Kurzfassung: The formation of archdeaconries in the diocese of Utrecht in the second half of the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth -- Antwerp ships in English harbours in the fifteenth century -- Variants within Dutch Calvinism in the sixteenth century -- Flanders in 1576: revolutionary or reactionary? -- William III and the Utrecht ‘Government-Regulation’: background, events and problems -- The introduction of the steam engine to the Netherlands -- Survey of recent historical works on Belgium and the Netherlands.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- 1. Life and Works of the Ban? M?sà -- 2. The Manuscripts of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 3. Earlier Information on The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 4. Historical Context of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 5. Motifs -- 6. Transliteration of Arabic letters -- 7. Presentation and Translation -- 8. Notes to Introduction -- II. The Book of Ingenious Devices -- List of Models -- Translation and Annotations.

Kurzfassung: The Pacification of Ghent in 1576: Hope and Uncertainty in the Netherlands -- Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study on the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants -- The Raison d’état-Politician Johan de Witt -- Dutch Privateering during the Second and Third Anglo- Dutch Wars -- Atlantic Rivalry. The Struggle for the Dutch Tea Market 1813-1850 -- The Negro Slave in Nineteenth-Century Surinam -- The Opposition of the ‘People’s Men’ (1850-1869) -- King Albert and the Peace (1915-1918) -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Kurzfassung: I. The Curaçao Islands. The Inhabitants -- II. Historical Background and Discovery -- III. The Spanish Period -- IV. The Dutch Conquest -- V. Curaçao as War Base -- VI. The Struggle for Survival -- VII. The Last Dutch Stand -- VIII. The End of the Seventeenth Century -- IX. The Eighteenth Century -- X. The English Interregnum -- XI. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries -- XII. The Wild Coast from pre-Columbian Times to 1621 -- XIII. Dutch Colonizing Efforts on the Wild Coast -- XIV. Surinam under the Chartered Society -- XV. Surinam during the English Interregnum -- XVI. Aspects of Dutch Colonization -- XVII. The Curaçao Islands in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century -- XVIII. The Curaçao Islands Under Paramaribo -- XIX. The Curaçao Islands from 1845 to 1900 -- XX. The Emancipation of the Curaçao Slaves -- XXI. Relations Between Curaçao and Venezuela Toward the End of the Nineteenth Century -- XXII. Oil Comes to the Curaçao Islands -- XXIII. The Curaçao Islands From World War I to World War II -- XXIV. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- XXV. Surinam in the Nineteenth Century -- XXVI. The Early Twentieth Century in Surinam -- XXVII. Political Developments in the Dutch West Indies in the Twentieth Century -- XXVIII. Economic Development of the Dutch Antilles and Surinam -- XXIX. Society and Culture in the Netherlands West Indies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- General index.

Kurzfassung: To English-speaking historians, the author of this book, a Dutchman who for many years now finds his base at the University of Florida, became well known when his The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 158~I680 was published in 1972. At that time Professor Goslinga, who prior to his academic career in the United States, lived for an extended period in Cura~ao, Netherlands Antilles, had already acquired a solid reputation among Dutch Caribbeanists by his manifold publications on social, political and maritime aspects of Dutch West Indian history. By his training, interests and present position, Dr. Goslinga would seem to me to be singularly well-equipped to write a comprehensive history - geared to an English-speaking university public - of what was once known as the Netherlands West Indies. The present book is the product of this professional equipment and of his long teaching experience. It should go a long way in filling the old and wide gap in historical information on this part of the former Dutch empire, and I hope an equally wide but younger audience will appreciate it.

Kurzfassung: 1. English Intervention and the Pattern of Revolt -- 2. International Peace and Civil War -- 3. The Queen, the Prince and the Crisis of the Nobility -- 4. The Loss of the South -- 5. The North Preserved -- 6. Relations Transformed -- Conclusion -- Notes -- A Note on Sources.

