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  • 1970-1974  (15)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (15)
  • London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
  • Linguistics  (15)
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  • 1
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401023016
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (173p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 1
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 1
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: Representation and Language -- II: A Mentalistic Theory -- III: Rules -- IV: Translation and Theories -- V: Explanation and Truth -- VI: The Protosemantics of Basic Claims -- VII: The Protosemantics of Complex Claims -- VIII: Representation and Man -- Appendix I. Notes -- Appendix II. Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: This book is nominally about linguistic representation. But, since it is we who do the representing, it is also about us. And, since it is the universe which we represent, it is also about the universe. In the end, then, this book is about everything, which, since it is a philosophy book, is as it should be. I recognize that it is nowadays unfashionable to write books about every­ thing. Philosophers of language, it will be said, ought to stick to writing about language; philosophers of science, to writing about science; epis­ temologists, to writing about knowing; and so on. The real world, however, perversely refuses to carve itself up so neatly, and, although I recognize that the real w,orld is nowadays also unfashionable, in the end I judged that one might get closer to the truth of various matters by going along with it. So I have done so. lt was Wilfrid Sellars who initially convinced me of the virtues of this way of proceeding. At this point one normally says something like "The debt that this book owes him is immense". I would say it too, were it not to understate the case, From Wilfrid, I learned to think about things. If the upshot of my thinking tends, as it obviously does, to show a general con­ silience with the upshot of his, it is primarily because he is so very good at it - and he had a head start.
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  • 2
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401721936
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XXI, 326 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 12
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 12
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics ; History
    Kurzfassung: I. Mathematical Reasoning Cannot be Analysed by Traditional Syllogistics -- II. The Psychological Interpretation of Mathematical Reasoning -- III. The Logicist Tradition -- IV. Strict Demonstration and Heuristic Procedures -- V. Intuitive Structures and Formalised Mathematics -- VI. “Thinking Machines” and Mathematical Thought -- VII. Lessons of the:History of the Relations Between Logic and Psychology -- VIII. General Psychological Problems of Logico-Mathematical Thought -- IX. General Psychological Problems of Logico-Mathematical Thought (Continued) -- X. The Psychological Problems of “Pure” Thought -- XI. Some Convergences Between Formal and Genetic Analyses -- XII. Epistemological Problems with Logical and Psychological Relevance -- General Conclusions -- Name Index.
    Kurzfassung: One of the controversial philosophical issues of recent years has been the question of the nature of logical and mathematical entities. Platonist or linguistic modes of explanation have become fashionable, whilst abstrac­ tionist and constructionist theories have ceased to be so. Beth and Piaget approach this problem in their book from two somewhat different points of view. Beth's approach is largely historico-critical, although he discusses the nature of heuristic thinking in mathematics, whilst that of Piaget is psycho-genetic. The major purpose of this introduction is to summarise some of the main points of their respective arguments. In the first part of this book Beth makes a detailed study of the history of philosophical thinking about mathematics, and draws our attention to the important role played by the Aristotelian methodology of the demon­ strative sciences. This, he tells us, is characterised by three postulates: (a) deductivity, (b) self-evidence, and (c) reality. The last postulate asserts that the primitive notions of a demonstrative science must have reference to a domain of real entities in order to have significance. On the Aristote­ lian view discursive reasoning plays a major role in mathematics, whilst pure intuition plays a somewhat subordinate one.
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  • 3
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401022545
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (568p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 20
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Arts.
    Kurzfassung: 1. Criticism and the Concepts of Appraisal -- 2. Critical Non-Appraisive Discourse -- 3. Sources of the Appraisive Vocabulary -- 4. Characterization and Commendation -- 5. Linguistic and Appraisive Communities -- 6. The Nature of Characterization -- 7. Characterization and Characterisms -- 8. Critics and Criticism -- Preliminary: Critical Exclusions -- 0.0 Paracritical and Noncritical Discourse -- I/The Characterization of the Artist -- — Part I -- 1.0 Creative Powers -- 2.0 Creative Response -- Conclusion — Part I -- II/The Characterization of Art -- — Part II -- 3.0 Order -- 4.0 Elemental Quality -- 5.0 Presentation -- 6.0 Essential Characterization -- 7.0 Style and Totality -- 8.0 Contextual Characterization and Generalization -- III/Commendation -- — Part III -- 9.0 General and Ultimate Appraisal -- Critical Source Book -- Preliminary/Critical Exclusions -- I/The Characterization of the Artist -- II/The Characterization of Art -- III/Commendation.
