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  • Dordrecht : Springer  (125)
  • Artificial intelligence
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paraconsistency: Logic and Applications (2013)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400744387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 375 p. 31 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science 26
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Tanaka, Kōji, 1965 - Paraconsistency
    RVK:
    CC 2600
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Parakonsistente Logik
    Abstract: A logic is called 'paraconsistent' if it rejects the rule called 'ex contradictione quodlibet', according to which any conclusion follows from inconsistent premises. While logicians have proposed many technically developed paraconsistent logical systems and contemporary philosophers like Graham Priest have advanced the view that some contradictions can be true, and advocated a paraconsistent logic to deal with them, until recent times these systems have been little understood by philosophers. This book presents a comprehensive overview on paraconsistent logical systems to change this situation. The book includes almost every major author currently working in the field. The papers are on the cutting edge of the literature some of which discuss current debates and others present important new ideas. The editors have avoided papers about technical details of paraconsistent logic, but instead concentrated upon works that discuss more "big picture" ideas. Different treatments of paradoxes takes centre stage in many of the papers, but also there are several papers on how to interpret paraconistent logic and some on how it can be applied to philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and metaphysics
    Abstract: A logic is called 'paraconsistent' if it rejects the rule called 'ex contradictione quodlibet', according to which any conclusion follows from inconsistent premises. While logicians have proposed many technically developed paraconsistent logical systems and contemporary philosophers like Graham Priest have advanced the view that some contradictions can be true, and advocated a paraconsistent logic to deal with them, until recent times these systems have been little understood by philosophers. This book presents a comprehensive overview on paraconsistent logical systems to change this situation. The book includes almost every major author currently working in the field. The papers are on the cutting edge of the literature some of which discuss current debates and others present important new ideas. The editors have avoided papers about technical details of paraconsistent logic, but instead concentrated upon works that discuss more 'big picture' ideas. Different treatments of paradoxes takes centre stage in many of the papers, but also there are several papers on how to interpret paraconistent logic and some on how it can be applied to philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and metaphysics.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Part 2. Applications ; An Approach to Human-Level Commonsense Reasoning , Paraconsistency: Introduction , Distribution in the Logic of Meaning Containment and in Quantum Mechanics , Wittgenstein on Incompleteness Makes Paraconsistent Sense , Pluralism and "Bad" Mathematical Theories: Challenging our Prejudices , Arithmetic Starred , Notes on Inconsistent Set Theory , Sorting out the Sorites , Are the Sorites and Liar Paradox of a Kind? , Vague Inclosures , Part 1. Logic ; Making Sense of Paraconsistent Logic: The Nature of Logic, Classical Logic and Paraconsistent Logic , On Discourses Addressed by Infidel Logicians , Information, Negation, and Paraconsistency , Noisy vs. Merely Equivocal Logics , Assertion, Denial and Non-classical Theories , New Arguments for Adaptive Logics as Unifying Frame for the Defeasible Handling of Inconsistency , Consequence as Preservation: Some Refinements , On Modal Logics Defining Jaśkowski's D2-Consequence , FDE: A Logic of Clutters , A Paraconsistent and Substructural Conditional Logic
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4438-7
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    The Laws of Robots : Crimes, Contracts, and Torts (2013)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400765641
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXV, 200 p. 22 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: Law, Governance and Technology Series 10
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Pagallo, Ugo The laws of robots
    RVK:
    PZ 3250
    RVK:
    SR 850
    Keywords: Ethics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computers Law and legislation ; Civil law ; Criminal Law ; Law ; Law ; Ethics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computers Law and legislation ; Civil law ; Criminal Law ; Computer ; Privatrecht ; Strafrecht ; Roboter ; Recht
    Abstract: This book explores how the design, construction, and use of robotics technology may affect today’s legal systems and, more particularly, matters of responsibility and agency in criminal law, contractual obligations, and torts. By distinguishing between the behaviour of robots as tools of human interaction, and robots as proper agents in the legal arena, jurists will have to address a new generation of “hard cases.” General disagreement may concern immunity in criminal law (e.g., the employment of robot soldiers in battle), personal accountability for certain robots in contracts (e.g., robo-traders), much as clauses of strict liability and negligence-based responsibility in extra-contractual obligations (e.g., service robots in tort law). Since robots are here to stay, the aim of the law should be to wisely govern our mutual relationships
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: On Law, Philosophy and Technology; 2.1 The Philosophy of Law and Robots; 2.1.1 The Law in Literature; 2.1.2 Sources, Concepts, and Legal Reasoning; 2.1.3 The Levels of Abstraction; 2.2 The Principle of Responsibility; 2.2.1 Immunity; 2.2.2 Strict Liability; 2.2.3 Personal Fault; 2.2.4 Responsibility for a Robot; 2.3 Agency and Accountability of Artificial Agents; 2.3.1 A Moral Threshold; 2.3.2 Agents Before the Law; 2.4 Who Pays?; Chapter 3: Crimes; 3.1 Sci-Fi Scenarios
    Description / Table of Contents: 3.2 The States of Mind and Criminal Acts3.3 Robots and Just Wars; 3.3.1 What Robots Might Change; 3.3.2 Just Causes of War; 3.3.3 Conditions of Just Wars; 3.3.4 Proportionality; 3.4 The Phenomenology of Picciotto Roboto; 3.4.1 Picciotto by Design; 3.4.2 Crimes of Intent; 3.4.3 Crimes of Negligence; 3.5 A Failure of Causation?; Chapter 4: Contracts; 4.1 Pacts, Clauses and Risk; 4.2 The Artificial Doctor; 4.2.1 Parties, Counterparties and Third Parties; 4.2.2 Producers, Users and Patients; 4.3 Robo-Traders; 4.3.1 Artificial Greediness; 4.3.2 The Robot and the Principal
    Description / Table of Contents: 4.3.3 A New Agent in Town4.4 Modern Robots, Ancient Slaves; 4.4.1 The Digital Peculium; 4.5 The UV Revolution; 4.5.1 AI Chauffeurs and Intelligent Car Sharing; 4.5.2 Unjust Damages; Chapter 5: Torts; 5.1 Bad Intentions; 5.2 Children, Pets and Negligence; 5.2.1 American Parents; 5.2.2 Italian Parents; 5.3 AI Employees and Strict Liability Rules; 5.3.1 The Digital Peculium Revisited; 5.4 Burdens of Proof; 5.4.1 The Precautionary Principle; 5.4.2 Robotic Openness; Chapter 6: Law as Meta-technology; 6.1 Robots as Legal Persons; 6.1.1 The Front of Robotic Liberation; 6.1.2 The Pragmatic Stance
    Description / Table of Contents: 6.2 Robots as Strict Agents6.3 Sources of Good and Evil; 6.4 Levels of Complexity; 6.4.1 Technologies of Social Control; 6.4.2 The Political Requirement; Conclusions; References
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6564-1
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  • 3
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    Debate Dynamics: How Controversy Improves Our Beliefs (2013)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400745995 , 128363385X , 9781283633857
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 255 p. 102 illus., 12 illus. in color, digital)
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 357
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Betz, Gregor Debate dynamics: how controversy improves our beliefs
    RVK:
    ES 675
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Artificial intelligence ; Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; Artificial intelligence ; Argumentationstheorie ; Debatte
    Abstract: Is critical argumentation an effective way to overcome disagreement? And does the exchange of arguments bring opponents in a controversy closer to the truth? This study provides a new perspective on these pivotal questions. By means of multi-agent simulations, it investigates the truth and consensus-conduciveness of controversial debates. The book brings together research in formal epistemology and argumentation theory. Aside from its consequences for discursive practice, the work may have important implications for philosophy of science and the way we construe scientific rationality as well.
    Description / Table of Contents: Debate Dynamics: How Controversy Improves Our Beliefs; Acknowledgements; Contents; Chapter 1: General Introduction; 1.1 The Aims of Argumentation; 1.2 An Example of a Controversial Argumentation; 1.3 Modeling Controversial Debate; 1.4 Results Pertaining to Consensus-Conduciveness; 1.5 Results Pertaining to Truth-Conduciveness; 1.6 Objections and Caveats; 1.7 Putting the Approach in Perspective; Chapter 2: An Introduction to the Theory of Dialectical Structures; 2.1 Fundamental Concepts; 2.2 Degrees of Justification; 2.3 The Space of Coherent Positions; 2.4 Normalized Closeness Centrality
    Description / Table of Contents: 2.5 Inferential Density2.6 The General Design of the Simulations; Part I: Why Do We Agree? On the Consensus-Conduciveness of Controversial Argumentation; Chapter 3: Introduction to Part I; 3.1 Outline of Part I; 3.2 Main Results and Their Justification; Chapter 4: The Consensual Dynamics of Simple Random Debates; 4.1 Setup; 4.2 Results; 4.3 Discussion; 4.4 Results, Continued; 4.5 Discussion, Continued; Chapter 5: The Consensual Dynamics of Random Debates with Explicit Background Knowledge; 5.1 Setup; 5.2 Results; 5.3 Discussion
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 6: Comparing the Consensual Dynamics of Four Proponent-Specific Argumentation Strategies in Dualistic Debates6.1 Setup; 6.2 Results; 6.3 Discussion; Chapter 7: The Consensual Dynamics of Argumentation Strategies in Many-Proponent Debates; 7.1 Setup; 7.2 Results; 7.3 Discussion; Chapter 8: The Consensual Dynamics of Debates with Core Updating; 8.1 Setup; 8.2 Results; 8.3 Discussion; Chapter 9: The Consensual Dynamics of Debates with Core Argumentation; 9.1 Setup; 9.2 Results; 9.3 Discussion; Part II: How Do We Know? On the Truth-Conduciveness of Controversial Argumentation
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 10: Introduction to Part II10.1 Outline of Part II; 10.2 Main Results and Their Justification; Chapter 11: The Veritistic Dynamics of Simple Random Debates; 11.1 Setup; 11.2 Results; 11.2.1 Truth's Attraction: How Rapidly Does the Proponents' Verisimilitude Increase?; 11.2.2 The Verisimilitude of Consensus Positions: Is Mutual Agreement a Good Indicator of Having Reached the Truth?; 11.2.3 The Verisimilitude of Stable Positions: Are Proponent Positions Which Remain Relatively Stable Closer to the Truth?; 11.3 Discussion
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 12: The Veritistic Dynamics of Random Debates with Explicit Background Knowledge12.1 Setup; 12.2 Results; 12.3 Discussion; Chapter 13: Comparing the Veritistic Dynamics of Four Proponent-Specific Argumentation Strategies in Dualistic Debates; 13.1 Setup; 13.2 Results; 13.3 Discussion; Chapter 14: The Veritistic Dynamics of Argumentation Strategies in Many-Proponent Debates; 14.1 Setup; 14.2 Results; 14.2.1 Truth's Attraction: How Rapidly Does the Proponents' Verisimilitude Increase?
    Description / Table of Contents: 14.2.2 The Verisimilitude of Consensus Positions: Is Mutual Agreement a Good Indicator of Having Reached the Truth?
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4599-5
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  • 4
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    Intelligent Data Mining in Law Enforcement Analytics : New Neural Networks Applied to Real Problems (2013)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400749146
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 516 p. 185 illus, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    RVK:
    PL 625
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Artificial intelligence ; Social sciences Methodology ; Social Sciences ; Social sciences ; Artificial intelligence ; Social sciences Methodology
    Abstract: This book provides a thorough summary of the means currently available to the investigators of Artificial Intelligence for making criminal behavior (both individual and collective) foreseeable, and for assisting their investigative capacities. The volume provides chapters on the introduction of artificial intelligence and machine learning suitable for an upper level undergraduate with exposure to mathematics and some programming skill or a graduate course. It also brings the latest research in Artificial Intelligence to life with its chapters on fascinating applications in the area of law enforcement, though much is also being accomplished in the fields of medicine and bioengineering. Individuals with a background in Artificial Intelligence will find the opening chapters to be an excellent refresher but the greatest excitement will likely be the law enforcement examples, for little has been done in that area. The editors have chosen to shine a bright light on law enforcement analytics utilizing artificial neural network technology to encourage other researchers to become involved in this very important and timely field of study.
    Description / Table of Contents: Dedication -- Preface.- Chapter 1. Introduction to Artificial Networks and Law Enforcement Analytics; William J. Tastle -- Chapter 2. Law Enforcement and Artificial Intelligence; Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 3. The General Philosophy of Artificial Adaptive Systems; Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 4. A Brief Introduction to Evolutionary Algorithms and the Genetic Doping Algorithm; M. Buscema, M. Capriotti -- Chapter 5. Artificial Adaptive Systems in Data Visualization: Pro-Active data; Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 6. The Metropolitan Police Service Central Drug Trafficking Database: Evidence of Need; Geoffrey Monaghan and Stefano Terzi -- Chapter 7. Supervised Artificial neural Networks: Back Propagation Neural Networks; Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 8. Pre-Processing Tools for Non-Linear Data Sets; Massimo Buscema, Alessandra Mancini and Marco Breda -- Chapter 9. Metaclassifiers; Massimo Buscema, Stefano Terzi -- Chapter 10. Auto Identification of a Drug Seller Utilizing a Specialized Supervised Neural Network; Massimo Buscema and Marco Intraligi -- Chapter 11. Visualization and Clustering of Self-Organizing Maps; Giulia Massini -- Chapter 12. Self-Organizing Maps: Identifying Non-Linear Relationships in Massive Drug Enforcement Databases; Guila Massini -- Chapter 13. Theory of Constraint Satisfaction Neural Networks; Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 14. Application of the Constraint Satisfaction Network; Marco Intraligi and Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 15. Auto-Contractive Maps, h Function and the Maximally regular Graph: A new methodology for data mining; Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 16. Analysis of a Complex Dataset Using the Combined MST and Auto Contractive Map; Giovanni Pieri -- Chapter 17. Auto Contractive Mapsand Minimal Spanning tree: Organization of Complex datasets on criminal behavior to aid in the deduction of network connectivity; Giula Massini and Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 18. Data Mining Using Non-linear Auto Associative Artificial Neural Networks: The Arrestee Dataset; Massimo Buscema -- Chapter 19. Artificial Adaptive System for Parallel Querying of Multiple Databases; Massimo Buscema.-.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4914-6
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  • 5
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    Agreement Technologies (2013)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Associated volumes
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    ISBN: 9789400755833
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXV, 645 p. 133 illus) , digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2013 Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Law, Governance and Technology Series 8
    Parallel Title: Print version Agreement Technologies
    DDC: 006.3
    RVK:
    ST 300
    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Social sciences Data processing ; Datenverarbeitung ; Künstliche Intelligenz
    Abstract: More and more transactions, whether in business or related to leisure activities, are mediated automatically by computers and computer networks, and this trend is having a significant impact on the conception and design of new computer applications. The next generation of these applications will be based on software agents to which increasingly complex tasks can be delegated, and which interact with each other in sophisticated ways so as to forge agreements in the interest of their human users. The wide variety of technologies supporting this vision is the subject of this volume. It summarises the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action project on Agreement Technologies (AT), during which approximately 200 researchers from 25 European countries, along with eight institutions from non-COST countries, cooperated as part of a number of working groups. The book is the first to provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of Agreement Technologies, written and coordinated by the leading researchers in the field. The results set out here are due for wide dissemination beyond the computing sector, involving law and social science as well.
    Description / Table of Contents: pt. I. Foundations -- pt. II. Semantics in agreement technologies -- pt. III. Norms -- pt. IV. Organisations and institutions -- pt. V. Argumentation and negotiation -- pt. VI. Trust and reputation -- pt. VII. Applications.