Kurzfassung: My first thanks must go to the Electors to Ford's Lectureship in English History in the University of Oxford, who honoured me with the invitation to discharge that formidable responsibility in 1969, generously interpreting the statute so as to allow me to deal with a subject which contained nearly as much Netherlands as it did English history. To Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, and his fellow­ Electors, I am grateful for much encouragement, guidance and hospitality. The colleagues and pupils upon whom I have from time to time inflicted discussion of problems arising from my subject are far too numerous to be thanked individually. Two must nevertheless be singled out. Vivian Fisher of Jesus College, Cambridge, very kindly read the completed manuscript, and I have benefited by a number of characteristically penetrating comments and suggestions which he made. Geoffrey Parker, Fellow of Christ's College, generously allowed me to make use of his unique knowledge of the Spanish, French and Italian archives to check and supplement my own information. I am deeply grateful to both. Finally, it will be evident that quite apart from my own researches these lectures owe a heavy debt to many scholars, Dutch, Belgian, American and British especially, who have worked in this or related fields of inquiry. I am not less indebted to those from whose interpretations I have ventured to differ than to those with whom I have found myself in agreement.

Kurzfassung: Holland’s Advance -- Poverty in Flanders and Brabant from the Fourteenth to the Mid-Sixteenth Century: Sources and Problems -- Prices and Wages as Development Variables: A Comparison between England and the Southern Netherlands, 1400–1700 -- An Inquiry into the Behaviour of Wages in the Dutch Republic and the Southern Netherlands, 1580–1800 -- Poverty in Amsterdam at the Close of the Eighteenth Century -- Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp in America, 1783–1784 -- Some Remarks on the Cultivation System in Java -- The Mutiny on board De Zeven Provincien: Reaction and Repercussions in the Netherlands -- Dutch Jews in a Segmented Society -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Kurzfassung: I Profit and Power -- II Representative Thought and National Policy -- III Economic Relations and the Sources of Tension in the First Half of the Century -- IV War in Embryo -- V The First Dutch War -- VI Prudent Idealism: an Interlude (1654-60) -- VII Foreign Trade and Domestic Politics at the Restoration -- VIII The Colonial Prelude and the Approach of the Second Dutch War -- IX A War of Tradesmen -- X Conclusion -- A List of the Principal Sources Consulted.

Kurzfassung: Historical explanations need to keep step with the march of research if they are not to degenerate into empty cliches. It has long been a commonplace of 17th century history that the Anglo-Dutch Wars were the product of 'commercial rivalry'. This essay, first published twenty years ago, attempted to analyse and redefine this overworked traditional concept so as to explain more precisely how it led to naval wars between the Dutch and the English. Two idees fixes of contemporary English thought seemed especially significant; one was the persistent consciousness of English inferiority and backwardness in economic affairs when compared with the Dutch; the other, compounding this, was the equally persistent conviction that strategically, England seemed well placed to wreck the Dutch maritime economy and bring the Republic to her knees in a naval war. These obsessive beliefs combined naturally with the specific influences and motives of powerful political and commercial lobbies to stoke the fires of aggression. Failing over several decades to make any visible progress by more or less peaceful policies, they turned, first, to economic warfare by means of propaganda and pseudo-legal claims to maritime sovereignty; finally (in 1652) to all-out eco­ nomic and naval warfare.