    Kurzfassung: Tbis inquiry may be thought of as a sequel to The Concepts of Value and as an extension of the brief core-vocabulary of aesthetic concepts found in one of the appendices to it. In terms of sheer numbers, most of the value concepts of our language are to be found in the area of human relations and of the aesthetic. There are also other value vocabularies, shorter but equally important, for example, the cognitive and logical. These and other objects of pbilosopbical study (for example, the question of "other minds") deserve the kind of empirical survey that has been made of moral and aesthetic notions, if only to test a priori approaches to them. In the present studyan even more determined empirical approach than that adopted for the first has been found necessary. Once the moral or human value vocabulary has been identified, sentential contexts for the use of the terms readily come to mind. In a study of the language of criticism, however, the vocabulary has first to be sought in the utterances of critics themselves and quoted in sufficient context to make their critical intentions clear. The outcome is that the present study is of great length, about half of it being quotations from critics. The rule adopted for arriving at tbis length go on collecting quotations as long as new types of appraisal came was to to light.
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  • 4
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401025034
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (704p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 13
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics
    Kurzfassung: The Ethic Dative in German -- Maximi Planudis in Memoriam -- Sets of Implications as the Interpretative Component of a Grammar -- Generative Grammar and European Linguistics -- Über den Begriff und die Begründung einer allgemeinen Sprachlehre. Einige Bemerkungen zum III. Abschnitt von J. S. Vaters Versuch einer allgemeinen Sprachlehre (1801) -- Some Underlying Structures in Swahili -- Two Cases of Exceptional Rule Ordering -- ‘Noch’ and ‘Schon’ and their Presuppositions -- French peu and un peu. A Semantic Study -- On Grammatical Reference -- On Presuppositions -- Reduction in Dutch Measure Phrase Sentences -- Über einige Schwierigkeiten beim postulieren einer ‘Textgrammatik’ -- On the Possessive Forms of the Hungarian Noun -- A Generative Account of the ‘Category of State’ in Russian -- On the Semantic Treatment of Predicative Expressions -- Government Structure Types of the Verbs of Saying and Action Situations -- Some Problems Connected with the Translation of Relative Clauses into Predicate Calculus -- How to Deal with Syntactic Irregularities: Conditions on Transformations or Perceptual Strategies? -- Reflexive versus Nonreflexive Pronominalization in Modern Russian and other Slavic Languages. A Conflict Between Domains of Rule Application -- Zum Problem der grammatisch relevanten Identität -- The Comparative -- Some Semantic Ambiguities Related to ‘Tense Category’ -- Temporal Prepositions as Quantifiers -- In Search of a Semantic Model of Time and Space -- Vergleichssätze -- Die Flexion der Verben und das Ablautsystem.
    Kurzfassung: The present volume is intended to give an overall picture of research in pro­ gress in the field of generative grammar in various parts of Europe. The term 'generative grammar' must, however, be understood here rather broadly. What seemed to be an easily definable technical term several years ago is becoming more and more vague and imprecise. Research in generative gram­ mar is carried on according to rather diversified methodological principles and being a generative grammarian is often more a matter of confession than any adherence to the common line of methodology which can be traced back to the conception of grammatical description initiated by Noam Chomsky. The direct or indirect influence of this conception is, however, clearly recog­ nizable in most of the papers of this volume. The most difficult thing was, naturally enough, to select appropriate papers in the realm of semantics. Apart from the special trend in generative grammar referred to as 'generative semantics' (though here, too, we might ponder on what 'generative' really means) the term 'generative' is hardly employed in semantics. The search for semantic primes, the application of the methods of mathematical logic, the inquiry into the intricate relationships between syntax and semantics and the utilization of syntactic information in semantics are perhaps the most charac­ teristic traits of contemporary semantics. All of this, of course, is at no variance with the principles of generative grammar, on the contrary, most of it has been made possible through the achievements of generative grammar.
