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  • Online Resource  (46)
  • OECD  (46)
  • [Paris] : OECD Publishing  (46)
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  • Online Resource  (46)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Building digital workforce capacity and skills for data-intensive science (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 90 (July 2020)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.90
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report looks at the human resource requirements for data-intensive science, focusing primarily on research conducted in the public sector, and the related challenges and training needs. Digitalisation is, to some extent, being driven by science, while simultaneously affecting all aspects of scientific practice. Open science, including access to data, is being widely promoted, and investment in cyber-infrastructures and digital platforms is increasing; but inadequate attention has been given to the skills that researchers and research support professionals need to fully exploit these tools. The COVID-19 pandemic, which struck as this report was being finalised, has underscored the critical importance of data-intensive science and the need for strategic approaches to strengthening the digital capacity and skills of the scientific enterprise as a whole. The report includes policy recommendations for various actors and good practice examples to support these recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/e08aa3bb-en
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Optimising the operation and use of national research infrastructures (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.91
    Keywords: research infrastructures ; portfolio management ; user-base ; user access ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report is the outcome of a joint activity between Science Europe and the OECD, and presents a generic framework for improving the use and operation of national research infrastructures (RIs), which play a key role in enabling and developing research in all scientific domains and represent an increasingly large share of research investment. It includes two guiding models: one for portfolio management and one for user-base optimisation. These identify the key principles of an effective national RI portfolio management system and the factors that RI managers should consider with regards to optimising the user base of national RIs. Both guiding models account for the diversity of national systems and RI operation approaches. The report also contains a series of more generic policy recommendations and suggested actions for RI portfolio managers and RI managers.
    DOI: 10.1787/7cc876f7-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD GlobalRecalls portal : 2015-2019 enhancements (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 294 (May 2020)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD GlobalRecalls portal was launched in 2012 as a single window for governments to share information about product recalls worldwide. It has since developed into a significant resource, with over 24 000 product recall notices and 47 participating countries, and these figures continue to grow. This report discusses the implementation of a series of enhancements to the OECD GlobalRecalls portal between 2015 and 2019, as well as support provided to jurisdictions by the OECD Secretariat between November 2018 and September 2019 to use the portal’s new API functionality. The report will inform ongoing OECD work to maintain the Portal and any future work regarding possible further enhancements.
    DOI: 10.1787/d8b0d605-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Addressing societal challenges using transdisciplinary research (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 88 (June 2020)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.88
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report looks at how transdisciplinary research, which combines knowledge from different scientific disciplines with that of public and private sector stakeholders and citizens, can be used to address complex societal challenges. This includes developing effective responses in acute crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as longer-term solutions for sustainability development. In a series of 28 case studies, each of which is briefly summarised in the report, it identifies the key obstacles to effectively implementing transdisciplinary research. Many of these are embedded in the way that research systems are structured and managed and they are amenable to policy intervention. Examples of how various actors, including funding agencies and universities are adapting to better accommodate the requirements of transdisciplinary research are included in the report and related policy actions are ascribed for these actors.
    DOI: 10.1787/0ca0ca45-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Current approaches to terrorist and violent extremist content among the global top 50 online content-sharing services (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 153 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 296 (August 2020)
    Keywords: Terrorismus ; Radikalismus ; Digitale Güter ; Social Web ; Marktführer ; Globalisierung ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of the policies and procedures for addressing terrorist and violent extremist content (TVEC) across the global top 50 online content sharing services, with a focus on transparency. It finds that only five of the 50 services issue transparency reports specifically about TVEC, and these five services take different approaches in their reports. These services use different definitions of terrorism and violent extremism, report different types of information, use different measurement and estimation methods, and issue reports with varying frequency and on different timetables. The low number of reporting companies and the variation in what, when and how they report make it impossible to get a clear and complete cross-industry perspective on the efficacy of companies’ measures to combat TVEC online and how they may affect human rights. This situation could be improved if more companies issued TVEC transparency reports and included more comparable information.