Kurzfassung: Inleiding / Introduction -- Kempo Thessaliensis, De Gloriosa Virgine Maria, Alkmaar, Johannes Haghen Daventriensis, CA. 1518, [NK 1276-NATI, 6] -- Wandelinghe Der Kersten Menschen Amsterdam, Hugo Jansz Van Woerden, 1506 [Nk 2198-Nat, II 10] -- Het Evangelie Van Mattheus Amsterdam, Doen Pietersz, 1522 [Nk 369-Nat I, 1] -- Alardus Amstelredamus, Ritus Edendi Paschalis Agni Amsterdam, Doen Pietersz, 1523 [Nk 57-Nat IV, 15] -- Statuta Jurisdictionis Kennemarie Amsterdam, Peter Jansz Tyebout, 1527 [Nk 1951-Nat I, I en 2] -- Die Kaert Vander Zee (Met Het Waterrecht Van Wisby) Amsterdam, Jan Seversz Die Croepel, 1532 [Nk 3290 & 4085-Nat 11, 1] -- Den Herbarius in Dietsche Antwerpen, Govaert Bac, 1511 [Nk 1049-Nat I, 4] -- Ludolphus De Saxonia, Dit Es Dleven Ons Liefs Heeren Ihesu Cristi Antwerpen, Henrick Eckert Van Homberch, 1503 [Nk 1407-Nat I, 4 En VIII, 26] -- Der Zielen Troost Antwerpen, Adriaen Van Berghen, 1509 [Nk 2084-Nat II, 2] -- Heynric Herp, Groote Ende Nieuwe Spieghel Der Volcomenheit Antwerpen, Weduwe Roelant Van Den Dorpe, 1501 [Nk 1062-Nat I, 4] -- Cronike Van Brabant Antwerpen, Jan Van Doesborch, 1530 [Nk 654-Nat IX, 27] -- Het Nieuw Testament Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, 20 Sept. 1529 [NK 396-NAT V, II] -- Det Ny Testamente Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, 1529 [Nk 412-Nat, Impressions Danoises, Ii, 5] -- Die Wonderlijcke Oorloghen Van Maximiliaen Antwerpen, Willem Vorsterman, CA. 1531 [NK 1626-NATt XXXV, 215] -- Ulenspieghel Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, CA. 1519 [NK 2088-NAT XXIV, 102] -- Joannes Ludovicus Vives, De Concordia & Discordia in Humano Genere Ad Carolum V Caesarem Libri Quattuor Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1529 [NK 2163-NAT XIII, 49] -- De Triumphelicke Ghereeschappen Ende Ordinancie Vander Incomste Der Keyserliker Maiesteyt Carolo V in De Stadt Van Napels… Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1536 [NK 1163-NAT XIX, 85 (= 84)] -- Jason Pratensis, De Tuenda Sanitate Libri Quatuor Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten, 1538 [NK 1753-NAT XII, 45] -- Coustumes & Usaiges De … Vallenchiennes Antwerpen, Michiel Hillen Van Hoochstraten Voor Jehan Pissart, Bergen, 1540 [NK 633-NAT VI, 23] -- Bernardus Lutzenburgensis, Compendium Sermocionatorium in Preconio Dive Anne Genitricis Marie… Antwerpen, Jan Lettersnijder, CA. 1506 [NK 296-NAT II, 6] -- Johannes De Ketham, Fasciculus Medicine Antwerpen, Claes De Grave, 1512 [NK 1223-Nat V, II] -- Maximiliaan I, Houtsneden Antwerpen, Jan De Gheet, 1515 [NK 1505 EN 3509-NAT IV, 4] -- Novum Testamentum Antwerpen, Jan Thibault, 1525 [NK 341-NAT III, 10–13] -- Dat Nieuwe Testament Antwerpen, Jan Van Ghelen, 1525 [NK 383-NAT III, 22] -- Souterliedekens Antwerpen, Symon Cock, 1540 [NK 1918-NAT IX, 34] -- Den Bijbel Antwerpen, Jacob Van Liesvelt, 6 September 1526 [NK 386-NAT IV, 20] -- Anna Bijns, Dit Is Een Schoon Ende Suuverlijc Boecxken Inhoudende Veel Scoone Constige Refereinen… Antwerpen, Jacob Van Liesvelt, 1528 [NK 423-NAT VIII, 44] -- Den Bijbel Antwerpen, Hansken Van Liesvelt, 1538 [NK 409] -- Missale Traiectense Antwerpen, Christoffel Van Ruremund Voor Willem Vorsterman En Govaart Van Der Haghen, 1527 [NK I53O-NAT C.V.R.I.] -- Nieuw Testament Antwerpen, Hans Van Ruremund, 1525 [NK 381-NAT, II, 8 EN III, 19] -- La Saincte Bible En Francoys Translatee Selon La Pure & Entière Traduction De Sainct Hierome…Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser, 1534, [NK 419-NAT XI, 54] -- La Saincte Bible En Francoys Translatee Selon La Pure & Entière Traduction De Sainct Hierome…Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser, 1534 [NK 419-NAT XII, 55] -- Oud En Nieuw Testament, Antwerpen, H. Peetersen Van Middelburg, 1535, [NK 407-NAT VI, 23] -- Gemma Phrysius, De Principiis Astronomiae Et Cosmographiae, Antwerpen, Joannes Grapheus, 1530, [NK 97I-NAT II, 6] -- Johannes Servilius, Lexicon Graeco-Latinum, Antwerpen, J. Grapheus Voor J. Steels, 1540, [NK 1900-NAT II, 6] -- Hans Holbein De Jonge, Historiarum Veteris Instrumenti Icones, Antwerpen, J. Steels, 1540, [NK 1103-NAT SUPP. III, 7, 8, 9] -- Urbanus Regius, Dialogus Van De Prekingile Die Christus Den Twee Discipelen Dede, Tot Emaus Gaende Op Den Paesdach Antwerpen?, Niclaes Van Oldenborch, 1538 [NK I789-NAT I, 2 EN 5] -- Guilielmus De Branteghem, Jesu Christi Vita Antwerpen, Mattheus Crom, 1537 [NK 486-NAT I, 2] -- Eusebius Caesariensis, Die Historie Die Men Heet Ecclesiastica… Antwerpen, Govaert Van Der Haghen, 1534 [Nk 883-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, II, 8] -- S. Bonaventura, De Verweckinghe Der Godlijcker Liefden