncertainty ; Gender and Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gendered Impact ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women
    Abstract: The Iran Economic Monitor (IEM) provides an update on key economic developments and policies. It examines these economic developments and policies in a longer-term and global context and assesses their implications for the outlook for thecountry. The IEM's coverage ranges from the macroeconomy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. Iran's economy continued to grow moderately for the third consecutive year in 2022/23, albeit at a slower pace than in the previous year. Real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 3.8 percent in 2022/23, driven by expansions in services and manufacturing. Despite sanctions, the oil sector also expanded, aided by the tighter global oil markets. Favorable weather conditions helped the agriculture sector to marginally grow after the contractionsin previous years. On the expenditure side, private consumption was the main driver of GDP growth. Government consumption contracted to contain the budget deficit following a sharp expansionary policy in 2021/22. Meanwhile, exports and importsboth increased, and strong investment in machinery drove investments up, while construction investment marginally improved. However, the economy continuesto face growth constraints notably related to the economic sanctions, restricted access to external markets and to the latest technology, and much needed foreign investment. The Special Focus of the report highlights the scarring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, documenting the marked deterioration in labor market outcomes. Despite sizeable government interventions to sustain the economy, in the first year of the pandemic (2021/22), approximately 1 million Jobs were lost, and labor force participation contracted by 3 percentage points. Iranian women were the most affected: two out of three jobs lost between 2019/20 and 2020/21 were previously held by women. The gendered impact of the crisis contributed to widening Iranian's women disadvantage in the labor market. Most importantly, the gains in femalelabor force participation slowly accumulated since 2011 vanished. Consistent with what is observed in other countries, women with young children were the most affected by the crisis. The combined effect of school closures and unequal intra-household allocation of care responsibilities, associated with prevailing gender norms, pushed Iranian women with children out of the labor force. Whether or not these trends will be reversed as the management of the COVID-19 pandemic is normalized and the economy recovers from the crisis remains an important policy question
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Apeti, Ablam Estel Power Constraints and Firm-Level Total Factor Productivity in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Commercial Power Outage Impact ; Electric Power ; Electricity Outages ; Energy ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Law and Development ; Power and Economic Growth ; Power Constraints ; Power Grid ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development Law ; Productivity and Infrastructure ; Productivity Constraint ; World Bank Enterprise Survey Data
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of power outages and constraints on manufacturing firms' revenue-based total factor productivity in developing countries. The empirical analysis is based on the World Bank Enterprise Survey datasets for 84 countries over 2006-2019. The paper starts by showing statistically that firms facing power outages differ and operate in very different environments compared to firms not facing power outages, underlining a potential nonrandom issue of the treatment variable. The matching-based approach (entropy balancing) is designed to contain this type of bias. It shows that power outages negatively and significantly affect firm-level revenue-based total factor productivity, with a 9 percent lower unconditional average productivity for exposed firms compared to nonexposed firms. Moreover, the estimates suggest a connection between the severity of self-reported power constraints or obstacles by firms and the magnitude of revenue-based total factor productivity loss. The results also indicate that the effect of power outages on firm-level revenue-based total factor productivity could be influenced by the stage of economic development (low-income countries, lower-middle-income countries, upper-middle-income countries), and the ability of firms to engage in research and development and purchase backup generators. These findings suggest that to ensure economic development, the government should provide a stable power supply that can mitigate the negative shocks faced by manufacturing firms and enhance their productivity and competitiveness, allowing them to drive economic growth
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Child Marriage ; Fertility Decision Making ; Forced Marriage ; GBV Prevention ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Law ; Gender-Based Violence (GBV) ; Human Rights ; Law and Development ; Limitations On Decision-Making ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note provides in-depth analysis of the limitations that Malagasy women and girls encounter in respect to their agency and proposes several strategic lines of action to improve women's and girls' voice and decision-making and to eliminate all forms of GBV. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: education, health, and economic opportunities
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mare, Davide S Bank Bailouts and Fiscal Contingent Liabilities
    Keywords: Bank Bailout ; Bank Distress ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Contingent Liabilities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Cost ; Law and Development ; Problem Bank Resolution ; Socialize Bank Loss ; Systemic Importance
    Abstract: Implicit government guarantees to bail out troubled banks can produce a sizable fiscal contingent liability. Drawing on a rich history of various forms of staggered bailouts, this paper studies the link between bank bailouts and fiscal contingent liabilities using bank-level data for Kazakhstan-an upper-middle-income country in Central Asia. The paper first estimates the probability that a bank in distress is bailed out, conditioning on bank characteristics and financial soundness. Second, it estimates the magnitude of bailout costs depending on the size of banks, their ownership type, financial soundness, and the type of bailout instrument used by the government. The latter aims to contrast the fiscal contingent liabilities when the government uses bailout instruments without recourse on bank future profits-such as government purchases of bad loans at 100 percent nominal value-versus instruments that do not allow bank owners to socialize losses and privatize gains-such as properly governed and priced senior debt or equity injections. Third, the paper illustrates how the estimations could be used for projecting the expected contingent liabilities from bank bailouts
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Equality ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Strategy ; Law and Development ; Law and Gender ; Legal Reforms ; Women ; Women's Economic Opportunities
    Abstract: This thematic note emphasizes the role of laws and regulations in safeguarding women's economic opportunities, for the purpose of informing the update of the World Bank Group's Gender Strategy. The note demonstrates the importance of legal gender equality and draws on data and analysis from the World Bank's Women, Business and the Law initiative and other evidence to explore legal barriers that hinder women's economic participation and showcase successful reforms. It also offers examples of how World Bank projects have addressed legal frameworks toward gender equality and concludes with proposals for future areas of operational focus and research
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Group Gender Thematic Policy Notes Series
    Keywords: Gender and Economics ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Housing ; Human Rights ; Land ; Law and Development ; Property Ownership ; Women's Rights
    Abstract: Securing women's rights, access to, and control over housing, land, and property (HLP) are important for livelihood generation, food security, a store of wealth, and other economic benefits. Ensuring women's HLP rights also provides social benefits, such as improved bargaining power within the household and community. Data on women's rights to HLP is limited, but available evidence from 53 countries shows that within those countries, over 70 percent of women do not own any land. Without action, women are at risk of being left farther behind. This policy note explores the barriers and impediments to women's HLP rights. It shares emerging evidence on what works to support women in attaining the full range of HLP rights, including experience from World Bank and other donor financed projects and interventions that have shown promise
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Access To Digital Technologies ; Data Collection ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Tax ; Law and Development ; Provincial Tax Offices ; Tax Law ; Women and Mobility
    Abstract: This study supports the KP provincial government's efforts to facilitate women's voluntary tax compliance by understanding women's constraints and experiences in tax payment and property registration and the gender gaps in access to and use of digital technologies. It draws data from a survey, which interviewed 1,200 current taxpayers and nontaxpayers (a third of whom were women), focus group discussions with women and female tax administrators, and key informant interviews with senior directors of the KP tax administrations. It identifies specific challenges women face in property registration and tax payments, such as restricted mobility, and lack of information and unclear processes. It also reveals that women's challenges are not monolithic, but varies by education; therefore, tailored measures are important to meet the needs of different types of taxpayers. While digitization of tax services could reduce tax compliance costs for taxpayers, women with limited education may not fully benefit from digitization because they tend to lack ownership of mobile devices and to have limited use of digital banking and wallet applications. The importance of having female staff provide tax and property registration services dedicated to women, simplifying property registration processes, and using easy Urdu and Pashto are highlighted by female taxpayers. Establishing dedicated services for women by assigning female tax officials in one-stop Tax Facilitation Centers could also help women register property and pay taxes. But to retain staff, these changes require allocation of human and financial resources, review of staff roles, additional training, instituting a gender-equitable and safe workplace environment and physical infrastructure, including bathrooms and separate areas for women. Digitizing and sex-disaggregating taxpayer and service user data could help revenue authorities develop tailored programs and services that meet the needs of women and men and monitor progress. Such data would be useful in guiding tax administrations to allocate financial and human resources
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Judicial Sector Reform ; Law and Development ; Public Administration ; Public Finances
    Abstract: This report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. The Kyrgyz Republic is a landlocked, lower-middle-income country that is highly dependent on remittances and natural resources. Poverty levels declined from 37% in 2013 to 20% in 2019. However, the country's population remains vulnerable, and broad-based economic growth was elusive over the evaluation period. The Kyrgyz Republic faces major development challenges including weak governance, barriers to private sector development, and low quality of essential local public services. This Country Program Evaluation assesses the relevance and effectiveness of the World Bank's engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic between fiscal years 2014 and 2021. It evaluates the Bank's contributions to the country's development in priority areas, focusing on support for governance, private sector development, and essential local public services. The evaluation distills lessons from Bank Group experience to inform future Bank Group engagement in the Kyrgyz Republic
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chattha, Muhammad Khudadad Improving Consumption-Based Tax Compliance: Evidence from Point of Sale Usage in Subnational Governments in Indonesia
