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  • 1990-1994  (282)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (282)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les déplacements de personnes à courte distance : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-seizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 10-11 juin 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105504
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.96
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Short-distance Passenger Travel; Report of the Ninety-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 10-11 June 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Dans les études de mobilité et d'organisation des transports, il n'est pas suffisamment tenu compte des transports à courte distance, en particulier de la marche, de la bicyclette et du transport dit hectométrique. Lors de la conception de zones urbaines, les planificateurs ont tendance à sous-estimer la part des déplacements à pied et la possibilité du transport non motorisé. A l'heure actuelle, cette tendance fait l'objet de vives critiques de la part des citoyens et aussi de certains décideurs. Il s'agit essentiellement d'un changement à provoquer par une prise de conscience pour laquelle de grands bouleversements avec des moyens financiers considérables ne sont pas nécessaires. Quant au transport mécanisé à courte distance, il s'agit d'un besoin exceptionnel issu de l'inadéquation des modes classiques de transport public et par une impossibilité d'usage de la voiture particulière ou du recours à la marche ou à la bicyclette.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105504-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Short-distance Passenger Travel : Report of the Ninety-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 10-11 June 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.96
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les déplacements de personnes à courte distance ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-seizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 10-11 juin 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Studies on mobility and the organisation of transport do not usually take sufficient account of short-distance travel: journeys made on foot, by bicycle or by "people movers". When designing urban areas, planners underestimate the number of trips made by foot and the scope for non-motorised transport, an error that is now widely criticised by both the general public and certain policymakers. What is essentially called for is not drastic action involving substantial investment but simply a change in outlook. "People movers" -- or short-distance mechanised transport systems -- serve exceptional travel needs which cannot be met by conventional modes and which are impracticable by car, bicycle, or on foot.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105498-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Charging for the Use of Urban Roads : Report of the Ninety-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 November 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105511
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.97
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les péages routiers urbains ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dix-septième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4 et 5 novembre 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The scope for road pricing in urban areas is now a matter of the most urgent concern. It involves research and the implementation of projects both aimed at reducing urban congestion and curbing the resulting environmental damage. While the arguments in favour of urban tolls are sound, Round Table 97 highlights the many objections raised particularly on grounds of equity. This publication demonstrates the need for reappraising the entire urban transport system. With its comprehensive overview of the issues now on most countries' agendas, this Round Table raises questions that have yet to be adequately explored.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105511-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les avantages des modes de transport : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-treizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 30 juin-1 juillet 1992 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105443
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.93
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Benefits of Different Transport Modes; Report of the Ninety-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 30 June-1 July 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Beaucoup de recherches ont porté sur les aspects négatifs du transport (émissions nocives, nuisances sonores, surcharge du réseau, problèmes de sécurité), particulièrement en ce qui concerne le trafic routier. La Conférence européenne des ministres des transports (CEMT) a décidé d’organiser une Table ronde qui envisagerait le secteur des transports différemment, en considérant les avantages des différents modes de transport pour la collectivité en général. La quatre-vingt-treizième Table ronde a étudié les différents modes de transport ainsi que leurs contributions respectives à la croissance économique, au développement régional, aux relations sociales et aux besoins de mobilité. Avec son nouveau cadre analytique, cette Table ronde se démarque des autres approches trop conventionnelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105443-fr
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infrastructures et systèmes de transport pour une nouvelle Europe : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quinzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 18-19 mars 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105481
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.95
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport Infrastructure and Systems for a New Europe; Report of the Ninety-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 18-19 March 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Avec les profonds bouleversements économiques des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale, la question des transports paneuropéens revêt une acuité considérable qui ne peut se saisir en simples termes quantitatifs : quels flux ? quelles origines ? quelles destinations ? L'ensemble du système des transports est à concevoir, tant en termes conceptuels qu'en termes de réalisations concrètes. Quelles infrastuctures et quel mode d'organisation des "marchés" des transports sont à faire prévaloir ? Comment assurer la cohérence entre une logique de l'urgence -- pour répondre à la croissance des échanges malgré l'inadéquation des réseaux de transport existants -- et les impératifs du long terme, tels que la sauvegarde de l'environnement ou l'intégration de l'Europe centrale et orientale à une vaste zone d'échanges culturels et économiques. Les experts participant à la Table Ronde 95 se sont attachés à aborder l'ensemble de ces questions tout en cernant les limites des réponses que l'on peut apporter à ce jour.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105481-fr
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional Policy, Transport Networks and Communications : Report of the Ninety-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 November 1992 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.94
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques régionales, réseaux de transport et communications ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quatorzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5-6 novembre 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The high-speed transport networks of the future are already in the planning stage, and all regions will want to be included. However, the magnitude of the investment required and the operating constraints will make it impossible to provide homogeneous service to all areas. Regional policies, whether accommodating or alternative in scope, will have to be adjusted accordingly. What problems will arise if the regions of Central and Eastern Europe, where investment requirements are considerable, are included? Round Table 94 addressed these issues from both a practical and analytical standpoint, gathering information and comparing the views of specialists and regional policy makers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105450-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The EC's Internal Market : Implementation, Economic Consequences, Unfinished Business (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 77 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.147
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: This paper summarizes the content of the EC’s internal market programme and progress made in its implementation. It analyses the mechanisms which should lead to welfare gains, and reviews a wide variety of micro- and macroeconomic indicators in order to ascertain whether integration has proceeded since the mid-1980s. Policy issues, which are more or less closely linked to the success of the internal market, are also addressed here ...
    DOI: 10.1787/053605471675
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La détermination des rémunérations et les systèmes de rémunération dans la fonction publique des pays de l'OCDE : n 2 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062467
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (118 p)
    Series Statement: Etudes hors série sur la gestion publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Service Pay Determination and Pay Systems in OECD Countries; No. 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Service Pay Determination and Pay Systems in OECD Countries: No. 2
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cette nouvelle collection d'{Études hors série sur la gestion publique} a été lancée à l'occasion de la création en 1990 du Comité de la gestion publique de l'OCDE. Elle complète les Études sur la gestion publique publiées par l'OCDE et est principalement composée de rapports spécialisés préparés en tant que contributions aux travaux du Comité. Ces rapports se concentrent sur des questions spécifiques d'amélioration de l'administration dans des domaines comme la prise de décision, la budgétisation, la gestion des ressources humaines, la réforme de la réglementation, l'utilisation des mécanismes de type marché ainsi que la gestion de la performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062467-fr
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les péages routiers urbains : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dix-septième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4 et 5 novembre 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105870
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.97
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Charging for the Use of Urban Roads; Report of the Ninety-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 November 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La question des péages routiers urbains est plus que d'actualité, non seulement en termes de recherches, mais aussi de projets concrets. L'objectif est double : endiguer la congestion urbaine et limiter les atteintes environnementales correspondantes. Pourtant, en prenant connaissance du contenu de La Table Ronde 97, on s'aperçoit que malgré des fondements théoriques solides, les péages urbains soulèvent de nombreuses objections, notamment pour des questions d'équité et, qu'en fait, ils obligent à revoir le système des transports urbains dans son ensemble. Par ce panorama complet de questions débattues dans de nombreux pays, le lecteur découvrira des aspects généralement peu explorés ailleurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105870-fr
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Co-operation for an Interdependent World (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coopération en matière de réglementation dans un monde interdépendant
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This report examines the impact of policy interdependence on how governments regulate. It has two purposes. The first is to understand better the dynamics of thc emerging multi-governmental regulatory system, and the relationships, institutions, and processes that comprise its working parts. The second is to suggest practical approaches by which national governments can establish solid managerial and administrative foundations for regulatory co-operation, within thc constraints of democratic and open government. The chapters in the report are based on papers prepared for an OECD Symposium on ‘‘Managing Regulatory Relations Between Levels of Government” held in October 1993, and on discussions at the Symposium.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062436-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Health Care Reform Controlling Spending and Increasing Efficiency (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.149
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper reviews trends in health-care expenditure and assesses the main forces underlying the increase since 1960. It then describes and evaluates various health-care reforms. The report argues that top-down budget controls appear to have had some success in reducing the growth in health-care spending but, to be sustainable, they need to be supported by microeconomic reforms. Significant improvements in micro-efficiency and effectiveness can be obtained by improving incentives facing health-care providers. Policy developments in a few leading countries suggest that a system where funders/insurers act as purchasers, contracting with competing health-care providers, is a promising model for reform. A statistical annex assesses whether differences in institutional arrangements for funding and providing health care explain international differences in health expenditure ...