Antwerpen, Goris De Bonte, 1535 [nk 470-nat, derniers imprimeurs, I, 6] -- Gemma Phrysius, Arithmeticae Practicae Methodus Facilis Antwerpen, Gillis Coppens Van Diest, 1540 [Nk 970-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 24] -- Christianus Massaeus, Chronicorum Libri Xx Antwerpen, Joannes Crinitus, 1540 [Nk I500-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 25] -- Cornelius Scribonius Grapheus, Pacis Inter Carolum v et Franciscum i Descriptio Antwerpen, Joannes Coccius, 1540 [NK 1023-nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VI, 27] -- Evangelia Et Epistolae, Breviusculis Qui B Usd A M Hermanni Torrentini Scholiis illustrata Antwerpen, Anthonis Van Der Haghen, 1540 [NK 897-Nat, Derniers Imprimeurs, VIII, 32–33] -- Rosarium Mysticum Animae Fidelis Antwerpen, Marten De Keyser amp; Willem Vorsterman, 1535 [NK 1807] -- Martin Luther, Die Epistel Van S. Pauwels tot die galaten… Uutgeleyt DooreenengEleerdenende Christelicken Man Antwerpen, Jan Hillen Van Hoochstraten, ca. 1526 [NK 1433-Nat I, 8] -- Cornelis Van Baersdorp, Methodus Universae Artis Medicae Brugge, Hubert De Croock, 1538 [NK 163-Nat IV, 17] -- Magninus Mediolanensis Tregement der Ghesontheyt Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, 1514 [NK 1453-Nat II, 4] -- Uit: Tbouck Van Wondre, 1513 Drukkersmerk Van Thomas Vander Noot [NK 433-cf. Nat III, 6] -- Den Spieghel der Behoudenessen Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, CA. 1508? [NK 1929-Nat V, 9 -- TSCEP Vol Wonders Brüssel, Thomas Vander Noot, 1514 [NK 1875-Nat 1,2] -- Litterae Confraternitatis AO 1516 Volkerus, Prior B. Marie de Bethleem in Wateringen [NK 4412] -- Johannes Eckiusj Declaracie Teghen Zommighe Articulen der Lutherane N Delft, Cornelis Henricsz Lettersnyder, 1527 [NK 752-Nat VIII, 36] -- Martinus De Gouda, Compendium Latini Ideomatis Den Hem, Regulieren, 1509 [NK 3503-NAT SUPP. IV, 37] -- Historie Van Sinte Anna, Vertaald Door Wouter Bor Deventer, Richard Pafraet, 1509 [NK 1082, Deperditu M—Nat Borne 1, 1] -- Johannes Reuchlin, Sergius Vel Capitis Caput Deventer, Jacob Van Breda, 1509 [NK 1796-Nat I, 10] -- Nocturnus Septimus Psalmorum Daviticorum Deventer, Jacob van Breda, CA. 1215 [NK 1600-Nat I, 3] -- S. Hieronymus, Epistolae de Fructu Laboris et Periculis Ocii Deventer, Theod. de Borne, CA. 1515 [NK 1073-Nat IV, 14] -- Marcus Tullius Cicero, Paradoxorum Libellus Deventer, Theod. de Borne, 1519 [NK 570-Nat I, I] -- Ordinarius Congregationis Wyndesemensis Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1521 [Nk 1649-Nat Iv, 16] -- Publius Terentius Afer, Andria Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1525 [Nk 1983-Nat Iv, 19] -- Nieuw Testament Deventer, Alb. Pafraet, 1525 [Nk 382-Nat Ix, 45] -- Junius Juvenalis, Satyra Octava Deventer, Wessel Zuseler, 1523 [Nk 1243-Nat I, 2] -- Henricus Bebel, De Romanorum Magistratibus Gent, Pieter De Keysere, 1521 [Nk 260-Nat II, 4] -- Johannes Despauterius, De Figuris Liber Gent, Pieter De Keysere, 1520 [Nk 2761-Nat III, 9] -- Robertus Gropretius, Regimen Sanitatis Gent, Joos Lambrecht, 1538 [Nk 3128-Nat II, 4] -- Breviarium Trajectense Gouda, Collaciebroeders, 1508 [Nk 4 94—Nat VII, 69] -- Q. Horatius Flaccus, Sermonum Libri Duo’S-Hertogenbosch, Laurens Hayen, 1521 [Nk II37-Nat I, 1] -- Regula Et Institutiones Seraphici Ordinis Fratrum Minorum Cum Nonnullis Privilegiis ’S-Hertogenbosch, Laurens Hayen, Ca. 1509–1510 [Nk 3 79 0—N At III, II] -- R. Langius, Carmen In Horas Dominicas’S-Hertogenbosch, Fratres Domus S. Gregorii, 1526 [Nk 1314-Nat I, 1] -- G. Macropedius, Andrisca Fabula Lepidissima ’S-Hertogenbosch, Gerard Van Der Hatart, 1538 [Nk 1444-Nat Ii, 8] -- P. Vergilius Maro, Georgica Cum Argumentis Modestini ’S-Hertogenbosch, Jan Van Turnhout, 1530 [Nk 4049-Nat S Up P. I, 1] -- Sybe Jarichs, Een Corte Cronike Kampen, Jan Evertsz., 1536 [Nk 1196-Nat I, 1] -- Rhenanus Uzichius, In Exceptionem Zutphaniensem Etc. Panegyricus Kampen, Jan Petersz., 1538 [Nk 38Oi-Nat Supp. Ii, 5] -- Cornelius Aurelius, Cronycke Van Hollandt, Zeelandtende Vrieslant Leiden, Jan Severszoon, 1517 [Nk 613] -- Legende Van S. Katherina Vander Seyn Leiden, Jan Severszoon, Voor 1509? [Nk 1338-Nat Xi, 32] Sonderlinghe Deuote Oeffeninghe Der Passien Ons Heren Op Den Pater Noster Ghedeclareert … Leiden, Peter Janszoon, Z.J. [Nk 1618-1619-Nat 1,1] -- Breviarium Traiectense Leiden, Jan Severszoon, 1508 [Nk 493-Nat I, I] -- Almanach Voor Den Iare 1540 … Leiden, Peter Claeszoon Van Balen, 1539 [Nk 2300] -- Plutarchus, Apophthegmata Leuven, Dirk Martens, 1521 [Nk I74I-Nat VIII, 27] -- Adrianus Florentii Epistola Ad Facultatem Theologiae Lovaniensem. Condemnationes Doctrin Ae M. Luthe Ri A T...