    Keywords: Consumption Paper Trail ; Government Tax Enforcement ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Law and Development ; Law Enforcement Systems ; Point of Sale Technology ; Restaurant and Hotel Tax Compliance ; Sales Tax ; Tax Compliance ; Tax Evation ; Tax Law
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of point of sale technology adoption on local tax compliance by firms. The paper exploits administrative data on monthly restaurant and hotel tax payments in the Indonesian districts of West Manggarai and Gorontalo and combines this with information on the point of sales distribution timeline from 2018 to 2022. The findings show that certain point of sales treatments led to a substantial increase in restaurant tax payments, ranging from 55 to 180 percent, while others did not increase tax revenues. The paper discusses the underlying drivers of the results and argues that the effectiveness of point of sales technology is conditional on (i) the devices' ease of use, (ii) the recipients' technological aptitude, and (iii) the presence of information accessible by third parties
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 39458
    Keywords: Collusion ; Corruption ; Fraud ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Risk ; Law and Development ; Public Expenditure
    Abstract: Corruption poses a significant threat to development and has a disproportionate impact on the poor and most vulnerable. Government agencies struggle to identify fraud and corruption in public expenditures. Risk assessments usually rely on manual analysis and follow-up on specific complaints or anecdotes which requires substantial resources. Assessments are often limited in scope and ineffective, failing to generate the evidence needed to build strong cases. The World Bank developed the Governance Risk Assessment System (GRAS), a tool that uses advanced data analytics to improve the detection of risks of fraud, corruption, and collusion in government contracting. GRAS increases the efficiency and effectiveness of audits and investigations by identifying a wide range of risk patterns. GRAS makes use of public data and is based on a robust and comprehensive conceptual framework which draws on insights from experienced practitioners and sound academic research. This report presents GRAS's main features, examples of GRAS implementation, and outlines the steps government agencies can take in applying GRAS in their countries. GRAS was developed in Brazil, where it has been piloted in four subnational governments and has helped to investigate fraud, corruption, and collusion in public procurement. Concrete results include the identification of over 850 suppliers with strong indication of collusive behavior, 450 suppliers likely registered under strawmen, 500 cases of conflict of interests involving suppliers owned by public servants, and about 4500 companies with connections to political campaigns, among other examples
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Piza, Caio Experimental Evaluation of a Financial Education Program in Elementary and Middle School Grades
    Keywords: Behavioral Modification ; Education ; Elementary Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Education ; Financial Law ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Proficiency Promotion ; Law and Development ; Middle School Financial Literacy
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether providing financial education in elementary and middle school grades improves students' financial proficiency and actual behavior. It uses a cluster randomized control trial to evaluate a pilot program implemented in 101 Brazilian municipal schools in 2015. The findings show positive impacts on financial proficiency, mainly among middle school students, and suggestive evidence of improvements in short-term behavioral outcomes. However, the analysis indicates that the program did not impact students' school achievements in both the short and longer terms, which suggests that the program's effects were not strong enough to shift students' behavior decisions
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Domestic Violence ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Norms ; Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) ; Law and Development ; Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Norms ; Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) ; Women's Labor Force Participation
    Abstract: The economy of Chile, with a total population of approximately 19.493.185 by 2021, is undergoing an adjustment phase after a remarkable expansion in 2021, with real gross domestic product (GDP) growth dropping to 2.4 percent in 2022 due to normalized consumption and contractionary policies. This economic adjustment is predicted to continue during the first half of 2023, as consumption is expected to fall further amid weakened household liquidity and labor market. The Chilean economy is based on the exploitation of agricultural, fishing, forest, and mining resources. Chile has made several improvements in gender parity, but violence against women remains a significant problem in the country. As the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the problem of gender-based violence, women's labor force participation rate reduced by 10 percentage points as well as several other indicators have been affected negatively
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kee, Hiau Looi Quantifying Economic Impacts of Trade Agreements with Heterogeneous Trade Elasticities
    Keywords: Brexit ; Economic Impact of Trade Agreements ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Trade Elasticities ; Trade Elasticity and Tariffs ; Trade Policy ; Treaties ; Welfare Gains From Trade
    Abstract: Bilateral trade relationships between countries vary across products. Such heterogeneity poses challenges when assessing the economic impacts of trade agreements. This paper estimates bilateral trade elasticities at the product level and explores these impacts using a hypothetical no-deal Brexit as an example. The findings indicate that the European Union's demand for the United Kingdom's products is often less elastic compared to products from other trading partners. The findings also show substantial heterogeneity in the elasticities across products and a negative correlation between these elasticities and tariffs. These factors mitigate the extent of trade welfare losses compared to a scenario using homogeneous elasticities
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Johansson de Silva, Sara Productive Longevity: What can Work in Low- and Middle-Income Countries?
    Keywords: Aging ; Aging Populations and Social Protection ; Employable Skills ; Employment Incentives Labor Supply ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market Policy and Aging ; Labor Productivity ; Law and Development ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The world's population is aging at dramatic speed. By 2050, most of the world's seniors (aged 65+) will be living in what are currently low- and middle-income countries. Aging will require low- and middle-income countries to develop comprehensive policy solutions to sustain welfare levels and ensure that welfare is equitably distributed across generations and socioeconomic groups. Given higher informality and lower human capital levels in low- and middle-income countries than more advanced economies, the balance and composition of the policy package in these contexts may differ, but there will be a common need for labor market policies to increase "productive longevity"--that is, to foster higher labor force participation and productivity among mature workers. This paper presents a framework identifying market, institutional, and behavioral failures that create constraints to productive longevity, and policies that may overcome these constraints. Drawing, to the extent possible, on the experience of low- and middle-income countries, the paper reviews evidence on supply-side and demand-side interventions to improve incentives, remove barriers to work, and invest in skills, as well as policies to improve matching of mature workers in labor markets. The paper ends with a discussion of meta-lessons for low- and middle-income countries
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Masaki, Takaaki Data Gaps in Microdata in the Context of Forced Displacement
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Forced Displacement ; Forced Migration ; Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS) ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Refugees ; Social Development ; Unhcr Refugee Microdata Library
    Abstract: This paper aims to understand the existing gaps in micro-level data on forcibly displaced people--refugees and internally displaced persons. The paper undertakes a comprehensive review of all existing micro-level data sets in the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Microdata Library and the World Bank Microdata Library. It first identifies a corpus of micro-level data sets that are designed to have a representative sample of refugees and/or internally displaced persons and assesses gaps in geographical and thematic coverage. The paper then evaluates whether the data sets contain a core set of questions that are essential for the proper identification of refugees and internally displaced persons. The findings show that microdata on forcibly displaced people are comparatively rich in Sub-Saharan Africa in contrast to other regions. However, data scarcity is notably pronounced in countries facing fragility and conflict. Scarcity is also evident among internally displaced persons and on topics such as labor and employment, finance (for instance, credit, debt, and banking), agriculture/livestock/fishery, and education. The paper also highlights that many of the existing micro-level data sets on forcibly displaced people do not contain the core set of questions needed for proper identification of refugees or internally displaced persons according to international statistical standards
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Access To Reproductive Health ; Child Marriage ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Health ; Gender Disparities in Education ; Gender Gap ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Girls Agency ; Human Rights ; Land Rights ; Law and Development
    Abstract: Gender gaps in Togo cut across many dimensions. Inequality starts in childhood, when girls are disadvantaged in access to schooling because of prevalent social norms and gender roles. It continues into adolescence, when a larger share of girls starts dropping out of school, unable to continue education because of a number of factors, including child marriage, adolescent pregnancy, and time use patterns shaped by gender norms. In adolescence and adulthood, women face the constraints of limited education and economic opportunities, restrictive gender roles that leave women little time for participation in the labor force, financial inequities, high levels of acceptance of violence against women, health risks, and a lack of agency and decision-making capacity. High prevalence rates of child marriage and adolescent fertility not only increase health risks for women but also reduce the amount of time they have to fully participate in education and in economic opportunities. This background paper to the Poverty and Gender Assessment Togo (2022) highlights the importance of addressing gender disparities to achieve continued poverty reduction in Togo
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Keywords: Access To Information ; Disability ; Jupiter Methodology ; Justice For The Poor ; Justice For The Women ; Justice System ; Law and Development ; Law and Justice Institutions ; Legal Reform ; Linguistic Barriers
    Abstract: Liberia's lack of effectiveness in handling judicial disputes has been consistently recognized as a weakness and one of the main obstacles to the country's transition out of fragility. Liberia performs poorly in international datasets benchmarking justice and the rule of law. For instance, in the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index (WJP RLI), it ranked 112 out of 140 countries in 2022, meaning that it is among the thirty countries with the weakest adherence to the rule of law. This study originates from the Government's desire to improve the delivery of justice to its citizens and to have recommendations on a practical sequence of reforms that are underpinned by hard data and analytics. In a first-of-its-kind JUPITER assessment, a standardized methodology is used to benchmark the state and performance of Liberia's judiciary against specific measures of effectiveness and to compare key features across countries. The study focuses on the effectiveness of the system in service delivery in three areas -- access to justice, efficiency, and quality -- and presents the main challenges that emerged from the empirical work to provide data-informed context-specific suggestions for reform