    DOI: 10.1787/338757855057
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Politiques régionales, réseaux de transport et communications : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quatorzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5-6 novembre 1992 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105467
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.94
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regional Policy, Transport Networks and Communications; Report of the Ninety-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 November 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les réseaux de transport du futur -- que l'on projette dès à présent -- seront à grande vitesse et il n'est de région qui ne souhaite être reliée. Pourtant, l'ampleur des investissements requis et les contraintes d'exploitation ne permettent précisément pas une desserte homogène des territoires. Les politiques régionales, qu'elles soient d'accompagnement ou de substitution, doivent être adaptées en conséquence. Qu'en est-il, si l'on prolonge cette problématique aux régions d'Europe centrale et orientale, où les besoins d'investissements sont considérables ? La Table Ronde 94 a abordé ces questions, tant sous un angle pratique qu'analytique, par le rassemblement d'informations et par la confrontation d'avis d'experts et de responsables des politiques régionales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105467-fr
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transport Infrastructure and Systems for a New Europe : Report of the Ninety-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 18-19 March 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105474
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (129 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.95
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructures et systèmes de transport pour une nouvelle Europe ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quinzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 18-19 mars 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: As the countries of Central and Eastern Europe undergo radical economic upheavals, the question of pan-European transport is brought very sharply into focus. The transport system cannot be viewed simply in terms of the volume of traffic moving from one particular place to another but must be seen as a whole both theoretically and pragmatically in terms of specific projects. What infrastructure is to be selected? Which method of organising transport "markets" is to be preferred? How can needs logically dictated by urgency -- catering to expanding traffic flows despite inadequate transport networks -- be reconciled with such longer-term imperatives as environmental protection or integrating Central and Eastern Europe into a vast area of cultural and economic relations? Specialists attending Round Table 95 addressed all of these issues and tried to discern realistic boundaries for what can be accomplished today.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105474-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Benefits of Different Transport Modes : Report of the Ninety-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 30 June-1 July 1992 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (101 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.93
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les avantages des modes de transport ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-treizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 30 juin-1 juillet 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Much research has focussed on the negative aspects of transport (emissions, noise, congestion and safety problems), particularly with respect to road traffic. The ECMT decided to organise a Round Table which would consider the transport sector differently, by looking at the benefits of different modes of transport for the general community. Round Table 93 considered different modes of transport and their respective contributions to economic growth, regional development, social relations and needs for mobility. Given its new analyticalframework, this Round Table stands out from other overly conventional approaches.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105436-en
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  • 15
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    International Initiatives in Biotechnology for Developing Country Agriculture : Promises and Problems (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.100
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A growing number of international initiatives are being undertaken to stimulate the development of agricultural biotechnology applications in developing countries. These initiatives, which include a wide range of biotechnology research, information and advisory activities, are supported by bilateral and multilateral agencies, private foundations and, to some extent, by commercial firms. This study, based on the results of a survey conducted by the Intermediary Biotechnology Service (IBS) at The Hague, attempts to analyse the nature and scope of these initiatives and their potential impact. The study concludes by outlining a number of planning, execution and policy conditions which need to be met, both by donor agencies and by developing countries, if the potential impact of these international initiatives is to be fully realised ...
    DOI: 10.1787/257557587410
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  • 16
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    The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities Using Patent Data as Science and Technology Indicators : Patent Manual (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065574
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Analysts and policy makers have made increasing use of patent indicators to analyse the rate and direction of technological activity. The Patents Manual, issued in 1994, provides information on how patent data can be used as indicators, and also shows how these can be linked to other statistics on science, technology and economic activity (R&D, scientific publications, trade, production, etc.).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065574-en
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  • 17
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    An International Sectoral Data Base for Fourteen OECD Countries (Second Edition) (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.145
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Part I of this paper describes the international sectoral data base, the ISDB, which has been created at the OECD as part of the continuing study of industrial structure and economic performance in OECD Member countries. This data base relates primarily to sectoral output and primary factor inputs used in 14 OECD Member countries. Part II of the paper presents a number of summary statistics derived from the data base for the period 1970 to 1989 related to economic structure and sectoral growth. The second edition of this paper has maintained the structure of the original paper. Changes are mainly in the detailed sources by country and the statistics derived from the data base. ISDB is available on diskettes. An order form is attached at the end of this paper ...
    DOI: 10.1787/013876245470
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  • 18
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    NOx/SOx Emissions and Carbon Abatement (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.151
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides evidence on the reductions of NOx/SOx emissions induced by the adoption of carbon abatement policies. It describes the methodology to compute emissions of these pollutants and the way they were introduced in the OECD GREEN model. This required a compromise between the “top-down” structure of the model and the very detailed information that, in principle, is required to compute NOx/SOx emissions. The simulation results suggest that, on average, the reductions relative to Baseline levels of NOx/SOx emissions may be in the same order of magnitude or are higher than the abatement imposed on carbon emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/345333447174
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  • 19
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    Coopération en matière de réglementation dans un monde interdépendant (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p)
    Series Statement: Etudes sur la gestion publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory Co-operation for an Interdependent World
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062443-fr
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  • 20
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    Trade and Pollution Linkages : Piecemeal Reform and Optimal Intervention (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.99
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Linkages between international trade and the domestic environment are receiving intensified scrutiny by researchers and policy makers alike. This is especially the case in developing countries, where trade can be a significant agent of change and growth. While trade policies are increasingly oriented toward lower levels of intervention, interventionist policies are increasingly being implemented to correct for negative environmental externalities. In such a situation, the interactions between the two can be complex and challenging for policy makers. This paper explores second-best policy issues affecting trade and environmental linkages. We derive optimum policy interventions and sufficient conditions for welfareimproving piecemeal trade and environmental policy reforms in a small economy. Pollution originates in both domestic consumption and production and is a domestic public bad. Production pollution can be abated by decreasing output and/or decreasing effluent rates per unit of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/454671040074
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  • 21
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    Macroeconomic Performance and Fiscal Policy Adjustments in the Medium Term : Alternative Medium-Term Scenarios (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.148
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes a number of alternative medium-term scenarios for the OECD economies and related policy stimulations using the OECD world model INTERLINK. The starting point of the analysis is a reference scenario to 2000 featuring a general recovery of the OECD economies to steady state non-inflationary growth. The paper goes on to examine the implications of slower growth for the paths of fiscal balance and public debt, and the changes in policy mix which might be necessary to restore announced fiscal policy objectives whilst limiting damage to the wider range of policy objectives. A further section goes on to examine the simulated effects of changes of fiscal and monetary policy stance on output, employment, inflation and public debt over the medium term ...
    DOI: 10.1787/524577826151
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture : Lessons from India (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: India's self-sufficiency in food production has been achieved by the adoption of chemicals-intensive farming methods which have contributed to serious deterioration of the environment. New evironmentally-friendly technologies, which maintain (or increase) current levels of productivity, are needed if the use of chemical inputs is to be reduced. This study examines the development and diffusion of biotechnologies in India, with respect to both products derived from conventional biological methods and those using the more advanced techniques of molecular biology. Thus far, the contribution of available biofertilisers and biopesticides to reduced use of agro-chemicals is marginal, due to the vicious circle created by problems of supply as well as demand. By and large, biofertilisers and biopesticides are being produced on a small scale, using inefficient technologies. Inconsistent quality and poor performance thus combine to limit demand and their acceptance by farmers which, in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/711068780307
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    The 1993 OECD-Eurostat Compendium of Sources of Earnings Statistics (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.13
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The objective of the Compendium of sources of earnings statistics is to provide a means of information for assessing earnings statistics’ comparability across OECD countries. However, the Compendium is also designed to be a source of information on any earnings-related matter, especially international studies of earnings. This note includes the following: i) a brief summary of the information contained in the Compendium, particularly on the types of sources available; ii) a general discussion about some of the aspects that should be taken into account when making comparisons of earnings statistics among the OECD member countries; iii) some concluding remarks. B. A Summary of the Compendium of Sources of Earnings Statistics 1. Background of the Compendium The compendium is the result of a joint effort by the Secretariat, Eurostat and OECD member countries. The paper version of the questionnaire was sent to each country in July 1990, and the electronic version in September 1990. After ...