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  • 5
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401024020
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (339p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Chestnut Hill Studies in Modern Languages and Literatures 2
    Serie: Chestnut Hill Studies in Modern Language and Literature 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Language and languages—Style.
    Kurzfassung: Monographs -- Das Erlebnis und die Interpretation in Luthers Erstlingsschrift -- Limitations of Literary Criticism -- La prosa nutrice del verso: dal Convivio alla Divina Commedia -- Un salon parnassien d’avant-garde: Nina de Villard et ses hôtes -- Articles -- Encyclopédie et culture généreale -- Sur la théorie du rondeau littéraire -- The Organic Unity of Les Faux-Monnayeurs -- “Conscience”, the Jesuits, and the Quijote -- Spacing in the Early Editions of Candide -- Plates.
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  • 6
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401025362
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XV, 438 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 18
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Balto-Slavic linguistic unity.
    Kurzfassung: The Typology of Morphological and Lexical Causatives -- Towards a Linguistic ‘Meaning?Text’ Model -- Passive Contructions. (Definition, Calculus, Typology, Meaning) -- Derivational Structure of the Russian Lexicon -- On Deep Situations and Sentence Patterns -- Presuppositions and the Ordering of Messages -- Some Remarks on Comparative and Superlative Sentences in Estonian -- On the Logical Analysis of Russian Quantifier Adjectives -- Synonymy and Synonyms -- An Attempt at the Formal Definition of Case and Gender of the Noun -- On Models for a Syntax with Explicitly Differentiated Elements (D-Syntax) -- The Genotype Language and Formal Semantics -- Valency-Junction-Emphasis Relations as a Language for Text Description -- Tentative Lexicographic Definitions for a Group of Russian Words Denoting Emotions -- Materials for an Explanatory Combinatory Dictionary of Modern Russian.
    Kurzfassung: o. Theoretical linguistics is a term not very often used in Soviet Linguistics. The terms 'structural linguistics', 'mathematical linguistics', 'applied lin­ guistics' (which, incidentally, has another meaning here than in other parts of the world) all may cover theoretical work in linguistics. In older days serious theoretical work was done under the heading 'machine translation'. Very often the need for a special term for theoretically oriented studies in linguistics does not even arise. Does this mean that there is no real theoretical linguistics in the Soviet Union? This would be, of course, a completely false conclusion. Some lin­ guists tend to identify theoretical linguistics with generative grammar. Though it might be true - and I am myself very much inclined to subscribe to this view - that generative grammar has been the most fruitful linguistic theory up to now, this does not justify, however, the above identification. Incidentally, as we shall see later on, generative grammar has not been left unnoticed in the Soviet Union either. There are different trends within theo­ retical linguistics, one of which is generative grammar. While generative grammar (though one can worry about the content of this notion for many. internal and external reasons) seems to be the mean theoretical trend in the United States and in Western Europe, it represents only one of the main trends in Soviet linguistics.
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  • 7
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401026369
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XII, 349 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 19
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Computational linguistics
    Kurzfassung: Overview -- Text Grammar and Text Logic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Hypothetic Form of Text Grammar -- 3. Formal Logic and Natural Logic -- 4. Text Logic -- 5. Summary -- On Various Solutions of the Problem of Presuppositions -- Pragmatic Implication -- 1. Elements of a Pragmatic Language -- 2. Truth Conditions for Formulas with Series of Epistemic Operators with Alternating Subscripts -- 3. Pragmatic Implication -- 4. Other Types of Pragmatic Implications -- 5. Summary -- Time and Text: Towards an Adequate Heuristics -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. Note on the ‘Meta-Theoretical Paradigm’ -- 3. Brief Sketch of a Model of Language Functioning -- 4. Time and Text -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- Towards an Empirically Motivated Grammatical Theory of Verbal Texts -- I. Sentence Grammars and Text Grammars -- II. A ‘Not Fixed Linearity Text Grammar’. The Present Stage of its Development -- Sentence Grammar, Text Grammar, and the Evaluation Problem. Some Remarks Concerning the Theoretical Foundation and the Possible Application of Text Grammars -- 1. Some Remarks on the Meta-Theoretical Postulates and Conventions to Be Used -- 2. Some Informal Remarks on the Structure of $${G_{{d_i}}}$$, i.e. the Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG) to Be Used -- 3. Specification of the Categories Used -- 4. A Sentence Grammar$${G_{{d_i}}}$$Generating a Set of Sentences (a Language Ldoof which the Sentence SAT[IMP](1)11 is an element -- 5. Some Arguments for the Delimitation of a Sub-Grammarj$${G_{{d_i}}}$$Based on Syntax and Semantics, i.e. a Grammar Enumerating only Sentences (Norms, Directives) Belonging to the German Language of Jurisdiction -- 6. On the Derivation of Synonymous and Hyperonymous Sentences by Grammars of the Typej$${G_{{d_i}}}$$ -- 7. Some Remarks on the Evaluation ofj$${G_{{d_i}}}$$ -- On the Validation of Text-Grammars in the ‘Study of Literature’ -- Abstract -- 0. Preface -- 1. The Validation of Text-Grammars in the Study of Literature -- 2. The Empirical Content of the Study of Literature -- 3. Reconstruction of the Text Concept.