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Londono-Velez, Juliana Revealing 21% of GDP in Hidden Assets: Evidence from Argentina
    Keywords: Amnesties ; Enforcement ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hidden Assets ; Law and Development ; Law Finance and Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Offshore Wealth ; Tax Collection Policy ; Tax Compliance ; Tax Evasion ; Tax Havens ; Tax Law
    Abstract: Despite substantial offshore tax evasion, Argentines disclosed assets worth 21 percent of GDP under a tax amnesty in 2016. This paper studies how enforcement initiatives impact individuals' tax behavior, tax progressivity, and revenue collection. Offshore tax evasion is concentrated among the wealthiest 0.1 percent of adults. Tax compliance improved, expanding the tax bases for both wealth tax and capital income tax, especially at the top. The subsequent tax hike on foreign assets in 2019 boosted tax progressivity, raising the effective tax rate for the wealthiest 0.1 percent of adults, and established Argentina's wealth tax as one of the most successful globally in revenue generation
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghorpade, Yashodhan The Valuation of Flexible Work Arrangements: Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia
    Keywords: Employment Policy ; Flexibility ; Flexible Work Arrangements ; Flexwork Experiment ; GIG Work ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Quality of Life and Leisure ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: The changing nature of work, accelerated by the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in several fundamental shifts in the terms and conditions of work. Along with the clear trend of increased nonstandard employment, including through the gig economy and platform work, this poses critical questions for policies and practices of the organization of work arrangements, and about who may bear the costs of emerging arrangements. This paper explores whether workers in freelancing and standard work arrangements in Malaysia view a trade-off between flexibility and income and are willing to forgo a share of earnings for greater flexibility. The paper deploys a novel discrete choice experiment in which respondents are asked to choose their preferred job from two hypothetical job descriptions with randomly assigned attributes, namely, flexibility and associated earnings. The findings show substantial but not overwhelming preference for greater flexibility, especially among freelancers, and a clear trade-off between measures of flexibility and income. The findings also show considerable variation in the preference for flexibility, much of which is not explained by worker demographics and other observable characteristics but is consistent with other measures of the importance attached to flexibility and earning income. The analysis outlines pathways through which offering even a modicum of flexibility can enhance workers' utility without necessarily increasing costs for employers, provides evidence of considerable preference heterogeneity, and warns against imposing uniform approaches to (in)flexible work arrangements
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bertoli, Simone Migration, Families, and Counterfactual Families
    Keywords: Counterfactual Reasoning ; Family Formation ; Human Rights ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant Policy ; Migrants Families ; Migration ; Remittances ; Status Quo Bias
    Abstract: Migration changes how families form and dissolve, and how one should conceptualize the family. This has implications for thinking about how the migration decision is modelled when individuals are unable to picture the counterfactual families they may have. Differences in marital status can induce two otherwise identical individuals to make different migration decisions. It also has implications for attempts to causally estimate impacts of migration, when the family composition changes with the migration decision itself. This paper shows empirically that changing marital status after migration is widespread, and that the traditional model of a fixed family sending off a migrant who remains part of that same family only describes a minority of migrants moving from developing countries to the U.S. The authors draw out lessons from thinking about counterfactual families for empirical research and for migration policy
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Okunogbe, Oyebola How Can Lower-Income Countries Collect More Taxes? The Role of Technology, Tax Agents, and Politics
    Keywords: E-Government ; Governance ; Information Technology ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy of Taxation ; TAC Administration ; Tax Law ; Tax Officials ; Tax Revenue ; Tax To GDP Ratio ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper examines recent evidence on tax administration interventions aimed at increasing tax revenues in lower-income countries. It focuses on two major themes: the use of new information technology tools--for identifying taxable entities, verifying tax liabilities, and ensuring collection of liabilities--and how the deployment and incentives of tax officials shape their performance. The paper discusses the promise and pitfalls of interventions in these two areas and the strategic interactions between them. Lastly, it emphasizes the importance of political incentives and considers the conditions under which governments choose to invest in tax capacity and expand tax collection
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Human Rights ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development
    Abstract: This Country Gender Assessment presents key gender issues to be considered for Bangladesh's desired transformation. The objective of the assessment is to inform the World Bank Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Bangladesh, which is currently being developed. Gender issues are discussed across the four pillars of the World Bank Gender Strategy FY16-23 (World Bank Group 2015). Given the unique challenges emerging from the Displaced Rohingya Population (DRP) influx, gender gap analysis is also conducted for the host community in Cox's Bazar district. Timely discussion of the impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on women and girls is included as part of the analysis of gender gaps across these five areas. Similarly, the impacts of climate change on women and girls and their potential role in climate adaptation are also discussed across pillars. The Country Gender Assessment serves as a compendium of existing analytical work on gender issues and opportunities by the World Bank, GoB, development partners, academia, and others, including the Bank's Bangladesh jobs diagnostic and voices to choices report. The executive summary highlights key interlinkages between the barriers to gender equality and the frontier challenges that Bangladesh is facing
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Access To Justice ; Barriers ; Discrimination ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Identity ; Law and Development ; Law and Justice Institutions ; Legal Framework ; LGBTI ; Sexual Orientation ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex (LGBTI) people face significant social and legal vulnerabilities and disparities in accessing justice. LGBTI people are more vulnerable to bias, discrimination, harassment, and violence due to their real or perceived Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics (SOGIESC). Despite some legal protections, few LGBTI people report cases of violence and other bias-motivated incidents to the police, and even fewer complaints proceed to court. The barriers that LGBTI people experience in accessing justice are rooted in societal homophobia, transphobia, their own fear to report incidents, a disconnect between formal laws and their implementation, and a lack of skills and knowledge among personnel in key justice institutions to effectively respond to the needs of LGBTI people. In most countries, including in the Western Balkans, government responses to discrimination and violence against LGBTI people are inadequate, as highlighted by previous research undertaken by the World Bank. The lack of safe reporting structures and inaction when cases are reported dissuades LGBTI people from engaging with the justice system, which limits their ability to have their rights fully protected. This report is organized in four parts. Part A provides the rationale for the research and outlines the research methodology. Part B includes an examination of the Serbian legal framework, the experience of Serbian LGBTI people accessing justice mechanisms, circumstances where LGBTI people in Serbia face discrimination or exclusion from justice based on their Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI), and a broader examination of the structural barriers to Serbian LBGTI people accessing justice. Part C outlines a collection of policy actions to address the barriers to access, the agencies best suited to steward the reforms, and anticipated timelines. Finally, the stakeholders who were interviewed and the questionnaires and survey instruments used to collect information, experience, and practices from the different stakeholders are included in the Annex section
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Biro, Aniko Firm Heterogeneity and the Impact of Payroll Taxes
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Employment of Older Workers ; Firm Hetrogeneity ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Older Workers ; Payroll Tax ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Incidence ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of a large payroll tax cut for older workers in Hungary. Motivated by the predictions of a standard equilibrium job search model, the paper examines the heterogeneous impact of the policy. Employment increases most at low-productivity firms offering low-wage jobs, which tend to hire from unemployment, while the effects are more muted for high-productivity firms offering high-wage jobs. At the same time, wages only increase at high-productivity firms. These results point to important heterogeneity in the incidence of payroll tax cuts across firms and highlight that payroll taxes have a significant impact on the composition of jobs in the labor market
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Reed, Tristan Cartels, Antitrust Enforcement, and Industry Performance: Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Abuse of Dominance ; Access To Markets ; Antitrust ; Antitrust Enforcement ; Cartel ; Collusion ; Competition Law ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Federal Competition Commission ; Federal Economic Competition Commission ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Power ; Monopolistic Practices ; Per Se Illegal ; Rule of Reason
    Abstract: Forty percent of economic activities in Mexico weighed by sales have been investigated for illegal monopolistic practices since the Federal Competition Commission was established in 1993. By exploiting some unique features of the Mexican investigative system, and using a synthetic control approach, this paper examines the causal impact of antitrust sanctions on industry performance and aggregate outcomes. Sanctions cause sales and wages to increase and profit margins to fall in the sanctioned sectors, thus benefiting consumers and workers. Overall, antitrust enforcement contributes roughly half a percent of per capita gross domestic product growth. Outcomes of investigations that are closed without sanction fail to reject the hypothesis that some harmful conduct is not sanctioned because investigators lack resources to prove it conclusively. An implication is that the Commission could generate greater benefits with additional investigative resources
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dall-Aglio, Chiara Factors Explaining Child Work and Education in Myanmar
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Bivariate Probit ; Child Education ; Child Labor ; Child Labor Law ; Child Work and Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Informal Economy ; Informality ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unprotected Child Labor Market