    DOI: 10.1787/878437283175
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  • 24
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    Input-Based Pollution Estimates for Environmental Assessment in Developing Countries (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.101
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The practice of environmental regulation and assessment in developing countries faces many special challenges. Apart from popular misconceptions about negative links between environmentalism and economic growth, there are numerous practical limitations to appraising environmental conditions and implementing policies that conserve or improve them. These include weak institutional capacity or discipline, high monitoring and administrative costs for individual programs, and limited local engineering information. Institutional constraints mean that first-best policies like direct pollution monitoring and regulation may not be feasible. Even market-based systems like tradable pollution permits usually require initial assessment and monitoring which is too costly or complex to be supported locally. Detailed data on pollution do exist for OECD countries, however, and this paper attempts to render this information more usable to environmental analysts in countries where direct sampling has not ...
    DOI: 10.1787/340360612368
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  • 25
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    Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy : Lessons from the OECD Experience and their Relevance to Developing Economies (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.92
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rapid spread of economic instruments (EIs) in environmental policies of OECD Member countries. The application of EIs has gained wider political acceptability and, in a growing number of cases, they have come to have incentive rather than merely revenue-raising effects. In Sweden, eco-taxes have been introduced as part of a broad fiscal reform, while in other countries the approach is more piecemeal. Virtually without exception, EIs are employed in combination with regulations and other policy instruments. Developing countries stand to learn from the OECD experience with EIs, but they often face unique challenges as well as opportunities in applying such instruments. Resource and other prices have historically been distorted in such economies, so correcting such distortions is a prerequisite to the effective use of EIs. Also, underdeveloped markets, public enterprises with soft budget constraints, and high rates of inflation can all undermine the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/754416133402
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  • 26
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    Witloof Chicories : = Chicorées witloof (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071568
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of standards in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in these products.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071568-en-fr
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  • 27
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    What Can Developing Countries Learn from OECD Labour Market Programmes and Policies? (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.93
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Many OECD Member countries and a large number of the developing countries are suffering from extensive unemployment, both in short and long-term forms. Based on a five-part schema of labour market problems, this paper summarises and evaluates the effectiveness of labour market policies and programmes in the OECD countries and assesses the relevance of the experience to economies in transition, dynamic non-Member economies and developing countries in general. The overall conclusion is that such policies have not proven very effective in dealing with the most pressing problems in most types of economy (the dynamic non- Member economies being the main exception), that is, high and persistent unemployment, both short term and long term. Nevertheless, there are a variety of active labour market policies which are of help with some other types of problem. In general, the developing countries would be well advised not to invest too heavily in socalled passive measures; thus, a social ...
    DOI: 10.1787/570121553883
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  • 28
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    Promouvoir la maîtrise locale et régionale du développement : Une démarche participative à Madagascar (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.96
    Keywords: Development ; Madagascar
    Abstract: By the late 1980s, a technically successful and well-regarded project of reforestation that had been carried out in certain communities in Madagascar with the assistance of bilateral aid from Switzerland, was facing new challenges: How to replicate and continue the activities without ubiquitous project interventions? The project has transmitted know-how to the farmers but their capacity to organise and manage independently was still weak and they were lacking initiative. How to stimulate a process of genuinely local development under such circumstances? Government services in rural areas were poor and fragmented, a legacy of some 20 years of policies favouring an overly centralised approach largely neglectful of the rural areas. The entire approach had to be reconsidered: the farmers were to become the main actors of the project rather than simple executors. A process of selfevaluation triggered dynamics of change. A new strategy was designed and a new programme was adopted, with ...
    DOI: 10.1787/143532855872
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  • 29
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    Participatory Development and Gender : Articulating Concepts and Cases (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.95
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper begins with an explanation of the need for a gender perspective in the participatory development field. Subsequently it examines some of the obstacles to achieving the goals, such as cultural beliefs and practices, including the social organisation of production. Ways of surmounting these obstacles include: a gender focus of efforts, advocacy, flexible funding and evidence that participation works. Various positions in the debate in regard to: the project paradigm, social actors versus communities as entities and women's organisations and participatory development issues are also presented. An effort is made to spell out the implications of gender differentiation with numerous examples from the literature and interviews ...
    DOI: 10.1787/011121626005
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  • 30
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    Transitional Problems from Reform to Growth : Safety Nets and Financial Efficiency in the Adjusting Egyptian Economy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.102
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: In recent years, considerable analytical work has been done on issues of economic reform in countries undertaking adjustment. Less attention has been devoted to the social costs of adjustment and the transitional problems during the period from reform to growth. The Egyptian economic adjustment since 1991 is a good case in point, as Egypt is facing difficult transitional problems, of both social and financial nature. The first part of this paper discusses Egypt's newly established social fund (1991), notably the adequacy of its core programmes and targeting mechanism for providing an appropriate "social safety net" in the medium term. The second part of the paper deals with Egypt's financial intermediation system, which is unable to convert large amounts of liquid savings into long-term real capital, hence increasing the time-lag between reform and growth. It is concluded that an efficient system of financial intermediation and a comprehensive social safety net are needed to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267677618887
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    La rémunération des hauts fonctionnaires : Etude sur 11 pays de l'OCDE 1980/1991 n 4 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062504
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 p)
    Series Statement: Etudes hors série sur la gestion publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Senior Civil Service Pay; A Study of Eleven Countries 1980/1991 No. 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Senior Civil Service Pay: A Study of Eleven Countries 1980/1991 No. 4
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cette nouvelle collection d'{Études hors série sur la gestion publique} a été lancée à l'occasion de la création en 1990 du Comité de la gestion publique de l'OCDE. Elle complète les {Études sur la gestion publique }publiées par l'OCDE et est principalement composée de rapports spécialisés préparés pour les travaux du Comité. Ces rapports se concentrent sur des questions spécifiques d'amélioration de l'administration comme la prise de décision, la budgétisation, la gestion des ressources humaines, la réforme de la réglementation, l'utilisation des mécanismes de type marché ainsi que la gestion de la performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062504-fr
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  • 32
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    Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Disarmament Dividend: Challenges for Development Policy
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les dépenses militaires mondiales représentaient 950 milliards de dollars en 1990-1991. Cette facture pourrait être réduite de plus de 300 milliards d'ici l'an 2000. . Des dépenses militaires excessives compromettent l'avenir des pays en développement. . Améliorer la transparence des informations et renforcer les structures multilatérales de sécurité doivent constituer des objectifs prioritaires. . Des dépenses militaires excessives sont souvent encouragées par une offre pressante de matériels militaires par les pays producteurs, y compris des pays Membres de l'OCDE. . Les pays donateurs doivent envisager de manière concertée des mesures d'incitation telles que la subordination de l'aide économique aux efforts de démilitarisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/176527270025
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    Sources statistiques sur l'emploi dans le secteur public (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065055
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Statistical Sources on Public Sector Employment
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Réformer le secteur public nécessite une comparabilité internationale des statistiques. Ce rapport explore plusieurs aspects importants des sources statistiques disponibles à l'heure actuelle en matière d'emploi dans le secteur public. Il recense les organismes responsables de la collecte de données, les méthodes de collecte en vigueur, et les publications statistiques disponibles. Il analyse également le degré de similitude entre les définitions statistiques du secteur public de chaque pays, de comparabilité entre pays des statistiques nationales, et d'adhésion aux standards internationaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065055-fr
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    Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, Discussion Draft of Part I : = Principes applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264167766-en-fr
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  • 35
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    Measurement of Low Incomes and Poverty in A Perspective of International Comparisons (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.14
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: During the past two decades, issues such as insufficient resources among particular populations, relative and absolute low incomes and poverty have occupied a prominent place in social policy research in many OECD countries. However, many different concepts have been used in the literature to define and measure ’low income’ or ’poverty’ across and within Member countries. This paper analyses alternative approaches to quantifying these concepts for the explicit purpose of international comparisons. It uses micro data sets on income from the Luxembourg Income Study for 13 OECD countries, for the mid- to the end of the 1980s, to illustrate the issues. In Chapter II, the three main approaches used in the literature for defining low income and poverty - the absolute, relative and subjective approach - are discussed in detail. Chapter III discusses ways to adjust disposable income for family size and presents sensitivity tests using different equivalence scales. Chapter IV presents more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/112854878327
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    The OECD Green Model : An Updated Overview (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.97
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a brief introduction to the OECD GREEN Model. The GREEN model has been developed by the OECD Secretariat in order to assess the economic impact of abating CO2 emissions using several different economic instruments. The paper is divided into two parts. The first provides a brief introduction to the structure of the GREEN model. The second describes several different simulations using the GREEN model, including what is generally referred to as the Business-as-Usual scenario and several alternative carbon-abatement scenarios. For specific details on the model and its implementation, readers are referred to the GREEN Reference Manual, and the GREEN User Manual ...