    Description / Table of Contents: Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Part I Foundations -- 1 Agreement Technologies: A Computing perspective; Sascha Ossowski, Carles Sierra and Vicente Botti -- 2 Agreement and Relational Justice: A Perspective from Philosophy and Sociology of Law; Pompeu Casanovas -- 3 Agreements as the Grease (not the Glue) of Society: A Cognitive and Social Science Perspective; Fabio Paglieri -- Part II Semantics in Agreement Technologies -- 4 Agreement Technologies and the Semantic Web; Axel Polleres -- 5 Logical formalisms for Agreement Technologies; Antoine Zimmermann -- 6 Reconciling heterogeneous knowledge with ontology matching; Cássia Trojahn and George Vouros -- 7 Semantics in Multi-Agent Systems; Nicoletta Fornara, Gordan Ježi´c, Mario Kušek, Ignac Lovrek, Vedran Podobnik, Krunoslav Tržec -- 8 SemanticWeb Services in Agreement Technologies; Zijie Cong and Alberto Fernández -- 9 Using ontologies to manage resources in Grid computing-practical aspects; Michał Drozdowicz, Maria Ganzha, Katarzyna Wasielewska, MarcinPaprzycki and Paweł Szmeja -- Part III Norms -- 10 Deontic logic; Jan Broersen, Dov Gabbay, Andreas Herzig, Emiliano Lorini, John-Jules Meyer, Xavier Parent and Leendert van der Torre -- 11 (Social) Norms and Agent-Based Simulation; Giulia Andrighetto, Stephen Cranefield, Rosaria Conte, Martin Purvis, Maryam Purvis, Bastin Tony Roy Savarimuthu and Daniel Villatoro -- 12 Norms in Game Theory; Davide Grossi, Luca Tummolini and Paolo Turrini -- 13 AI and Law; Giovanni Sartor and Antonino Rotolo -- 14 Normative Agents; Michael Luck, Samhar Mahmoud, Felipe Meneguzzi, Martin Kollingbaum, Timothy J. Norman, Natalia Criado and Moser SilvaFagundes -- 15 Norms and Trust; Rino Falcone, Cristiano Castelfranchi, Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Andrew Jones and Eugénio Oliveira -- 16 Norms and Argumentation; Nir Oren, Antonino Rotolo, Leendert van der Torre and Serena Villata -- Part IV Organisations and Institutions -- 17 Describing agent organisations; Estefanía Argente, Olivier Boissier, Sergio Esparcia, Jana Görmer, Kristi Kirikal and Kuldar Taveter -- 18 Modelling Agent Institutions; Nicoletta Fornara, Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Pablo Noriega, Eugénio Oliveira and Charalampos Tampitsikas -- 19 Organisational Reasoning Agents; Olivier Boissier and M. Birna van Riemsdijk -- 20 Adaptive Agent Organisations; Estefanía Argente, Holger Billhardt, Carlos Cuesta, Sergio Esparcia, Jana Görmer, Ramón Hermoso, Kristi Kirikal, Marin Lujak, José-Santiago Pérez-Sotelo and Kuldar Taveter --  Part V Argumentation and Negotiation -- 21 The Added Value of Argumentation; Sanjay Modgil, Francesca Toni, Floris Bex, Ivan Bratko, Carlos I. Chesñevar, Wolfgang Dvoˇrák, Marcelo A. Falappa, Xiuyi Fan, Sarah Alice Gaggl, Alejandro J. García, María P. González, Thomas F. Gordon, João Leite, Martin Možina, Chris Reed, Guillermo R. Simari, Stefan Szeider, Paolo Torroni and Stefan Woltran --  22 Trends in Multiagent Negotiation: from Bilateral Bargaining to Consensus Policies; Enrique de la Hoz, Miguel A. López-Carmona and Iván Marsá-Maestre -- Part VI Trust and Reputation -- 23 A Socio-Cognitive Perspective of Trust; Joana Urbano, Ana Paula Rocha and Eugénio Oliveira -- 24 Qualitative Assessment Dynamics - QAD; Denis Trˇcek -- 25 Argumentation and Trust; Andrew Koster, Jordi Sabater-Mir and Marco Schorlemmer -- 26 Ontology, Semantics and Reputation; Andrew Koster and Jeff Z. Pan -- 27 Attacks and Vulnerabilities of Trust and Reputation Models; Jose M. Such -- 28 Reputation and Organisations; Olivier Boissier, Jomi Fred Hübner and Laurent Vercouter -- 29 Building Relationships with Trust; Carles Sierra and John Debenham -- Part VII Applications -- 30 Arguing to Support Customers: the Call Centre Study Case; Stella Heras, Jaume Jordán, Vicente Botti and Vicente Julián -- 31 Agreement Technologies for Supporting the Planning and Execution of Transports; Paul Davidsson, Marie Gustafsson Friberger, Johan Holmgren, Andreas Jacobsson and Jan A. Persson -- 32 ANTE: Agreement Negotiation in Normative and Trust-enabled Environments; Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Joana Urbano, Ana Paula Rocha, António J. M. Castro and Eugénio Oliveira -- 33 mWater, a Case Study for Modeling Virtual Markets; Antonio Garrido, Adriana Giret, Vicente Botti and Pablo Noriega -- 34 v-mWater: an e-Government Application for Water Rights Agreements; Pablo Almajano, Tomas Trescak, Marc Esteva, Inmaculada Rodríguez and Maite López-Sánchez -- 35 Coordinating Emergency Medical Assistance; Marin Lujak and Holger Billhardt -- 36 An environment to build and track agent-based business collaborations; Toni Penya-Alba, Boris Mikhaylov, Marc Pujol-González, Bruno Rosell, Jesús Cerquides, Juan A. Rodríguez-Aguilar, Marc Esteva, Àngela Fàbregues, Jordi Madrenas, Carles Sierra, Carlos Carrascosa, Vicente Julián, Mario Rodrigo and Matteo Vasirani -- 37 A Virtual Selling Agent which is Persuasive and Adaptive; Fabien Delecroix, Maxime Morge and Jean-Christophe Routier -- A Editors’ Short Bios. .
    Note: Description based upon print version of record , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5583-3
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  • 6
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    Computing Meaning Volume 3 (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402059582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 83
    DDC: 401/.43/0285
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Translators (Computer programs) ; Computational linguistics ; Semantics
    Abstract: This book provides an in-depth view of the current issues, problems and approaches in the computation of meaning as expressed in language. Aimed at linguists, computer scientists, and logicians with an interest in the computation of meaning, this book focuses on two main topics in recent research in computational semantics. The first topic is the definition and use of underspecified semantic representations, i.e. formal structures that represent part of the meaning of a linguistic object while leaving other parts unspecified. The second topic discussed is semantic annotation. Annotated corpora have become an indispensable resource both for linguists and for developers of language and speech technology, especially when used in combination with machine learning methods. The annotation in corpora has only marginally addressed semantic information, however, since semantic annotation methodologies are still in their infancy. This book discusses the development and application of such methodologies.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5958-2
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  • 7
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    Handbook of Philosophical Logic (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402063244
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: 2nd Edition
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Handbook of Philosophical Logic 14
    RVK:
    CC 2400
    Keywords: Logic ; Linguistics Science_xLogic design ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic design ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie ; Logik
    Abstract: The fourteenth volume of the Second Edition covers central topics in philosophical logic that have been studied for thousands of years, since Aristotle: Inconsistency, Causality, Conditionals, and Quantifiers. These topics are central in many applications of logic in central disciplines such as computer science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and philosophy. This book is indispensable to any advanced student or researcher using logic in these areas. The chapters are comprehensive and written by major figures in the field
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Matter; Logics of Formal Inconsistency; Causality; On Conditionals; Quantifiers in Formal and Natural Languages; Back Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6324-4
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  • 8
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    Handbook of Spatial Logics (2007)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402055874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    RVK:
    SK 130
    Keywords: Science Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Geometry ; Topology ; Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Raum ; Mathematische Logik
    Abstract: Johan Benthem
    Abstract: A spatial logic is a formal language interpreted over any class of structures featuring geometrical entities and relations, broadly construed. In the past decade, spatial logics have attracted much attention in response to developments in such diverse fields as Artificial Intelligence, Database Theory, Physics, and Philosophy. The aim of this handbook is to create, for the first time, a systematic account of the field of spatial logic. The book comprises a general introduction, followed by fourteen chapters by invited authors. Each chapter provides a self-contained overview of its topic, descr
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS; Preface; Contributing Authors; Second Readers xxi; Chpater 1 What is Spatial Logic?; Chapter 2 First-Order Mereotopology; Chapter 3 Axioms, Algebras and Topology; Chpater 4 Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Using Constraint Calculi; Chapter 5 Modal Logics of Space; Chapter 6 Topology and Epistemic Logic; Chapter 7 Logical Theories for Fragments of Elementary Geometry; Chapter 8 Locales and Toposes as Spaces; Chapter 9 Spatial Logic + Temporal Logic = ?; Chapter 10 Dynamic Topological Logic; Chapter 11 Logic of Space-Time and Relativity Theory; Chapter 12 Discrete Spatial Models
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 13 Real Algebraic Geometry and Constriaint DatabasesChapter 14 Mathematical Morphology; Chapter 15 Spatial Resoning and Ontology: Parts, Wholes, and Locations; Index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-5587-4
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  • 9
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    Inductive dependency parsing (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402048890
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 216 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 34
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Nivre, Joakim, 1962 - Inductive dependency parsing
    RVK:
    ES 940
    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Translators (Computer programs) ; Information systems ; Computational linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general ; Dependenzgrammatik ; Syntaktische Analyse
    Abstract: Natural Language Parsing -- Dependency Parsing -- Inductive Dependency Parsing -- Treebank Parsing -- Conclusion
    Abstract: This book provides an in-depth description of the framework of inductive dependency parsing, a methodology for robust and efficient syntactic analysis of unrestricted natural language text. This methodology is based on two essential components: dependency-based syntactic representations and a data-driven approach to syntactic parsing. More precisely, it is based on a deterministic parsing algorithm in combination with inductive machine learning to predict the next parser action. The book includes a theoretical analysis of all central models and algorithms, as well as a thorough empirical evaluation of memory-based dependency parsing, using data from Swedish and English. Offering the reader a one-stop reference to dependency-based parsing of natural language, it is intended for researchers and system developers in the language technology field, and is also suited for graduate or advanced undergraduate education
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4889-0
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  • 10
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    ABDUCTIVE REASONING : LOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO DISCOVERY AND EXPLANATION (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402039072
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Synthese Library 330
    RVK:
    CC 2500
    Keywords: Logic ; Pragmatism ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Genetic epistemology ; Artificial intelligence ; Erklärung ; Wissenschaftstheorie ; Abduktiver Schluss ; Abduktion
    Abstract: Abductive Reasoning: Logical Investigations into Discovery and Explanation is a much awaited original contribution to the study of abductive reasoning, providing logical foundations and a rich sample of pertinent applications. Divided into three parts on the conceptual framework, the logical foundations, and the applications, this monograph takes the reader for a comprehensive and erudite tour through the taxonomy of abductive reasoning, via the logical workings of abductive inference ending with applications pertinent to scientific explanation, empirical progress, pragmatism and belief revision.
    Description / Table of Contents: Preliminaries; Contents; Foreword; 1 LOGICS OF GENERATION AND EVALUATION; 2 WHAT IS ABDUCTION; 3 ABDUCTION AS LOGICAL INFERENCE; 4 ABDUCTION AS COMPUTATION; 5 SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION; 6 EMPIRICAL PROGRESS; 7 PRAGMATISM; 8 EPISTEMIC CHANGE; References; Author Index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and indexes , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3907-7
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  • 11
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    Advances in Open Domain Question Answering (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402047466
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Text, speech, and language technology
    DDC: 006.54
    Keywords: Computational Linguistics ; Linguistics ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Text processing (Computer science ; Information storage and retrieval systems ; Digitale Sprachverarbeitung ; Frage-Antwort-System
    Abstract: "This new Springer volume provides a comprehensive and detailed look at current approaches to automated question answering. The level of presentation is suitable for newcomers to the field as well as for professionals wishing to study this area and/or to build practical QA systems. The book can serve as a ""how-to"" handbook for IT practitioners and system developers. It can also be used to teach graduate courses in Computer Science, Information Science and related disciplines."
    Abstract: Automated question answering - the ability of a machine to answer questions, simple or complex, posed in ordinary human language - is one of the most exciting technological developments. This book looks at the various approaches to automated question answering. It serves as a "how-to" handbook for IT practitioners and system developers
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Matter; Some Advanced Features of LCC's Poweranswer; A Statistical Approach For Open Domain Question Answering; Coreference in Q&A; Questions and Intentions; Question Answering as Dialogue with Data; Coping With Alternate Formulations of Questions And Answers; Sentence Ranking Using Keywords and Meta-Keywords; Question Answering By Passage Selection; Query Modulation For Web-Based Question Answering; Question Answering by Predictive Annotation; Question Answering Supported By Multiple Levels Of Information Extraction; How to Select an Answer String?
    Description / Table of Contents: Evaluating Question Answering System PerformanceEvaluating Interactive Question Answering; Habitability in Question-Answering Systems; Question Answering: Technology for Intelligence Analysis; Reverse-Engineering Question/Answer Collections From Ordinary Text; New Directions in Question Answering; Back Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4746-6
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  • 12
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    Modeling Theory in Science Education (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402021404
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: Science & Technology Education Library 24
    DDC: 507
    RVK:
    CC 3200
    Keywords: Education ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Physics ; Wissenschaftstheorie ; Unterricht
    Abstract: This book is the culmination of over twenty years of work toward a pedagogical theory that promotes experiential learning of model-laden theory and inquiry in science. The book focuses as much on course content as on instruction and learning methodology, presenting practical aspects that have repeatedly demonstrated their value in fostering meaningful and equitable learning of physics and other science courses at the secondary school and college levels.
    Abstract: Presents practical aspects to foster learning of physics and other science courses at the secondary school and college levels. This book shows how a scientific theory that is the object of a given science course can be organized around a limited set of basic models. It also introduces special tools, including modeling schemata
    Description / Table of Contents: Fundamental Tenets of Modeling Theory; Modeling Schemata; Paradigmatic Evolution; Modeling Program; Learning Cycles;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-2140-2
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  • 13
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    Arguing on the Toulmin Model : New Essays in Argument Analysis and Evaluation (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402049385
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Argumentation library v. 10
    DDC: 168
    Keywords: Logic ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy (General) ; Artificial intelligence ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Toulmin, Stephen Edelston 1922-2009 ; Logik ; Toulmin, Stephen Edelston 1922-2009 ; Argumentation ; Argumentationstheorie ; Toulmin, Stephen Edelston 1922-2009 ; Argumentationstheorie
    Abstract: In The Uses of Argument (1958), Stephen Toulmin proposed a model for the layout of arguments: claim, data, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, backing. Since then, Toulmin's model has been appropriated, adapted and extended by researchers in speech communications, philosophy and artificial intelligence. This book assembles the best contemporary reflection in these fields, extending or challenging Toulmin's ideas in ways that make fresh contributions to the theory of analysing and evaluating arguments.