    DOI: 10.1787/68058b95-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring consumer detriment and the impact of consumer policy : feasibility study (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 293 (April 2020)
    Keywords: Verbraucherpolitik ; Erfolgsfaktor ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines possible methodologies for estimating consumer detriment, as well as the impacts of consumer agency actions and consumer policy more broadly. It also provides practical guidance for developing and strengthening the effectiveness of consumer policymaking frameworks. The report was prepared to inform a project by the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy (CCP) to explore ways to ensure that consumer policymaking is based on the best available data on likely costs and benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/0c2e643b-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Protecting children online : an overview of recent developments in legal frameworks and policies (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 295 (May 2020)
    Keywords: Kinderschutz ; IT-Kriminalität ; Jugendpolitik ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The digital environment presents a wide range of benefits to children, whilst also exposing them to various risks, including cyberbullying, harmful content and inappropriate contact with strangers. This report provides an overview of the legal and policy actions that governments, international organisations and other stakeholders have taken to ensure a safe and beneficial digital environment for children. It considers actions taken to keep pace with technological developments, to ensure children can realise the benefits of the digital environment, and to respond to the changing digital risk landscape. The report also informed the revision of the 2012 OECD Recommendation of the Council on the Protection of Children Online, which aims to bring it into line with current and anticipated future needs of children in the digital environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9e0e49a9-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Going digital integrated policy framework (2020)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 292 (February 2020)
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Politik ; Koordination ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital transformation has widespread and complex effects across the economy and society. It impacts many policy domains and makes trade-offs between public policy objectives more difficult to navigate. The Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework helps governments and stakeholders to develop an integrated approach to policy making in the digital age and to shape policies for an inclusive digital future. This report outlines the framework’s seven interrelated policy dimensions: 1) access to communications infrastructures, services and data; 2) effective use of digital technologies and data; 3) digital and data-driven innovation; 4) good jobs for all; 5) social prosperity and inclusion; 6) trust in the digital age; and 7) market openness in digital business environments. The report also highlights transversal policy issues (e.g. skills, digital government, SMEs and data) that cut across several policy dimensions. Finally, this report provides guidance on putting the framework into practice.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc930adc-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vectors of digital transformation (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 273 (January 2019)
    Keywords: Wissensgesellschaft ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines key properties – or “vectors” – of the digital transformation that fundamentally affect the economy and society and accordingly the design and efficacy of public policies. It explores three main areas where digital transformation affects the ways the economy and society are operating, i.e.: a) scale, scope and speed; b) ownership, assets and economic value; and c) relationships, markets and ecosystems. Exposing the underlying nature of change, the seven vectors provide insights on how the transformation challenges policies that are frequently predicated on an analogue world of tangible products and assets, fixed geographic boundaries and physical locations, on transaction costs that limit the scale and scope of interactions and offerings, and on supply and demand conditions that reflect scarcity. The objective of this report is to support the review of existing and the design of new policies to ensure that they are well‑suited to the digital era.
    DOI: 10.1787/5ade2bba-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Using digital technologies to improve the design and enforcement of public policies (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 274 (February 2019)
    Keywords: Politik ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; E-Government ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digitalisation is having a profound impact on social and economic activity. While often benefiting from a very long history of public investment in R&D, digitalisation has been largely driven by the private sector. However, the combined adoption of new digital technologies, increased reliance upon new data sources, and use of advanced analytic methods hold significant potential to: i) improve the effectiveness and enforcement of public policies; ii) enable innovative policy design and impact evaluation, and; iii) expand citizen and stakeholder engagement in policy making and implementation. These benefits are likely to be greatest in policy domains where outcomes are only observable at significant cost and/or where there is significant heteroregeneity in responses across different agents. In this paper we provide a review of initiatives across a number of fields including: competition, education, environment, innovation, and taxation.