    DOI: 10.1787/272425468524
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    Fiscal Policy, Government Debt and Economic Performance (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.144
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews fiscal policy, government indebtedness and its implications for economic performance in OECD countries. Government debt, expenditure and revenue relative to GDP have all risen significantly over the past 15 years and in several countries these trends are unsustainable. The macroeconomic implications of high fiscal deficits and debt levels are considered and the paper finds that while monetary policy played a clear role in generating recovery, the effects of fiscal policy are more mixed. Looking forward, Member countries’ plans for fiscal consolidation are ambitious, but if sustained economic growth is achieved, these plans are achievable. However, if growth is slower, then further fiscal consolidation efforts would be required to keep public debt under control. Finally, the paper considers ways of improving the control over expenditure and the budget process, so as to achieve better fiscal outcomes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/038702083230
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  • 38
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    The Measurement of Scientific and Technical Activities : Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development - Frascati Manual 1993 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063525
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The Frascati Manual, issued in 1994, is the basic international source of methodology for collecting and using research and development statistics. This fifth edition reflects recent changes in the structure of national science and technology systems and revisions in standard international classifications.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063525-en
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    GREEN - The Reference Manual (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 109 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.143
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This document provides a full description of the GREEN model. It is intended to accompany the GREEN code, i.e. the implementation of the model, and to enable the user to understand the links between the theoretical framework of the model and its practical implementation. The document lists all the model equations, provides a data dictionary to link the equation variables with the variables in the code, explains details which are traditionally bypassed in technical papers, and provides an explanation of the data base and the data management part of the code. The document is organised as follows. Following a non-technical overview of the model in Part I, Part II presents the structure of the model with a complete description of the equations, the variables, and parameters which are part of the GREEN model. Part III explains the data management in GREEN ...
    DOI: 10.1787/054442860076
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  • 40
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    Programmes R-D nationaux concernant les nouveaux réseaux informatiques et de communication et leurs applications (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 124 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.7
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Dans le cadre du Programme des travaux 1992-1993, le Comité de la politique de l’information, de l’informatique et des communications (PIIC) a conduit une étude sur les tendances des développements de réseaux informatiques et de communication évolués et des applications dans les trois régions faisant partie de l’OCDE : l’Europe, l’Amérique du Nord et le Pacifique. Il traite en particulier des politiques des pouvoirs publics et des initiatives correspondantes dans le domaine des réseaux informatiques et de communication à hautes performances et de leurs applications. Le présent rapport décrit les résultats des visites in situ et passe en revue les grands programmes de R-D nationaux de développement des réseaux informatiques et de communication évolués et de leurs applications. Il présente une analyse comparative de l’état de l’art et des tendances de l’informatique et des communications à hautes performances observées dans les pays concernés reflétant la situation à compter de la fin de l’exercice 1993. En outre, il présente un certain nombre de recommandations ainsi qu’une liste sélective définissant des sujets de recherche afin de permettre un contrôle plus continu des développements de l’informatique et des communications à hautes performances et de ses éléments moteurs. Au cours des réunions, tenus respectivement les 18-19 et 20-22 octobre 1993, le Groupe d’experts sur les implications économiques des technologies de l’information et le Comité de la politique de l’information, de l’informatique et des communications ont discuté ce rapport et recommandé sa mise en diffusion générale. Le Comité considèrera la question de sa mise à jour et de la poursuite des travaux en 1995.
    DOI: 10.1787/237647603331
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    International Telecommunication Tariffs : Charging Practices and Procedures (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 122 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.6
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The pricing structure for the provision if international telecommunication services has become a key issue for policy makers in recent years.
    DOI: 10.1787/237657648538
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  • 42
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    Pension Funds, Capital Controls and Macroeconomic Stability (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.98
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper discusses the pros and cons of liberalising foreign investment of pension assets in developing countries, with particular reference to Chile. The positive part of the paper examines the impact on macroeconomic policy of a small country's opening its equity market for investment; the investment strategies of, and the restrictions imposed upon, privately-managed pension funds; and the specific British experience with portfolio diversification after the dismantling of capital controls in 1979. The normative part, while finding only a weak case for regulating foreign pension investment (loss of savings, domestic capital markets), discusses various techniques of such regulation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/834630363647
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    OECD Model Comparison Project (II) on the Costs of Cutting Carbon Emissions : Comparison of Model Structure and Policy Scenarios: GREEN and 12RT (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.146
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of the second round of the OECD Model Comparison Project on "The costs of cutting carbon emissions". It provides an overview of two global general equilibrium models GREEN and 12RT. The comparison exercise was carried out by means of five policy scenarios and a set of additional controlled experiments. The scenarios focus on alternative forms of joint implementation of international agreements to stabilise CO2 emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/352078333638
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    Trade Liberalization and Employment Linkages in the Pacific Basin (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.94
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: At the 1994 APEC summit in Bogor, Indonesia, it was recommended that trade and investment barriers among the member countries be removed by 2020. Despite general consensus that trade liberalization would accelerate development in this most dynamic trading area, there is very little empirical evidence about the adjustment process which would ensue. In this chapter, a ten-country CGE model is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization among economies of Pacific Asia and the United States, giving particular attention to the adjustment which would occur in domestic labor markets. Our results elucidate the employment linkages between trading partners and show that the potential for new import demand by developed countries would accelerate employment growth in developing countries. In particular, Pacific trade liberalization could facilitate the emergence of a new reciprocal basis for multilateral gains from trade. Under an expanding system of liberal trade, capital-intensive ...
    DOI: 10.1787/075360517770
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    The Disarmament Dividend : Challenges for Development Policy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . In 1990-1991, worldwide military expenditure amounted to $950 billion. This bill could be reduced by the year 2000 by over $300 billion.. . Excessive military expenditure jeopardizes development prospects. . Policies to achieve transparency and to strengthen military security arrangements should be a priority. . Excessive military expenditure is stimulated by supply-side pressure on the part of producer countries, including a number of OECD Member countries. . Donors should consider concerted incentive policies such as defence conditionality in economic aid.
    DOI: 10.1787/236570240018
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  • 46
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    Statistical Sources on Public Sector Employment (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065048
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sources statistiques sur l'emploi dans le secteur public
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Public sector reform requires internationally comparable statistics. This report explores several important aspects of currently available statistical sources on public sector employment. It examines who is responsible for collection, data collection methods, and available statistical publications. It also assesses the degree of similarity of national statistical concepts of the government sector, of comparability of national statistics across countries, and of adherence to international standards.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065048-en
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    Apricots : = Abricots (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071575
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (78 p)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of standards in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in these products.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071575-en-fr
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  • 48
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    The Determinants and Properties of Monetary Conditions : Direct Survey Evidence from New Zealand (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.150
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: In the absence of a generally accepted indicator of monetary conditions the current and expected stance of monetary policy remains undefined. However, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, by directly surveying perceived and expected monetary conditions, have enabled both a mean index of current and future monetary conditions, as well as a proxy of respondents’ uncertainty, to be generated. The principal determinants and properties of these survey responses are examined in this paper, including whether: central bank announcements dominate economic fundamentals in determining conditions; the responses are consistent over varying time horizons; and the responses are symmetrical to both a tightening and loosening in policy. The determinants of uncertainty regarding the policy-stance are also investigated empirically. The results indicate that: responses to monetary conditions are highly influenced by the recent past; respondents tend to exaggerate the implications of their short-term ...