    Abstract: In The Uses of Argument, first published in 1958, Stephen Toulmin proposed a new model for the layout of arguments, with six components: claim, data, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, backing. Toulmin's model has been appropriated, adapted and extended by researchers in the fields of speech communications, philosophy and artificial intelligence. The present volume aims to bring together the best contemporary reflection in these fields on the Toulmin model and its current appropriation. The volume includes 24 articles by 27 scholars from 10 countries. All the essays are newly written, have been selected from among those received in response to a call for papers, and have been revised extensively in response to referees' comments. They are not exegetical but substantive, extending or challenging Toulmin's ideas in ways that make fresh contributions to the theory of analysing and evaluating arguments. Collectively, they represent the only comprehensive book-length study of the Toulmin model. They point the way to new developments in the theory of argument, including a typology of warrants, a comprehensive theory of defeaters, a rapprochement with formal logic, and a turn from propositions to speech acts as the constituents of argument.
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Matter; Introduction; Reasoning in Theory and Practice; A Citation-Based Reflection on Toulmin and Argument; Complex Cases and Legitimation Inference: Extending the Toulmin Model to Deliberative Argument in Controversy; A Metamathematical Extension of the Toulmin Agenda; Toulmin's Model of Argument and the Question of Relativism; Systematizing Toulmin's Warrants: An Epistemic Approach; Warranting Arguments, the Virtue of Verb; Evaluating Inferences: The Nature and Role of Warrants; 'Probably'
    Description / Table of Contents: The Voice of the Other: A Dialogico-Rhetorical Understanding of Opponent and of Toulmin's RebuttalEvaluating Arguments Based on Toulmin's Scheme; Good Reasoning on the Toulmin Model; The Fluidity of Warrants: Using the Toulmin Model to Analyse Practical Discourse; Artificial Intelligence & Law, Logic and Argument Schemes; Multiple Warrants in Practical Reasoning; The Quest for Rationalism without Dogmas in Leibniz and Toulmin; From Arguments to Decisions: Extending the Toulmin View; Using Toulmin Argumentation to Support Dispute Settlement in Discretionary Domains
    Description / Table of Contents: Toulmin's Model and the Solving of Ill-Structured ProblemsArguing By Question: A Toulminian Reading of Cicero's Account of the Enthymeme; The Uses of Argument in Mathematics; Translating Toulmin Diagrams: Theory Neutrality in Argument Representation; The Toulmin Test: Framing Argumentation within Belief Revision Theories; Eight Theses Reflecting on Stephen Toulmin; Back Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 407-424) and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4938-5
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  • 14
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    Programming for Peace : Computer-Aided Methods for International Conflict Resolution and Prevention (2006)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402043901
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Advances in Group Decision and Negotiation 2
    DDC: 303.69
    RVK:
    ST 270
    Keywords: Political Science ; Artificial intelligence ; Computer simulation ; Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konfliktlösung ; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren ; Computerunterstütztes Verfahren ; Friedenssichernde Maßnahme
    Abstract: Sadly enough, war, conflicts and terrorism appear to stay with us in the 21st century. But what is our outlook on new methods for preventing and ending them? Present-day hard- and software enables the development of large crisis, conflict, and conflict management databases with many variables, sometimes with automated updates, statistical analyses of a high complexity, elaborate simulation models, and even interactive uses of these databases. In this book, these methods are presented, further developed, and applied in relation to the main issue: the resolution and prevention of intra- and international conflicts. Conflicts are a worldwide phenomenon. Therefore, internationally leading researchers from the USA, Austria, Canada, Germany, New Zealand and Switzerland have contributed.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction; Conflict Resolution by Democracies and Dictatorships: Are Democracies Better in Resolving Conflicts?; Trade Liberalization and Political Instability in Developing Countries; Computer Assisted Early Warning - the FAST Example; Country Indicators for Foreign Policy Developing an Indicators-Based User Friendly Risk Assessment and Early Warning Capability; The Confman.2002 Data Set Developing Cases and Indices of Conflict Management to Predict Conflict Resolution; Events, Patterns, and Analysis Forecasting International Conflict in the Twenty-First Century
    Description / Table of Contents: Forecasting Conflict in the Balkans using Hidden Markov ModelsNeural Computation for International Conflict Management; Modeling International Negotiation Statistical and Machine Learning Approaches; Machine Learning Methods for Better Understanding, Resolving, and Preventing International Conflicts; Information, Power, and War; Modeling Effects of Emotion and Personality on Political Decision-Making; New Methods for Conflict Data; Peacemaker 2020 A System for Global Conflict Analysis and Resolution; A Work of Fiction and A Research Challenge
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4390-2
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  • 15
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    The Dynamics of Thought (2005)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402033995
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 300
    DDC: 128.3
    RVK:
    CC 4400
    Keywords: Logic ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Artificial intelligence ; Animal behavior ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Philosophie ; Wissenschaftliches Denken ; Philosophie
    Abstract: This volume is a collection of some of the most important philosophical papers by Peter Gärdenfors. Spanning a period of more than 20 years of his research, they cover a wide ground of topics, from early works on decision theory, belief revision and nonmonotonic logic to more recent work on conceptual spaces, inductive reasoning, semantics and the evolutions of thinking. Many of the papers have only been published in places that are difficult to access. The common theme of all the papers is the dynamics of thought. Several of the papers have become minor classics and the volume bears witness of the wide scope of Gärdenfors' research and of his crisp and often witty style of writing. The volume will be of interest to researchers in philosophy and other cognitive sciences.
    Description / Table of Contents: Probabilistic Reasoning and Evidentiary Value; Unreliable Probabilities, Risk Taking, and Decision Making; Rights, Games and Social Choice; The Dynamics of Belief Systems: Foundations vs. Coherence Theories; The Role of Expectations in Reasoning; How Logic Emerges from the Dynamics of Information; Induction, Conceptual Spaces and AI; Three Levels of Inductive Inference; Frameworks for Properties: Possible Worlds vs. Conceptual Spaces; The Pragmatic Role of Modality in Natural Language; The Social Stance; The Emergence of Meaning; Does Semantices Need Reality?
    Description / Table of Contents: The Nature of Man - Games That Genes Play?The Detachment of Thought; Cognitive Science: From Computers to Anthills as Models of Human Thought
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3399-0
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  • 16
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    Information, Interaction and Agency (2005)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402040948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DDC: 121.3
    RVK:
    QC 010
    Keywords: Logic ; Philosophy (General) ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Economics, Mathematical ; Wirtschaftstheorie ; Wirtschaftsethik
    Abstract: Contemporary epistemological and cognitive studies, as well as recent trends in computer science and game theory have revealed an increasingly important and intimate relationship between Information, Interaction, and Agency. Agents perform actions based on the available information and in the presence of other interacting agents. From this perspective Information, Interaction, and Agency neatly ties together classical themes like rationality, decision-making and belief revision with games, strategies and learning in a multi-agent setting. Unified by the central notions Information, Interaction, and Agency, the essays in this volume provide refreshing methodological perspectives on belief revision, dynamic epistemic logic, von Neumann games, and evolutionary game theory, all of which in turn are central approaches to understanding our own rationality and that of other agents.
    Description / Table of Contents: Preliminary; Logics for Epistemic Programs; A Counterexample to Six Fundamental Principles of Belief Formation; Comparing Semantics of Logics for Multi-Agent Systems; A Characterization of Von Neumann Games in Terms of Memory; An Evolutionary Game Theoretic Perspective on Learning in Mult-Agent Systems; Evolution of Conventional Meaning and Conversational Principles; Nonmonotonic Inferences and Neural Networks; A Model of Jury Decisions Where All Jurors Have the Same Evidence; A Sat-Based Approach to Unbounded Model Checking for Alternating-Time Temporal Epistemic Logic
    Description / Table of Contents: Update Semantics of Security ProtocolsBack matter
    Note: "Reprinted from Synthese 139:2 and 142:2 (2004), Special section: Knowledge, rationality & action , Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-4094-6
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  • 17
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    Ellipsis and Nonsentential Speech (2005)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402023019
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: En]Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 81
    DDC: 415
    RVK:
    ET 680
    Keywords: Semantics ; Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Artificial intelligence ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Ellipse ; Satz
    Abstract: The papers in this volume address two main topics:Q1: What is the nature, and especially the scope, of ellipsis in natural language? Q2: What are the linguistic/philosophical implications of what one takes the nature/scope of ellipsis to be? Each of these main topics includes a large sub-part that deals specifically with nonsentential speech. Within the first main topic, Q1, there arises the sub-issue of whether nonsentential speech falls within the scope of ellipsis or not, within the second main topic, Q2, there arises the sub-issue of what linguistic/philosophical implications follow, if nonsentential speech does/does not count as ellipsis. This book is unique in that it offers the reader, Papers on the boundary between philosophy and linguistics, Applications of advanced work in theoretical linguistics to traditional philosophical questions, It is the only volume of papers ever published on sub-sentential speech, Major contribution to our understanding of ellipsis in natural language, presently a central topic in syntactic theory. This book is of interest to professionals and advanced graduate students in the fields of philosophy of language, semantics, and syntax.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction; Against Reconstruction in Ellipsis; The Semantics of Nominal Exclamatives; Nonsententials in Minimalism; A Note on Alleged Cases of Nonsentential Assertion; On the Interpretation and Performance of Non-Sentential Assertions; Non-Sentences, Implicature, and Success in Communication; The Link between Sentences and 'Assertion': An Evolutionary Accident?; Knowledge by Acquaintance and Meaning in Isolation; Co-Extensive Theories and Unembedded Definite Descriptions; The Ellipsis Account of Fiction-Talk; Quinean Interpretation and Anti-Vernacularism
    Description / Table of Contents: Saying What You Mean: Unarticulated Constituents and Communication
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-2301-4
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  • 18
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    Advances in Natural Multimodal Dialogue Systems (2005)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402039331
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 30
    RVK:
    ET 760
    Keywords: Computational Linguistics ; Linguistics ; Multimedia systems ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Computer system performance ; Diskursanalyse
    Abstract: The main topic of this volume is natural multimodal interaction. The book is unique in that it brings together a great many contributions regarding aspects of natural and multimodal interaction written by many of the important actors in the field. Topics addressed include talking heads, conversational agents, tutoring systems, multimodal communication, machine learning, architectures for multimodal dialogue systems, systems evaluation, and data annotation.
    Abstract: The main topic of this volume is natural multimodal interaction. The book is unique in that it brings together a great many contributions regarding aspects of natural and multimodal interaction written by many of the important actors in the field. It is a timely update of Multimodality in Language and Speech Systems by Björn Granström, David House and Inger Karlsson and, at the same time, it presents a much broader overview of the field. Its 17 chapters provide a broad and detailed impression of where the fairly new field of natural and multimodal interactivity engineering stands today. Topics addressed include talking heads, conversational agents, tutoring systems, multimodal communication, machine learning, architectures for multimodal dialogue systems, systems evaluation, and data annotation. This title will prove very valuable to scientists, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of natural interactive systems, multimodal systems, conversational agents, spoken dialogue systems, natural language processing applications, advanced human-computer interfaces, analysis of multimodal data, evaluation of multimodal systems, and educational systems.
    Description / Table of Contents: Natural and Multimodal Interactivity Engineering - Directions and Needs; Social Dialongue with Embodied Conversational Agents; A First Experiment in Engagement for Human-Robot Interaction in Hosting Activities; Form; On the Relationships Among Speech, Gestures, and Object Manipulation in Virtual Environments: Initial Evidence; Analysing Multimodal Communication; Do Oral Messages Help Visual Search?; Geometric and Statistical Approaches to Audiovisual Segmentation; The Psychology and Technology of Talking Heads: Applications in Language Learning
    Description / Table of Contents: Effective Interaction with Talking Animated Agents an Dialogue SystemsControlling the Gaze of Conversational Agents; Mind: A Context-Based Multimodal Interpretation Framework in Conversational Systems; A General Purpose Architecture for Intelligent Tutoring Systems; Miamm - A Multimodal Dialogue System Using Haptics; Adaptive Human-Computer Dialogue; Machine Learning Approaches to Human Dialogue Modelling
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3933-6
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  • 19
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    Knowledge Discovery from Legal Databases (2005)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402030376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 69
    RVK:
    PC 5720
    Keywords: Law ; Artificial intelligence ; Law Philosophy ; Humanities ; Datenbank ; Urheberrecht ; Gesetzgebung ; Datenbank ; Urheberrecht ; Gesetzgebung
    Abstract: Knowledge Discovery from Legal Databases is the first text to describe data mining techniques as they apply to law. Law students, legal academics and applied information technology specialists are guided thorough all phases of the knowledge discovery from databases process with clear explanations of numerous data mining algorithms including rule induction, neural networks and association rules. Throughout the text, assumptions that make data mining in law quite different to mining other data are made explicit. Issues such as the selection of commonplace cases, the use of discretion as a form
    Abstract: "Knowledge Discovery from Legal Databases" is the first text to describe data mining techniques as they apply to law. Law students, legal academics and applied information technology specialists are guided thorough all phases of the knowledge discovery from databases process with clear explanations of numerous data mining algorithms including rule induction, neural networks and association rules. Throughout the text, assumptions that make data mining in law quite different to mining other data are made explicit. Issues such as the selection of commonplace cases, the use of discretion as a form of open texture, transformation using argumentation concepts and evaluation and deployment approaches are discussed at length.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction; Legal Issues in the Data Selection Phase; Legal Issues in the Data Pre-Processing Phase; Legal Issues in the Data Transformation Phase; Data Mining with Rule Induction; Uncertain and Statistical Data Mining; Data Mining Using Neural Networks; Information Retrieval and Text Mining; Evaluation, Deployment and Related Issues; Conclusion
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-254) and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3037-1
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  • 20
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    Multimodal Intelligent Information Presentation (2005)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402030512
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 27
    RVK:
    ES 900
    Keywords: Computational Linguistics ; Linguistics ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Translators (Computer programs) ; Multimedia systems ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Sprache ; Information ; Präsentation
    Abstract: Intelligent Multimodal Information Presentation relates to the ability of a computer system to automatically produce interactive information presentations, taking into account the specifics about the user, such as needs, interests and knowledge, and engaging in a collaborative interaction that helps the retrieval of relevant information and its understanding on the part of the user. The volume includes descriptions of some of the most representative recent works on Intelligent Information Presentation and a view of the challenges ahead.
    Abstract: Intelligent Multimodal Information Presentation relates to the ability of a computer system to automatically produce interactive information presentations, taking into account the specifics about the user, such as needs, interests and knowledge, and engaging in a collaborative interaction that helps the retrieval of relevant information and its understanding on the part of the user. The volume includes descriptions of some of the most representative recent works on Intelligent Information Presentation and a view of the challenges ahead
    Description / Table of Contents: Greta. A Believable Embodied Conversational Agent; Multimodal Communication in Virtual Environments; Generating Embodied Information Presentations; Resource-Adaptive Personal Navigation; Intelligent Interactive Information Presentation for Cultural Tourism; Supporting Mobile Users through Adaptive Information Presentation; Autobriefer: A System for Authoring Narrated Briefings; Generating Tailored Worked-Out Problem Solutions to Help Students Learn from Examples; Multilingual Personalized Information Objects; Generating Multimedia Presentations from Plain Text to Screen Play
    Description / Table of Contents: Intelligent Information Presentation for Tutoring SystemsMaintaining Visibility Constraints for View Management in 3D User Interfaces; Simulation Meets Hollywood; Presentation Technologies for People with Disabilities; Fusion and Coordination for Multimodal Interactive Information Presentation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3051-7
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  • 21
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    Reasoning Robots : The Art and Science of Programming Robotic Agents (2005)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9781402030697
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Applied Logic Series 33
    RVK:
    ST 308
    RVK:
    CC 5200
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Technology Philosophy ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Roboter ; Programmierung ; Prädikatenlogik ; Stufe 1
    Abstract: "The book provides an in-depth and uniform treatment of a mathematical model for reasoning robotic agents. The book also contains an introduction to a programming method and system based on this model. The mathematical model, known as the ""Fluent Calculus'', describes how to use classical first-order logic to set up symbolic models of dynamic worlds and to represent knowledge of actions and their effects. Robotic agents use this knowledge and their reasoning facilities to make decisions when following high-level, long-term strategies. The book covers the issues of reasoning about sensor input, acting under incomplete knowledge and uncertainty, planning, intelligent troubleshooting, and many other topics. The mathematical model is supplemented by a programming method which allows readers to design their own reasoning robotic agents. The usage of this method, called ""FLUX'', is illustrated by many example programs. The book includes the details of an implementation of FLUX using the standard programming language PROLOG, which allows readers to re-implement or to modify and extend the generic system. The design of autonomous agents, including robots, is one of the most exciting and challenging goals of Artificial Intelligence. Reasoning robotic agents constitute a link between knowledge representation and reasoning on the one hand, and agent programming and robot control on the other. The book provides a uniform mathematical model for the problem-driven, top-down design of rational agents, which use reasoning for decision making, planning, and troubleshooting. The implementation of the mathematical model by a general PROLOG program allows readers to practice the design of reasoning robotic agents. Since all implementation details are given, the generic system can be easily modified and extended."