    DOI: 10.1787/99b9ba70-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multinational enterprises in domestic value chains (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 63 (March 2019)
    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Ausländische Tochtergesellschaft ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Input-Output-Analyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) play an important role in host countries’ domestic value chains as part of the global activities of these companies in GVCs. MNE affiliates create directly large volumes of output, value added, international trade and jobs, and in addition they generate also important indirect effects. Foreign affiliates in host countries are not only sourcing locally produced inputs, tradeable as well as non-tradeable, but also produce final and intermediate products sold and used within the domestic economy. Based on the OECD Analytical AMNE database, this paper analyses the domestic linkages of MNE affiliates in host economies in order to get better insights in the role MNEs play across countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9abfa931-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reference framework for assessing the scientific and socio-economic impact of research infrastructures (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 65 (March 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Research Infrastructures (RIs) are indispensable for enabling and developing research in almost all scientific domains and represent an increasingly large share of research investment. As policy makers, funding agencies and RI management are increasingly expected to justify key decisions about implementing new projects or investing in existing ones, there is a demand for credible methodologies for assessing the overall impact of RIs. This report proposes a “Framework for assessing the scientific and socio-economic impact of research infrastructures”. It aims to provide funders, decision-makers and RI managers with a generic and versatile tool, based on current community practices, to evaluate the achievement of scientific and socio-economic objectives in a realistic way. The framework can be adapted for different types of RIs and different stages in the RI lifecycle. This tool should facilitate the communication and reporting between different RI stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/3ffee43b-en
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Measuring digital security risk management practices in businesses (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 283 (June 2019)
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; Risikomanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report synthesises an OECD project to develop a framework and a set of statistical indicators that can be used to assess the digital security (cybersecurity) risk management practices of businesses. A survey instrument aligned with the framework was developed and piloted. After a general introduction, the report starts with a brief overview of the state of affairs in the measurement of digital security risk and its management prior to the OECD project. It provides an in-depth explanation of the measurement framework for the assessment of digital security risk management practices in businesses and an analysis of the outcomes of a pilot survey instrument based on the measurement framework, tested with members of the Federation of European Risk Management Associations (FERMA) in 2018. The conclusion of the report provides recommendations for future efforts that build on this project.
    DOI: 10.1787/7b93c1f1-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
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    The road to 5G networks : experience to date and future developments (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 284 (July 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The fifth generation of wireless networks, 5G, represents an evolutionary process of previous generations of wireless networks (i.e. 2G, 3G, and 4G). This next generation of wireless technology is intended to provide 20 Gbps download speeds and latency of one millisecond (i.e. download speeds 200 times faster and one-tenth the latency of current 4G networks). This report examines what the future of 5G could mean for communication markets in terms of investment, good practices in spectrum management, competition, coverage and meeting the increasing requirements of the digital transformation. Case studies from OECD countries are the focus of the report, approaching the issue from a two-fold perspective: 5G national strategies, and technological trials. The report also explores how 5G may represent a paradigm shift, as it is the first standard conceived with the Internet of Things (IoT) world in mind, where different connected devices have diverse network requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f880843-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring platform mediated workers (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 282 (April 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In recent years there has been a large number of attempts to estimate the number of platform workers. Lacking a common definition of platform workers, however, these estimates are not comparable across countries and over time. This paper starts to address these issues, by explaining the concept of platform work, reviewing previous attempts to measure platform workers by private agencies and official statistical agencies and examining how different survey questions can affect the understanding of the respondents. The paper also highlights innovative uses of data that provide greater insights into platform workers and concluded with recommendations on how to measure platform workers in the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/170a14d9-en
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  • 16
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    Understanding online consumer ratings and reviews (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 289 (September 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of recent developments related to online consumer ratings and reviews and their effects on consumer behaviour. It provides an overview of key consumer benefits and risks associated with user-generated feedback, and identifies consumer policy challenges, including misleading and deceptive practices, a lack of accuracy, and consumer biases. It also points to issues for further consideration by consumer policy makers and enforcement authorities, as well as businesses and consumer organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/eb018587-en
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  • 17
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    Good practice guide on consumer data (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 290 (September 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper aims to complement the OECD Recommendation of on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce and discuss consumer policy issues associated with consumer data practices, offering greater insights into how consumer protection authorities can and have applied the principles in the Recommendation to address those issues. The guide focuses on selected consumer data practices, including: i) deceptive representations about consumer data practices; ii) misrepresentations by omission; and iii) unfair consumer data practices. It then provides key business tips to comply with consumer protection principles under the E-commerce Recommendation.