    DOI: 10.1787/528200201458
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  • 49
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    Public Service Pay Determination and Pay Systems in OECD Countries : No. 2 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La détermination des rémunérations et les systèmes de rémunération dans la fonction publique des pays de l'OCDE ; n 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La détermination des rémunérations et les systèmes de rémunération dans la fonction publique des pays de l'OCDE : n 2
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This report maps the current state of public service pay determination and pay systems in OECD countries, and explores the different paths of reform that are being followed in different countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062450-en
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  • 50
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    Senior Civil Service Pay : A Study of Eleven Countries 1980/1991 No. 4 (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La rémunération des hauts fonctionnaires ; Étude sur 11 pays de l'OCDE 1980/1991 n 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La rémunération des hauts fonctionnaires : Étude sur 11 pays de l'OCDE 1980/1991 n 4
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This study offers is a limited "snapshot" of basic pre-tax pay for senior civil servants. It does not cover other factors relating to total lifetime rewards, such as the rewards likely to be available on leaving public service employment; lifetime earnings in a career public service structure, and alternative employment opportunities in the public and private sector for senior public servants. For cross-national comparison, pay levels have been expressed in purchasing power parities in US dollar equivalents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062498-en
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  • 51
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    Possibilités et limites des transports combinés : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-onzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 24-25 octobre 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105405
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.91
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Possibilities and Limitations of Combined Transport; Report of the Ninety-First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 24-25 October 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Une des priorités de la politique européenne des transports est de développer le transport combiné, un mode de transport perçu comme étant à la fois une solution au problème de surcharge du réseau et un moyen de protéger l’environnement. Cependant, le transport combiné ne se développe pas aussi rapidement qu'escompté et des obstacles surviennent en termes de productivité des terminaux multimodaux, parcours terminaux, saturation des infrastructures ferroviaires standardisation des équipements et coût des installations de transbordement. La quatre-vingt-onzième Table ronde aborde ces questions et souligne les aspects positifs de la croissance du transport combiné. Cette analyse est fondée sur des données factuelles et de manière plus générale, elle étudie comment le transport combiné peut contribuer au développement économique durable.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105405-fr
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  • 52
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    Marketing and Service Quality in Public Transport : Report of the Ninety-Second Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 December 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105412
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (193 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.92
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Faced with mounting deficits, public transport is in search of a new image. Above all, service quality must beadapted to customer needs. A whole range of possibilities exist to make public transport more appealing: more frequent and punctual service, better equipment, improved customer relations, electronic payment facilities and more convenient connections are just a few of these. Round Table 92 takes stock of what is happening throughout Europe in this area. By comparing the interesting developments, a new image of public transport is slowly taking shape.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105412-en
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  • 53
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    A Detailed Input-Output Table for Morocco, 1990 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.90
    Keywords: Development ; Morocco
    Abstract: This paper reports on the construction of an Input-Output table for the economy of Morocco. The table is calibrated to the year 1990 and details the interactions between 133 primary, manufacturing, and service sectors, relying on a combination of a more aggregate table estimated by the Moroccan government and detailed data from official sources. This table will form the core of a detailed social accounting matrix (SAM) currently under construction as part of the same work programme. Ultimately, the SAM will be incorporated into a general equilibrium model, to be used cooperatively by the Development Centre, the Moroccan government, and the World Bank for trade and resource policy analysis. This report describes in detail the construction of the Input-Output table, presents the table in its entirety, and provides some preliminary multiplier estimates elucidating the links between Moroccan agriculture and the rest of the economy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/663051037026
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  • 54
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    Preventing and Resolving Industrial Conflict : Seminar on Industrial Conflict Settlement in OECD Countries and Central and Eastern European Economies in Transition (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.11
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition ("the Centre"), which was created in March 1990, is the focal point for cooperation between the OECD and Central and Eastern European countries. Its major responsibility is to design and manage a programme of policy advice and technical assistance which puts the expertise of the Secretariat and Member countries at the disposal of countries engaged in economic reform. This advice or assistance can take numerous forms, including conferences, seminars, missions and workshops in order to explore policy questions or review draft legislation; it can also include training for government officials who are called to implement market-oriented policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/2c81cefc-en
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  • 55
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    Short Sea Shipping : Report of the Eighty-Ninth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 26-27 September 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105351
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.89
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les transports maritimes à courte distance ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-neuvième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 26-27 septembre 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: In view of the growing congestion of inland transport infrastructure, both road and rail, short sea shipping clearly warrants consideration as a valuable alternative. It is, in fact, a branch of transport activity that has attracted little attention, so its potential is still to be assessed. Round Table 89 provides some factual information and analyses in this respect, thus giving a clearer picture of the activity at present and of the main obstacles to its development, such as the cost of port operations and legal problems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105351-en
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  • 56
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    Towards Sustainable Development in Rural Africa (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un développement durable de l'Afrique rurale
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . A growing recognition of the need to delimit the role of the government, to promote the market framework, and to rely on the private sector as the engine of growth, offers the prospect of a new beginning in rural development in Africa. . Rural people must take a more dominant role, both in shaping their economic prospects and in assuming the responsibility for a high quality of stewardship of natural resources. . To help to bring about such an empowerment of the people, governments and the donors will need to undertake some drastic reforms in the old systems and habits of governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/251402826358
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  • 57
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    Marketing et qualité de service dans le transport public : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-douzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5-6 décembre 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105429
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: ; no.92
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.92
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Confronté à des déficits croissants, les transports publics sont en quête d’une nouvelle image. La qualité de service doit surtout être adaptée aux besoins des usagers. Il existe un large éventail de possibilités pour rendre les transports publics plus attrayants : un service plus régulier et plus ponctuel, de meilleurs équipements, une relation client améliorée, des dispositifs de paiement électronique et des correspondances plus pratiques, etc. La quatre-vingt-douzième Table ronde fait le bilan de la situation des transports publics européens. En comparant ces évolutions intéressantes, une nouvelle image des transports publics se dessine peu à peu.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105429-fr
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  • 58
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    Possibilities and Limitations of Combined Transport : Report of the Ninety-First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 24-25 October 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105399
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.91
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Possibilités et limites des transports combinés ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-onzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 24-25 octobre 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: One priority of European transport policy is to develop combined transport, a mode that is seen as providing a solution to the problem of road congestion while at the same time protecting the environment. Such transport is not developing as swiftly as might be hoped, however, and obstacles are arising in terms of, among others, productivity in multimodal terminals, terminal hauls, saturation of rail infrastructure, standardization of equipment, and the cost of transhipment facilities. Round Table 91 deals with these issues and also draws attention to the positive aspects of the growth ofcombined transport. The analysis is based on factual data and conducted from the broader perspective of thecontribution that combined transport can make to sustainable economic development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105399-en
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  • 59
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    Les transports maritimes à courte distance : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-neuvième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 26-27 septembre 1991 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105368
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.89
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Short Sea Shipping; Report of the Eighty-Ninth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 26-27 September 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Face à la congestion croissante des infrastructures de transport terrestre (routier et ferroviaire), la navigation maritime à courte distance mérite clairement d’être considérée comme une alternative intéressante. En fait, c’est une branche de l’activité de transport qui n’a jamais beaucoup retenu l'attention. En conséquence, son potentiel doit encore être évalué. La quatre-vingt-neuvième Table ronde fournit certaines informations factuelles et des analyses sur ce sujet, permettant ainsi de se faire une idée plus claire de cette activité à l'heure actuelle et des principaux obstacles à son développement, tels que le coût des opérations portuaires et les problèmes juridiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105368-fr
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    An Analysis of the U.S. Distribution System (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.135
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper begins with a conceptual framework describing the functions, market outcomes and economic implications of the distribution sector. Next, it gives an overview of the U.S. distribution system in the 1980s. In particular, it discusses some specific characteristics underlying the functioning of the U.S. distribution system. Finally, it assesses the efficiency question and its implications for foreign trade. Some policy recommendations are then drawn on that basis ...
    DOI: 10.1787/587542107024
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  • 61
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    La faisabilité politique de l'ajustement dans les pays africains (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.88
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Il est désormais admis qu'on ne peut pas mettre au point un programme d'ajustement sans tenir compte des réactions politiques qu'il peut susciter. Les expériences malheureuses de pays où les troubles provoqués par des mesures de stabilisation ont entraîné des dizaines, voire des centaines de morts, en ont convaincu tous les responsables politiques. Ceci a conduit à construire un modèle politico-économique adapté aux pays en développement. On a ensuite appliqué ce modèle à 23 pays africains sur la période 1980-1990. Les résultats des estimations s'avèrent satisfaisantes : l'ensemble des variables endogènes, qu'elles soient économiques ou politiques, peuvent être expliquées de façon précise et les coefficients obtenus prouvent qu'il existe des interactions importantes entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique. Il est assuré par exemple que les troubles résultent en partie des mesures de stabilisation. A partir d'une simulation de référence, on a ensuite estimé les ...