    Description / Table of Contents: Special Fluent Calculus; Special FLUX; General Fluent Calculus; General FLUX; Knowledge Programming; Planning; Nondeterminism; Imprecision*; Indirect Effects: Ramification Problem*; Troubleshooting: Qualification Problem; Robotics
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [313]-323) and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3069-X
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    Truth, Rationality, Cognition, and Music : Proceedings of the Seventh International Colloquium on Cognitive Science (2004)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401705486
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 253 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 102
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Semantics ; Artificial intelligence ; Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: The International Colloquium on Cognitive Science, held in Donostia - San Sebastián every two years since 1989, is one of the main regular meeting points for a diversity of researchers in this exciting multi-disciplinary area of inquiry. This volume brings together some of the most important contributions to that colloquium. Besides the various interdisciplinary origins and standpoints of the participating researchers, the volume also reflects the richness, fruitfulness, and great miscellany of research in cognitive science today. In Truth, Rationality, Cognition, and Music, a wide variety of topics that are crucial to human beings, are addressed from a cognitive perspective by some of the world's leading scientists. Philosophers, linguists, logicians, psychologists, musicians, and anyone interested in what cognitive science has to say about these topics, should not miss it
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0548-6
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  • 23
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    Argumentation Machines : New Frontiers in Argument and Computation (2004)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401704311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXV, 240 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Argumentation Library 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics
    Abstract: This book represents the first coherent published work in bringing together various branches of artificial intelligence with argumentation and rhetoric, and, as such, aims to play a key role in the establishment of a new field of scholarly research. The volume not only offers in-depth assessments of existing research, but also represents a substantial advance in the state of the art, and lays out a roadmap for future work in this newly emerging cross-disciplinary field. Audience: This book is of interest to academics, researchers, PhD and graduate students in philosophy of argument, logic, informal logic, critical thinking, rhetoric, artificial intelligence, multi-agent systems, computational linguistics, natural language processing, law, cognitive science and the interdisciplinary areas between these fields
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0431-1
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  • 24
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    Authoring Tools for Advanced Technology Learning Environments : Toward Cost-Effective Adaptive, Interactive and Intelligent Educational Software (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401708197
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 557 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Computers. ; Multimedia information systems. ; Multimedia systems ; Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Educational technology. ; User interfaces (Computer systems). ; Application software. ; Human-computer interaction.
    Abstract: This edited book gives a comprehensive picture of the state of the art in authoring systems and authoring tools for advanced technology instructional systems. Issues of authoring, cost-effectiveness, interoperability and re-usability have been at the forefront in recent years in educational software in general and in the field of advanced, adaptive and intelligent educational software more specifically. This book includes descriptions of fifteen systems and research projects from almost every significant effort in the field of advanced technology authoring systems. Included is a chapter comprising an extensive overview of the field, summarizing the work of dozens of systems and projects and providing an analytical framework for comparing them
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Contents:Preface -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Section I: Authoring Tutors for Device and Process Simulations -- Section III: Authoring Tutors That Include Instructional Strategies -- Section IV: Special Purpose Authoring Tools -- Section V: General Theories and Designs -- Author Index -- Subject Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0819-7
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  • 25
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    Ecology of Language Acquisition (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401703413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 225 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Educational Linguistics 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistic anthropology. ; Anthropological linguistics ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: While most research on language acquisition continues to consider the individual primarily in closed-system terms, Ecology of Language Acquisition emphasizes the emergence of linguistic development through children's and learners' interactions with their environment - spatial, social, cultural, educational, and so on - bringing to light commonalities between primary language development, child and adult second-language learning, and language acquisition by robots. Such a situated, context-responsive perspective on acquisition is able to interrelate insights from a variety of paradigms and disciplines while avoiding unjustifiable appeals to normativity. The theoretical and empirical studies presented here challenge a number of dominant ideas in language acquisition theory and mark an important new research orientation. This work should be of interest to language acquisition researchers and professionals in a wide range of specialisms
    Description / Table of Contents: Notes on the Authors -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Towards an ecology of language acquisition -- 2. Critical realism, ecological psychology, and imagined communities: foundations for a naturalist theory of language acquisition -- 3. A tale of two computer classrooms: the ecology of project-based learning -- 4. From joint attention to language acquisition: how infants learn to control others' behavior -- 5. Beyond cognitive determination: interactionism in the acquisition of spatial semantics -- 6. Language socialization in children's religious education: the discursive and affective construction of identity -- 7. An integrational linguistic view of coming into language: reflexivity and metonymy -- 8. The ecology of an SLA community in a computer-mediated environment -- 9. Robot babies: what can they teach us about language acquisition?- 10. Borrowing words: appropriations in child second language discourse -- 11. Language acquisition behind the scenes: collusion and play in educational settings -- Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0341-3
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    Philosophical Dimensions of Logic and Science : Selected Contributed Papers from the 11th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Kraków, 1999 (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401726122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 396 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 320
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Philosophy of nature ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philosophical Dimensions of Logic and Science is a collection of outstanding contributed papers presented at the 11th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science held in Kraków in 1999. The Congress was a follow-up to the series of meetings, initiated once by Alfred Tarski, which aimed to provide an interdisciplinary forum for scientists, philosophers and logicians. The articles selected for publication in the book comply with that idea and innovatively address current issues in logic, metamathematics, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, and cognitive science, as well as philosophical problems of biology, chemistry and physics. The volume will be of interest to philosophers, logicians and scientists interested in foundational problems of their disciplines
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- I: Logic and Metamathematics. 1. A classification of logics over FLew. 2. On representing semantics in finite models. 3. Spectra of formulae with Henkin quantifiers. 4. On SigmaN-definability in arithmetic. 5. Arithmetic complexity of the predicate logics. 6. Straightforward proof of Köbler-Messner's result. 7. On the persistent difficulty of disjunction -- II: Science. 8. Science, lifeworld and realism. 9. Explaining laws by reduction. 10. Akaike's theorem and Bayesian methodology. 11. Does a living system have a state? 12. Do genes code for traits? 13. Chemistry and the completeness of physics. 14. The thermodynamic arrow of time. 15. Modal interpretations. 16. Cartwright's models are not adequate for EPR -- III: Language. 17. Radical anti-realism and substructural logics. 18. The minimalist conception of truth. 19. Truth and satisfaction by the empty sequence. 20. Truth, propositions and context. 21. Actuality and possibility. 22. Possible worlds semantics and the liar -- IV: Cognition. 23. The triplet modeling of concept connections. 24. Evaluation and testing in creativity. 25. Assessment in the limits of scientific inquiry. 26. Inferential traps in an escalation process -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2612-2
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    Resource-Sensitivity, Binding and Anaphora (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401000376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 80
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics
    Abstract: The structure and properties of any natural language expression depend on its component sub-expressions - "resources" - and relations among them that are sensitive to basic structural properties of order, grouping, and multiplicity. Resource-sensitivity thus provides a perspective on linguistic structure that is well-defined and universally-applicable. The papers in this collection - by J. van Benthem, P. Jacobson, G. Jäger, G-J. Kruijff, G. Morrill, R. Muskens, R. Oehrle, and A. Szabolcsi - examine linguistic resources and resource-sensitivity from a variety of perspectives, including: - Modal aspects of categorial type inference; - Multi-dimensional type structures and grammatical architecture;- Resource-sensitive aspects of binding and anaphora;- Resource-sensitive inference and discourse context. In particular, the book contains a number of papers treating anaphorically-dependent expressions as functions, whose application to an appropriate argument yields a type and an interpretation directly integratable with the surrounding grammatical structure. To situate this work in a larger setting, the book contains two appendices: - an introductory guide to resource-sensivity;- notes on the historical background of resource-sensitive approaches to binding and anaphora
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributing Authors -- Introduction -- Part I: Resources, Structures, and Composition. 1. Categorial Grammar at a Cross-Roads. 2. Language, Lambdas, and Logic -- Part II: Resources, Binding, and Anaphora. 3. Binding without pronouns (and pronouns without binding). 4. Resource Sharing in Type Logical Grammar. 5. Binding Across Boundaries. 6. On Bound Anaphora in Type Logical Grammar. 7. Structural Communication in Binding. 8. Binding on the Fly: Cross-Sentential Anaphora in Variable-Free Semantics -- Part III: Appendices. 9. Resource-Sensitity - A Brief Guide. 10. Some Precursors -- Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0037-6
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    Current and New Directions in Discourse and Dialogue (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401000192
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 381 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 22
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computer science ; Semantics. ; Image processing. ; Speech processing systems. ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Signal processing. ; User interfaces (Computer systems). ; Semiotics. ; Human-computer interaction.
    Abstract: This volume is unique in its breadth of coverage on key topics in the field from a variety of leading researchers. In one volume, readers gain exposure to several perspectives in the areas of corpus annotation and analysis, dialogue system construction; as well as theoretical perspectives on communicative intention, context-based generation, and modelling of discourse structure. In this book you will find high quality articles representing current and new directions in discourse and dialogue with an emphasis on Dialogue Systems; Corpora and Corpus Tools; and Semantic and Pragmatic Modelling of Discourse and Dialogue. The majority of the articles included come from the most outstanding papers presented at the 2nd SIGdial workshop on Discourse and Dialogue held in conjunction with Eurospeech 2001. The contents are supplemented with four invited papers from internationally recognized researchers in discourse and dialogue
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0019-2
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    Superminds : People Harness Hypercomputation, and More (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401002837
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXX, 339 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 29
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: This is the first book-length presentation and defense of a new theory of human and machine cognition, according to which human persons are superminds. Superminds are capable of processing information not only at and below the level of Turing machines (standard computers), but above that level (the "Turing Limit"), as information processing devices that have not yet been (and perhaps can never be) built, but have been mathematically specified; these devices are known as super-Turing machines or hypercomputers. Superminds, as explained herein, also have properties no machine, whether above or below the Turing Limit, can have. The present book is the third and pivotal volume in Bringsjord's supermind quartet; the first two books were What Robots Can and Can't Be (Kluwer) and AI and Literary Creativity (Lawrence Erlbaum). The final chapter of this book offers eight prescriptions for the concrete practice of AI and cognitive science in light of the fact that we are superminds
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0283-7
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    Recent Advances in Example-Based Machine Translation (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401001816
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (520p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Translators (Computer programs) ; Translation and interpretation. ; Translating and interpreting ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Natural language processing (Computer science).
    Abstract: Recent Advances in Example-Based Machine Translation is of relevance to researchers and program developers in the field of Machine Translation and especially Example-Based Machine Translation, bilingual text processing and cross-linguistic information retrieval. It is also of interest to translation technologists and localisation professionals. Recent Advances in Example-Based Machine Translation fills a void, because it is the first book to tackle the issue of EBMT in depth. It gives a state-of-the-art overview of EBMT techniques and provides a coherent structure in which all aspects of EBMT are embedded. Its contributions are written by long-standing researchers in the field of MT in general, and EBMT in particular. This book can be used in graduate-level courses in machine translation and statistical NLP
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0181-6
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    The Turing Test : The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401001052
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 30
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: The Turing Test gives the most comprehensive, in depth and contemporary assessment of this classic topic in artificial intelligence. This is the first book to elaborate in such detail the numerous conflicting points of view on many aspects of this multifaceted, controversial subject. It offers new insights into Turing's own interpretation and traces the history of the debate about the merits of the Turing test in more detail than anywhere else. Turing's famous predictions (1950) are assessed fifty years after they were made. The book also gives competing views about how the Turing test should be interpreted, and novel contemporary criticisms of the test. Justifications for the test and its future applications are suggested and alternatives to the Turing test are examined in detail. Recent results of the Loebner competition are analyzed. This highly readable volume is essential reading for research on the Turing test and for teaching undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, computer science, and cognitive science
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0105-2
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    A Theory of Immediate Awareness : Self-Organization and Adaptation in Natural Intelligence (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401701839
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVII, 316 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Systems theory ; Epistemology. ; Neurosciences ; Artificial intelligence ; System theory. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Control theory.
    Abstract: This book presents a realist, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary theory of immediate awareness showing it is the most primitive cognitive network underlying all our natural intelligence. Including preattentive and attention processes, as well as primitive relations of the senses, imagination and memory, immediate awareness is a kind of knowing deeply embedded and interwoven throughout our multiple kinds of natural intelligence. It permits as well as drives our knowing how, our bodily intelligence. Against the Cartesian mind-body split found in earlier and current theories, the author shows how immediate awareness permits emergent properties of mind in multilayered primitive relations of touching and moving in bodily kinesthetic intelligence. Contrary to existing theories, she argues that sensation is not cognitively "neutral", nor does it require a "representation" in order to be accessible to cognitive processes
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0183-9
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    Designing for Change in Networked Learning Environments : Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning 2003 (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401701952
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 535 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 2
    Series Statement: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Series 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Learning. ; Instruction. ; Education ; Artificial intelligence ; Educational technology. ; Learning, Psychology of.
    Abstract: Designing for Learning in Networked Learning Environments is of interest to researchers and students, designers, educators, and industrial trainers across various disciplines including education, cognitive, social and educational psychology, didactics, computer science, linguistics and semiotics, speech communication, anthropology, sociology and design. Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL) is a genuinely interdisciplinary field that strives to create a better understanding of collaborative learning that is mediated by a diverse set of computational technologies. The theme of CSCL 2003 "Designing for Change in Networked Learning Environments" reflects a commitment to influence educational practice in times of the Internet. The contributions in this volume include discussions on knowledge building, designing and analysing group interaction, design of collaborative multimedia and 3D environments, computational modelling and analysis, software agents, and much more
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0195-2
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    The Brain from 25,000 Feet : High Level Explorations of Brain Complexity, Perception, Induction and Vagueness (2003)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401702935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXV, 330 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 317
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    Keywords: Life sciences ; Computer vision ; Evolution (Biology) ; Neurosciences ; Artificial intelligence ; Evolutionary biology. ; Philosophy. ; Optical data processing.