    Abstract: Child workers constitute a significant share of the Myanmar labor force, which has translated into an unprotected child labor market. Given the prevalence of issues surrounding school enrollment and dropout rates, this paper investigates the relationship between child work and education. Using data from the 2015 Labor Force survey, it studies what factors explain child work and how this can in turn affect schooling outcomes. The study differentiates between children's household chores and wage work. To understand if these two types of activities affect schooling differently, the paper explores if and how work intensity (number of hours worked) plays a role. The findings show that child work has a negative correlation with school enrollment and attendance, to differing degrees depending on the type of work and work intensity, regardless of gender. Overall, wage work is negatively correlated with enrollment and attendance disproportionately more than household chores. Work intensity seems to play a smaller role, but it still matters when looking at girls' participation in household chores. Working long hours does not seem to have a link with the likelihood of being enrolled and attending school, although it could affect learning outcomes as it reduces the amount of time dedicated to homework and study. However, the data source being some years old, the analysis may not fully reflect the most recent economic and social developments and conditions in Myanmar
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chen, Daniel Li Do Judges Favor their Own Ethnicity and Gender? Evidence from Kenya
    Keywords: Access To Justice ; Development Impact Evaluation ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Inequalities ; Human Rights ; Inequality ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Linear Regression Model ; Reduction Of Corruption ; Sexual Discrimination
    Abstract: Evidence from high-income countries suggests that judges often exhibit in-group bias, favoring litigants that share an identity with the judge. However, there is little evidence on this phenomenon from the Global South. Collecting the available universe of High Court decisions in Kenya, this paper leverages the random assignment of cases to judges to evaluate the existence of in-group bias along gender and ethnic lines. It finds that, relative to a baseline win rate of 43 percent, defendants are 4 percentage points more likely to win if they share the judge's gender and 5 percentage points more likely to win if they share the judge's ethnicity. The paper finds that the written judgements are on average shorter and less likely to be cited when defendants who are of the same gender or ethnicity as the judge win their case. This is consistent with in-group biased decisions being of lower quality. In addition, the findings show that female defendants are less likely to win the case if the judge exhibits stereotypical or negative attitudes towards women in their writings
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brockmeyer, Anne Electronic Payment Technology and Tax Compliance: Evidence from Uruguay's Financial Inclusion Reform
    Keywords: Consumer Transaction ; Debit Transaction ; Global Payment ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Payment Method ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Authority ; Tax Compliance ; Tax Law ; Tax Withholding ; Tax-Inclusive Price
    Abstract: Does the digitization of transactions in an economy increase tax compliance This paper studies the effect of financial incentives on the adoption of electronic payment technology and on tax compliance by firms. Exploiting administrative data and policy variation from Uruguay, the paper shows that i) consumer value-added tax rebates for credit and debit card transactions trigger an immediate 50 percent increase in the number of card transactions, ii) firms' use of card machines increases only on the intensive margin, and iii) tax compliance is unaffected. Endogenous card machine adoption and a low share of card sales in total reported sales can rationalize the findings
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Houngbonon, Georges Vivien The Impact of Internet Access on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Africa
    Keywords: Access To Internet ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; High Speed Internet ; Information Technology ; Law and Development ; Multilateral Development Bank ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Development Law ; Private Sector Economics ; Process Innovation ; Product Innovation ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of access to high-speed internet on innovation and entrepreneurship in Africa. The identification strategy exploits the staggered arrival of submarine internet cables to the coast of Africa and the subsequent rollout of terrestrial fiber network across the continent. The findings show a positive effect of access to high-speed internet on innovation at the firm level, with availability of digital skills within the firm playing a key role in the internet-innovation nexus. The paper also finds evidence of internet-induced entrepreneurship: the probability that a household establishes a non-farm business increases when connected to the internet. However, the increase in entrepreneurial activities is largely concentrated in the service sector
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; International Financial Markets ; International Governmental Organizations ; International Organizations ; Law and Development
    Abstract: The war in Ukraine is a human tragedy for the people of Ukraine, but its economic implications are global. This instant report focuses on the direct impact of the war on world trade and investment. It identifies five trade and investment channels through which countries will be affected by the war in Ukraine. These encompass disruptions to: (i) commodity markets (especially food and energy), (ii) logistic networks, (iii) supply chains, (iv) foreign direct investment, (v) specific sectors. The report finds that world trade will drop by 1 percent, lowering global GDP by 0.7 percent and GDP of low-income countries by 1 percent. Beyond these direct effects, the war's long-term implications for global trade and investment will largely depend on how governments respond to the changing geopolitical environment
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus How Urban Land Titling and Registry Reform Affect Land and Credit Markets: Evidence from Lesotho
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Credit Market ; Economic Development and Land Rights ; Equity ; Equity and Development ; Formal Land Market ; Gender ; Gender and Land Rights ; Land Administration ; Land Information Systems ; Land Rights ; Land Titling ; Law and Development ; Law and Equality ; Lesotho Land Administration Reform Project (LARP) ; Property Rights ; Systematic Land Registration ; Urban Land Policy Reform
    Abstract: Using spatial fixed effects and time-varying controls, this paper draws on complete registry data for 1981-2019, supplemented by satellite imagery, to analyze impacts of urban land titling for some 40,000 grid cells in Lesotho. Beyond confirming the short-term impacts on female co-ownership and investment, previously reported, the paper documents medium-term impacts on land sale and mortgage market activity and women's participation in these markets. Although titling was instrumental in ensuring the effectiveness of an earlier legal reform that allowed women to be co-owners of land, the credit and land market effects are due not to titling but to changes in policy to reduce the transaction cost of registering land that took effect just before titling started. Downward shifts in the time required to register transactions support this interpretation. The paper concludes by discussing what the evidence implies for design and evaluation of property registration programs
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kee, Hiau Looi Trade Fraud and Non-Tariff Measures
    Keywords: Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Discrepancies ; Homogeneous Products ; Law and Development ; Law Enforcement Systems ; Non-Tariff Measures ; Official Trade Statistics ; Tariff Evasion ; Trade ; Trade Fraud ; Trade Law
    Abstract: Similar to tariffs, non-tariff measures may induce trade fraud when they are restrictive. This paper examines whether discrepancies observed in the official trade statistics of importing and exporting countries are partly due to trade fraud from evading border non-tariff measures. To capture the restrictiveness of non-tariff measures, the paper estimates the ad valorem equivalent with importer-exporter-product variations. It presents a theoretical model and empirical evidence showing that discrepancies increase with ad valorem equivalents, consistent with the trade fraud due to traders intentionally mis-declaring countries of origin or misclassifying products in order to evade border non-tariff measures. The results are driven by homogeneous products and the trade between developed and developing countries
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Economic Development ; Education ; Governance ; Human Capital ; Human Rights ; Indigenous Communities ; Inequality ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Colombia has long held great promise. The World Bank's 1950 report on Colombia, the institution's first ever study on a developing country, declared, "The potentialities for development in the future are great." The country boasts a vibrant culture, rich natural resources, and resilient people. Despite its great potential, the country's development has been disappointing. As recently as the early 1980s, Colombia's income per capita was similar to that of Chile, Malaysia, Poland, and the Republic of Korea (Figure 1). Subsequent growth in those countries has exceeded Colombia's, and the Republic of Korea is now four times richer in per capita terms than Colombia. Three interlocking long-run constraints have held Colombia back. The first is violence, which has claimed the lives of one million Colombians since 1948. The second is inequity rooted in the nation's history-the Currie Report highlighted 70 years ago that "a wide disparity in levels of income exists between a small wealthy group and the great mass of the population." The third is institutions that have favored the interests of an elite over inclusive growth
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ortega Nieto, Daniel Delivery Challenges and Development Effectiveness: Assessing the Determinants of World Bank Project Success
    Keywords: Analysis of Project Success ; Corruption ; Development Delivery Challenges ; Development Project Outcome ; Global Delivery Initiative ; International Governmental Organizations ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; Legal Aspects of Project Finance ; Project Design Flaws ; Project Hindrance ; Project Objective Achievement ; World Bank Project Effectiveness ; Governance
    Abstract: Can an implementation-driven analysis of project success be used as a more granular instrument for assessing the effectiveness of World Bank project By focusing on how projects perform, this paper attempts to capture variation hitherto unexplored in the aid effectiveness literature. This offers greater precision for diagnosing implementation challenges throughout the project cycle, producing a cross-cutting instrument that reaches across country-, time-, and sector- based approaches. Using data from the Global Delivery Initiative's "Delivery Challenges in Operations for Development Effectiveness" database and indicators from more than 5,000 lending projects (1995 - 2015), the paper examines project performance and the achievement of development objectives across 42 specific delivery challenges. Bayesian model averaging is used for a holistic assessment of the relative impacts of each challenge alongside a battery of structural and contextual covariates. The findings show that issues of project design, ineffective monitoring, and weak organizational capacity have systematically hindered the World Bank's performance and achievement of the indicators. Conversely, while financial instability and weaknesses in stakeholder engagement can hinder success, their identification and treatment ultimately improves project performance
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Explaining the Evolution of Job Tenure in Europe, 1995-2020
    Keywords: Competition Policy ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Employment Security Regulation ; Eurostat Labor Force Survey ; Export Competitiveness ; Ict Job Trend ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Job Protection Legislation ; Job Tenure ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Law ; Labor Legislation ; Labor Market ; Law and Development ; Short-Term Employmentincrease ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Openness
