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  • 1975-1979  (285)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (285)
Material
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
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  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0304-4092
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
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  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Keywords: Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
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  • 4
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Den Haag : Junk ; 5.1957 -
    ISSN: 0077-0639
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 5.1957 -
    Additional Information: 18=1; 19=2 von Biogeography and ecology in South America The Hague, 1968
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Monographiae biologicae
    Former Title: Vorg. Physiologia comparata et oecologia
    DDC: 570
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Physiologie ; Medizin
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  • 5
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Kluwer | Dordrecht : Springer ; 1.1974 -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0304-2421 , 1573-7853 , 1573-7853
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1974 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Theory and society
    RVK:
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Index 1/10.1974/81 in: 10.1981,6; 11/19.1982/90 in: 19.1990,6
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  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Leiden : Brill | 's-Gravenhage : Mouton | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel | Dordrecht : Kluwer | Dordrecht : Springer ; 1.1957 -
    ISSN: 0019-7246 , 1572-8536
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1957 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Indo-Iranian journal
    RVK:
    Keywords: Indoiranisch ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Indoiranisch ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Index 1/20.1957/78=26.1983,1/3
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  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Keywords: Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
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  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer | Dordrecht : Springer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Keywords: Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift
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  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , ISSN 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Dialectical anthropology
    Keywords: Anthropologie ; Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie
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  • 10
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer ; 1.1971 -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0167-7276
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1971 -
    Additional Information: 3=2; 5=3 von International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society Papers and debate of the ... international conference held by the International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel, 1974
    Additional Information: 7=5 von International Phenomenology Conference (ZDB) Selected papers from the ... International Phenomenology Conference Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel, 1975
    Additional Information: 6=4; 9=6 von International Phenomenology Conference (ZDB) Papers read at the International Phenomenology Conference Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel, 1977
    Additional Information: 2=[1] von International Phenomenological Conference (ZDB) Papers and debate of the International Phenomenological Conference Dordrecht : Reidel Publishing, 1972
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Analecta Husserliana
    Former Title: Vorg. Jahrbuch für Philosophie und phänomenologische Forschung
    DDC: 100
    RVK:
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Husserl, Edmund 1859-1938 ; Phänomenologie
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  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Reidel | Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer ; 1.1974 -
    ISSN: 0921-8599 , 0169-7323
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1974 -
    Additional Information: 11=1 von Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter (ZDB) Papers presented at the ... Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1978 0333-5135
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Philosophical studies series
    Former Title: Philosophical studies series in philosophy
    Former Title: an international journal for philosophy in the analytic tradition
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 12
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Den Haag : Junk ; 5.1957 -
    ISSN: 0077-0639
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 5.1957 -
    Additional Information: 18=1; 19=2 von Biogeography and ecology in South America The Hague, 1968
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Monographiae biologicae
    Former Title: Vorg. Physiologia comparata et oecologia
    DDC: 570
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Physiologie ; Medizin
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  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
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  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Den Haag : Junk ; 5.1957 -
    ISSN: 0077-0639
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 5.1957 -
    Additional Information: 18=1; 19=2 von Biogeography and ecology in South America The Hague, 1968
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Monographiae biologicae
    Former Title: Vorg. Physiologia comparata et oecologia
    DDC: 570
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Physiologie ; Medizin
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  • 15
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , ISSN 1573-0786 , ISSN 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
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  • 16
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
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  • 17
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Nijhoff | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0304-4092 , 1573-0786 , 1573-0786
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1975/76(1975) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dialectical anthropology
    DDC: 100
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Anthropologie ; Anthropologie
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  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Dordrecht : Springer | Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier | Dordrecht : Kluwer ; 1.1974 -
    Associated volumes
    ISSN: 0304-2421 , 1573-7853 , 1573-7853
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1974 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Theory and society
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sozialwissenschaft ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Theorie ; Soziologische Theorie ; Logik der Sozialwissenschaft ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Index 1/10.1974/81 in: 10.1981,6; 11/19.1982/90 in: 19.1990,6
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789401771504 , 9401771502 , 9789401771528
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource , illustrations
    Series Statement: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 87
    DDC: 959.8/00499226
    Keywords: Toraja (Indonesian people) Religion ; Toraja (Indonesian people) Social life and customs ; History & Archaeology ; Toraja (Indonesian people) ; Social life and customs ; History - General ; Toraja (Indonesian people) ; Religion
    Note: "Originally published by Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- eb Volkenkunde, Leiden, the Netherlands in 1979." , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789401713948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 477 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. The Electric Power System -- 2. Faraday’s Induction Law -- 3. Magnetic Circuits -- 4. Sinusoidal Steady State -- 5. Transformers -- 6. Transformer Connections -- 7. Electromechanical Energy Conversion -- 8. Distributed Windings -- 9. Three-phase Synchronous Machines -- 10. Synchronous Motors -- 11. Synchronous Generators -- 12. Synchronous Machines With Salient Poles -- 13. Three-phase Induction Machines -- 14. Application of Induction Motors -- 15. Symmetrical Components -- 16. Two-phase Servomotors -- 17. Single-phase Motors -- 18. Commutator Machines -- 19. D-c Motors -- 20. D-c Generators -- 21. Synchros -- Answers to Problems.