    Abstract: In The Brain from 25,000 Feet, Mark A. Changizi defends a non-reductionist philosophy and applies it to a variety of problems in the brain sciences. Some of the key questions answered are as follows. Why do we see visual illusions, and why are illusions inevitable for any finite-speed vision machine? Why aren't brains universal learning machines, and what does the riddle of induction and its solution have to do with human learning and innateness? The author tackles such questions as why the brain is folded, and why animals have as many limbs as they do, explaining how these relate to principles of network optimality. He describes how most natural language words are vague and then goes on to explain the connection to the ultimate computational limits on machines. There is also a fascinating discussion of how animals accommodate greater behavioral complexity. This book is a must-read for researchers interested in taking a high-level, non-mechanistic approach to answering age-old fundamental questions in the brain sciences
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0293-5
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    The Discovery of the Artificial : Behavior, Mind and Machines Before and Beyond Cybernetics (2002)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401598705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 314 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 28
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; History
    Abstract: The book provides a valuable text for undergraduate and graduate courses on the historical and theoretical issues of Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, Psychology, Neuroscience, and the Philosophy of Mind. The book should also be of interest for researchers in these fields, who will find in it analyses of certain crucial issues in both the earlier and more recent history of their disciplines, as well as interesting overall insights into the current debate on the nature of mind. From the reviews: "..a book that will help those studying social sciences to realize the mechanical roots of the ongoing debate about cognition, but at the same time will help scholars of AI to put their discourse on intelligence in a historical and social perspective
    Description / Table of Contents: Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Chemical machines and action systems -- 2. Nervous conduction: early connectionism, physical analogies and machines -- 3. The Robot Approach -- 4. Behavior, purpose and teleology -- 5. Cybernetics and the origins of Artificial Intelligence -- 6. New steps towards the artificial -- 7. The many forms of the artificial -- References. List of machines -- Name Index -- Subject Index.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9870-5
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    Multimodality in Language and Speech Systems (2002)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401723671
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 243 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 19
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Image processing. ; Speech processing systems. ; Multimedia information systems. ; Multimedia systems ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; User interfaces (Computer systems). ; Signal processing. ; Human-computer interaction.
    Abstract: This book covers the topic of multimodality from a large number of different perspectives and provides the advanced student/researcher with a current survey of theories of multimodal communication between people as well as reviewing many aspects of multimodal input/output in technical systems. Chapters dealing with human-human multimodal communication include speech-gesture systems, semiotics of gesture, structure and functions of face-to-face communication, emotional relations and intercultural variation, and human-human communication which is mediated by computer for the handicapped. Chapters dealing with human-machine communication and interfaces cover the technology and science of creating talking faces, technology and methods for the development of animated interface agents in intelligent multimedia systems, and the integration of multimodal input and output in the computer interface. The book also covers computer processing and understanding of signal and symbol input from speech, text, and visual images
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2367-1
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    In the Scope of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science : Volume Two of the 11th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Cracow, August 1999 (2002)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401704755
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (376 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 316
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy. ; Artificial intelligence ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy—History.
    Abstract: This is the second of two volumes containing papers submitted by the invited speakers to the 11th international Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, held in Cracow in 1999, under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. The invited speakers are the leading researchers and accordingly the book presents the current state of the intellectual discourse in the respective fields
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0475-5
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    Contemporary Tools and Techniques for Studying Writing (2002)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401004688
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 163 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Writing 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Consciousness ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Artificial intelligence ; Cognitive psychology. ; Learning, Psychology of.
    Abstract: This book brings together methods designed by psychologists, linguists, and practitioners who aim to study writing both within the laboratory and the workplace. The methods presented link writing research with investigations of working memory, automatic semantic analysis, and writing in the workplace. Unlike previous volumes on writing, the primary focus of this book is upon the computer-based techniques and methods available today that enable and foster new systematic investigations of writing theories and processes. The main target audience for this volume is writing professionals, including people who study writing processes and products, teachers of writing, as well as those, like journalists, whose careers depend on managing multiple constraints and audiences for their work. Most of the software mentioned in this book is available free of charge on the website: http://www.psychologysoftware.com
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0468-8
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  • 39
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    Agent-Based Defeasible Control in Dynamic Environments (2002)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401717410
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 479 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: This last volume of the Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems is - together with Volume 6 - devoted to the topics Reasoning and Dynamics, covering both the topics of "Dynamics of Reasoning", where reasoning is viewed as a process, and "Reasoning about Dynamics", which must be understood as pertaining to how both designers of, and agents within dynamic systems may reason about these systems. The present volume presents work done in this context and is more focused on "reasoning about dynamics", viz. how (human and artificial) agents reason about (systems in) dynamic environments in order to control them. In particular modelling frameworks and generic agent models for modelling these dynamic systems and formal approaches to these systems such as logics for agents and formal means to reason about agent-based and compositional systems, and action & change more in general are considered
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1741-0
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  • 40
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    Algebra of Conscience : Revised Edition with a Second Part with a new Foreword by Anatol Rapoport (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401706919
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 358 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 30
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Consciousness ; Applied psychology ; Cross-cultural psychology. ; Decision making. ; Ontology ; Artificial intelligence ; Operations research ; Cognitive psychology. ; Ethnopsychology.
    Abstract: Conscience is an essential human attribute. Nevertheless, in the construction of formal models of the subject it is customarily left outside the framework of theoretical analysis. The Algebra of Conscience, whose first edition appeared in 1982, was the first specialized work modeling the phenomenon of conscience. The method used in this book made it possible to connect moral experience with decision-making procedures on the level of mathematical models. The application of such models allows us to propose the hypothesis of two fundamentally different ethical systems determining the normative patterns of human behavior in situations of conflict. Under the first ethical system the subject's self-esteem is raised if the subject seeks to resolve the conflict; in the second it is raised by seeking to dramatize the conflict. The new edition of The Algebra of Conscience is significantly expanded. The second part of the book, devoted to moral choice, is completely new. Based on the theory presented in the first part, it constructs the model of a subject capable of making an intentional choice. A special variable corresponds to the subject's intention. This development allows us to include within the model freedom of will and freedom of choice, and also to generalize classical 2×2 game theory to the case where outcomes, in addition to having utility measures, are either `positive' or `negative.' In its concluding chapters the book constructs a dynamic model of the intentional subject faced with a choice between two alternatives, neither of which is morally acceptable for the subject. It is shown that in this case the probabilities of choice of the alternatives may change chaotically. From this it follows that one cannot predict which alternative will be chosen or even the probabilities with which they will be chosen. Audience: The book is addressed to a broad readership having elementary knowledge of mathematical logic and the theory of probability. It can be used in college courses studying the modelling of moral choice. The book's material can also be used in the design of artificial intelligence systems
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0691-9
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  • 41
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    Tools and Modes of Representation in the Laboratory Sciences (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401597371
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 264 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 222
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Algebra Data processing ; Epistemology. ; Chemistry ; Artificial intelligence ; History ; Computer science—Mathematics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This book provides novel insights into the practices of representing invisible objects in nineteenth-century and twentieth-century laboratory sciences. It tackles questions such as: How did scientific practitioners make sense of mathematical representations of theoretical entities, and did their understanding depend on transformations of mathematical sign systems into diagrams, graphs or other iconic modes of representation? Are modes of representation conceptually essential or merely decorative features of scientific discourse? Why did experimental scientists implement theoretically loaded sign systems, such as chemical formulas, in their practical activities, and what were the functions of such sign systems in experimental practice? The essays contained in this volume carefully follow the way scientists constructed, juxtaposed and transformed representations of invisible objects of inquiry, and explore the pragmatic use of representations as tools in scientific and industrial practices. Historians and philosophers of science, but also experimental scientists interested in the epistemological, semiotic and historical issues of their discipline, will find theoretical propositions about representations as well as a multifaceted portrayal of scientists' constructions and applications of representations - be they the structural formula of a dye, the three-dimensional model of a protein, a table conveying relationships between chemical elements, a diagram depicting the functional relationships of the genetic apparatus, or a lengthy text dealing with the molecular level of objects
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9737-1
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  • 42
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    Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401009737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: An important collection of studies providing a fresh and original perspective on the nature of mind, including thoughtful and detailed arguments that explain why the prevailing paradigm - the computational conception of language and mentality - can no longer be sustained. An alternative approach is advanced, inspired by the work of Charles S. Peirce, according to which minds are sign-using (or `semiotic') systems, which in turn generates distinctions between different kinds of minds and overcomes problems that burden more familiar alternatives. Unlike conceptions of minds as machines, this novel approach has obvious evolutionary implications, where differences in semiotic abilities tend to distinguish the species. From this point of view, the scope and limits of computer and AI systems can be more adequately appraised and alternative accounts of consciousness and cognition can be more thoroughly criticised. Readership: Intermediate and advanced students of computer science, AI, cognitive science, and all students of the philosophy of the mind
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0973-7
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  • 43
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    Argument, Inference and Dialectic : Collected Papers on Informal Logic with an Introduction by Hans V. Hansen (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401707831
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 148 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Argumentation Library 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Epistemology. ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This volume contains 12 papers addressed to researchers and advanced students in informal logic and related fields, such as argumentation, formal logic, and communications. Among the issues are attempts to rethink the nature of argument and of inference, the role of dialectical context, and the standards for evaluating inferences, and to shed light on the interfaces between informal logic and argumentation theory, rhetoric, formal logic and cognitive psychology. The volume contains a concluding chapter that interrelates and qualifies the ideas developed in the individual papers
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0783-1
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    Computing Meaning : Volume 2 (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401005722
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 306 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 77
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: This book is a collection of papers written by outstanding researchers in the newly emerging field of computational semantics. Computational semantics is concerned with the computation of the meanings of linguistic objects such as text fragments, spoken dialogue utterances, and e-mail messages. The meaning of such an object is determined partly by linguistic information and partly by information from the context in which the object occurs. The information from these sources is combined by processes that infer which interpretation of the object applies in the given context. This applies not only to notoriously difficult aspects of interpreting linguistic objects, such as indexicals, anaphora, and metonymy, but also to establishing the precise reference of common nouns and the scopes of noun phrases. The central issue in computational semantics is how processes of finding and combining the relevant linguistic and contextual information into contextually appropriate meanings can be organised. Traditional approaches of applying context information to disambiguated natural language expressions do not work well, due to the massive ambiguity in natural language. Recent work in computational semantics suggests, alternatively, to represent linguistic semantic information in formal structures with underspecification, and to apply context information in inference processes that result in further specification of these representations. Underspecified representation and inference are therefore the key topics in this book. The book is aimed at those linguists, computer scientists, and logicians who take an interest in the computation of meaning, and who want to know what is happening in this exciting field of research
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0572-2
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    Word Frequency Distributions (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401008440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Statistics
    Abstract: This book is a comprehensive introduction to the statistical analysis of word frequency distributions, intended for computational linguists, corpus linguists, psycholinguists, and researchers in the field of quantitative stylistics. Word frequency distributions are characterized by very large numbers of rare words. This property leads to strange phenomena such as mean frequencies that systematically change as the number of observations is increased, relative frequencies that even in large samples are not fully reliable estimators of population probabilities, and model parameters that vary with text or corpus size. Special statistical techniques for the analysis of distributions with large numbers of rare events can be found in various technical journals. The aim of this book is to make these techniques more accessible for non-specialists, both theoretically, by means of a careful introduction to the underlying probabilistic and statistical concepts, and practically, by providing a program library implementing the main models for word frequency distributions
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0844-0
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    Structures in Science : Heuristic Patterns Based on Cognitive Structures. An Advanced Textbook in Neo-Classical Philosophy of Science (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401597395
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 413 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 301
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The philosophy of science has lost its self-confidence, witness the lack of advanced textbooks in contrast to the abundance of elementary textbooks. Structures in Science is an advanced textbook that explicates, updates, accommodates, and integrates the best insights of logical-empiricism and its main critics. This `neo-classical approach' aims at providing heuristic patterns for research. The book introduces four ideal types of research programs (descriptive, explanatory, design, and explicative) and reanimates the distinction between observational laws and proper theories. It explicates various patterns of explanation by subsumption and specification as well as structures in reductive and other types of interlevel research. Its analysis of theory evaluation leads to new characterizations of confirmation, empirical progress, and pseudoscience. Partial analogies between progress in nomological research (i.e. observational, referential, and theoretical truth approximation, presented in detail in From Instrumentalism to Constructive Realism, 2000) and progress in explicative and design research emerge. Finally, special chapters are devoted to design research programs, computational philosophy of science, the structuralist approach to theories, and research ethics
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9739-5
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    Robustness in Language and Speech Technology (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401597197
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 271 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Image processing. ; Speech processing systems. ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Signal processing.
    Abstract: In this book we address robustness issues at the speech recognition and natural language parsing levels, with a focus on feature extraction and noise robust recognition, adaptive systems, language modeling, parsing, and natural language understanding. This book attempts to give a clear overview of the main technologies used in language and speech processing, along with an extensive bibliography to enable topics of interest to be pursued further. It also brings together speech and language technologies often considered separately. Robustness in Language and Speech Technology serves as a valuable reference and although not intended as a formal university textbook, contains some material that can be used for a course at the graduate or undergraduate level
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9719-7
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    Cooperative Agents : Applications in the Social Sciences (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401711777
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 216 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 32
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Systems theory ; Consciousness ; Social psychology. ; Artificial intelligence ; Computer simulation. ; System theory. ; Sociology. ; Personality. ; Control theory. ; Difference (Psychology).