Kurzfassung: I. Point Of Departure -- II. Appeasement Defined -- III. On Motives and Similarities -- IV. Ideological Angst -- V. Portraits of Two Epochs -- VI. The Balance Sheet.

Kurzfassung: It has not been my intention to write a definitive study of appeasement. Such a work would have to include the French variety, Stalin's appeasement of Hitler between 1939 and 1941, or the appeasement of Japan in 1938 and 1939. I chose the British case for a number of reasons. The opportunity of a comparative model was a challenge, British appeasement was well known, and the structure of the British government remained rather the same in the intervening period between Waterloo and Dunkirk. I admit that Amiens and Munich represent the most dramatic episodes in the story of appeasement, but then the British struggles against Bonaparte and Hitler were of epic proportions. It was of course unnecessary "to prove" appeasement at Munich, but very few historians had looked at the treaty of Amiens in this way. Much of my research effort was therefore devoted to examining the published material of the earlier period. While I have used some original Addington documents, this work is not primarily an inquiry into unpublished sources but a rein­ terpretation of well known events that were made public long ago. The flood of publications and revelations of the 1930's continues unabated. I have tried to use the latest studies, especially those that have benefited from the thirty­ year rule. My debts of gratitude extend over a long period since two stints as chairman of the department have delayed this book by at least four years.