    Kurzfassung: If we consider how theoretical operations belonging to the methodological inventory of linguistics are carried out (i. e. the way linguistic theories are set up), three main criteria suggest themselves for classifying them: (1) Both, nature and type of the aims of the scientific knowledge applied which allow to specify the epistemological interests as well as the theoretical impact constituting the purpose of linguistic operations; (2) the nature of the intellectual procedures in connection with which a set of intersubjectively acceptable operations should guarantee that current postulates of the theory of science be maintained; (3) the set of data serving as an empirical basis for the theories to be estab­ lished on the one hand and as a correlate for the further development, the testing and the evaluation of theories on the other hand. It is to be considered a basic concept (as well as a motive) of current text­ linguistic research that due to the linguistic analysis of discourses a further development of linguistics has set in or is still to be achieved as regards the three criteria mentioned above. Therefore, if we want to estimate text-linguistic approaches (or concepts), works (methods), or knowledge (results) we should take the view allowing for the general valuation of the linguistic discipline or one of its sub-disciplines. This should be done with respect to the contributions gathered in this volume as well.
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  • 8
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401025317
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (76p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Formal Linguistics Series 3
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Historical linguistics.
    Kurzfassung: I / On the Notion of an Intermediate Stage in Traditional Historical Linguistics -- II / The Three-Witness Problem -- III / Notes on Glottochronological Trees -- Notes to Chapters I–III -- Index of Terms and Symbols.
    Kurzfassung: These separate but related essays owe their existence to a combined concern for the workings of text criticism and historical linguistics and for the history of scholarship in these fields. On earlier occasions I have suggested certain views on the development of the so-called comparative method. Few things are more rewarding than to bring implicit preconceptions of the past and present out into the open, as I aimed to do then and as I aim to do now. This time existing tradition is treated as a body - without, I hope, being seriously distorting - and one small portion of its working assumptions is examined. My thanks go to the colleagues and students with whom I have had fruitful discussion, but especially to Zellig S. Harris, and to Henry Hiz who expended much more than just his excellent editorial care on these efforts. I only hope that I have learned as much from him as he has patiently tried to teach me. Lloyd W. Daly has kindly read parts of an earlier version and has contri­ buted valuable suggestions.
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  • 9
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401028905
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (259p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Foundation of Language, Supplementary Series 17
    Serie: Foundations of Language Supplementary Series 17
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Kurzfassung: I. Measure Phrase Sentences; Some Observations -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Measure Phrases -- 3. Parameter Adjectives and Measure Adjectives -- 4. Semicopulas -- II. The Structure Underlying Simple MP Sentences -- 1. Reduction in Simple MP Sentences -- 2. Similarities in the Behaviour of Simple MP Sentences -- 3. Possible Underlying Structures of Simple MP Sentences -- 4. Arguments for an Underlying WITH String -- 5. Recapitulation -- III. The Derivation of MP Sentences -- 1. Lexical Entries and Lexical Rules -- 2. When Does Reduction Occur? -- 3. A Non-Existent Neutral Parameter Adjective -- 4. Treating ‘Zijn’ as an Affix -- 5. Base Rules and Entries -- 6. The Transformational Derivation of MP Sentences -- 7. The Derivation of Measure Phrases -- IV. Duration Sentences -- 1. ‘Duren’ -- V. Epilogue.