    DOI: 10.1787/e0040128-en
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  • 18
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    The effects of zero rating (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 285 (July 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses the effects of zero rating, i.e. when a predetermined type of traffic received by consumers is not counted against the download allowance of the Internet access service. The report looks at the economics of zero rating and issues such as the effects of zero rating on competition and innovation. It also compares regulatory approaches across several countries. In terms of economics, the welfare effects of zero rating on consumers can be favourable or unfavourable. While case by case analyses are almost indispensable, the different approaches which regulators and policy makers around the world are taking to zero rating exhibits substantial variation. Nevertheless, it is desirable that regulators and policy makers are alive to both the benefits and the risks associated with zero rating practices, and that in deciding their approach they have regard to the level of competition in both content and ISP markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/6eefc666-en
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  • 19
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    Good practice guide on online consumer ratings and reviews (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 288 (September 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Building on the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce, this paper aims to provide practical guidance to businesses on online consumer ratings and reviews. The document focuses on four issue areas: (i) fake ratings and reviews; (ii) incentivised ratings and reviews; (iii) negative ratings and reviews; and (iv) misleading moderation practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/0f9362cf-en
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  • 20
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    Scoping the OECD AI principles deliberations of the Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence at the OECD (AIGO) (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 291 (November 2019)
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping economies, promising to generate productivity gains, improve efficiency and lower costs. At the same time, AI is also fuelling anxieties and ethical concerns. As AI’s impacts permeate our societies, its transformational power must be put at the service of people and the planet. This document presents the work conducted by the Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence at the OECD (AIGO) to scope principles to foster trust in and adoption of AI. In particular, this paper presents a common understanding of what is an AI system as well as a framework that details the stages of the AI system lifecycle. This work informed the draft Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence. On 22 May 2019, the OECD Council adopted the Recommendation – also referred to as the OECD AI Principles – at the Ministerial level.
    DOI: 10.1787/d62f618a-en
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  • 21
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    Innovation ecosystems in the bioeconomy (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 76 (September 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: “Innovation ecosystems in the bioeconomy” examines the policy aspects of building the industrial and innovation ecosystems and value chains needed to make a bioeconomy viable as a sustainable means of production. While building biorefineries is more like a formulaic exercise in engineering, enabling these ecosystems and their value chains is a much more complex endeavour. Building on qualitative case studies and face-to-face interviews in eleven participating countries, the study reveals the diverse ways countries are seeking to achieve the goals set by national strategies and policies. The current report draws lessons from this diverse set of national case studies to generate both common and country-specific insights that can enable this transition from a fossil-based economy to a more sustainable one. These lessons include the need for systems-based approaches, attention to policy alignment, more focus on demand-side instruments, diversification of products, enabling medium-sized companies and harnessing converging technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/e2e3d8a1-en
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  • 22
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    ICT investments in OECD countries and partner economies : trends, policies and evaluation (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 280 (April 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policies to support ICT investment are a strategic tool to spur the digital transformation and enhance productivity and growth. However, while most countries do carry out some forms of ICT investment policy, very little is known on the effects of these policies. In order to start filling this gap, this report presents an overview of recent trends in ICT investment in OECD countries; makes an inventory of ICT investment policies in OECD and selected Partner economies; and reviews the evaluation of selected investment programmes in some OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/bcb82cff-en
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    Digital security and resilience in critical infrastructure and essential services (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 281 (April 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: On 15-16 February 2018 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) hosted a Workshop on Digital Security and Resilience in Critical Infrastructure and Essential Services. The workshop brought together over 120 participants to discuss the effects of growing digital transformation on the resilience of critical infrastructures and essential services which rely increasingly on cross-border digital infrastructure. Over 25 experts discussed digital security in the financial, energy and transport sectors, in relation to the delivery of public sector services, and from the digital security public policy making perspective. Issues faced by SMEs were also addressed throughout the event. This report provides key cross-cutting high-level policy messages from the workshop, an issues paper developed to prepare the event, as well as a detailed account of discussions in each session.