    Abstract: There are good reasons why the subject of electric power engineering, after many years of neglect, is making a comeback in the undergraduate curriculum of many electrical engineering departments. The most obvious is the current public awareness of the "energy crisis. " More fundamental is the concern with social responsibility among college students in general and engineering students in particular. After all, electric power remains one of the cornerstones of our civilization, and the well-publicized problems of ecology, economy, safety, dependability and natural resources management pose ever-growing challenges to the best minds in the engineering community. Before an engineer can successfully involve himself in such problems, he must first be familiar with the main components of electric power systems. This text­ book will assist him in acquiring the necessary familiarity. The course for which this book is mainly intended can be taken by any student who has had some cir­ cuit analysis (using discrete elements, and including sinusoidal steady state) and elementary electromagnetic field theory. Most students taking the course will be in their junior or senior years. Once the course is completed, students may decide to go more deeply into the design and operation of these components and study them on a more advanced level, or they may direct their attention to the problems of the system itself, problems which are only hinted at briefly at various points herein.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789401716031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 189 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A. Schelling’s Positive Philosophy -- B. The Work of Franz Rosenzweig before and after The Star of Redemption -- C. The Star of Redemption.
    Abstract: The Star of Redemption, * which presents Franz Rosenzweig's system of philosophy, begins with the sentence "from death, (vom Tode) , from the fear of death, originates all cognition of the All" and concludes with the words "into life. " This beginning and this conclusion of the book signify more than the first and last words of philosophical books usually do. Taken together - "from death into life" - they comprise the entire meaning of Rosenzweig's philosophy. The leitmotif of this philosophy is the life and death of the human being and not the I of philosophical idealism, where man ultimately signifies "for ethics" no more than" . . . a point to which it (ethics) relates its problems, as for science also he (man) is only a particular case of its general laws. "l Rosenzweig deals with the individual's actual existence, that which is termi­ nated by death; he speaks of the individual's hic et nunc, of his actions and decisions in the realm of concrete reality. This philosophy is not an exposition of theoretical principles. It is not concerned with man in general in abstract time, but rather with the individual human being, designated by a proper name, living in his particular time. ** Human existence in its finiteness and temporalness forms the focus in which Rosenzweig's motif can be gathered together.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789400993990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Intuitions, Hunches, and Rules for Reasoning -- Clinical Judgment -- Human Factors in Clinical Judgment: Discussion of Scriven’s ‘Clinical Judgment’ -- The Art and Science of Clinical Judgment: An Informational Approach -- When Does a Diagnosis Become a Clinical Judgment? Verifiability, Reliability and Umbrella Effects in Diagnosis -- Section II / The Logic of Health Care -- Classification and Its Alternatives -- Comments on Murphy’s ‘Classification and Its Alternatives’ -- Simulating Clinical Judgment: An Essay in Technological Psychology -- A Clinician’s Quest for Certainty -- A Reply to Ernan McMullin -- The Logic of Clinical Judgment: Bayesian and Other Approaches -- Suppes on the Logic of Clinical Judgment -- Section III / Clinicians on Clinical Judgment -- The Anatomy of Clinical Judgments: Some Notes on Right Reason and Right Action -- Comments on Pellegrino’s ‘Anatomy of Clinical Judgment’ -- The Subjective in Clinical Judgment -- Subjectivity and the Scope of Clinical Judgment -- Section IV / Judgment and Methods in Clinical Judgment -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Closing Remarks -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Over a period of a year, the symposium on clinical judgment has taken shape as a volume devoted to the analysis of how knowledge claims are framed in medicine and how choices of treatment are made. We hope it will afford the reader, whether layman, physician or philosopher, a useful perspective on the process of knowing what occurs in medicine; and that the results of the dis­ cussions at the Fifth Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine will lead to a better understanding of how philosophy and medicine can usefully challenge each other. As the interchange between physicians, philosophers, nurses and psychologists recorded in the major papers, the commentaries and the round table discussion shows, these issues are truly interdisciplinary. In particular, they have shown that members of the health care professions have much to learn about themselves from philosophers as well as much of interest to engage philosophers. By making the structure of medical reasoning more apparent to its users, philosophers can show health care practitioners how better to master clinical judgment and how better to focus it towards the goods and values medicine wishes to pursue. Becoming clearer about the process of knowing can in short teach us how to know better and how to learn more efficiently. The result can be more than (though it surely would be enough!) a powerful intellectual insight into a major cultural endeavor, medicine.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994072
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 15