    Abstract: Agent-based modelling on a computer appears to have a special role to play in the development of social science. It offers a means of discovering general and applicable social theory, and grounding it in precise assumptions and derivations, whilst addressing those elements of individual cognition that are central to human society. However, there are important questions to be asked and difficulties to overcome in achieving this potential. What differentiates agent-based modelling from traditional computer modelling? Which model types should be used under which circumstances? If it is appropriate to use a complex model, how can it be validated? Is social simulation research to adopt a realist epistemology, or can it operate within a social constructionist framework? What are the sociological concepts of norms and norm processing that could either be used for planned implementation or for identifying equivalents of social norms among co-operative agents? Can sustainability be achieved more easily in a hierarchical agent society than in a society of isolated agents? What examples are there of hybrid forms of interaction between humans and artificial agents? These are some of the sociological questions that are addressed
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1177-7
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    The Processing of Tense : Psycholinguistic Studies on the Interpretation of Tense and Temporal Relations (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401005685
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 312 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 28
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    Keywords: Semantics ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Psycholinguistics ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: This book presents an in-depth study of the processing of tense, more specifically the English past tense. Against a detailed theoretical background, it presents a number of psycholinguistic studies examining how and when the language processor assigns an interpretation to tense morphology. In so doing, it looks at several specific topics: temporal anaphora resolution, adverb preposing and discourse relations, and the sequence-of-tense ambiguity. The picture which emerges is one in which the processor is not guided by preceding context in making interpretive decisions regarding tense, as previous work has suggested. Rather, sentence-level linguistic structure appears to cue the processor in deciding which of multiple possible interpretations to assign to a past-tense marker. The book also offers novel theoretical perspectives on issues of both linguistic (temporal adverbs, sentence- and discourse-level temporal interpretation) and psycholinguistic (models of semantic processing) interest. This work will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in linguistics and psycholinguistics working on semantic processing, temporal interpretation, and discourse processing
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0568-5
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    The Logic of Metaphor : Analogous Parts of Possible Worlds (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401596541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 256 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 299
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: The Logic of Metaphor uses techniques from possible worlds semantics to provide formal truth-conditions for many grammatical classes of metaphors. It gives logically precise and practically useful syntactic and semantic rules for generating and interpreting metaphors. These rules are implemented in a working computer program. The book treats the lexicon as a conceptual network with semantics provided by an intensional predicate calculus. It gives rules for finding analogies in such networks. It shows how to analyse texts containing metaphors both syntactically and semantically and how to use structural similarities between parts of possible worlds to provide truth-conditions for metaphors. Meanings for metaphors are linked to the modal logics of identity and indiscernibility. The book shows how to extend deductive and adductive inference systems so as to handle metaphors and how to handle novel metaphorical word-senses. Indispensable reading for philosophers, logicians, linguists and computer scientists
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9654-1
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    Dynamics and Management of Reasoning Processes (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401717434
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 385 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic. ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: This volume is focused on the dynamics of reasoning processes. It covers both the topics of 'Dynamics of Reasoning', where reasoning is viewed as a process, and 'Reasoning about Dynamics', which must be understood as pertaining to how both designers of, and agents within dynamic systems may reason about these systems. In this volume real-life applications of the modelling techniques are also considered, as the research during the DRUMS (Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems) project was aimed at bridging the gap between theory and practice. In order to give the book a broader perspective, a number of well-known researchers outside the project but working on similar topics, have been invited to contribute as well
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1743-4
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    Conceptual Flux : Mental Representation, Misrepresentation, and Concept Change (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401594622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 437 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Pragmatism ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: How can one think about a thing, think something false about it, and still be thinking about that thing at all? If a concept is applied to something outside its meaning, how are we to say it does not mean that thing as well? The problem of misrepresentation is one of the central issues in contemporary philosophy of mind. Here, Mark Perlman criticizes the way all contemporary theories of mental representation seek to account for misrepresentation, concluding that it cannot be explained naturistically. Specifically, Perlman evaluates and criticizes the theories of mental content proposed by Fodor, Dretske, Millikan, Block, Harman and others, as well as examining verificationist approaches to meaning of Quine, Davidson and Stich. The book goes much further than criticism, however: Perlman formulates a naturalistic theory of representation that reluctantly accepts the unfortunate conclusion that there is no misrepresentation. He adds a pragmatic theory of content, which explains apparent misrepresentation as concept change. Mental representations can be good or bad in specific contexts and for specific purposes, but their correctness is not a matter of truth and falsity. The pragmatic approach to mental content has implications for epistemology, theories of truth, metaphysics, psychology, and AI (specifically connectionist networks). Readership: One of the most thorough examinations of mental representation and meaning holism available, this book should be read by everyone interested in the mind and how ideas can have meaning. It crosses boundaries from philosophy into psychology, linguistics, AI and cognitive science
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9462-2
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    The Reality of the Unobservable : Observability, Unobservability and Their Impact on the Issue of Scientific Realism (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401593915
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 377 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 215
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 215
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Artificial intelligence ; Quantum physics. ; Gravitation. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: The debate on realism in physics is usually focused on the reality of unobservable entities admitted in physical theories. This reality has been often denied (e.g., by Bas van Fraassen). The present book shows that observability is a very complex notion that does not really have direct implications on ontological issues related to the existence of the non-observable entities. This is shown through historical, philosophical and scientific considerations presented in the different parts of the book. Emphasis is also given to the role of experiments, measurement procedures and computer-analyzed data as interface between the theoretical and experimental cultures
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9391-5
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    Cooperation : A Philosophical Study (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401595940
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 436 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 82
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Consciousness ; Decision making. ; Social psychology. ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Operations research ; Philosophy. ; Personality. ; Difference (Psychology).
    Abstract: In Cooperation, A Philosophical Study, Tuomela offers the first comprehensive philosophical theory of cooperation. He builds on such notions a collective and joint goals, mutual beliefs, collective commitments, acting together and acting collectively. The book analyzes the varieties of cooperation, making use of the crucial distinction between group-mode and individual-mode cooperation. The former is based on collective goals and collective commitments, the latter on private goals and commitments. The book discusses the attitudes and the kinds of practical reasoning that cooperation requires and investigate some of the conditions under which cooperation is likely, rationally, to occur. It also shows some of the drawbacks of the standard game-theoretical treatments of cooperation and presents a survey of cooperation research in neighbouring fields. Readership: Essential reading for researchers and graduate students in philosophy. Also of interest to researchers int he social sciences and AI
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9594-0
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    Cross-Linguistic Perspectives on Language Processing (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401139496
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Consciousness ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Cognitive psychology.
    Abstract: The cross-linguistic aspect of language processing is becoming a central question in psycholinguistic research: if the goal of psycholinguists is to give a model of the human sentence processor, and not `a language' sentence processor, a test of its cross-linguistic validity is essential. The chapters address truly fundamental issues about the representational primitives of the parsing system and the motivations for the essential characteristics of the parser. The volume also discusses important methodological issues in cross-linguistic research, such as the choices of linguistic material and experimental procedures. It also shows how cross-linguistic research can be pursued in either a monolingual or multilingual approach. This volume contains contributions from experimental and theoretical psycholinguists, and computational researchers. Audience: The book is recommended reading for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in psycholinguistics, linguistics and computational linguisitics, as well as practising researchers in the same fields
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3949-6
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    Advances in Probabilistic and Other Parsing Technologies (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401594707
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 269 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computer science ; Translators (Computer programs) ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Syntax. ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; User interfaces (Computer systems). ; Natural language processing (Computer science). ; Human-computer interaction. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Parsing technology is concerned with finding syntactic structure in language. In parsing we have to deal with incomplete and not necessarily accurate formal descriptions of natural languages. Robustness and efficiency are among the main issuesin parsing. Corpora can be used to obtain frequency information about language use. This allows probabilistic parsing, an approach that aims at both robustness and efficiency increase. Approximation techniques, to be applied at the level of language description, parsing strategy, and syntactic representation, have the same objective. Approximation at the level of syntactic representation is also known as underspecification, a traditional technique to deal with syntactic ambiguity. In this book new parsing technologies are collected that aim at attacking the problems of robustness and efficiency by exactly these techniques: the design of probabilistic grammars and efficient probabilistic parsing algorithms, approximation techniques applied to grammars and parsers to increase parsing efficiency, and techniques for underspecification and the integration of semantic information in the syntactic analysis to deal with massive ambiguity. The book gives a state-of-the-art overview of current research and development in parsing technologies. In its chapters we see how probabilistic methods have entered the toolbox of computational linguistics in order to be applied in both parsing theory and parsing practice. The book is both a unique reference for researchers and an introduction to the field for interested graduate students
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9470-7
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    Parallel Text Processing : Alignment and Use of Translation Corpora (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401725354
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 403 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Translators (Computer programs) ; Artificial intelligence ; Applied linguistics ; Computational linguistics ; Translation and interpretation. ; Natural language processing (Computer science).
    Abstract: With the rising importance of multilingualism in language industries, brought about by global markets and world-wide information exchange, parallel corpora, i.e. corpora of texts accompanied by their translation, have become key resources in the development of natural language processing tools. The applications based upon parallel corpora are numerous and growing in number: multilingual lexicography and terminology, machine and human translation, cross-language information retrieval, language learning, etc. The book's chapters have been commissioned from major figures in the field of parallel corpus building and exploitation, with the aim of showing the state of the art in parallel text alignment and use ten to fifteen years after the first parallel-text alignment techniques were developed. Within the book, the following broad themes are addressed: (i) techniques for the alignment of parallel texts at various levels such as sentence, clause, and word; (ii) the use of parallel texts in fields as diverse as translation, lexicography, and information retrieval; (iii) available corpus resources and the evaluation of alignment methods. The book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students of computational linguistics, terminology, lexicography and translation, both in academia and industry
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2535-4
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    Reference and Anaphoric Relations (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401139472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 72
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: The notions of reference and anaphoric relations have been discussed since antiquity and they are still one of the most challenging subjects in linguistics, logics and philosophy of language. The quest for a satisfying account of anaphoric reference has initiated a wide range of new and interesting approaches in formal semantics; and recent research confirms the old insight that reference and anaphoricity are closely interrelated issues. This volume brings together fifteen original research articles on the representation and interpretation of indefinite and definite noun phrases, anaphoric pronouns, and closely related issues such as scope and quantifier movement. The analyses are worked out within discourse representation theory, file change semantics, and dynamic logic, a family of recent frameworks developed for the formal analysis of discourse semantics. Particular attention is paid to E-type theories of pronouns and to the use of choice functions in the semantics of noun phrases. The papers collected in this volume shed light on the question of how linguistic expressions establish reference and anaphoric relations. The use of choice function approaches within dynamic semantics opens new research perspectives on these questions. Audience: This book will be of interest to scholars and students of linguistics, logicians, philosophers of language, computational linguists, and computer scientists with an interest in the semantics of natural language
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3947-2
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    Intonation : Analysis, Modelling and Technology (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401143172
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Phonology ; Image processing. ; Speech processing systems. ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Signal processing. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Phonology.
    Abstract: The volume Intonation: Analysis, Modelling and Technology covers the main aspects of intonation, written by international researchers in the field. Following the Introduction, fourteen chapters are organised into five thematic sections: Overview of Intonation, Prominence and Focus, Boundaries and Discourse, Intonation Modelling and Intonation Technology. Each chapter is basically autonomous within a thematic section, but the subject of several chapters extends over more than one thematic section. The combination of a wide range of research areas, as well as interdisciplinary approaches in the study of intonation, makes this volume a unique contribution to the international scientific community. Basic knowledge of Intonation and Prosody is assumed in the context of linguistic and computational backgrounds. Readers may range from students of advanced undergraduate to postgraduate and research levels as well as individual researchers within a variety of disciplines such as Experimental Phonetics, General and Computational Linguistics, Computer Science, and Speech-Language Engineering
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4317-2
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    Scare Tactics : Arguments that Appeal to Fear and Threats (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401729406
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Argumentation Library 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Social sciences ; Law of the sea. ; International law. ; Aeronautics—Law and legislation.
    Abstract: Scare Tactics, the first book on the subject, provides a theory of the structure of reasoning used in fear and threat appeal argumentation. Such arguments come under the heading of the argumentum ad baculum, the `argument to the stick/club', traditionally treated as a fallacy in the logic textbooks. The new dialectical theory is based on case studies of many interesting examples of the use of these arguments in advertising, public relations, politics, international negotiations, and everyday argumentation on all kinds of subjects. Many of these arguments are amusing, once you see the clever tactic used; others are scary. Some of the arguments appear to be quite reasonable, while others are highly suspicious, or even outrageously fraudulent. In addition to the examples taken from logic textbooks, other cases treated come from a variety of sources, including political debates, legal arguments, and arguments from media sources, like magazine articles and television ads. The purpose of this book is to explain how such arguments work as devices of persuasion, and to develop a method for analyzing and evaluating their reasonable and fallacious uses in particular cases. The book shows how such arguments share a common structure, revealing several distinctive forms of argument nested within each other. Based on its account of this cognitive structure, the new dialectical theory presents methods for identifying, analyzing, and evaluating these arguments, as they are used in specific cases. The book is a scholarly contribution to argumentation theory. It is written in an accessible style, and uses many colorful and provocative examples of fear and threat appeal arguments that are suitable for classroom discussions. The matters treated will be of interest to professionals and students in law, critical thinking, advertising, speech communication, informal logic, cognitive science, rhetoric, and media studies
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2940-6
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    Abductive Reasoning and Learning (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401717335
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 442 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic. ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: This book contains leading survey papers on the various aspects of Abduction, both logical and numerical approaches. Abduction is central to all areas of applied reasoning, including artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, machine learning, data mining and decision theory, as well as logic itself
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1733-5
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    Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems : Algorithms for Uncertainty and Defeasible Reasoning (2000)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401717373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 517 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Computers. ; Programming languages (Electronic computers). ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic. ; Computer science. ; Compilers (Computer programs).
    Abstract: The Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems is unique in its masterly survey of the computational and algorithmic problems of systems of applied reasoning. The various theoretical and modelling aspects of defeasible reasoning were dealt with in the first four volumes, and Volume 5 now turns to the algorithmic aspect. Topics covered include: Computation in valuation algebras; consequence finding algorithms; possibilistic logic; probabilistic argumentation systems, networks and satisfiability; algorithms for imprecise probabilities, for Dempster-Shafer, and network based decisions
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1737-3
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    Development of the Syntax-Discourse Interface (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401712392
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 213 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: The main focus of the book is the development of referential abilities in young children. A number of findings suggest that errors exhibited by young children in various experiments and spontaneous speech result from the inability to implement discourse-related knowledge. It is further argued that the deficiency is due to the lack of language-specific processing resources characteristic for young children. In order to support the lack of processing resources argument, certain similarities between the language of children and Broca's aphasics are also discussed. A new theoretical model of the syntax-discourse interface is presented, and it is shown how the proposed model can explain various psycholinguistic findings. The book is intended for scholars and graduate students working in the field of language acquisition and language impairment. It may also be of interest to linguists whose work focuses on the theory of syntax-discourse interface
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1239-2
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    Natural Language Information Retrieval (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401723886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXV, 384 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Linguistics ; Information storage and retrieval systems ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Natural language processing (Computer science). ; User interfaces (Computer systems). ; Human-computer interaction.
    Abstract: The last decade has been one of dramatic progress in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). This hitherto largely academic discipline has found itself at the center of an information revolution ushered in by the Internet age, as demand for human-computer communication and information access has exploded. Emerging applications in computer-assisted information production and dissemination, automated understanding of news, understanding of spoken language, and processing of foreign languages have given impetus to research that resulted in a new generation of robust tools, systems, and commercial products. This volume focuses on the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Information Retrieval, the technology that grew out of library research to become our best hope in dealing with today's information overload. The book gives a broad overview of the work being done at the junction of these two important fields, and suggests directions for future explorations. It is organized into two loosely structured parts: The first part, consisting of Chapters 1 through 7, discusses research systems and evaluations that represent major avenues where the impact of NLP technologies in information retrieval is being explored. The second part (Chapters 8 through 14) describes specific implementations and prototypes of information systems where NLP techniques are used or proposed to assist in accurate retrieval, text categorization, question answering, and in organizing the results for the user. Audience: This book will be a valuable reference to researchers and practitioners in the fields of Natural Language Processing, Information Retrieval, and Computational Linguistics
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2388-6
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    Breadth and Depth of Semantic Lexicons (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401709521
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 329 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Semantics ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics. ; Natural language processing (Computer science).
    Abstract: Most of the books about computational (lexical) semantic lexicons deal with the depth (or content) aspect of lexicons, ignoring the breadth (or coverage) aspect. This book presents a first attempt in the community to address both issues: content and coverage of computational semantic lexicons, in a thorough manner. Moreover, it addresses issues which have not yet been tackled in implemented systems such as the application time of lexical rules. Lexical rules and lexical underspecification are also contrasted in implemented systems. The main approaches in the field of computational (lexical) semantics are represented in the present book (including Wordnet, CyC, Mikrokosmos, Generative Lexicon). This book embraces several fields (and subfields) as different as: linguistics (theoretical, computational, semantics, pragmatics), psycholinguistics, cognitive science, computer science, artificial intelligence, knowledge representation, statistics and natural language processing. The book also constitutes a very good introduction to the state of the art in computational semantic lexicons of the late 1990s
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0952-1
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    Natural Language Processing Using Very Large Corpora (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401723909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 305 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computer engineering ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Electrical engineering.