    Abstract: During the last quarter century, job tenure in Europe has shortened. Using data from Eurostat Labor Force Surveys of 29 countries from 1995 to 2020 and applying an age-period-cohort decomposition to analyze changes in tenure for specific birth cohorts, this paper shows that tenure has shrunk for cohorts born in more recent years. To account for compositional changes within cohorts, the analysis estimates the probability of holding jobs of different durations, conditional on individual and employment-related characteristics. The estimations demonstrate that, over time, the likelihood of having a medium- or long-term job decreased and holding a short-term job increased. The paper also finds that stricter job protection legislation appears to decrease the probability of holding a short-term job, and higher trade openness and ICT-related technological change are correlated with an increase of that probability
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Law and Development ; Women
    Abstract: This how-to note provides guiding principles and practical strategies for integrating Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) prevention and response into sectoral World Bank projects. The note addresses the increasing demand for clear guidance on how to practically address VAWG prevention and response in World Bank Group (WBG) sectoral projects in which VAWG is not a specific programmatic component. Specifically, it draws on existing VAWG-related guidance to provide proactive entry points for preventing and/or responding to VAWG. However, this note does not focus on the actions to mitigate and respond to Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) and Sexual Harassment (SH) involved in major civil works. The process to screen projects and formulate SEA/SH mitigating actions is spelled out in the World Bank's Environmental and Social Framework guidelines and related guidance notes. The WBG provides financing to a broad range of sectors that can be leveraged to address VAWG prevention and response gaps and change harmful gender norms that lead to VAWG in different settings, such as in the legal framework, national and sectoral policies, institutions, communities, and beneficiaries. The WBG's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity demand no less than the women's full and equal participation. Reducing violence against women will help expand women's agency, their ability to make decisions and take advantage of opportunities, which is key to improving women's lives as well as the lives of their children and future generations
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Job Creation ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policy ; Law and Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational and Technical Education
    Abstract: Turkiye's long-standing human capital achievements can propel it to the next generation following COVID. Similar to comparable countries emerging from COVID, Turkiye's readiness to address three key challenges and opportunities to human capital investments will prove key to an inclusive, green recovery: equitable coverage, fiscal capacity, and, importantly, adaptability to a changing labor market. The aim of this policy note is to examine the relative efficiency and equity of public expenditures and policies for human capital and labor markets over the past decade in Turkiye in preparing for a post-COVID, inclusive, green transition. The work adopts a thematic conceptual framework that frames social expenditures holistically along the life cycle as investments in human capital for boosting equity and productivity. The adapted framework takes a holistic approach and focuses on selected inter-related dimensions linking the cycle of social investments, human capital and jobs
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mahmalat, Mounir Cartels in Infrastructure Procurement: Evidence from Lebanon
    Keywords: Cartels ; Conflict of Interest in Procurement ; Corporate Governance and Corruption ; Corrupt Brokers ; Corrupt Government Procurement ; Corruption ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Politically Connected Consultants ; Politically Connected Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Procurement ; Procurement Consultants ; Procurement Middlemen
    Abstract: This paper studies cartels in public infrastructure procurement and analyzes the conditions under which they succeed in generating rents. It first conceptualizes the interplay of the central actors of a procurement project, notably the contractor, the procurement agency, as well as the supervision and design consultants. By focusing on consultants, the framework includes important yet understudied actors in cartels that design tenders, evaluate bids, and supervise the implementation of projects. The paper then explores an original data set of infrastructure procurement contracts in Lebanon and analyzes the conditions under which powerful political elites can broker deals to overprice and/or over-spend contracts. To examine how cartels operate, the analysis identifies the political connections of contractors and consultants and classifies them according to their "quality" in terms of access to institutional functions of the implementing agency. The paper argues that design consultants serve as the lynchpin of the cartel by reducing transaction costs for searching, bargaining, and enforcing of corrupt deals
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deniniger, Klaus Impacts of Transparent Online Auctions on Public Land Lease Revenue: Evidence from Legal and Administrative Changes in Ukraine
    Keywords: Administrative and Civil Service Reform ; Collusion-Proof System ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Decentralization ; Governance ; Government Land Lease ; Land Administration ; Land Auction ; Land Transfer ; Law and Development ; Legal Reform ; Local Government Revenue ; Public Land ; Public Land Administration Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Although millions of hectares of public land are transferred to private parties each year, often with unsatisfactory results, evidence on mechanisms to achieve better outcomes is scant. This paper analyzes the impact of a 2021 reform in Ukraine that -after earlier digitization efforts did not produce desired results- mandated use of transparent online auctions by local government to transfer rights to public agricultural land. The shift to a collusion-proof electronic auction system led to a near-instantaneous doubling of lease revenue. Had all public land Ukraine transferred since 2015 auctioned using post-reform mechanisms, local governments would have received incremental lease revenue of USD 500 million per year. In countries with large public land endowments, legal and regulatory reform to ensure rights to public land are allocated competitively and in a decentralized way could possibly improve social, economic, and environmental outcomes
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Law and Development ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Workplace violence and harassment is pervasive, and it affects all countries, occupations, and work arrangements. This problem comprises a range of unacceptable behaviors that result in, or threaten physical, psychological, sexual, or economic harm, including gender-based violence and harassment. Between 2020 and 2022, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) conducted a study to better understand the prevalence and impact of violence and harassment on employees and businesses in Sri Lanka. This research covered workplace experiences and behaviors, and how these affect employees. The findings presented in this report will be used to develop tools and resources to help companies prevent and address violence and harassment connected with the workplace. The findings demonstrate the importance of employers' measures to address workplace violence and harassment, including through implementing measures that are consistent with International Labour Organization Convention 190 on Violence and Harassment
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Groeger, Andre Immigration, Labor Markets and Discrimination: Evidence from the Venezuelan Exodus in Peru
    Keywords: Crisis-Driven Migration ; Discrimination ; Immigrant Labor Benefits ; International Economics and Trade ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Refuge Migration ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Sustainability and Inclusion ; Specialized Immigrant Survey ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Venezuela is currently experiencing the biggest crisis in its recent history. This has led to a large increase in emigration. According to recent estimates, there are a total of 5.6 million Venezuelan immigrants worldwide with over one million now living in Peru, which has led to an over 2 percent increase in the country's population. Unlike in many other episodes of refugee migration, Venezuelan immigrants are not only very similar in cultural terms, but are, on average, also more skilled than Peruvians. This study first examines Venezuelans' perceptions about being discriminated against in Peru. Using an instrumental variable strategy, the results document a causal relationship between the level of employment in the informal sector-where most immigrants are employed-and reports of discrimination. The second part is focused on studying the impact of Venezuelan migration on local's labor market outcomes, reported crime rates and attitudes using a variety of data sources. The results provide evidence that inflows of Venezuelans to particular locations in Peru lead to better labor market outcomes for locals, decreased reported crime, as well as improved reported quality of local services, greater trust in neighbors and higher community quality
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Heemann, Markus The Labor Market Implications of Restricted Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya: Evidence from Nationally Representative Phone Surveys
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Global Pandemic ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Force Participation ; Law and Development ; Mobility ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic affected people's livelihoods in many ways, particularly in developing countries. This paper examines the degree to which recovering mobility levels impacted labor market outcomes in Kenya over the course of the pandemic, starting from May 2020 until June 2021. It uses an instrumental variable approach to identify the causal impacts of mobility reduction induced by policy changes on labor market outcomes. The findings show that a 10 percent recovery of mobility led to a 12 percentage points increase in labor force participation and a 9 percent points increase in household members being employed. At the same time, a 10 percent recovery of mobility caused an increase of 11 wage hours per week (formal and informal). Among the factors influencing self-reported mobility-reducing behavior, trust in the government's ability to deal with the pandemic correlates with less self-reported mobility reduction, while people who knew someone with an infection tend to reduce mobility less. Finally, countrywide policy stringency levels clearly reduce self-reported mobility. Given the demonstrated adverse impacts of reducing mobility on economic indicators, the government should explore options to limit the economic fall-out while protecting citizens from infections, for example, by using partial or geographically constrained lockdowns
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Law and Development
    Abstract: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a development issue and a form of violence against women and girls that affects at least 200 million women in the world FGM/C is a harmful practice proven to impact the physical and mental health of affected women and girls from the moment of the cutting, with prolonged and irreversible consequences during their entire lives. Studies show that FGM/C has economic and social consequences and a high obstetric cost although a comprehensive study on the exact extent of these economic, health and social costs is still to be carried out. Beyond the data and the statistics, researcher have shown that FGM/C deprives women of sexual satisfaction, sexual health, and psychophysical wellbeing. The Compendium of International and National Legal Frameworks on Female Genital Mutilation (the "Compendium") was prepared to contribute to this urgent and important development debate with the understanding that the knowledge of the law is an important empowerment tool to end FGM/C. It provides a survey of the key international and regional instruments as well as domestic legislation as they relate to the prohibition of FGM/C
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Farah Yacoub, Juan P The Legal Profile of Russian Eurobonds: Engineered against Speed
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Debt Resolution ; Debtor Protection ; Eurobond Stock Provisions ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics and Trade ; International Law ; Law and Development ; Russian Eurobonds ; Russian Federation Default History ; Sovereign Bonds ; Sovereign Debt ; Sovereign Default ; Treaties