    DOI: 10.1787/548847573280
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  • 62
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    Création d'emploi et stratégie de développement (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Employment Creation and Development Strategy
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les 25 prochaines années verront une augmentation de la population active des pays en développement, particulièrement en Afrique, qui connaîtront une croissance rapide de la main-d'oeuvre. . Pour certains pays, le développement à forte intensité de main-d'oeuvre a été une réussite spectaculaire et on commence à les imiter. Cependant, de nombreux pays doivent redéfinir leurs politiques et programmes, face à l'urgence de la création d'emploi. . Les pauvres et les chômeurs ont tout à gagner d'un développement à forte intensité de main d'oeuvre, mais ils peuvent s'y opposer par crainte des conséquences, à court terme, des réformes. . Des programmes de travaux publics soigneusement ciblés, la mise en place, dès la première phase de la réforme, de mesures relatives à la sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que de meilleures incitations pour les agriculteurs, seront indispensables pour que la réforme soit assurée d'un soutien populaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/245481263253
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  • 63
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    Market Structure, International Trade and Relative Wages (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.134
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper investigates the link between trade flows and relative wages on a cross-section of 22 sectors in 12 OECD countries. Industries are classified according to stylised facts about market structure (fragmentation, segmentation and degree of product differentiation). Next, the import penetration trends during the period 1970-90 are analysed, with special attention paid to the imports from Asian NICs. Finally, panel data estimates of a relative wage equation, encompassing both the characterisation of industries by type of market structure, as well as import penetration and export-intensity variables, are carried out. The results show that the impact of import penetration on relative wages tends to be negative in industries with low product differentiation, whereas the reverse result occurs in industries with high product differentiation and market segmentation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/778332675011
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  • 64
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    La privatisation des chemins de fer : Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dixième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4-5 février 1993 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105382
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.90
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation of Railways; Report of the Ninetieth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 February 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La privatisation des chemins de fer est un sujet d'actualité. De nombreux pays lancent actuellement des programmes de privatisation afin de réduire les déficits d'exploitation des chemins de fer, notamment en les rendant plus compétitifs. Cependant, à une période marquée par les trains à grande vitesse, la congestion de la circulation et les préoccupations environnementales, les mérites de la privatisation ne font pas l’unanimité. Cette Table ronde clarifie ces enjeux, analyse un certain nombre d’exemples et définit les obstacles potentiels à la privatisation des chemins de fer. Elle montre les difficultés inhérentes à de tels projets et examine les moyens pour les mettre en œuvre.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105382-fr
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    Privatisation of Railways : Report of the Ninetieth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 February 1993 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105375
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.90
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La privatisation des chemins de fer ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dixième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4-5 février 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The privatisation of the railways is a topical issue. Many countries are launching privatisation programmeswith a view to reducing the operating deficits of the railways, notably by making them more competitive. However, at a time of high-speed trains, traffic congestion and concern over the environment, not everybody agrees on the merits of privatisation. This Round Table clarifies the issues, analyses a number of examples, and defines the potential obstacles to privatisation. It shows the difficulties inherent in such projects, and the scope for implementing them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105375-en
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    Alternative Explanations of the Trade-Output Correlation in the East Asian Economies (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.87
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A number of Asian countries have been able to follow the example of Japan and develop sophisticated industrial economies in a relatively short time. Specifically, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan have become known as the "Four Tigers" of Asia due to their strength and importance in international markets. It is not only the pace of industrialisation but the relative equity which has accompanied growth in these countries that has fascinated economists. This paper analyses alternative structural models which represent different theoretical frameworks for development in East Asia. A structural vectorautoregressive technique is used with panel data comprising Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, for the period 1969-89. This technique has been chosen because it can discriminate between structural hypotheses. The first model tested is a model of export-led output growth. In this exercise exports are allowed to have a direct stimulating effect on the economy. In ...
    DOI: 10.1787/448367214462
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    Informal Sector and Regulations in Ecuador and Jamaica (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.86
    Keywords: Development ; Ecuador ; Jamaica
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of micro-enterprises undertaken in Ecuador and Jamaica. The purpose was to understand the relationships between these countries' institutional and legal regulations, the degree of compliance by firms and the impact of compliance on their performance (particularly growth). This enquiry was complemented with case studies of issues related to compliance with regulations. Initially, the paper sets out to analyse the characteristics of the microenterprises surveyed and their type of insertion into product and factor markets. Afterwards, it describes the differences observed in the regulatory frameworks of the two countries, and explains the differences in the degree of compliance with the law on the part of small firms. The final part of the paper determines statistically the relative importance of the factors that influence firm registration and identifies their effects on the growth of micro-enterprises. The initial process of registration ...
    DOI: 10.1787/687376184560
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  • 68
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    Employment Creation and Development Strategy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Création d'emploi et stratégie de développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Developing countries will account for almost all the increase in the world's labour force over the next 25 years; most countries, especially in Africa, will experience very rapid labour force growth. . Labour-intensive development has been spectacularly successful in some countries and others have begun to emulate them. Nevertheless, many countries still need to rethink policies and programmes in the light of the increasing urgency of employment creation. .The poor and the unemployed have much to gain from labour-intensive development, but fears about the short-term impact of reforms may cause them to oppose change. . Carefully targeted programmes of public works and food security measures implemented early in the reform process, plus improved incentives for farmers, may be essential for the popular support of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/250272230667
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    Projecting the Occupational Structure of Employment in OECD Countries (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.10
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Forecasts of employment by occupation have been made in several OECD countries since the early 1950s. Medium to long-term projections are now made in most OECD countries, and a number of countries publish them regularly. This paper by Gerald Hughes, of the Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, examines how their objectives, methods and uses have changed over the last three decades. It covers technical issues such as the standard method of projection using statistics for employment cross-classified by industry and occupation, the integration of information from other sources such as surveys of employer expectations, the confrontation of employment forecasts with separate models of labour supply, and the competing "rate of return" approach to investment in human capital. It also considers management issues such as the institutional status of the bodies that make forecasts, and methods of disseminating the results to training institutions, career advisers and other users.
    DOI: 10.1787/6d4d071d-en
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  • 70
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    Breadwinners or Child Rearers : The Dilemma for Lone Mothers (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (131 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.12
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Lone-parent families, particularly the large majority headed by the mother, are over-represented among low income families. Employment and the resultant earnings represent a the main path out of economic disadvantage. This paper examines the pattern of labour force attachment of lone mothers in eight OECD countries. The factors which may affect their labour force participation are considered: the work incentives embedded in public transfer programmes and taxation systems, availability of child care, other arrangements which may help or hinder paid work for all mothers, and the characteristics of lone-mother families which may affect work behaviour. An appendix provides details on the public policies and programme structures affecting lone mothers in each of the eight participating countries: Australia, Austria, Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The report was compiled by Australia on behalf of a panel of experts nominated by the national administrations of the eight countries included.
    DOI: 10.1787/13b520e0-en
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  • 71
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    The Distribution Sector in the United Kingdom (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 119 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.140
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper gives a comprehensive view of the distribution system in the United Kingdom. Namely, it assesses the contribution of this sector to the overall economy and gives a set of market structure indicators. The public policy issues related to the distribution system are also discussed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/142753373783
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  • 72
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    The Future of Capital Income Taxation in a Liberalised Financial Environment (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.126
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper first gives a brief account of the main changes introduced by OECD governments in their capital income tax rules during the 1980s with respect to both the corporate and personal sectors. It then examines the evolution of effective capital taxation, using a summary measure ("tax wedges") which takes into account the different nature of national tax systems. Finally, the paper discusses the future of capital income taxation in an environment of increasing international capital mobility ...