    Kurzfassung: I should like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor H. Schultink, whose criticisms and careful reading helped me to improve considerably upon the clarity of exposition while I wrote this study, and whose seemingly innocent requests to elaborate confronted me time and again with the need of revising or abandoning ideas I thought stood on firm ground. His support, and Dr. M. C. van den Toom's gratefully acknowl­ edged willingness to read and evaluate the manuscript enabled me to present this work as a thesis in the University of Utrecht. In more than one way, lowe a debt to Albert Kraak, Professor of Linguistics in the University of Nijmegen. His inspiring enthusiasm awakened my interest in linguistics when I was a student of his. He in­ troduced me to transformational grammar at a time when it seemed almost improper to talk about it, and the stimulating experience of writing a book on Dutch syntax together with him taught me invaluable lessons. I should also like to thank my friend and colleague Henk Verkuyl, to­ gether with whom I prepared an article on the subject of measuring duration in Dutch. Without our stimulating discussions on the subject, the fourth chapter of this study could never have been written in the present form. I am also indebted to him for criticisms and helpful suggestions. At an early stage I profited greatly from discussions with Pieter A. M.
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  • 10
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    ISBN: 9789401724784
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIII, 186 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 15
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics
    Kurzfassung: I. Aspects as Semantic Primitives -- II. Aspects as Compound Categories -- III. The Upper Bound of the Aspects.
    Kurzfassung: This book is a thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Utrecht. It was prepared under the supervision of Prof. Dr. H. Schultink. I would like to express my gratitude to him for his criticisms of earlier versions which led to many improvements, in particular with respect to the exposition of the argument. To my co-referent Dirk van Dalen, reader in the Department of Philo­ sophy (,Centrale Interfaculteit') of the University of Utrecht, I am greatly indebted for his valuable and fruitful suggestions about problems relevant to both linguistics and logic. Several ideas developed in this study owe their present concrete form to our many discussions. This thesis originates in syntactic research into the Aspects carried out in 1967 under the supervision of Albert Kraak, professor at the University of Nijmegen, who ever since gave much attention to my work in progress. I am very grateful to him for his careful and stimulating criticism as well as for the continuous support he gave me during these years. The present study closely relates to the work of my colleague Wim Klooster with regard to both its theoretical framework and its subject matter. Our joint work on the measurement of duration in Dutch is an integral part of the argument. I have greatly profited from the numerous discussions we have had.
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  • 11
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401027533
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (132p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Publications of the Resèarch Group for European Migration Problems 17
    Serie: Research Group for European Migration Problems 17
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Psycholinguistics
    Kurzfassung: I — Yugoslav Immigration to America 1007A -- II — Survey of Bilingualism, Linguistic Problems and Previous Studies -- III — Analysis of Interference -- IV — Informant Sketches -- Informant Chart -- Concluding Remarks.
    Kurzfassung: This study represents but the initial phase of a multidisciplinary endeavor sponsored by the Russian and East European Studies Center of the University of California, Los Angeles, the ultimate goal of which is to provide a comprehensive description and analysis of the cultural, linguistic, economic and social integration of the Slavs living in California into American society. As the first step of this planned cross-disciplinary investigation, the Center recommended the implementation of a preliminary study of a limited scope, the present linguistic investigation of the Yugoslav community of San Pedro, California. As there is a dearth of information of a sociological as well as a linguistic nature pertaining to the local Slavs, the investigators decided to treat briefly the sociological situation of Yugoslav immigrants and then proceed with a more detailed discussion of the linguistic problems of immigrant bilingualism. Consequently, we have divided the present study into the following major chapters : Chapter I, the Yugoslav Immigration to America, not only examines the several phases of Yugoslav immigration to the United States, but also discusses the various motives which prompted people to immigrate to this country and especially to the small maritime community of San Pedro; against this background the investigators describe the Yugoslav ethnic minority and its contributions to the San Pedro community.