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the Russian Federation's default history, the legal characteristics of the bonds, and potential issues for litigation should a default materialize. The paper's main argument is that although it is not impenetrable, this Eurobond stock is more protective of the debtor than that of the usual emerging market country. It achieves this through preservation of all the defenses available under current law and the presence of broad language in key provisions. For instance, clauses providing for payment in a different currency if "reasons beyond its control" stop the debtor from paying in the denomination currency have drawn attention. The paper analyzes this and other characteristics, providing initial assessments on how the issues could play out. While the bonds' characteristics could slow progress toward obtaining judgments when compared to other sovereign debts, they do not prevent them. Collecting on the judgments would be, as usual, the harder part. Ultimately, litigation over these debts could last a long time; other creditor versus foreign sovereign episodes involving less debtor-friendly instruments have lasted 15 years, and resolution and recovery would be highly contingent on political factors. Finally, the paper provides non-lawyers a general roadmap of debt litigation against foreign sovereigns in the United States and the United Kingdom
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vinck, Patrick Displacement and Social Empowerment: Evidence from Surveys of IDPs in Iraq, the Philippines, and Uganda
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Displacement ; Empowerment Of Refugees ; Forced Displacement ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Humanitarian Policy ; Integration Of Displaced Persons ; Internationally Displaced Persons (IDP) ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Political Empowerment ; Refugee Data 2022 ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Understanding the conditions under which displaced persons become actively engaged in social and political life is critical to building durable solutions to displacement. To do so, this paper analyzes original surveys that sample IDPs and similarly at-risk but not displaced populations in Iraq (2019), the Philippines (2010), and Uganda (2007 and 2010). Variation in the type and degree of engagement across contexts suggest that the relationship between displacement and empowerment is mediated by contextual factors. To better understand the mechanisms and grapple with the non-random nature of displacement, the analysis explores temporal variation in Uganda, where the relationships change over time within the same case, and use matching models in the Philippines and Iraq to explore whether differences in the displacement experience (urban volume rural, camp based versus non-camp-based displacement) influence levels of engagement. Displacement experience is positively associated with some manifestations of empowerment compared to control groups, but inconsistently across contexts. Finally, the paper explores heterogeneity among IDPs within cases based on the context of their dis-placement, finding a consistent negative association between camp-based displacement and perceptions of empowerment. The results have important implications for humanitarian policy in contexts of forced displacement
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Saavedra, Trinidad Intimate Partner Violence against Women: Prevalence, Formal Reporting, and Risk Factors in Chile
    Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse ; Crime Under-Reporting ; Discrete Choice Modeling ; Economic Exclusion Of Women ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender Inequality ; Gender-Based Violence ; Human Rights ; Inequality ; Law and Development ; Physical Abuse Of Girls ; Poverty Reduction ; Reporting Crimes Aginst Women ; Risk Factors Of Violence Against Women ; Risk Of Partner Violence
    Abstract: Intimate partner violence is among the most common forms of violence against women. In Chile, one in four women who have been in a partner relationship report having experienced some type of partner violence in the past 12 months, whether psychological, physical, sexual, or economic. However, only 22 percent of female victims of intimate partner violence file a formal complaint. This study analyzes the factors that determine the likelihood that a woman will be subject to violence perpetrated by her partner or ex-partner and the factors that determine the probability of reporting the abuse. Individual factors that increase women's risk of experiencing intimate partner violence include being young, having fewer years of education, having a disability, and having been a victim of sexual abuse in childhood. Other factors include characteristics of partners or ex-partners associated with aggressive behavior in public spaces, having been a victim of intrafamily violence in childhood, and frequent alcohol consumption. The household dynamics that prevent women from participating in economic decision-making and the widespread acceptance of inequitable gender norms also significantly increase the risk that a woman will experience intimate partner violence. The likelihood that a woman will formally report intimate partner violence is mainly determined by the frequency of the episodes, characteristics of the partners or ex-partners, economic empowerment, and whether she has support networks
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiordelisi, Franco How Binding is Supervisory Guidance? Evidence from the European Calendar Provisioning
    Keywords: Bank Capital Adequacy ; Banking Law ; Banking Regulation ; Banking Supervision ; Basel Committee ; Cross-Border Financial Institutions ; European Calendar Provisioning ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Stability ; Law and Development ; Non-Performing Loans ; Supervisory Guidance
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether banks respond differently to supervisory guidance than to specific regulatory action. Using a sample of subsidiaries of European banks operating in developing countries, the study exploits the sequencing in the supervisory and regulatory implementation of a reform on provisioning for credit losses for identification, generally referred to as European calendar provisioning. While the reform achieved the intended goal of reducing European banks' nonperforming loan ratios, its effects were greater during the initial implementation of the supervisory guidance than after its enactment as a binding regulation. This finding is consistent with the notion that the subsequent formalization of the supervisory initiative within a regulatory framework achieved limited results because it eliminated the flexibility the regulatory authority had concerning the stringency with which European calendar provisioning was enforced. Finally, the study offers evidence of a mechanism through which policies in advanced economies affect banking outcomes in developing countries to which their local financial authorities should be alert
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Obi, Chinedu Temple How can Vulnerable Internally Displaced Persons be Transitioned from Humanitarian Assistance to Social Protection? Evidence from Iraq
    Keywords: Benefit Alignment ; Cash Assistance To Displaced People ; Cash Transfer ; Cash Transfer Program Review ; Government Assistance ; Humanitarian Assistance ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance ; Poverty Reduction ; Proxy-Means Tests ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Development ; Social Protection ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Aligning the short-term humanitarian assistance system with the government social protection system as a possible long-term solution for the displaced population is well discussed in the literature. However, there is limited evidence on how this alignment is applied in a real-world setting. Using field-test data, this paper documents the eligibility of the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance beneficiaries for the government's poverty-targeted cash transfer program in Iraq. It does so by using two possible approaches -a probabilistic pseudo-proxy-means test, which is based on a limited number of overlapping variables between the targeting models of the humanitarian and government support systems and is designed to be applied on the existing database, and a new data collection with complete sets of variables from the targeting models of the two systems. The paper finds that a significant number of households that qualify for the humanitarian Multi-Purpose Cash Assistance program are eligible for the government's cash transfer program. While the referral accuracy of the pseudo-proxy-means tests model is high, it is likely to leave out some eligible households. In additions to identifying the cross-eligibility with certainty, collecting new data may elicit important insight related to willingness to be referred. The choice between electing to collect new data or relying on the pseudo-proxy-means tests and using existing data comes with important trade-offs and will depend on the capacity, budget, and appetite for the uncertainty of eligibility
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chatruc, Marisol Rodriguez Discrimination toward Migrants during Crises
    Keywords: Altruism ; Attitudes ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Discrimination ; Facebook Survey Respondents ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Inequality ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Mental Plasticity ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Respondent Priming ; Social Analysis ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Young Adult Discrimination of Migrants
    Abstract: How do crises shape native attitudes towards migrants A common threat could pro-duce an empathy channel among natives, but the perception of competition for scarce economic resources could just as easily spark prejudice through a resentment channel. 3,400 Colombian citizens were surveyed and randomly primed to consider the economic consequences of COVID-19 before eliciting their attitudes towards Venezuelan migrants. The findings suggest that native attitudes towards migrants are substantially more suggestive of the resentment channel in the treatment group. However, respondents in the so-called impressionable years-ages 18 to 25-showed more altruism towards migrants after priming. Interestingly, both effects disappear in response to positive news
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Conflict ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Law and Development ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Law ; Water Resources Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the Ninth World Water Forum in Dakar, Senegal on March 21, 2022. At the Fragility Forum at the World Bank in early March, we showed that 23 countries, with a combined population of 850 million people, are facing high, or medium-intensity conflict. Over 300 million people in fragile and conflict settings experienced acute food insecurity in 2021, and the war in Ukraine is making shortages and food price spikes even worse. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought dramatic reversals in development outcomes. Indicators of poverty, growth, nutrition, education, and security are all deteriorating, rather than improving as is needed for the world to truly develop. The latest hammer blow is inflation and rising interest rates. They hit the poor the hardest and make inequality worse. Today's world faces other enormous challenges. The Water Forum today focuses on the importance of water security for development and peace. Population growth and increased use of water are creating water scarcity and intense competition for water. Ongoing climate change heightens the water crisis, which is starkly evident in Africa. Only 58 percent of Africans have access to safe drinking water. Only 10 percent of hydroelectricity potential is being put to work. Globally, 2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water and over 3.6 billion people lack safely managed sanitation
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health ; Law and Development ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Tax Law