    DOI: 10.1787/727135143807
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  • 73
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    Unemployment and Labour Force Participation : Trends and Cycles (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.130
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper deals with trends and cycles of unemployment and labour-force participation. Empirical evidence on both trends and cyclical movements in unemployment and participation is presented. Some of the mechanisms behind the observed developments are also analysed, examining how well they fit into different theoretical frameworks. The implications for the assessment of labour market slack of the observed interplay between unemployment and participation are discussed. The paper ends by presenting some unexplained puzzles concerning the interplay between trends and cycles of unemployment and participation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066012764781
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  • 74
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    Flexibilité des rémunérations dans le secteur public (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062429
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (254 p)
    Series Statement: Etudes sur la gestion publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pay Flexibility in the Public Sector
    Keywords: Governance
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062429-fr
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  • 75
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    International Integration of Financial Markets and the Cost of Capital (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.128
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite the increased capital mobility that has accompanied the trend towards liberalisation and international integration of financial markets, differences remain in financing costs and, in particular, the cost of capital, that similar businesses face in different countries. These differences have attracted considerable attention as important factors influencing international investment and productivity growth. A number of reviewed empirical studies suggest that Japan and Germany enjoyed a considerable advantage with regard to the cost of equity and, more broadly, the cost of capital compared to the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. This was due to higher leverage, a much lower cost of equity in Japan and a lower cost of German firms' debt to banks. Many studies have argued that closer bank-customer relationships, and more stable prices and growth rates in Japan and Germany have tended to lower their cost of capital. More recent studies which cover the period ...
    DOI: 10.1787/777568427281
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  • 76
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    The International Spillovers of Capital Income Taxation : An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.127
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on the complex macroeconomic effects initiated by capital income taxation using a dynamic applied general equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. The model considers impacts of policy changes on the allocation of resources across both industries and countries, and over time. Within the model, a given change in capital income taxation abroad affects the domestic economy through capital flows, commodity flows and tax revenue effects. Thus, the model considers the spillovers associated with changes in commodity flows in addition to the usual spillovers generated by capital movements. The simulation results illustrate rather well that personal and corporate income taxation yield very different conclusions in terms of macroeconomic consequences and that it is important to distinguish between short- and long-run policy implications of the two types of capital income tax policies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/168450005387
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  • 77
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    Micro-entreprises et cadre institutionnel en Algérie (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.85
    Keywords: Development ; Algeria
    Abstract: Ce document technique présente les résultats d'une enquête sur l'impact des réglementations juridiques et fiscales sur les micro-entreprises en Algérie. Le cas algérien se distingue de ceux des autres pays du programme de recherche (Niger, Swaziland, Tunisie, Thaïlande, Equateur, Jamaïque) car, en dépit de la stratégie d'ouverture adoptée par le gouvernement algérien dans les années 80, l'économie reste très réglementée. Trois secteurs ont été retenus, pour un échantillon d'environ 300 entreprises : la mécanique, le textile et la restauration. Leur étude permet de comparer le comportement d'entreprises opérant sur des marchés différents. L'enquête révèle que, dans l'ensemble, les obligations juridiques et fiscales sont respectées par une majorité de micro-entreprises ; les taux de respect les plus élevés sont ceux du secteur textile. Elle montre surtout que, quel que soit le secteur, le dynamisme des petits entrepreneurs interrogés est entravé par les lourdeurs de l'économie ...
    DOI: 10.1787/334015587676
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  • 78
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    Trends and Cycles in Labour Productivity in the Major OECD Countries (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.129
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses a multivariate generalisation of the Beveridge and Nelson methodology to model trends and cycles of business-sector labour productivity in the major OECD countries. The method implies that the trend is the long-term forecast of productivity, given all available information; the cycle is thus interpreted as the total excess growth that one would forecast beyond "normal" rates of productivity (see Evans and Reichlin, 1992). Multivariate trends in productivity were estimated including series that Granger-cause and, possibly, are cointegrated with productivity. The corresponding cycles were compared with those generated by the Hodrick-Prescott filter and with the business-cycle dating of the OECD. The stability and predictive properties of the Beveridge-Nelson and Hodrick-Prescott trends were compared. Finally, the estimated productivity gaps were used as proxies for capacity utilisation in econometric models of price formation in order to assess their empirical ...
    DOI: 10.1787/215124852050
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  • 79
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    A Study of the Distribution System in Japan (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.136
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper gives an overview of the structure of the Japanese distribution system and discusses its economic performance, both on the grounds of efficiency and market access. Next, a detailed analysis of the Japanese distribution sector is carried out, on the basis of which policy recommendations are drawn ...
    DOI: 10.1787/150587255461
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  • 80
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    The Economic Analysis of Institutions and Organisations - in General and with Respect to Country Studies (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.133
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Institutional questions have become increasingly prominent in the evaluation of nearly every area of structural policy. The present article shows how formal economic analysis may be brought to bear on the problem of understanding institutions. It begins by reviewing the recent history of thought on the economics of organisations. It then outlines the fundamentals of transactions cost economics, a branch of economic theory which views organisations as a response to competitive pressures to align different ways of channelling or "governing" a transaction -- these governance forms include market, hybrid or hierarchy -- with the transactions requirements of different economic sectors. The paper then demonstrates the applicability of this theory, which represents a significant departure from the neo-classical theory of the firm, in such diverse areas as intermediate product markets, corporate finance and governance, the modern corporation, regulation and deregulation and the failure of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/802045548530
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  • 81
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    The German Distribution System (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 139 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.137
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. First, the paper discusses the role of distribution systems in the overall economic performance. Next, it gives an overview of the structure and evolution of the distribution system in West Germany for the period 1970-1988. Finally, it analyses the impact of competition laws and other regulations on the distribution of consumer goods ...
    DOI: 10.1787/662146556832
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  • 82
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    Centralisation of Wage Bargaining and Macroeconomic Performance : A Survey (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.131
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Starting from the theoretical argument underlying the “hump shape” hypothesis, the paper investigates the various dimensions of centralisation in the wage formation process. The diversity of effects discussed in the paper makes it harder to arrive at unambiguous policy conclusions. Careful analysis of the various features and economy-wide direct as well as indirect effect of the degree of centralisation in the wage formation process suggests that there exists various trade-offs, the most important of which appears to be that between real wage restraint and relative wage flexibility: centralisation favours the former but reduces the latter. This suggests that its effect on macroeconomic performance depends on the type of shocks affecting the economy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/521405217277
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  • 83
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    The French Distribution Industry and the Openness of the French Economy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.138
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. This paper gives an overview of the structure, policy and performance of the French distribution system for the period 1970-90. This analysis is then put into the perspective of international competition. It also draws some recommendations for future policy in this area ...
    DOI: 10.1787/760313042430
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  • 84
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    China as a Leading Pacific Economy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.89
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China is emerging as a leading Pacific economy in the 1990s. This paper examines the implications of China's entry into the world market for the OECD countries as well as for the regional economies of Asia and the Pacific. It argues that the shares of Asian countries in the OECD countries' market cannot increase without bound, as China and its neighbouring developing economies have basically similar export profiles, competing with each other for market shares for similar products. China's coastal strategy has led to the emergence of a "greater China", encompassing China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Growing trade and investment flows between China and Taiwan via Hong Kong since the mid-1980s can be understood as components of "catching-up" processes, described by some trade economists as the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development. In short, China's entry into the world market is a "positive sum" game, as it provides new market opportunities for both OECD countries and Asian NIEs. In ...
    DOI: 10.1787/111803631747
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  • 85
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    The Italian Distribution System (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.139
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper discusses the role of distribution systems in the Italian economy and gives an overview of the transformation of the Italian distribution system in the 1970s and 1980s. In particular, it analyses the effects of the Law 426/71 on the evolution of the retail sector. Finally, it addresses the questions of structure and performance of the distribution system and their implications for welfare and competition ...
    DOI: 10.1787/432322185650
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  • 86
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    Les traitements du privé pour le public : Rémunération liée à la performance pour les cadres de la fonction publique (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264031043
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p)
    Series Statement: Etudes sur la gestion publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Private Pay for Public Work; Performance-Related Pay for Public Sector Managers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Private Pay for Public Work: Performance-Related Pay for Public Sector Managers
    Keywords: Governance
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264031043-fr
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  • 87
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    Pour un développement durable de l'Afrique rurale (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Sustainable Development in Rural Africa
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • La nécessité de limiter le rôle de l'État, de promouvoir l'économie de marché et de s'appuyer sur le secteur privé pour entraîner la croissance, offre de nouvelles perspectives de développement à l'Afrique rurale. • La polpulation des campagnes doit jouer un rôle plus déterminant, à la fois en construisant elle-même son avenir économique et en prenant la responsabilté de gérer au mieux les ressources naturelles. • Pour favoriser une telle prise en charge des habitants par eux-mêmes, États et donateurs internationaux doivent réviser de fond en comble les règles établies et les pratiques de gouvernement.