    DOI: 10.1787/a7097901-en
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  • 24
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    The operators and their future : the state of play and emerging business models (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 287 (September 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses different models for how operators may provide access to communication services over the next five to ten years. To that end, it analyses leading-edge demand and examines the type of companies that serve this demand. It then clusters and compares different categories of operators. These include traditional (vertically integrated) mobile and fixed broadband providers; (vertically integrated) cable operators; wholesale-only operators (utility); wireline wholesale-only providers; wireless wholesale-only providers; and (terminal) equipment and online service providers. The report outlines the most important developments in these categories before signalling emerging technologies that may influence operators in the future. It concludes by comparing different types of operators against policy objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/60c93aa7-en
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  • 25
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    Good practice guide on online advertising : protecting consumers in e-commerce (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 279 (March 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper aims to complement the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce by elaborating on its key principles in the context of online advertising and offering practical guidance on how to apply these principles. For these purposes, the guide provides a number of good practice examples from policy makers, consumer enforcement agencies, and stakeholders that are relevant to the key principles. Building on those examples, the guide also offers tips for businesses in four areas of online advertising: (i) misleading marketing practices; (ii) ad identification; (iii) endorsements; and (iv) protection of children or vulnerable consumers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9678e5b1-en
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  • 26
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    BBVA big data on online credit card transactions : the patterns of domestic and cross-border e-commerce (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 278 (March 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report uses a standard gravity setup to analyse the determinants of e-commerce, using data on online credit card payments by private Spanish customers of the multinational bank BBVA. The results show that the gravity model applies well to credit card payments, explaining up to 95% of the variation in the data. The analysis finds potentially large border effects for trade between any two regions or countries, implying that individuals tend to purchase more from their home region or domestically than from other places. The estimates also suggest that the effect of distance might be slightly less important for e-commerce transactions than for offline trade, although the death of distance hypothesis is clearly rejected by the data.
    DOI: 10.1787/8c408f92-en
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  • 27
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    Roles and responsibilities of actors for digital security (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 286 (July 2019)
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/3206c421-en
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  • 28
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    Policies for the protection of critical information infrastructure : ten years later (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 275 (February 2019)
    Keywords: Informationsversorgung ; Infrastruktur ; Sicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses responses to a questionnaire circulated to OECD delegations for the review of the 2008 OECD Recommendation on the Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure (CIIP). It includes suggestions to guide the updating of the Recommendation. The update comes against a backdrop of fast digital transformation and increased digital reliance of businesses and governments; increased frequency and severity of cybersecurity attacks on critical information infrastructure; the rise of state-sponsored attacks including digital sabotage and espionage; and increased capacity of attackers. The update of the Recommendation serves as an opportunity to make changes to its purpose and scope; to insert key messages based on overarching themes from the responses; and to adjust the Recommendation in line with current and anticipated evolutions in contexts, risks and policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/efb55c54-en
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  • 29
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    Measuring indirect investments in ICT (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 276 (February 2019)
    Keywords: Informationstechnik ; Investition ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report investigates the hypothesis that the real contribution of ICT investment may be masked in official statistics because intermediate ICT expenditures embodied in non-ICT capital assets are not treated as ICT investment. Based on detailed SUTs collected in 12 OECD countries, the report presents estimates of indirect ICT investment, i.e. the value of ICT inputs embodied in non-ICT capital assets. ICT investment appears significantly higher when considering its indirect component, the average increase being about 35%. In addition, the inclusion of indirect ICT investment changes significantly the relative position of countries with respect to the ICT intensity of their investments.