    Abstract: Mali is a low-income, fragile country that has suffered extraordinary setbacks in recent years. It is a landlocked economy which is highly dependent on agriculture, and thus vulnerable to external shocks and adverse weather condition. With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of US 875 dollars (current USD) in 2019, Mali is in the lower 15th percentile of the world's income distribution. Around 42 percent of the population live in extreme poverty. It is also a fragile state that has witnessed persistent conflict with political coups, social tensions, insecurity, and violence. The coup in 2012 has led to continued violence and displacement, leaving 8.7 million people, more than 45 percent of the population, living in crisis affected areas. It was followed by the military coup in August 2020 which has brought in a transitional civil government. The increasingly fragile security situation has also led to spikes in security expenditure, crowding out spending on public services and investment. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) proposes options to address this challenge, including improving spending efficiency and identifying ways to equitably increase domestic revenue. The policy actions and reforms it proposes will create the fiscal space to promote inclusive and sustainable growth. Starting with an overview of macro-fiscal developments, it examines Mali's expenditure patterns and fiscal sustainability and benchmarks its performance against peer countries. It reviews the domestic revenue needed to meet the Government's significant financing requirements and how the public finances are managed. It then investigates public spending efficiency in three sectors: education, health, and agriculture. These were chosen for their economic and social importance as well as their considerable share of public expenditure (over 30 percent). The PER provides some context for each sector, then analyzes financing and efficiency using a set of methodologies based on granular spending data and surveys, and concludes with suggested policy actions
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tamkoc, M. Nazin Bribery, Plant Size and Size Dependent Distortions
    Keywords: Bribery ; Bribes Paid by Small Firms ; Corporate Governance and Corruption ; Corrupt Local Government Officials ; Corruption ; Corruption in Small Firms ; Distortions ; Misallocation ; Plant Size ; Private Sector Development ; Law and Development
    Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between distortions, plant size, and bribery possibilities. In a distorted economy, bribery is a transfer from a private party to government officials to 'get things done'. Enterprise Surveys data shows that small plants spend a higher fraction of their output on bribery than big plants. In this paper, a one-sector growth model is developed in which size-dependent distortions, bribery opportunities, and different plant sizes coexist. In the model, bribery is endogenous in the sense that managers decide to use it as a way to deal with distortions. Two sets of exercises are conducted to quantify the interplay of size-dependent distortions and bribery. First, the model parameters are calibrated to generate the plant size distribution of the U.S., by assuming the U.S. is free of distortions. Then, size-dependent distortions are introduced to the undistorted economy, and their effects with and without bribery opportunities are compared. Counterfactual exercises show that size-dependent distortions become less distortionary in the presence of bribery opportunities since plants are able to avoid distortions by paying larger bribes. Second, the model is calibrated with distortions and bribery opportunities using Turkish data. The choice of this country for analysis does not imply that bribery or size-dependent distortions are particularly large in Turkiye relative to countries of comparable development. The choice is driven by the availability of data on both the plant size distribution and spending on bribery in the country. The results indicate that the inferred level of distortions is sizable for all plants. The removal of distortions, which would eliminate the incentive for paying bribes, can have a substantial effect on both the output and the mean plant size which could increase by 63.6 and 82.5 percent, respectively
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Social Norms and Gender Equality: A Descriptive Analysis for South Asia
    Keywords: Economic Equity ; Female Agency ; Female Empowerment ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Inequality ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Norms ; Gender Roles ; Gender-Based Violence ; Girls Marriage Age ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preference for Sons ; Social Norms ; Gender
    Abstract: Despite decades of economic growth, gender inequality in South Asia remains remarkably high. Although not the only one, social norms are a crucial driver of various gender outcomes, including differential economic participation. Using repeated cross-sectional data from nationally representative surveys, this paper explores the long term trends of gender outcomes and social norms (proxied by attitudes towards gender roles) in South Asia. The results corroborate the evidence that there has been almost no progress in gender equality in South Asia over the past half-century. There has been little progress on female labor force participation, marriage age, agency, intimate partner violence, and preference for sons, with education being the only exception. The lack of progress is apparent among all socioeconomic groups, including women who live in urban areas, are educated, and have higher incomes. Gender attitudes also remain unchanged, and in some cases, have become more conservative and have a negative relationship with gender outcomes. Better measurements of social norms and better understanding of how their constraining role can be loosened may be critical for achieving gender equality in the region
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Law ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The objective of this Non-Performing Loan (NPL) Market assessment diagnostic report is to examine and assess the NPL market in Pakistan, and identify bottlenecks and practical areas that could be addressed in the short and medium term to make the NPL market in Pakistan more investor friendly. The report analyzes and sizes the NPL market in Pakistan and identifies key financial trends, NPL concentrations, major participants, sectors, and segments. It presents the current state of Pakistan's NPL market, identifying the legal, prudential, taxation, and other regulatory and practical impediments for financial institutions and potential NPL investors to create and operate a viable secondary market for NPLs. The report also assesses the feasibility of potential secondary market transaction models for NPLs within the context of the current laws and regulations in Pakistan
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als D'Souza, Anna How does Violence Force Displacement during Active Conflict? Evidence from the Republic of Yemen
    Keywords: Classification of Violence ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict ; Displacement ; Escape Violence ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Proximity To Violence ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Violence and Displacement ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: The ways in which violence forces displacement are not well understood given difficulties in collecting data during conflict. This paper investigates this issue during the Republic of Yemen's conflict, which has led to a large forced displacement crisis. First, it demonstrates that violence significantly escalated leading up to and following displacement in the districts from which displaced households fled, and this escalation exceeded that of households that did not become displaced and that of regions to which displaced households moved. Second, the paper demonstrates that the escalation of violence around the time of displacement varied by type of violence. Violence from ground battles escalated leading up to and following displacement- the type of violence with the largest number of fatalities per violent incident and that is most associated with the capture of territory; but other prevalent types of violence either peaked prior to displacement or did not appear to be strongly associated with displacement. And third, it demonstrates that there was a significant amount of heterogeneity in the violence experienced by households before displacement. A significant share of displaced households fled during times of no violence, but violence escalated in the regions from which these households fled following displacement. The paper argues that the last result is likely explained, in part, by these households being more averse to potential violence than other Yemeni households were. Combined, these results corroborate that violence is pivotal to forced displacement, but further illustrate the complexities of deciding whether and when to become displaced
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Law and Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Water and Waste Management ; Water Policy and Governance ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Law
    Abstract: This report outlines a proactive vision of how development of the supplementary service provider in the water sector can promote citywide inclusive water supply, ensure rapid progress is made in achieving SDG 6.1, and deliver on the green, resilient, and inclusive development and jobs development agenda. Using case studies from around the world, it analyzes the potential of off-utility provision of water and develops a framework focused on what is needed to formalize, professionalize, and scale up these services. It also presents potential models for high-quality supplementary service provider water delivery and outlines how these can be implemented
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Displaced People ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Since 2012, the number of forcibly displaced people has more than doubled, reaching 89.3 million by the end of 2021. Ongoing conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, will result in even larger numbers of forcibly displaced people. The economic and human development impacts of forcible displacement present challenges for the people who have been displaced, the communities that host them, and governments that receive them. Governments, humanitarian organizations, and others are using economic inclusion programs as one strategy to increase income and assets and build the resilience of displaced people and host populations living in poverty. An estimated 95 economic inclusion programs are underway in contexts of forced displacement in 45 countries, more than half led by governments. This note examines the experience of economic inclusion programs that serve forcibly displaced people, including internally displaced people, refugees, and their host communities. It also examines the emerging lessons learned in program design and delivery based on new data on the footprint of economic inclusion programs and a review of evidence on forced displacement and economic inclusion programming
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islamaj, Ergys Firm Entry, Exit and Suspension: Evidence from Household Businesses in Vietnam
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Home-Based Work ; Household Business Resilience ; Informal Employment ; Informal Sector ; Informality Impact of COVID-19 ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Self-Employment ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tax Registered Home Business Resilience ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Household businesses make up the majority of firms in developing economies. This paper uses a novel tax census database that covers the universe of tax-registered household businesses to analyze the entry and exit of owner-operated firms in Vietnam during January 2018 to August 2020. It documents new stylized facts about the survival dynamics of informal businesses. First, the entry and exit rates were about 5-6 percent a year for tax-registered household businesses during the pre-pandemic period. Second, an additional 25 percent of household businesses suspended their activity in a year on average, with the annual suspension duration exceeding 2.5 months. The suspension rate spiked to 40 percent during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Third, the findings show that the pandemic-related effects were more pronounced for businesses dependent on face-to-face interactions with customers and suppliers. However, these effects were short lived, and activity and earnings rebounded by August 2020. The findings may reflect the relatively short COVID-19 distress in Vietnam during the first phase of the pandemic, but they illuminate both the vulnerabilities and resilience of the household business sector
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hyland, Marie The Evolution of Maternity and Paternity Leave Policies over Five Decades: A Global Analysis