    Abstract: This book is intended for researchers who want to keep abreast of current developments in corpus-based natural language processing. It captures the essence of a series of highly successful workshops organized over the last few years. The papers cover a range of current research topics in this field including part-of-speech tagging, word sense disambiguation, parsing on real-life texts, working with parallel corpora and improved techniques for document processing
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2390-9
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    A Textbook of Belief Dynamics : Solutions to exercises (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400708143
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 65 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Applied Logic Series 11/2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Humanities ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: The mid-1980s saw the discovery of logical tools that make it possible to model changes in belief and knowledge in entirely new ways. These logical tools turned out to be applicable to both human beliefs and to the contents of databases. Philosophers, logicians, and computer scientists have contributed to making this interdisciplinary field one of the most exciting in the cognitive scientists - and one that is expanding rapidly. This, the first textbook in the new area, contains both discursive chapters with a minimum of formalism and formal chapters in which proofs and proof methods are presented. Using different selections from the formal sections, according to the author's detailed advice, allows the book to be used at all levels of university education. A supplementary volume contains solutions to the 210 exercises. The volume's unique, comprehensive coverage means that it can also be used by specialists in the field of belief dynamics and related areas, such as non-monotonic reasoning and knowledge representation
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0814-3
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    On Sentence Interpretation (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401145992
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Artificial intelligence ; Psycholinguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: At present there exists no empirically-motivated theory of how perceivers assign a grammatically-permissible interpretation to a sentence. Implicit in many investigations of language comprehension is the idea that each constituent of a sentence is interpreted by the perceiver at the earliest conceivable point, using all potentially relevant sources of information. A variety of counter examples are presented to argue against this implicit theory of sentence interpretation. It is argued that an explicit alternative theory is needed to specify which decisions are made at which points during interpretive processing and to spell out the principles governing the processor's preferred choice at points of ambiguity or uncertainty. Several specific issues are taken concerning how the processor assigns a focal structure to an input sentence, how it identifies the topic of the sentence, how implicit restrictors on the domain of quantification are interpreted and how the identification of the content of a restrictor may guide the processor's use of discourse information. Exploiting intuitions about preferred interpretations of ambiguous sentences as well as the results of both old and new experimental studies, a theory of the preferred interpretation of Determiner Phrases is presented. This work explores important, but overlooked questions in on-line sentence interpretation and attempts to erect some of the scaffolding for an eventual theory of sentence interpretation
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4599-2
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  • 69
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    Syntactic Wordclass Tagging (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401592734
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 334 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Information storage and retrieval systems ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: This book provides an in-depth discussion of the field of syntactic wordclass tagging, i.e. the annotation of the words in a text with tags indicating their syntactic properties. Represented are the viewpoints of the two main groups who take an interest in tagging: the users of tagged text and the developers of tagging software. The book starts out by examining the field foremost from the user's point of view. After a brief historical overview, the nature and uses of tagging are discussed and current practice is described. Here the user will find what tagging is and the software developer what it is the user wants. The book then switches to the other point of view and continues with a detailed explanation of the most common computational techniques for automatically tagging large amounts of text. Here the software developer finds information needed for the implementation of a tagger while the user gains insight into the possibilities and impossibilities of automatic tagging and how computer-provided tags should be interpreted
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9273-4
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  • 70
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    Consciousness and Intentionality: Models and Modalities of Attribution (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401591935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (376 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 62
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The papers collected here had their origin in a conference held in Montreal, 1-3 June 1995. The conference drew together researchers of all persuasions, from Europe and North America, to discuss the philosophy of mind. The volume is divided into four sections, each section being prefaced by a specific introduction. The first section deals mainly with the problem of consciousness in relation to intentionality. The second section's main topic is the problem of `qualia', a notion closely related to phenomenal consciousness, approached in the context of perception. The last two sections raise several problems related to what has been called `folk psychology'. Readership: Philosophers interested in philosophy of mind, psychologists, cognitive scientists
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9193-5
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  • 71
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    Predicative Forms in Natural Language and in Lexical Knowledge Bases (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401727464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 379 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Computer engineering ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics. ; Electrical engineering.
    Abstract: This book presents, by means of a number of articles, a survey and a set of projects in computational lexical semantics. The most crucial aspects of ongoing research on predicates are presented: verb semantic classifications, relations between syntax and semantics, Wordnet for Verbs, multilinguism, lexical knowledge bases and lexical acquisition, the generative lexicon. Predicative Forms in Natural Language and in Lexical Knowledge Bases is designed for professors, researchers and graduate students in the area of language processing and semantics
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2746-4
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  • 72
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    Success in Referential Communication (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401731812
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 176 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 80
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Humanities ; Artificial intelligence ; Social sciences ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: One of the most basic themes in the philosophy of language is referential uptake, viz., the question of what counts as properly `understanding' a referring act in communication. In this inquiry, the particular line pursued goes back to Strawson's work on re-identification, but the immediate influence is that of Gareth Evans. It is argued that traditional and recent proposals fail to account for success in referential communication. A novel account is developed, resembling Evans' account in combining an external success condition with a Fregean one. But, in contrast to Evans, greater emphasis is placed on the action-enabling side of communication. Further topics discussed include the role of mental states in accounting for communication, the impact of re-identification on the understanding of referring acts, and Donnellan's referential/attributive distinction. Readership: Philosophers, cognitive scientists and semanticists
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3181-2
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  • 73
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    Computing Meaning : Volume 1 (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401142311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 73
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Semiotics. ; Natural language processing (Computer science).
    Abstract: Computational semantics is concerned with computing the meanings of linguistic objects such as sentences, text fragments, and dialogue contributions. As such it is the interdisciplinary child of semantics, the study of meaning and its linguistic encoding, and computational linguistics, the discipline that is concerned with computations on linguistic objects. From one parent computational semantics inherits concepts and techniques that have been developed under the banner of formal (or model-theoretic) semantics. This blend of logic and linguistics applies the methods of logic to the description of meaning. From the other parent the young discipline inherits methods and techniques for parsing sentences, for effective and efficient representation of syntactic structure and logical form, and for reasoning with semantic information. Computational semantics integrates and further develops these methods, concepts and techniques. This book is a collection of papers written by outstanding researchers in the newly emerging field of computational semantics. It is aimed at those linguists, computer scientists, and logicians who want to know more about the algorithmic realisation of meaning in natural language and about what is happening in this field of research. There is a general introduction by the editors
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-4231-1
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  • 74
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    Cognition, Agency and Rationality : Proceedings of the Fifth International Colloquium on Cognitive Science (1999)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401710701
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 202 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 79
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: As usual, the Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Cognitive Science include leading-edge work by outstanding researchers in the field. This volume contains three kinds of papers corresponding to three of the main disciplines in cognitive science: philosophy, psychology, and artificial intelligence. The title - Cognition, Agency and Rationality - captures the main issues addressed by the papers. Of course, all are concerned with cognition, but some are especially centred on the very concept of rationality, while others focus on (multiple) agency. The diversity of their disciplinary origins and standpoints not only reflects the main topics and the range of different positions presented at ICCS-97, as well as demonstrating the richness, fruitfulness and diversity of research in cognitive science today
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1070-1
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  • 75
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    Extending Deontic Logic for the Formalisation of Legal Rules (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401590990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 194 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; Philosophy of law ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Law—Philosophy. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: This book describes extensions of deontic logic. Deontic logic is a branch of philosophical logic involving reasoning with norms, obligations, prohibitions and permissions. The extensions concern the logical structure of legal rules and legal reasoning. Their function is to improve the representation of legal knowledge and enhance deontic logic through increased expressibility. The resulting formulas acquire new meanings, not expressible in standard deontic logic, which are subject to fresh interpretations. The author offers an extensive analysis of the representation of actors, to whom the norms are directed, and authorities who enact the norms. Moreover, a distinction is made between enactment and applicability. A modality of enactment can be used to express inconsistent enacted norms in a consistent way. An authority-hierarchy is introduced to filter out the applicable norms from the set of enacted norms. Some related philosophical questions will be discussed regarding the applications of formalisms that are intrinsic to practical science with respect to `consistency' and `universality'. The formalisms and applications considered here are relevant for law, philosophy and computer science, with a special focus on the improvement of legal expert systems and intelligent support for legal professionals
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9099-0
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  • 76
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    Reasoning with Actual and Potential Contradictions (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401717397
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 333 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: This volume deals with approaches to handling contradictory information. These include approaches for actual contradiction - both A and not-A can be proven from the information - and approaches for potential contradiction - where the information may contain arguments for A and arguments for not-A, but the system suppresses the contradiction by, for example, preferring some arguments over others. Approaches covered include paraconsistent logics, modal logics, default logics, conditional logics, defeasible logics and paraconsistent semantics for logic programming. The volume is of interest to students, researchers and practitioners in artificial intelligence, software engineering, logic, language and philosophy. This volume is the first handbook to give a comprehensive coverage of handling contradictory information
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1739-7
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  • 77
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    Exploring Textual Data (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401715256
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 247 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Information Systems ; Statistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Marketing ; Electronic data processing—Management.
    Abstract: Researchers in a number of disciplines deal with large text sets requiring both text management and text analysis. Faced with a large amount of textual data collected in marketing surveys, literary investigations, historical archives and documentary data bases, these researchers require assistance with organizing, describing and comparing texts. Exploring Textual Data demonstrates how exploratory multivariate statistical methods such as correspondence analysis and cluster analysis can be used to help investigate, assimilate and evaluate textual data. The main text does not contain any strictly mathematical demonstrations, making it accessible to a large audience. This book is very user-friendly with proofs abstracted in the appendices. Full definitions of concepts, implementations of procedures and rules for reading and interpreting results are fully explored. A succession of examples is intended to allow the reader to appreciate the variety of actual and potential applications and the complementary processing methods. A glossary of terms is provided
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1525-6
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  • 78
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    Mind Out of Matter : Topics in the Physical Foundations of Consciousness and Cognition (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401151047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 291 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Information theory ; Humanities ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Computer science. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Mind Out of Matter aims to transform the way we think about consciousness and the physical world. Unlike many contemporary volumes, it develops a robust and philosophically satisfying account of the mind/body relationship without doing violence to fundamental physics. It expunges popular but ludicrous assumptions about the `in principle' capabilities of cognizers and, with the help of tools from mathematics and scientific fields, supplants flawed notions of representation, function, and mental state with objective and physically grounded alternatives. It debunks quantum theories of consciousness, constructs a simple zombie recipe, and evaluates recent research on chaotic analogue networks. This book is indispensable for readers in philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence, and for mathematicians applying complexity theory or information theory to biological cognition. Audience: General academic/university libraries, plus university departmental libraries in philosophy, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and computer science. Researchers and specialists in philosophy of mind, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, artificial life, complexity theory, and information theory. Researchers in the telecommunications industry
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5104-7
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  • 79
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    Belief Change (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401150545
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 453 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Handbook of Defeasible Reasoning and Uncertainty Management Systems 3
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic. ; Probabilities.
    Abstract: Belief change is an emerging field of artificial intelligence and information science dedicated to the dynamics of information and the present book provides a state-of-the-art picture of its formal foundations. It deals with the addition, deletion and combination of pieces of information and, more generally, with the revision, updating and fusion of knowledge bases. The book offers an extensive coverage of, and seeks to reconcile, two traditions in the kinematics of belief that often ignore each other - the symbolic and the numerical (often probabilistic) approaches. Moreover, the work encompasses both revision and fusion problems, even though these two are also commonly investigated by different communities. Finally, the book presents the numerical view of belief change, beyond the probabilistic framework, covering such approaches as possibility theory, belief functions and convex gambles. The work thus presents a unified view of belief change operators, drawing from a widely scattered literature embracing philosophical logic, artificial intelligence, uncertainty modelling and database systems. The material is a clearly organised guide to the literature on the dynamics of epistemic states, knowledge bases and uncertain information, suitable for scholars and graduate students familiar with applied logic, knowledge representation and uncertain reasoning
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5054-5
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  • 80
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    Designing Communities (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401155625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science & Technology Education Library 3
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Semantics ; Science Study and teaching ; Humanities ; Artificial intelligence ; Sociolinguistics ; Semiotics. ; Science—Study and teaching.
    Abstract: The book employs a rich set of theoretical frames to yield a panorama of research findings having potential interest for educational researchers, policy makers, teacher educators and K-12 teachers. Roth's ideal science classrooms feature creative and inquisitive students working together to solve problems that interest them. More learning occurs at centers of high pupil density and students who participate most in on-task activities are not necessarily those who contribute or learn most. Roth identifies weaknesses of assessment based on products only and highlights the advantages of using videotapes as sources for assessment. Roth shows that student learning is not only a result of individual sense-making efforts but involves interactions between living and artifactual components of a community of participants. `This book promises to be a turning point for science educators involved in social constructivist reform; they will be challenged to reconsider the gloss that they have painted over the social dimension of knowledge construction.' Peter C. Taylor, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5562-5
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  • 81
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    Reanalysis in Sentence Processing (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401590709
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 414 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 21
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: The process of on-line recovery from errors in sentence comprehension is a new and lively focus of research activity in psycholinguistics. This volume offers chapters by experimental and theoretical psycholinguists who have been moving this research forward, sometimes in agreement with each other, sometimes developing opposing views. The experimental data and explanations presented here will interest linguists and psychologists, and all those concerned with how language is used, so rapidly and effectively, for communication. Language understanding is one of the foundational areas of cognitive science, and the research represented here may illuminate how the human mind is able to perform running repairs on its own computations. The material can be read with interest by graduate students and advanced undergraduates as well as practicing researchers
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9070-9
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    Thought, Language, and Ontology : Essays in Memory of Hector-Neri Castañeda (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401150521
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVII, 388 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 76
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Ontology ; Phenomenology ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The late Hector-Neri Castañeda, the Mahlon Powell Professor of Philosophy at Indiana University, and founding editor of Noûs, has deeply influenced current analytic pjilosophy with diverse contributions, including guise theory, the theory on indicators and quasi-indicators, and the proposition/practition theory. This volume collects 15 papers - for the most part previously unpublished - in ontology, philosophy of language, cognitive science and related areas by ex-students of Professor Castañeda, most of whom are now well-known researchers or even distinguished scholars. The authors share the conviction that Castañeda's work must continue to be explored and that his philosophical methodology must continue to be applied in an effort to further illuminate all the issues that he so deeply investigated. The topics covered by the contributions include intensional contexts, possible worlds, quasi-indicators, guise theory, property theory, Russell's substitutional theory of propositions, event theory, the adverbial theory of mental attitudes, existentialist ontology, and Plato's, Leibniz's, Kant's and Peirce's ontologies. An introduction by the editors relates all these themes to Castañeda's philosophical interests and methodology
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5052-1
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    Discourse, Interaction and Communication : Proceedings of the Fourth International Colloquium on Cognitive Science (ICCS-95) (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401589949
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 191 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 72
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Linguistics. ; Philosophy. ; Cognitive psychology.
    Abstract: The papers in this volume represent leading-edge work by well-known scholars on the topics mentioned in the title: discourse, interaction, and communication. They report work done from widely divergent points on the theoretical spectrum of cognitive science, and from different disciplinary starting points (philosophy, logic, linguistics, artificial intelligence). Not only do these works faithfully represent the main topics and the wide range of differing positions presented at the Fourth International Colloquium on Cognitive Science (ICCS-95), but despite their differences (or perhaps because of these differences) they also display many clear directions for future research in these three central areas of cognitive science. This book is essential reading for all researchers in cognitive science
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8994-9
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    Time Map Phonology : Finite State Models and Event Logics in Speech Recognition (1998)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401735346
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 247 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Philology ; Signal processing.
