ISBN:
9789048189908
Language:
English
Pages:
Online-Ressource (LXXXVIII, 1340 p. 580 illus., 135 illus. in color, digital)
Series Statement:
Law, Governance and Technology Series 5
Series Statement:
SpringerLink
Series Statement:
Bücher
Parallel Title:
Buchausg. u.d.T. Nissan, Ephraim Computer applications for handling legal evidence, police investigation and case argumentation
Keywords:
Social sciences
;
Computer science
;
Artificial intelligence
;
Criminology
;
Social Sciences
;
Social sciences
;
Computer science
;
Artificial intelligence
;
Criminology
Abstract:
This book provides an overview of computer techniques and tools especially from artificial intelligence (AI) for handling legal evidence, police intelligence, crime analysis or detection, and forensic testing, with a sustained discussion of methods for the modelling of reasoning and forming an opinion about the evidence, methods for the modelling of argumentation, and computational approaches to dealing with legal, or any, narratives. By the 2000s, the modelling of reasoning on legal evidence has emerged as a significant area within the well-established field of AI Law. An overview such as this one has never been attempted before. It offers a panoramic view of topics, techniques and tools. It is more than a survey, as topic after topic, the reader can get a closer view of approaches and techniques. One aim is to introduce practitioners of AI to the modelling legal evidence. Another aim is to introduce legal professionals, as well as the more technically oriented among law enforcement professionals, or researchers in police science, to information technology resources from which their own respective field stands to benefit. Computer scientists must not blunder into design choices resulting in tools objectionable for legal professionals, so it is important to be aware of ongoing controversies. A survey is provided of argumentation tools or methods for reasoning about the evidence. Another class of tools considered here is intended to assist in organisational aspects of managing of the evidence. Moreover, tools appropriate for crime detection, intelligence, and investigation include tools based on link analysis and data mining. Concepts and techniques are introduced, along with case studies. So are areas in the forensic sciences. Special chapters are devoted to VIRTOPSY (a procedure for legal medicine) and FLINTS (a tool for the police). This is both an introductory book (possibly a textbook), and a reference for specialists fromvarious quarters.
Description / Table of Contents:
Foreword; Acknowledgements; Contents; Abstract; Abstracts of the Chapters; Call for Information; List of Section Authors; 1 A Preliminary Historical Perspective; 2 Models of Forming an Opinion; 2.1 Modelling Adjudicators' Shifts of Opinion; 2.1.1 Preliminaries; 2.1.2 Distributed Belief Revision for Modelling the Dynamics of Adjudicators' Opinion; 2.1.3 Further Considerations, and Suggestions of Possible Refinements; 2.1.4 Devices of Manipulation of Incoming Information in Court; 2.1.5 Remarks About Procedures and Jurisdictions; 2.1.6 A Taxonomy of Quantitative Models
Description / Table of Contents:
2.1.7 An Excessive Focus on Juries?2.2 Reasoning About a Charge and Explanations: Seminal Tools from the Late 1980s and Their Aftermath; 2.2.1 ECHO, and PEIRCE's Remake of the Peyer Case; 2.2.1.1 Thagard's 1989 Simulation of the Jury at the Peyer Case; 2.2.1.2 Thagard's Principles of Explanatory Coherence; 2.2.1.3 Thagard's Neural Network Algorithm in ECHO; 2.2.1.4 Thagard's Greedy Algorithm for Simulating a Trial; 2.2.1.5 Josephson's Abducer, PEIRCE-IGTT; 2.2.1.6 Abductive Reasoning, and Inference to the Best Explanation; 2.2.1.7 The von Bülow Trials
Description / Table of Contents:
2.2.1.8 Thagardüs Treatment of the von Bülow Trials: Using ECHO and a Coherence Network, vs. Producing a Bayesian Network with JavaBayes2.2.2 ALIBI, a Planner for Exoneration; 2.2.2.1 1989: An Annus Mirabilis?; 2.2.2.2 Workings and Structure of ALIBI; 2.2.2.3 Examples of ALIBI's Output; 2.2.2.4 Knowledge Representation in ALIBI; 2.2.2.5 An Illustration of the Conceptual Factors Involved in Common Sense About the Jeweller's Example; 2.2.2.6 An Afterlife of Some ALIBI Sessions; 2.2.2.7 Extension with the Dramatis Personae Approach; 2.2.2.8 Wells and Olson's Taxonomy of Alibis
Description / Table of Contents:
2.3 A Quick Survey of Some Bayesian and Naive Bayesian Approaches in Law2.3.1 Underlying Concepts; 2.3.2 Some Applications in Law; 2.4 The Controversy Concerning the Probabilistic Account of Juridical Proof; 2.5 A Quick Sampling of Some Probabilistic Applications; 2.5.1 Poole's Independent Choice Logic and Reasoning About Accounts of a Crime; 2.5.2 Dynamic Uncertain Inference Concerning Criminal Cases, and Snow and Belis's Recursive Multidimensional Scoring; 2.6 Kappa Calculus in the Service of Legal Evidence; 2.6.1 Preliminary Considerations; 2.6.2 A Review of Åqvist's Scheme
Description / Table of Contents:
2.6.3 A Review of Kappa Calculus2.6.4 A Comparison of the Schemes; 2.6.4.1 Equivalence of Kappa-Calculus to Grading Mechanisms; 2.6.4.2 Reintroducing the Probabilities; 2.6.5 Suggested Solution; 2.6.6 Contextual Assessment of the Method; 2.6.7 An Application to Relative Plausibility?Considerations About a Role for the Formalism; 3 Argumentation; 3.1 Types of Arguments; 3.2 Wigmore Charts vs. Toulmin Structure for Representing Relations Among Arguments; 3.2.1 Preliminaries; 3.2.2 The Notation of Wigmore Charts; 3.2.3 A Wigmorean Analysis of an Example
Description / Table of Contents:
3.2.3.1 The Case, the Propositions, and the Wigmore Chart
Note:
Description based upon print version of record
DOI:
10.1007/978-90-481-8990-8
URL:
Volltext
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