Kurzfassung: I. Plato in Antiquity -- 1. Plato’s first successors -- 2. Aristotle and the older Peripatetics -- 3. New schools: Zeno, Epicurus, Pyrrho -- 4. The Academy as the school of uncertainty -- 5. Back to certainty -- 6. In Rome. Cicero -- 7. Contacts with the Old Testament -- 8. Across the boundaries of the schools -- 9. Before Plotinus -- 10. The first contacts with Christianity -- 11. Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists -- 12. The Christian Fathers -- 13. Ancient laudatory and calumnious legends on Plato -- 14. Interpretation, criticism, polemics -- 15. Other responses and effects -- II. Plato in the Middle Ages and in the New Age -- 16. Entry into the Middle Ages in the East -- 17. The West before the Renaissance -- 18. The beginning of the Italian Renaissance -- 19. Plato and Aristotle, contest and temporary reconciliation -- 20. Marsilio Ficino. The Florentin Academy -- 21. The diffusion of Renaissance Platonism -- 22. From Descartes to Kant -- 23. The age of the autocracy of reason -- 24. The new Humanism -- 25. Modern Platonic scholarship -- 26. Plato in modern philosophy -- 27. New translations. From science to literature -- 28. Plastic, graphic and mechanical arts. Music. Education -- 29. Life without end -- Name index -- Picture index.

Kurzfassung: Plato's earthly life ended in the year 347 B. C. At the same time, however, began his posthumous life - a life of great influence and fame leaving its mark on aU eras of the history of European learning -lasting until present times. Plato's philosophy has taken root earlier or later in innumerable souls of others, it has matured and given birth to new ideas whose proliferation further dissemi­ nated the vital force of the original thoughts. It happened sometimes, of course, that by various interpretations different and sometimes altogether contradictory thoughts were deduced from one and the same Platonic doctrine: this possibility is also characteristic of Plato's genius. Even though in the history of Platonism there were times less active and creative, the continuity of its tradition has never been completely interrupted and where there was no growth and progress, at least that what had been once accepted has been kept alive. When enquiring into Plato's influence on the development of learning, we shall above all consider the individual approach of various personalities to Plato's philosophy, personal Platonism, which at its best concerns itself with the literary heritage of Plato and though accessible was not always much sought for.

Kurzfassung: Political and Religious Ideas of Netherlanders at the Court in Prague -- The Southern Netherlands and the Foundation of the Dutch East and West India Companies -- The Organization and Effects of Flemish Privateering in the Seventeenth Century -- Social Mobility under the Regents of the Republic -- The Attitude of the Roman Curia to the French Revolution and its Opposite Effects in the Southern and Northern Netherlands -- A Study of Wealth and Income in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- The Role of Small Countries in the International Politics of the 1860s: The Netherlands and Belgium in Europe -- The Position of the Jews during the German Occupation of the Netherlands: Some Observations -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Kurzfassung: In the Survey of Recent Historical Works, which according to custom concludes this IXth volume of the Acta, is a notice of the recent 'Report of the Dutch research, with suggestions for future development'. Such a report could easily be classified as an attempt to bring pressure to bear on financial resources for support of a somewhat neglected branch of scientific effort, indeed as a symptom of the current disease of notatitis. A recent special issue 'Regeren door notas', of the periodical Beleid and Maatschappij, March-April 1976, discusses this severe Dutch epidemic of official note-writing, for any purpose, on any matter, at any time, by any sort of official committee to any sort of official body. But even if such were the only reason for the production of this Report, which indeed it is not, the Report will stand on its own feet, as significant and of consequence. In general, however, this Report makes sad reading. It would seem that Dutch historical research and historiography lags far behind comparable foreign developments. There are said to be immense gaps in knowledge of and insight into virtually all fields of the Dutch past and moreover a total lack of modem sophistication. Inevitably, currently fashionable techniques such as programming, co-ordination, and teamwork are suggested as desirable, and a preference is expressed for the currently highly regarded socio-historical approach.