    Keywords: Fatherhood ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Global Family Leave Policies ; Labor and Employment Law ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Maternity Leave ; Motherhood ; Paid Leave Policies ; Paternity Leave ; Social Development ; Social Policy ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Working Mothers ; Working Parents
    Abstract: This research analyzes the evolution of maternity and paternity leave across the world, covering 190 countries over 52 years. The data show striking differences both within and between countries in how leave distribution for parents upon the birth of a child has evolved. The study finds that, across all regions, there have been notable increases in the number of leave days a mother can take. The absolute increase in the number of leave days for mothers has been greatest in Europe and Central Asia, followed by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development high-income economies. However, apart from the high-income economies, the number of leave days allocated to fathers has increased by only a fraction of the amount for mothers. An analysis of the correlations between relative leave allocation and women's labor market outcomes suggests that where the disparity in the allocation of leave days is greater, women's participation in the labor market may be lower. However, the study finds no evidence of any association between the gender gap in leave allocation and other labor market outcomes, including the gender wage gap and women's representation at the managerial level
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abreha, Kaleb Girma Deconstructing the Missing Middle: Informality and Growth of Firms in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Endodgenous Informality ; Establishment Concensus ; Firm Size Distribution ; Inclusion of Informal Firms ; Informality ; Labor and Employment Law ; Law and Development ; Manufacturing ; Market Distortion ; Microenterprises ; Missing Middle ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: This paper characterizes the firm size distribution by exploiting establishment-level censuses covering both formal and informal firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper finds a "missing middle" in the employment-based size distribution of firms in four Sub-Saharan African countries. This "missing middle" hinges on the inclusion of informal firms, and it is not explained by state- or foreign-owned firms at the top of the size distribution, nor does it emerge from the size distribution of entrants. The paper reconciles these empirical results with a model of firm dynamics with endogenous informality and shows that calibrated values of entry barriers and productivity-dependent idiosyncratic distortions generate a "missing middle" that is consistent with its underlying drivers in the data
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Coniglio, Nicola Daniele The Geography of Displacement, Refugees' Camps and Social Conflicts
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Forced Displacement ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Refugee Camps ; Refugee Diversity ; Refugee Protests ; Social Conflicts ; Social Development ; Unhcr Database ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; War
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, the authors analyze the geographical dimension of refugee camps in Africa by shedding light on the heterogeneous location patterns of hosting camps across countries as well as the economic settings in which refugee camps are situated, which allows us to identify the main determinants of such patterns. Second, the authors investigate the effects of hosting refugees in camps on the occurrence of protests and social conflicts, by using geo-referenced panel data from a large sample of African countries between 2000 and 2014. The main analysis is performed by using 50*50 km cells as units of analysis, GDELT and GED data on the frequency of protests, armed conflicts and other organized violence events and data from UNHCR Camp Mapping Database. By using a counterfactual empirical strategy, the authors find that refugee camps significantly increase the occurrence of protests only in the first two years while no significant effect is detected in the subsequent years. The authors do not find evidence of any effect of camps location on the frequency of violence events resulting in casualties. Moreover, by performing a highly detailed analysis with GHSL data the authors find that the presence of camps on average positively affects economic growth
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Herrera Dappe, Matias Infrastructure State-Owned Enterprises: A Tale of Inefficiency and Fiscal Dependence
    Keywords: Cross-Country Comparison ; Infrastructural Investment ; Infrastructure and Law ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Infrastructure State Owned Enterprises ; Law and Development ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Public Infrastructure ; SOE
    Abstract: This paper examines the performance of infrastructure companies owned by the state, using the newly created World Bank Database of Infrastructure State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). The data cover 19 countries and 135 SOEs between 2000 and 2018. The analysis reveals that infrastructure SOEs are large and have weak financial performance that generates significant fiscal risk. The paper introduces new measures of financial performance net of fiscal transfers and examines previously uncovered patterns of subsidies by sector. It examines the effect of state ownership by comparing the firms in the database with hundreds of comparable private firms, using coarsened exact matching. The findings show that relative to comparable private firms, infrastructure SOEs are less efficient, represent a larger share of gross domestic product, have larger liabilities as a share of gross domestic product and larger employment costs as a share of revenues, and yield lower returns on assets
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lebrand, Mathilde Sylvie Maria Improving Multi-Topic Household Surveys for Better Transport Policy Analysis
    Keywords: Access To Public Good ; Demographic and Health Survey ; Development Research Group ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Employment and Unemployment ; Human Rights ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Occupation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Traditional Occupations
    Abstract: Household surveys remain underutilized for understanding transport choices such as expenditure level and composition, the economic impacts of road accidents, and the economic and distributional impacts of environmental policies such as vehicle restrictions or fuel taxes. This paper reviews more than 30 Living Standards Measurement Study surveys conducted after 2010, non-Living Standards Measurement Study surveys, and two World Bank harmonized household survey databases, to compile and categorize an extensive list of transport-related questions. The paper discusses current limitations in using Living Standards Measurement Study household surveys. Most of the transport-related questions in the Living Standards Measurement Study survey collection are not harmonized across years and countries. Consistent and more detailed data on road accidents and the type and use of vehicles should be added to help design and evaluate road safety and climate policies. A standard set of guidelines and sample questions to be integrated into future household surveys is therefore provided
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ludolph, Lars Inequality and Security in the Aftermath of Internal Population Displacement Shocks: Evidence from Nigeria
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Displacement Shocks ; Economic Insecurity ; Economic Relief Measures ; Ethnic Violence ; Forced Displacement Relief ; Host Community Impact ; Human Rigts ; Inequality ; Internal Displacement ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Local Conflict ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Security ; Temporary Displacement ; Violent Crime ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: This paper studies the security implications of internal displacement shocks for host communities. It focuses on changes in wealth within host communities induced by the inflow of internally displaced persons (IDPs) as a potential mechanism that triggers local conflicts. The sudden insurgency of the jihadist terrorist organization Boko Haram, which led to the internal displacement of over 2.5 million persons in northeastern Nigeria, is used as a quasi-natural experiment. Applying both a two-way fixed effects analysis and an instrumental variable strategy based on historical ethnic ties between the areas of displacement and receiving areas, the results show that the presence of IDPs is associated with a decrease in aggregate wealth and an increase in inequality within host communities, between 2010 and 2019. These effects are accompanied by an increased risk of conflict onset in the short and long run. The inequality-conflict link is likely to be caused by grievances among low-wealth segments of the host community towards new arrivals rather than by changes in social cohesion within host communities, which increased in response to the inflow of IDPs. The analysis further indicates that an improvement in IDPs' living conditions is accompanied by a decrease in violence and improved relations between hosts and IDPs. Taken together, findings from this study call for a two-pronged immediate relief and recovery approach that alleviates adverse economic effects on vulnerable segments of host communities and increases IDPs' welfare in displacement settings
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Walelign, Solomon Zena Livelihood Impacts of Refugees on Host Communities: Evidence from Ethiopia
    Keywords: Commercialization ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Displacement Impacts ; Diversification ; Economic Pressure ; Ethiopia Development Response To Displacement Impacts Projec ; Host Communities ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Labor Markets ; Law and Development ; Livelihood Activities ; Permanent Displacement ; Public Service Access ; Refugee Community ; Refugee Crisis ; Refugees ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: Most refugee hosting communities are characterized by high levels of poverty with precarious livelihood conditions, low access to public services, and underdeveloped infrastructure. While the unexpected inflow of refugees might bring both constraints and opportunities for improving and maintaining local livelihoods in these communities, the understanding of these effects remains limited. Using a household level micro data set from a 2018 baseline survey of the Ethiopia Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project, this paper assesses the impact of refugee inflow on the livelihood strategies of host communities with respect to diversification and agricultural commercialization. The endogeneity of refugee inflow is addressed by exploiting differences in factors that influence refugee arrival in the host communities. Specifically, the analysis uses potential refugee inflow as an instrument, which is the product of population density and intensity of conflicts (number of fatalities per event) in the closest region of the origin country to the refugee camp weighted by the distance of the refugee camp to the closest region. The paper also constructs an aggregate index to proxy households' livelihood diversification strategies. The findings show that refugee inflow brings substantial benefits to host communities by creating significant jobs, in which people engage as secondary occupations, and triggers an increasing demand for livestock products. Specifically, while no effect was found on diversification of activities such as a primary occupation and crop product sales, a 1 percent increase in refugee inflow leads to a 2.7 percent rise in diversification of livelihood activities as a secondary occupation and a 15.9 percent increase in the value of livestock product sales. These effects tend to be heterogeneous across refugee hosting regions and the gender of the household head: negative effects were mainly observed in Gambella region, which hosts the largest refugee population in the country, and male-headed households were more likely to benefit from the refugee presence for the whole sample. The paper identifies households' increased engagement in different livelihood activities and access to markets as a potential mechanism for the observed effects. The findings add to the growing literature on the socioeconomic impacts of refugee inflow on host communities by showing an overall positive effect on the livelihoods and welfare of receiving communities
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