    DOI: 10.1787/e115e2ea-en
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  • 30
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    Determinants and impact of automation : an analysis of robots' adoption in OECD countries (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 35 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 277 (February 2019)
    Keywords: Automatisierung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses automation trends and its effect on employment in OECD countries. On average, robots are found to be associated with a reduction in employment in elementary occupations – those requiring the lowest levels of skills – and an increase in employment in high-skill occupation such as professionals and technicians. For occupations in the middle of the skills distribution the correlation is strong and negative. In general, therefore, these estimates do not support the hypothesis of labour market polarisation, i.e.: an increase in both high-skill and low-skill employment. However, in a few countries - notably the United States - this report finds evidence of labour market polarisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/ef425cb0-en
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  • 31
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    Online advertising : trends, benefits and risks for consumers (2019)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 272 (January 2019)
    Keywords: Online-Marketing ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Online advertising is now the dominant form of advertising in many OECD countries, and offers businesses the ability to reach consumers in ways that could only have been imagined previously. Online advertising has the potential to benefit consumers through more relevant and timely advertising, and by funding a host of “free” online services. However, it also raises some new and complex challenges for consumers and consumer protection authorities. This report by the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy provides an introduction to the complex landscape that is online advertising. It outlines the potential benefits and risks for consumers, drawing on the behavioural insights literature where relevant.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f42c85d-en
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  • 32
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    State enterprises in the steel sector (2018)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 53 (September 2018)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses the extent and implications of the presence of state enterprises in the steel industry. There are concerns about the potential lack of transparency and accountability as well as competitive advantages that state enterprises may have over competitors. In 2016, 22 of the world’s 100 largest steelmaking companies were state enterprises, representing at least 32% of global crude steel output in 2016. Firm-level data suggest that state enterprises in the steel sector are likely to be associated with weaker economic performance and higher levels of indebtedness, compared to private enterprises. The analysis in this paper shows that this is particularly relevant for state enterprises located in non-OECD economies. Data on steelmaking capacity investments show that state enterprises have contributed significantly to the increase in global steelmaking capacity, although financial data show that state enterprises obtain lower profits for each unit of fixed costs than comparable private counterparts.
    DOI: 10.1787/2a8ad9cd-en
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  • 33
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    Measuring and maximising the impact of product recalls globally : OECD workshop report (2018)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 56 (October 2018)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides a summary of discussions at the OECD Workshop on Measuring and Maximising the Impact of Product Recalls Globally organised by the OECD Working Party on Consumer Product Safety on 16 April 2018, as part of its 16th meeting. The report points to the initiatives implemented by government, businesses, and civil society to measure and enhance product recall effectiveness. It also explores ways to increase consumer reactions to recall notices, based on insights from behavioural economics.
    DOI: 10.1787/ab757416-en
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  • 34
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    Effective operation of competitive research funding systems (2018)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 57 (October 2018)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses existing competitive research funding mechanisms and their effectiveness, taking into account a variety of contextual factors. It focuses on the efficiency of funding allocation mechanisms relative to their objectives. The main elements of this project have been an extensive survey of individual funding schemes in different countries, complemented with targeted interviews. Findings from the survey and interviews, completed with contextual data on national research funding trends, were analysed to identify major challenges for competitive funding processes and to propose options to overcome them. This report is aimed both at the research funding community and policy-makers wishing to adapt competitive research funding strategies to different objectives. It includes a number of policy recommendations, which engage different actors and are derived from the analysis including identification of gaps in the available data and information.
    DOI: 10.1787/2ae8c0dc-en
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  • 35
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    Realising the circular bioeconomy (2018)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 60 (November 2018)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: First the bioeconomy and then circular economy have gained political traction during the second decade of this century. There are synergies to be exploited, but also potential misalignments. The movement of bioeconomy toward the use of wastes, co-products and residue sources resonates well with circular economy principles of making the most efficient of uses of natural resources, as does as transition in focus from virgin to secondary materials in production. However, poorly aligned waste characterisation as well as biomass competition reflect both theoretical and practical conflicts between industrial and environmental policy. Further, waste markets can be disrupted as some materials that currently go to recycling, landfill or incineration could in the future be bound for biorefineries, with implications for waste management markest and public infrastructure. Policies promoting the cascading use of biomass could help mitigate these tensions by achieving high resource productivity.