Kurzfassung: The growing interest in the history of Indonesia has made it desirable to have an English summary of the principal works of the Dutch historian Dr H. J. de Graaf, who in several books and articles published between 1935 and 1973 has given a description of the development of the Javanese kingdom of Mataram, based both on European and in­ digenous material. His works form a substantial contribution to the study of the national history of Indonesia. The Summary contains references to the paragraphs of the Dutch books and articles. This makes it easy for those readers who have a know­ ledge of Dutch to consult the original texts. The List of Sources for the study of Javanese history from 1500 to 1700 is composed of the lists in the summarized books and articles, and the Index of Names refers not only to the present Summary but also to the eight original texts. Many names of persons and localities in the Index have been provided with short explanatory notes and references to other lemmata as a quick way to give some provisional information on Javanese history.

Kurzfassung: Origin of the Theory of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Marxist Theorists on the Evolution of the Concept of Nations with History and Nations without History -- Attitude of 20th Century Marxists Towards Question of the Right of National Self-Determination for Small National Groups -- Conclusion.

Kurzfassung: This study is based upon the concept of nations with history and nations without history which was advanced in 1848/1849 in the pages of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, a Cologne based German newspaper under the editorship of Karl Marx. This theory is presented in this study as a model of opposites ; historic nations and non-historic nations, respec­ tively revolutionary nations and counter-revolutionary national groups which Engels and Marx associated with the philosophy of Hegel. As Marx and Engels saw it, Hegel had taught that nature and history abounded in opposites, and this was believed to be the essence of his dialectic. Marx liked this dialectic better than anything else in Hegel's thought and modified it to fit his own economic theory of history. In reality, however, there are no categories of opposites; certainly not in nature; no two colors are opposites; nor are any two times of the day, indeed nothing temporal, nothing living, nothing that is in process of becoming. ! It is only in human understanding that opposites are intro­ duced. In the history of ideas what has been a misunderstanding of Hegel's teachings has exerted a greater influence upon subsequent generations than Hegel's philosophy as he himself understood it. With Marx's development of the materialistic concept of history, the Volksgeist (Spirit of the Age), so pronounced in Hegel's work lost ground rapidly; first, because it was difficult to understand and second, because its mastery was hardly rewarding to anyone save scholars and philosophers.

Kurzfassung: I. Soul and Mathematicals -- II. Posidonius and Neoplatonism -- III. The Subdivisions of Theoretical Philosophy -- IV. The Origin of the Quadrivium -- V. Speusippus in Iamblichus -- VI. A New Fragment of Aristotle -- VII. Metaphysica Generalis in Aristotle? -- Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Passages in Greek and Latin Authors.

Kurzfassung: The first edition of this book appeared in 1953; the second, revised and enlarged, in 1960. The present, third edition is essentially a reprint of the second, except for the correction of a few misprints and the following remarks, which refer to some recent publications* and replace the brief preface to the second edition. Neither Eudemus nor Theophrastus, so I said (p. 208£. ) knew a branch of theoretical philosophy the object of which would be something called 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 andwhich branch wouldbedistinct from theology. And there is no sign that they found such a branch (corresponding to what was later called metaphysica generalis) in Aristotle. To the names of Eudemus and Theophrastus we now can add that of Nicholas of Damascus. In 1965 H. J. Drossaart Lulofs published: Nicolaus Damascenus On the Philosophy of Aristotle (Leiden: Brill), Le. fragments of his m:pr. njc; 'ApLO''t'o't'&AOUC; qJLAOO'OqJLiXC; preserved in Syriac together with an English trans­ lation. In these fragments we find a competent presentation of Aristotle's theoretical philosophy, in systematic form. Nicholas subdivides Aristotle's theoretical philosophy into theology, physics, and mathematics and seems to be completely unaware of any additional branch of philosophy the object of which would be 0'. 1 ~ 0'. 1 distinct from theology with its object (the divine).