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  • 12
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401175302
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Bibliotheca Neerlandica Extra Muros 2
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Romance languages
    Kurzfassung: In two world wars waged within the life time of one generation Death reaped a prolific harvest. His most formidable scythe in former days was not war but pestilence. But since medical science has forged all kinds of weapons wherewith to strike that dreaded tool out of his knuckles he resorted in our lifetime to a new technique of morticulture which has yielded him un­ dreamt-of results. Using race hatred as fertilizer he has grown on the soil of the globe a crop of dead whose size baffles the imagination. The executioners whom he employed in Hitler's Germany kept careful record of the loathsome work they did for him in torture camps and gas chambers. They reckoned that six million Jews were delivered to Death by their efforts. In Holland alone only fifteen thousand of her one hundred and fifty­ thousand Jews survived the massacre. Death was the chief war profiteer. Though his inflated power was reduced by the overthrow of his Nazi henchmen, his innings are still large as he stalks across the world with his satellites Poverty, Hunger, and Disease.
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  • 13
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401030939
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (479p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Foundations of Language, Supplementary Series 12
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Ethics.
    Kurzfassung: 1. The Purpose of This Study -- 2. Overview of the Inquiry -- 3. Modes of Attending -- 4. The Instruments of Appraisal -- 5. Human Appraisives and General Appraisives -- 6. Definition and the Vocabulary of Appraisal -- 7. The Source and Habitat of Appraisive Terms -- 8. The Appraisives of Natural Languages -- 9. The Objectivity of Appraisals -- 10. The Reality of Value -- 11. Definition and the Understanding of Appraisives -- 12. Appraisive Creativity -- One: Procedures of Appraisal and Judgment -- 1.0 Satisfaction -- 2.0 Response -- 3.0 Appraisal -- 4.0 Enactment -- 5.0 Moral Judgment -- Conclusion of Part One -- Two: The Characterization of Man -- (A) Explanation of Term -- (B) Characterisms -- 6.0 Intellectual Characterization -- 7.0 Behavioral Characterization -- 8.0 Diathetic Characterization -- 9.0 Tendentive Characterization -- 10.0 Sex-Related Characterization -- 11.0 Sociative Characterization -- 12.0 Economic Characterization -- 13.0 Communitive Characterization -- 14.0 Virtue and Vice -- Three: General and Ultimate Appraisal -- 15.0 Commendation -- 16.0 Absolute Valents -- Conclusion of Part Three -- Appendices -- Appendix A. Objects of the Intellect -- A1.0 Significance -- A2.0 Ponence -- A3.0 Inference -- Appendix B. Transcendentives -- B1.0 Religious Appraisives -- B2.0 Transcendental Intensives -- Appendix C. Aesthetic Appraisives -- C1.0 Aesthetic Powers -- C2.0 Aesthetic Characterization -- C3.0 General Aesthetic Appraisives -- Appendix D. Humoristic Appraisives -- Appendix E. Physical Appraisives -- E1.0 Material Appraisives -- E2.0 Environmental Adaptives -- E3.0 Gustatives -- Appendix F. General Metaphysical Appraisives -- F1.0 Metaphysical Appraisives -- F2.0 Magnitudinal Appraisives -- Appendix G. Operatives -- Appendix H. Higher Order Appraisives -- Appendix J. Negations -- Index to Concepts -- Index to Persons and Subject Matter.
    Kurzfassung: The task of presenting for explicit view the store of appraisive terms our language affords has been undertaken in the conviction that it will be of interest not only to ethics and other philosophical studies but also to various areas of social science and linguistics. I have principally sought to do justice to the complexities of this vocabulary, the uses to which it is put, and the capacities its use reflects. I have given little thought to whether the inquiry was philosophical and whether it was being conducted in a philosophical manner. Foremost in my thoughts were the tasks that appeared to need doing, among them these: explicit attention was to be given to the vocabulary by means of which we say we commend,judge, appraise, or evaluate subjects and subject matters in our experience; it was to be segregated from other language at least for the purpose of study; the types of appraisive resources that are at hand in a language such as English were to be classified in some convincing and not too artificial manner; and an empirical standpoint was to be developed for a better view of appraisal, evaluation, and judging within the framework of other ways we have of responding to our surround­ ings such as appetition and emotion on one side and factual registering and theorizing about states of affairs on the other. Such an inquiry has never been undertaken in quite this manner before.