    DOI: 10.1787/31bb2345-en
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  • 36
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    IoT measurement and applications (2018)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 271 (October 2018)
    Keywords: Internet der Dinge ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Cancun Ministerial mandate on the Digital Economy (2016) highlighted the importance of developing Internet of Things (IoT) metrics to assess the effects of the IoT in different policy areas. Accordingly, this report reviews different definitions of IoT in view of establishing an operational definition for the CDEP work, and proposes a taxonomy for IoT measurement. The report also explores potential challenges for communication infrastructures due to the exponential growth of IoT devices through the application of connected and automated vehicles. This IoT application was chosen as the data transmission requirements of fully automated vehicles may have substantial implications for network infrastructure, and therefore may require prioritisation in terms of measurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/35209dbf-en
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  • 37
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    Use of behavioural insights in consumer policy (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 36 (January 2017)
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past decade, behavioural insights have helped make consumer policies more evidence-based and effective. This report examines how behavioural insights have been used by governments and other public policy organisations to develop and implement consumer policy initiatives, primarily through the use of experiments and surveys. Behavioural insights have informed enforcement actions, new regulations, consumer empowerment initiatives and consumer education. Behavioural insights provide grounds and justification on why governments need to take actions and, helping identify how the impact of behavioural biases on consumer choice can be mitigated, for example through effective labelling and information disclosures. The report also identifies challenges to applying behavioural insights to consumer policy, relating to the conduct and interpretation of behavioural experiments as well as organisational and stakeholder issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/c2203c35-en
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  • 38
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    Investing in innovation and skills : thriving in global value chains (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 44 (October 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper synthesises the main policy implications of OECD work focusing on the interplay between participation and positioning in global value chains (GVCs), employment demand and supply and workforce’s skills endowment. They relate to: the way innovation, technology and participation in GVCs shape employment in routine intensive and non-routine jobs; the relationship between participation in GVCs and polarisation of employment; the way the skill composition of a country’s workforce – both the type of skills and their distribution – shapes specialisation and positioning along GVCs; and the complementarities emerging between GVC participation and investment in knowledge-based capital, especially organisational capital and ICT.
    DOI: 10.1787/9e296b43-en
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  • 39
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    Co-ordination and support of international research data networks (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 51 (December 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: International research data networks are critical for progress in many scientific domains and underpin efforts to promote Open Science. At the same time, many of these networks are fragile and the responsibilities for their support and performance are frequently distributed across a variety of different actors. This report explores the challenges and enablers for the effective functioning of international research data networks. It analyses the diversity and complexity of these networks, and issues such as governance and funding, in a selection of 32 cases. It includes a set of policy recommendations as a basis for building the shared understanding that is necessary to develop effective and sustainable international research data networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/e92fa89e-en
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  • 40
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    Digital platforms for facilitating access to research infrastructures (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 49 (December 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Shared research infrastructures are playing an increasingly important role in most scientific fields and represent a significant proportion of the total public investment in science. Many of these infrastructures have the potential to be used outside of their traditional scientific domain and outside of the academic community but this potential if often not fully realised. A major challenge for potential users (and for policy-makers) is simply identifying what infrastructures are available under what conditions. This report includes an analysis of 8 case studies of digital platforms that collate information and provide services to promote broader access to, and more effective use of, research infrastructures. Although there is considerable variety amongst the cases, a number of key issues are identified that can help guide policy-makers, funders, institutions and managers, who are interested in developing or contributing to such platforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/8288d208-en
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  • 41
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    Open research agenda setting (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 50 (December 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Citizen engagement is being promoted in many countries as a mechanism to improve the efficiency, quality and relevance of research and improve transparency and trust in science. At the same time, digitalisation is opening up new opportunities for consultation and exchange with citizens. This report includes an analysis of 7 different initiatives to engage citizens in the co-design of research agendas . These cases varied considerably in their scientific focus, geographic scale and overall aims and methodology. Nevertheless a number of consistent messages came through in relation to: 1. the rational for engaging citizens in setting research agendas; 2. how to do so effectively; 3. the resource implications and potential impact. The report includes 10 key observations or lessons learned to help guide policy-makers, research funders and researchers who are interested in citizen engagement in science.