    DOI: 10.1787/250836764437
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  • 88
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    Striving for International Competitiveness : Lessons from Electronics for Developing Countries (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.84
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Electronics has become critically important in every country's attempt to restructure or build its competitiveness. The developments in electronics have given rise to an industry with an unprecedented growth record in terms of sales and exports, innovative capacity, and spin-off potential for related services. But electronics has also infiltrated into many other industries through the pervasiveness of its application potential. Instead of competing solely on cost, competitive advantage is now often obtained by those who have the (temporary) benefit of having mastered cutting-edge technology. To the fore has come a type of innovation that builds on relations with users, on interaction with suppliers, subcontractors, universities, industry associations, government institutes, and even potential competitors through various kinds of cooperative agreements. Thus, the competitiveness of a firm depends not only on its own strength, but also on the support it receives from the external environment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/828011556753
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  • 89
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    Pension Liabilities in the Seven Major Economies (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.142
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper forms part of on-going OECD work on the economic assessment of public pension systems in view of the process of the ageing of populations. It provides indicative estimates of the likely size of public pension liabilities in the main seven economies based on simplifying assumptions, and analyses various methods of financing these liabilities. The methodology developed here is based on the so-called generational accounts approach. Such accounts indicate in present-value terms the lifetime financial burden government programmes impose on present and future generations. Up to now, the methodology has been used to estimate public pension liabilities in France and Belgium, in the framework of the 1993 OECD Economic Surveys for those countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/083510523416
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  • 90
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    High and Persistent Unemployment : Assessment of the Problem and Its Causes (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.132
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Unemployment has emerged as one of the most pressing economic concerns in the majority of OECD countries. However, experiences differ across countries as regards the level, volatility and composition of unemployment. Nevertheless, a common feature in many countries is that given levels of wage acceleration, capacity utilisation and vacancy rates are now associated with much higher levels of unemployment than used to be the case two decades ago. Countries seem to differ in the extent to which rising trend unemployment reflects a rise in equilibrium unemployment ("the natural rate") or slow adjustment towards an equilibrium level which is lower than trend unemployment. A number of factors can be pointed to as affecting either equilibrium unemployment or the speed of adjustment in labour markets. Such factors comprise both labour market institutions and policies as well as features that are outside the realm of structural policies. A review of the literature as well as the examination ...
    DOI: 10.1787/506882344657
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  • 91
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    International Trade and the Transfer of Environmental Costs and Benefits (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.91
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The environmental implications of international trade have come under intensified scrutiny in recent years, particularly with expanded interest in multilateralism, regionalism, and other negotiated trade regimes. The transfer of environmental effects, both positive and negative, is embodied in most trade patterns, particularly those which reflect technological hierarchy or other stratification by degree of economic modernization. Despite the emotional reaction these issues often arouse, the question of whether and to whom these transfers are beneficial or detrimental is a very complex one. In this paper, we use applied general equilibrium analysis to examine a well-established trade relationship between two diverse economies, Japan and Indonesia. Historically, it appears that their bilateral trade has conferred asymmetric environmental effects on the two countries, effecting a net transfer of some environmental costs from the former to the latter. In the light of this negative ...
    DOI: 10.1787/854022818551
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  • 92
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    Pay Flexibility in the Public Sector (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062412
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Flexibilité des rémunérations dans le secteur public
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This volume, based on the proceedings of a symposium held at the OECD, provides a wide ranging analysis of what pay flexibility actually implies, how it is developing in different countries and different parts of the public sector, and what it is achieving. Bringing together contributions from public sector practitioners and from specialists in pay and industrial relations, the volume seeks to draw lessons from experience that will help to guide future developments in this important and sensitive area of public policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062412-en
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  • 93
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    Mangoes : = Mangues (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071551
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of standards in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in these products.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071551-en-fr
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  • 94
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    The Distribution System in Sweden (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.141
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addressed the issue of the structure and change in the distribution systems of seven OECD countries. The paper gives an overview of the distribution system in Sweden for the period 1970-88. Next, it addresses the question of the static and dynamic efficiency in the distribution sector, as well as its competitive structure. The latter aspect is illustrated by a set of market structure indicators ...
    DOI: 10.1787/233528583424
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  • 95
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    Private Pay for Public Work : Performance-Related Pay for Public Sector Managers (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264031036
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les traitements du privé pour le public ; Rémunération liée à la performance pour les cadres de la fonction publique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les traitements du privé pour le public : Rémunération liée à la performance pour les cadres de la fonction publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This publication reviews performance pay schemes covering middle management and senior management levels in departments and agencies of central government and also looks at, on a selective basis, schemes for managers in other parts of the public sector. The objectives of the study were to investigate why performance-related pay schemes are being introduced at management levels in the public sector, to examine how these schemes operate, to assess whether the schemes are meeting their stated objectives, and tosee whether and under what conditions performance pay can operate successfully in public sector settings.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264031036-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 96
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    La croissance du transport en question : Douzième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Lisbonne, 1992 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282107430
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (700 p.)
    Series Statement: ; no.12
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.12
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce livre présente les rapports introductifs et une synthèse du Douzième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Lisbonne, 1992. Cette conférence était consacrée à la croissance du transport.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282107430-fr
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  • 97
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    Transport Growth in Question : Twelfth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics, Lisboa, 1992 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282107423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (654 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.12
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This book presents the proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics held in Lisbon in 1992. The conference focused on transport growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282107423-en
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  • 98
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    Evaluating Investment in Transport Infrastructure : Report of the Eighty-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 7-8 June 1990 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105337
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.86
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluer les investissements en infrastructures de transport ; Rapport de la 86ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 7 et 8 juin 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: As matters now stand, the planned investment in transport infrastructure cannot accomodate the growth in demand that will result from increased flows of traffic. Moreover, such investment has a whole range of effects on regional development, wealth distribution, and public well-being. The need to protect the environment also suggests that the construction of more infrastructure will be curbed and that any increases in capacity will be optimized. These factors have led to an appraisal of the reliability of methods of evaluating the relevant investment choices. This publication describes the techniques used for evaluation in a number of ECMT countries and the effectiveness of such methods, and examines conditions governing their use.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105337-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
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    Essai n 301: Biodégradabilité Facile (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070356
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 301; Ready Biodegradability
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 301: Ready Biodegradability
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit six méthodes qui permettent le classement des produits chimiques en fonction de leur biodégradabilité facile en milieu aqueux aérobie. Les méthodes sont l’Essai de disparition du COD, l’Essai de dégagement de CO2 (Essai de Sturm modifié), l’Essai MITI modifié (I) (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japon), l’Essai en flacon fermé, l’Essai de « screening » modifié de l'OCDE et l’Essai de respirométrie manométrique. Une solution ou une suspension de la substance d'essai dans un milieu minéral, bien déterminée/décrite, est ensemencée et incubée en aérobie dans l'obscurité ou dans la lumière diffuse. La réalisation en parallèle de témoins avec l'inoculum, mais sans substance d'essai, permet de déterminer l'activité endogène de l'inoculum. Un essai avec un composé de référence (aniline, acétate de sodium ou benzoate de sodium) est réalisé en parallèle pour contrôler la procédure. Normalement, l'essai dure 28 jours. Au moins deux flacons ou récipients contenant la substance d'essai plus l'inoculum, et au moins deux flacons ou récipients contenant l’inoculum seulement doivent être employés ; des récipients uniques suffisent pour le composé de référence. Généralement la dégradation est suivie de la détermination des paramètres tels que le COD, la production de CO2 et la consommation d'oxygène. Les niveaux de passage pour la biodégradabilité facile sont une diminution de 70% du COD et dans le cas des méthodes respirométriques une consommation de 60% de la DThO ou une production de 60% de CO2. Ces valeurs limites doivent être atteintes dans un intervalle de 10 jours au cours de la période des 28 jours de l'essai. Note. La méthode F de l'essai 301 a été corrigée ; cette modification ne concerne que la version française.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070356-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
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    The Privatisation in Developing Countries : Reflections on a Panacea (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La privatisation dans les pays en développement : Réflexions sur une panacée
    Keywords: Development
    DOI: 10.1787/423186135728
    URL: Volltext
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