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401727808
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (IX, 250 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Second Edition
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Greek philology ; Greek language.
    Kurzfassung: Proclus the Successor on the first Alcibiades of Plato -- Fragments -- Select Bibliography -- Select Index to the Commentary -- Addenda et Corrigenda.
    Kurzfassung: This translation and commentary is based on the Critical Text and Indices of Proclus: Commentary on the First Alcibiades of Plato, Amsterdam 1954, by L. G. Westerink. Index II has been of great help in the translation, and the commentary is much indebted to the critical apparatus. Dr. Westerink has also been kind enough to forward his views on the relatively few problems which the Greek text has presented. A further debt is owed to the review of Dr. Westerink's text by Prof. E. R. Dodds in GNOMON 1955 p. 164-1, chiefly for some references and some emendations to the Greek text. W. R. M. Lamb's Loeb translation of Alcibiades I has helped considerably in construing the lemmata, which Signor Antonio Carlini has found to have been inserted by a later hand from a Plato MSS. of the W family. Evidence for this is their discrepancy with the text as read in the main body of the commentary (d. Studi Classici e Orientali, vol. x, Pisa 1961). On the personal side, the whole work has received the benefit of constant advice from Prof. A. H. Armstrong. It was he who first suggested the undertaking, and he has been kind enough to read through the translation and commentary, making many corrections and helpful suggestions. In particular lowe him the parallels with Plotinus and thanks for a Socratic patience in my more obtuse moments.
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401033381
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 145 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Formal Linguistics Series 2
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Smaby, Richard M. Paraphrase grammars
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Natural language processing (Computer science). ; Paraphrasenrelation
    Kurzfassung: I: Introduction -- 1. The Transformational Approach -- 2. The Paraphrase Relation -- 3. Paraphrase Grammars -- 4. Compositional Grammars -- 5. Substitution -- 6. Admission Conditions -- 7. Equivalence -- 8. Functional Notation -- 9. Summary -- II: The Paraphrase Relation -- 1. The Study of the Paraphrase Relation -- 2. Collection of Data -- 3. Selection of Data -- 4. Generalization of the Paraphrastic Relationships -- 5. Systematization of the Paraphrase Relation -- 6. Summary -- III: Compositional Grammars -- 1. The Compositional Approach -- 2. A Simple Compositional Language: P -- 3. Compositional Grammars and the Co-Occurrence Problem -- 4. ‘Projection Rules’ -- 5. Summary -- IV: Substitution -- 1. The Substitution Concept -- 2. The Presence of Substitution -- 3. A Notation for Substitution -- 4. The Generality of Substitution -- 5. Operations and Transformations -- 6. Summary -- V: Admission and Equivalence -- 1. Admission Conditions -- 2. Ordering of Transformations -- 3. A Recursive Definition and an Admission Condition -- 4. Equivalence -- 5. Summary -- VI: Functional Representation -- 1. Functional Notation -- 2. Functions and Transformations -- 3. Functions and Phonology: the Relative Clause -- 4. Summary -- VII: The Structure of Paraphrase Grammars -- 1. The Recursive Enumerability of the Transformation Relation -- 2. Elementary Transformations -- 3. Summary -- Appendix: Recursive Enumerability -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The recent rapid development of transformational grammars has incorpo­ rated some strong claims in the areas of semantics and co-occurrence. The earlier structuralists relied on a minimum of information about the meaning of strings of a language. They asked only if strings of sounds were different in meaning - or simply were different words or phrases. Current transfor­ mational grammars, on the other hand, set as their goal the production of exactly the meaningful strings of a language. Stated slightly differently, they wish to specify exactly which strings of a language can occur together (meaningfully) in a given order. The present book purports to show that transformational grammar is in­ dependent of the current trends in semantics. I claim that exciting and sophisticated transformational grammars are required for describing when strings of a language mean the same, that is, for describing when strings of a language are paraphrases of each other. This task can be quite naturally limited to a project of much weaker semantic claims than those which are current in transformational linguistics.
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