    DOI: 10.1787/74edb6a8-en
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  • 42
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    The microbiome, diet and health : towards a science and innovation agenda (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 42 (September 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is now strong evidence that microbiomes play an important role in human health, as there are clear linkages to many of the major non-communicable diseases. This report assesses the key policy challenges for innovation in the microbiome. Evidence is accumulating that through diet, the gut microbiome can be altered to generate greater well-being, to offer better protection against non-communicable diseases, and even to cure such conditions. The report argues that if such a promising scientific field is to lead to innovative applications, policies on science and innovation must be improved in five areas: 1) science policy; 2) enabling translational science; 3) public-private collaboration; 4) regulatory frameworks; and 5) skills, communication and the public.
    DOI: 10.1787/d496f56d-en
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  • 43
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    Marine biotechnology : definitions, infrastructures and directions for innovation (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 43 (September 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Several countries have been setting up strategic roadmaps to support marine biotechnologies that could drive innovation and help address the global sustainability goals of food, energy, and health. The report identifies and begins to address challenges facing cooperation on marine biotechnology across countries. First, the report provides on an international definition of marine biotechnology that was developed through a multi-year process. Second, the report reviews the international infrastructure in marine biotechnology and identifies the lack of standardisation as a critical issue.
    DOI: 10.1787/9d0e6611-en
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  • 44
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    Neurotechnology and society : strengthening responsible innovation in brain science (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 46 (November 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Large-scale research and development programmes in neuroscience are giving rise to a host of new approaches, techniques and capacities to understand, read and intervene in the human brain. Some of these technologies reframe how we understand mental health and cognition, while others promise new applications for treating disease and even enhancing human capabilities. These developments in neuroscience and associated technologies have many ethical, legal and social implications including issues of product safety, human enhancement, dual use, privacy, and human identity. There is broad agreement among stakeholders that social aspects of brain research must be examined alongside the scientific and technical ones. In fact, good ideas for achieving such integration have emerged within the field of governance of emerging technology and within the national brain initiatives themselves. This report identifies, and seeks to address, key challenges for realising the responsible development of neurotechnology. In particular, the report analyses frameworks and mechanisms for integrating social concerns in the early development of technology, and discusses best practices for research funders across the public and private sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/f31e10ab-en
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  • 45
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    Business models for sustainable research data repositories (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 47 (December 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is a large variety of repositories that are responsible for providing long term access to data that is used for research. As data volumes and the demands for more open access to this data increase, these repositories are coming under increasing financial pressures that can undermine their long-term sustainability. This report explores the income streams, costs, value propositions, and business models for 48 research data repositories. It includes a set of recommendations designed to provide a framework for developing sustainable business models and to assist policy makers and funders in supporting repositories with a balance of policy regulation and incentives.
    DOI: 10.1787/302b12bb-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 46
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    Online Resource
    Strengthening the effectiveness and sustainability of international research infrastructures (2017)
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 48 (December 2017)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Research infrastructures are long-term enterprises. They are increasingly diverse in nature, may operate under very different models of governance and financing, and within diverse and evolving financial and political contexts. They represent strategic investments which are indispensable for enabling and developing research in all scientific domains and also often have broader socio-economic impacts. This report identifies the challenges faced by research infrastructure funders, managers and operators all along the various phases of the research infrastructures life-cycle, presents practical solutions that have been found to be applicable in certain cases, and proposes a series of policy recommendations which could be implemented to increase their effectiveness and sustainability.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa11a0e0-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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