    Abstract: Time Map Phonology addresses key areas of sound structure at which the two technologies of natural language processing and speech technology are beginning to converge. Solutions are presented to the problems of how to process words which have not been heard before and how to develop fine-grained knowledge representation and processing techniques for linguistic units smaller than the word. The solutions are based on a careful comparison of linguistic theories and on the investigation of computational techniques for the next generation of flexible spoken language input and output devices. The approach has been fully implemented for the vocabulary of German and subjected to quantitative evaluation
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3534-6
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    Logical Tools for Modelling Legal Argument : A Study of Defeasible Reasoning in Law (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401589758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 314 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; Philosophy of law ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Law—History. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This book, the expanded and completely revised text of the author's renowned 1993 dissertation, studies the logical aspects of legal reasoning, in order to provide philosophical foundations for legal applications of Artificial Intelligence. It respects that legal reasoning often takes place in a disputational setting, and observes that the law leaves ample room for disagreement, which means that lawyers reason under the possibility of exceptions and with contradictory legal sources, and cannot do without non-deductive reasoning forms, such as analogical reasoning. The study shows that, contrary to what is often said, these features do not escape a logical analysis if recent developments in logic and Artificial Intelligence on so-called non-monotonic reasoning and defeasible argumentation are used, and if logic is regarded as a tool in, rather than as, a model of legal argument. This book is relevant for scholars in legal philosophy, artificial intelligence, logic and argumentation theory, and can also serve as a textbook for graduate courses in AI & Law, non-monotonic reasoning and legal argumentation
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8975-8
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  • 86
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    Spatial Cognition : Geographic Environments (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401730440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 287 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The GeoJournal Library 39
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Geography ; Artificial intelligence ; Social sciences Methodology
    Abstract: This volume approaches geography as a cognitive science focusing on the processes used for learning and decision-making. This book argues that geographers need a theoretical understanding of how people process spatial information. How people store and use information they have acquired about environments is considered in a variety of geographic contexts. Cognitive theories and connectionist models are related to geographic problems to explain how spatial information is processed. The nature of cognitive maps, the processes used to encode them, and their systematic distortions are reviewed. A perception theory that explains the temporary tracking of environmental objects is considered as well as a theory that explains how verbal and visual information can be combined to create mental models of geographic environments in long-term memory. Other theories are considered that explain visual search processes used to find symbols or boundaries on maps. The processes used to learn spatial categories and prototypes, to create abstract knowledge in basic-level categories, and to judge the similarity of objects are also addressed. Neural networks are discussed throughout the book and used to model learning and classification processes. Audience: This book is directed at researchers and students in geography/social geography, psychology and cognitive science interested in spatial cognition
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3044-0
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  • 87
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    Reasoning with Rules : An Essay on Legal Reasoning and Its Underlying Logic (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401588737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 266 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Law and Philosophy Library 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; Philosophy of law ; Computers Law and legislation ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Law—Philosophy. ; Computers—Law and legislation. ; Information technology—Law and legislation. ; Law—History.
    Abstract: Rule-applying legal arguments are traditionally treated as a kind of syllogism. Such a treatment overlooks the fact that legal principles and rules are not statements which describe the world, but rather means by which humans impose structure on the world. Legal rules create legal consequences, they do not describe them. This has consequences for the logic of rule- and principle-applying arguments, the most important of which may be that such arguments are defeasible. This book offers an extensive analysis of the role of rules and principles in legal reasoning, which focuses on the close relationship between rules, principles, and reasons. Moreover, it describes a logical theory which assigns a central place to the notion of reasons for and against a conclusion, and which is especially suited to deal with rules and principles
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8873-7
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  • 88
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    Spatial and Temporal Reasoning (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9780585283227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 394 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Computer science ; Data structures (Computer science) ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Information theory.
    Abstract: Qualitative reasoning about space and time - a reasoning at the human level - promises to become a fundamental aspect of future systems that will accompany us in daily activity. The aim of Spatial and Temporal Reasoning is to give a picture of current research in this area focusing on both representational and computational issues. The picture emphasizes some major lines of development in this multifaceted, constantly growing area. The material in the book also shows some common ground and a novel combination of spatial and temporal aspects of qualitative reasoning. Part I presents the overall scene. The chapter by Laure Vieu is on the state of the art in spatial representation and reasoning, and that by Alfonso Gerevini gives a similar survey on research in temporal reasoning. The specific contributions to these areas are then grouped in the two main parts. In Part II, Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi examine the ontological status of spatial entities; Anthony Cohn, Brandon Bennett, John Gooday, and Nicholas Gotts present a detailed theory of reasoning with qualitative relations about regions; Andrew Frank discusses the spatial needs of geographical information systems; and Annette Herskovits focuses on the linguistic expression of spatial relations. In Part III, James Allen and George Ferguson describe an interval temporal logic for the representation of actions and events; Drew McDermott presents an efficient way of predicting the outcome of plan execution; and Erik Sandewall introduces a semantics based on transitions for assessing theories of action and change. In Part IV, Antony Galton's chapter stands clearly between the two areas of space and time and outlines the main coordinates of an integrated approach
    DOI: 10.1007/978-0-585-28322-7
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  • 89
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    Corpus-Based Methods in Language and Speech Processing (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401711838
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 235 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Text, Speech and Language Technology 2
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Signal processing.
    Abstract: Corpus-based methods will be found at the heart of many language and speech processing systems. This book provides an in-depth introduction to these technologies through chapters describing basic statistical modeling techniques for language and speech, the use of Hidden Markov Models in continuous speech recognition, the development of dialogue systems, part-of-speech tagging and partial parsing, data-oriented parsing and n-gram language modeling. The book attempts to give both a clear overview of the main technologies used in language and speech processing, along with sufficient mathematics to understand the underlying principles. There is also an extensive bibliography to enable topics of interest to be pursued further. Overall, we believe that the book will give newcomers a solid introduction to the field and it will give existing practitioners a concise review of the principal technologies used in state-of-the-art language and speech processing systems. Corpus-Based Methods in Language and Speech Processing is an initiative of ELSNET, the European Network in Language and Speech. In its activities, ELSNET attaches great importance to the integration of language and speech, both in research and in education. The need for and the potential of this integration are well demonstrated by this publication
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1183-8
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  • 90
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    Human Thought (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401156608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 481 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 70
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Semantics
    Abstract: Conscious experience and thought content are customarily treated as distinct problems. This book argues that they are not. Part One develops a chastened empiricist theory of content, which cedes to experience a crucial role in rooting the contents of thoughts, but deploys an expanded conception of experience and of the ways in which contents may be rooted in experience. Part Two shows how, were the world as we experience it to be, our neurophysiology would be sufficient to constitute capacities for the range of intuitive thoughts recognized by Part One. Part Three argues that physics has shown that our experience is not veridical, and that this implies that no completely plausible account of how we have thoughts is comprehensible by humans. Yet this leaves thoughts not especially suspect, because such considerations also imply that all positive and contingent human conceptions of anything are false
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5660-8
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  • 91
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    Fact Proposition Event (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401589598
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 420 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 66
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: `Peterson is an authority of a philosophical and linguistic industry that began in the 1960s with Vendler's work on nominalization. Natural languages distinguish syntactically and semantically between various sorts of what might be called `gerundive entities' - events, processes, states of affairs, propositions, facts, .. all referred to by sentence nominals of various kinds. Philosophers have worried for millennia over the ontology of such things or `things', but until twenty years ago they ignored all the useful linguistic evidence. Vendler not only began to straighten out the distinctions, but pursued more specific and more interesting questions such as that of what entities the causality relation relates (events? facts?). And that of the objects of knowledge and belief. But Vendler's work was only a start and Peterson has continued the task from then until now, both philosophically and linguistically. Fact Proposition Event constitutes the state of the art regarding gerundive entities, defended in meticulous detail. Peterson's ontology features just facts, proposition, and events, carefully distinguished from each other. Among his more specific achievements are: a nice treatment of the linguist's distinction between `factive' and nonfactive constructions; a detailed theory of the subjects and objects of causation, which impinges nicely on action theory; an interesting argument that fact, proposition, events are innate ideas in humans; a theory of complex events (with implications for law and philosophy of law); and an overall picture of syntax and semantics of causal sentences and action sentences. Though Peterson does not pursue them here, there are clear and significant implications for the philosophy of science, in particular for our understanding of scientific causation, causal explanation and law likeness.' Professor William Lycan, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8959-8
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  • 92
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    Defeasible Deontic Logic (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401588515
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 358 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 263
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Ethics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Operations research ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Relevant to philosophy, law, management, and artificial intelligence, these papers explore the applicability of nonmonotonic or defeasible logic to normative reasoning. The resulting systems purport to solve well-known deontic paradoxes and to provide a better treatment than classical deontic logic does of prima facie obligation, conditional obligation, and priorities of normative principles
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8851-5
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  • 93
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    Logic and Scientific Methods : Volume One of the Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Florence, August 1995 (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401704878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 534 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 259
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical logic. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This is the first of two volumes comprising the papers submitted for publication by the invited participants to the Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, held in Florence, August 1995. The Congress was held under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. The invited lectures published in the two volumes demonstrate much of what goes on in the fields of the Congress and give the state of the art of current research. The two volumes cover the traditional subdisciplines of mathematical logic and philosophical logic, as well as their interfaces with computer science, linguistics and philosophy. Philosophy of science is broadly represented, too, including general issues of natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. The papers in Volume One are concerned with logic, mathematical logic, the philosophy of logic and mathematics, and computer science
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0487-8
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  • 94
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    Marcus Contextual Grammars (1997)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401589697
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 378 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 67
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics
    Abstract: Marcus Contextual Grammars is the first monograph to present a class of grammars introduced about three decades ago, based on the fundamental linguistic phenomenon of strings-contexts interplay (selection). Most of the theoretical results obtained so far about the many variants of contextual grammars are presented with emphasis on classes of questions with relevance for applications in the study of natural language syntax: generative powers, descriptive and computational complexity, automata recognition, semilinearity, structure of the generated strings, ambiguity, regulated rewriting, etc. Constant comparison with families of languages in the Chomsky hierarchy is made. Connections with non-linguistic areas are established, such as molecular computing. Audience: Researchers and students in theoretical computer science (formal language theory and automata theory), computational linguistics, mathematical methods in linguistics, and linguists interested in formal models of syntax
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8969-7
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  • 95
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    Interrogative Phrases and the Syntax-Semantics Interface (1996)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401586887
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 195 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 59
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Interrogative Phrases and the Syntax-Semantics Interface starts by analyzing the interpretation of interrogative phrases in single and multiple constituent questions, including their interpretation under adverbs of quantification. The results are then put to work in a novel approach to some of the constraints on dependencies between fronted interrogative phrases and the associated gaps: superiority, weak crossover, as well as the so-called `weak islands' (the WH-island, the negative island and the Factive Island). It is argued that the possibility of fronting an interrogative phrase out of these configurations is determined by a semantic/pragmatic condition on questions, which requires them to be answerable. The analysis is worked out principally on Romanian, a language which allows multiple wh-fronting. The results are then extended to English. Audience: Researchers and students in syntax, semantics and their interface, as well as linguists studying the relation between the acceptability of sentences and the larger discourse context
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8688-7
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  • 96
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    Current Issues in Comparative Grammar (1996)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400901353
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 384 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 35
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    Keywords: Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Humanities ; Linguistics ; Artificial intelligence ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: Current Issues in Comparative Grammar illustrates the diversity and productivity of research within the principles and parameters framework of generative grammar. In combination, the papers in this volume address a rich and varied set of issues in the study of comparative grammar, including the theories of binding, case and government, the parametric effects of inflection, the syntactic properties of infinitival constructions, the analysis of expletives and of clitics, and the interpretation of anaphoric properties at the level of Logical Form. The collection employs several different research strategies, ranging from a broad survey of related constructions in a wide range of languages to the close analysis of an unusual construction in a single language and its consequences for the theory of Universal Grammar. Some of the papers collected here are commentaries on others, or responses to commentaries
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0135-3
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  • 97
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    Parsing with Principles and Classes of Information (1996)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400917088
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 245 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 63
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; Linguistics.
    Abstract: Parsing with Principles and Classes of Information presents a parser based on current principle-based linguistic theories for English. It argues that differences in the kind of information being computed, whether lexical, structural or syntactic, play a crucial role in the mapping from grammatical theory to parsing algorithms. The direct encoding of homogeneous classes of information has computational and cognitive advantages, which are discussed in detail. Phrase structure is built by using a fast algorithm and compact reference tables. A quantified comparison of different compilation methods shows that lexical and structural information are most compactly represented by separate tables. This finding is reconciled to evidence on the resolution of lexical ambiguity, as an approach to the modularization of information. The same design is applied to the efficient computation of long- distance dependencies. Incremental parsing using bottom-up tabular algorithms is discussed in detail. Finally, locality restrictions are calculated by a parametric algorithm. Students of linguistics, parsing and psycholinguistics will find this book a useful resource on issues related to the implementation of current linguistic theories, using computational and cognitive plausible algorithms
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1708-8
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  • 98
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    Philosophy and Cognitive Science: Categories, Consciousness, and Reasoning : Proceeding of the Second International Colloquium on Cognitive Science (1996)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401587310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 270 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 69
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Genetic epistemology ; Semantics ; Logic ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Neurosciences. ; Cognitive psychology.
    Abstract: This book presents the Proceedings of the Second International Colloquium on Cognitive Science, held at San Sebastian in May, 1991, to discuss from an interdisciplinary point of view topics which are at the intersection of philosophy and cognitive science. With a total of eleven papers from leading scholars in the field, the volume provides many different theoretical approaches to the study of Categories, Consciousness and Reasoning. The book is addressed to researchers, specialists, advanced students and scholars in the fields of epistemology, philosophy of mind, psychology, semantics, logic and artificial intelligence
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-8731-0
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  • 99
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    Computational Psycholinguistics : An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Language (1996)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400916005
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics 20
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Abstract: Computational Psycholinguistics: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Study of Language investigates the architecture and mechanisms which underlie the human capacity to process language. It is the first such study to integrate modern syntactic theory, cross-linguistic psychological evidence, and modern computational techniques in constructing a model of the human sentence processing mechanism. The monograph follows the rationalist tradition, arguing the central role of modularity and universal grammar in a theory of human linguistic performance. It refines the notion of `modularity of mind', and presents a distributed model of syntactic processing which consists of modules aligned with the various informational `types' associated with modern linguistic theories. By considering psycholinguistic evidence from a range of languages, a small number of processing principles are motivated and are demonstrated to hold universally. It is also argued that the behavior of modules, and the strategies operative within them, can be derived from an overarching `Principle of Incremental Comprehension'. Audience: The book is recommended to all linguists, psycholinguists, computational linguists, and others interested in a unified and interdisciplinary study of the human language faculty
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-1600-5
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  • 100
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    Revolutionary Changes in Understanding Man and Society : Scopes and Limits (1995)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401103695
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IV, 300 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 21
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Technology Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Artificial intelligence ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Probabilities. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: There have been radical changes in science during the last 20 years: after the breathtaking unification of physical theories in a grand unified theory, the theories of evolution began to unify not only all social sciences but also the natural with the social sciences. Revolutionary Changes in Understanding Man and Society provides a fascinating analysis of these new trends which lead into the 21st Century, together with a profound critique of the received view. Sixteen papers have been assembled, two of them written by Nobel laureates. Part I, `Characteristic Features in Economic Science', criticizes the present status of traditional economic theories. `Discovery, Creativity, Cognition, and Computation: Basic Structure'. Part II opens up new perspectives for the role of the new dynamic structures for the modern social sciences and philosophy. Part III, `Towards a Science of Man and Society: Philosophical and Methodological Foundations', offers the philosophical consequences that are triggered by the breakthrough of modern ideas. Part IV, `Rationality, Complexity and Uncertainty: New Interrelations', examines in detail the rise of new ideas in today's social sciences, such as the difference between cultural (societal) and biological evolution and the leading role of risk in decision making. It offers a critique of rational choice theory and of rationality. Finally, Part V, `Aesthetical and Ethical Patterns', deals with the new interrelations of both disciplines with our present sciences
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0369-5
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