Kurzfassung: I. The Egyptians -- Chronological Summary -- The Egyptians as the “inventors” of geometry -- The Rhind papyrus -- The technique of calculation -- “Aha-calculations” -- Applied calculations -- The development of the computing technique -- Hypothesis of an advanced science -- The geometry of the Egyptians -- What could the Greeks learn from the Egyptians? -- II. Number systems, digits and the art of computing -- The sexagesimal system -- Sumerian technique of computation -- The Greek notation for numbers -- Sexagesimal fractions -- Hindu numerals -- The abacus of Gerbert -- III. Babylonian mathematics -- Chronological summary -- Babylonian algebra -- Babylonian geometry -- Babylonian theory of numbers -- Applied mathematics -- Summary -- Greek Mathematics -- IV. The age of Thales and Pythagoras -- V. The golden age -- VI. The century of Plato -- VII. The Alexandrian Era (330–200 B.C.) -- VIII. The decay of Greek mathematics.

Kurzfassung: Soon after the publication of my"Ontwakende W etenschap"the need for an English translation was felt. We were very glad to find a translator fully familiar with the English and Dutch languages and with mathematical terminol· ogy. The publisher, Noordhoff, had the splendid idea to ask H. G. Beyen, professor of archeology, for his help in choosing a nice set of illustrations. It was a difficult task. The illustrations had to be both instructive and attractive, and they had t~ illustrate the history of science as well as the general background of ancient civilization. The publisher encouraged us to find better and still better illustrations, and he ordered photographs from all over the world, with never failing energy and enthusiasm. Mr. Beyen's highly instructive subscripts will help the reader to see the inter· relation between way of living, art, and science of the ancient world. Thanks are due to many correspondents, who have suggested additions and pointed out errors. Sections on Astrolabes and Stereographte Projection and on Archimedes' construction of the heptagon have been added. The sections on Perspective and on the Anaphorai of Hypsicles have been enlarged. In the second English edition I have incorporated an important discovery of P. Huber, which sheds new light upon the role of geometry In Babylonian algebra (see p. 73). The section on Heron's Metrics (see p. 277) was written anew, follOWing a suggestion of E. M. Bruins. Zurich. 1961 B. L.

Kurzfassung: The Representation of the Freeholders in the Drainage Districts of Zeeland West of the Scheldt during the Middle Ages -- The ‘Betrayal’ of the Sixteenth-Century Bourgeoisie: A Myth? Some Considerations of the Behaviour Pattern of the Merchants of Antwerp in the Sixteenth Century -- The’ Weber Thesis: An Attempt at Interpretation -- History and Prognostication -- Ten years of Guerilla-Warfare and Slave Rebellions in Surinam, 1750–1759 -- Political Power Struggle in and around the Main Belgian Cities, 1830–1848 -- Depression and Policy in the Thirties -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.

Kurzfassung: Volume VIII of Acta Historiae Neerlandicae again presents studies on the history of the Low Countries which it is hoped will be of interest to foreign scholars. The intention has been to deal with a fairly long period, and many differing aspects, of the subject. So institutional, political, economic, social and cultural history all receive a fair share of attention, and together the studies cover a considerable number of centuries. It is, however, striking to note how even this restricted number of studies reflects prevailing viewpoints among today's Low Countries' historians. Clearly there is considerable stress on economic and social questions. Traditional studies such as those of former Belgian historians on medieval history, or those of the Dutch on the seventeenth century, are now giving way to works that are problem­ directed. Power structures, the position of the bourgeoisie, reactions of the intelli­ gentsia and theologians to societal problems, have now more attraction for scholars than the glories of late medieval wealth in Flanders or Holland's Golden Age. Terms such as Guerilla warfare, Struggle, Depression, typify today's critical approach to society in general.