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: The Method of Applied Logic: Some Philosophical Considerations -- Reply -- Rescher’s Hypothetical Reasoning: An Amendment -- Reply -- Hypothetical Reasoning and Conditionals -- Reply -- Rescher’s Theory of Plausible Reasoning -- Reply -- A Modal Logic of Place -- Reply -- Familiar Mental Phenomena -- Reply -- Toward a Theory of Attributes -- Reply -- Potentiality from Aristotle to Rescher and Back -- Reply -- Substances and Individual Notions -- Reply -- Utilitarianism and the Vicarious Affects -- Reply -- Rescher’s Epistemological System -- Reply -- How Is Knowledge of the World Possible? -- Reply -- Rescher and Kant: Some Common Themes in Philosophy of Science -- Reply -- Nicholas Rescher: A Biographical Précis -- List of Publications by Nicholas Rescher -- Nicholas Rescher’s Metabibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: When I entered the graduate program in philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh in 1961, Nicholas Rescher had just joined the department of philosophy' to begin, with Adolf Grunbaum, the building of what is now a philosophy center of worldwide renown. Very soon his exceptional energy and versatility were in evidence, as he founded the American Philosophical Quarterly, generated a constantly rising stack of preprints, pursued impor­ tant scholarly research in Arabic logic, taught a staggering diversity of histori­ cal and thematic courses, and obtained, in cooperation with Kurt Baier, a major grant for work in value theory. That is all part of the record. What may come as a surprise is that none of it was accomplished at the expense of his students. Papers were returned in a matter of days, often the next class meet­ ing. And so easily accessible was he for philosophical discussion that, since (inevitably) we shared many philosophical interests, I asked him to serve as my dissertation advisor. My work in connection with this project led to a couple of journal articles while his, characteristically, led to a book. Our dis­ cussions certainly helped me, and while they may also have had some small influence on him, in the end our views were quite distinct. I was not only allowed complete independence, but was positively encouraged to think of my own ideas and to develop them independently. The length and breadth of Rescher's bibliography defy belief.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400995093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (383p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Interrogative in a Syntactic Framework -- Generative-Transformational Studies in English Interrogatives -- Yes—No Questions Are Not Alternative Questions -- Asking More Than One Thing at a Time -- Q-Morpheme Hypothesis -- Syntax and Semantics of Questions -- Difficult Questions -- Questions and Categories -- Answers to Questions -- Questions as Epistemic Requests -- A Prolegomenon to an Interrogative Theory of Scientific Inquiry.
    Abstract: To the philosopher, the logician, and the linguist, questions have a special fascination. The two main views of language, that it describes the world, and that it expresses thought, are not directly applicable to questions. Ques­ tions are not assertions. A question may be apt, sharp, to the point, impor­ tant, or it may be inappropriate, ambiguous, awkward, irrelevant or irreverent. But it cannot be true or false. It does not have a truth value not just because an utterance like Was the letter long? does not indicate which letter is being talked about. The indicative The letter was not long has the same indeter­ minacy. In actual context the anaphoric definite article will be resolved both for a question and for an indicative sentence. Contextual resolutions are easily found for most cross-references. A question cannot be either true or it does not describe a state of affairs. Neither does it express false, because thought, because it is an expression of suspended thought, of lack of judge­ ment. To dress it in other philosophical styles, a question is not a judgment, it is not a proposition, it is not an assertion. A philosopher may try to paraphrase a question as an indicative sentence, for instance as a statement of ignorance, or as a statement of the desire to know. Hintikka, Wachowicz and Lang explore this territory. Or he may interpret it as a meta statement intimating the direction in which the flow of the discourse is going.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, social sciences and law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff philosophy texts 1
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff philosophy texts
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Preface -- Section I. The Same and the Other -- A. Metaphysics and Transcendence -- B. Separation and Discourse -- C. Truth and Justice -- D. Separation and the Absolute -- Section II. Interiority and Economy -- A. Separation as Life -- B. Enjoyment and Representation -- C. I and Dependence -- D. The Dwelling -- E. The World of Phenomena and Expression -- Section III. Exteriority and the Face -- A. Sensibility and the Face -- B. Ethics and the Face -- C. The Ethical Relation and Time -- Section IV. Beyond the Face -- A. The Ambiguity of Love -- B. Phenomenology of Eros -- C. Fecundity -- D. Subjectivity in Eros -- E. Transcendence and Fecundity -- F. Filiality and Fraternity -- G. The Infinity of Time -- Conclusions.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789400994102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (322p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 133
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics
    Abstract: I. The Structure and Function of Transcendental Arguments -- Transcendental Proofs in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Transcendental Arguments, Synthetic and Analytic. Comment on Baum -- A Note on Transcendental Propositions in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Comment on Baum -- Analytic Transcendental Arguments -- On Bennett’s ‘Analytic Transcendental Arguments’ -- Comment on Bennett -- Transcendental Arguments, Self-Reference, and Pragmatism -- Comment on Rorty -- Challenger or Competitor? On Rorty’s Account of Transcendental Strategies -- II. The Conceptual Foundations of Science -- The Preconditions of Experience and the Unity of Physics -- Comment on von Weiszäcker -- Comment on von Weizsäcker -- The Concept of Science. Some Remarks on the Methodological Issue ‘Construction’ versus ‘Description’ in the Philosophy of Science -- Transcendentalism and Protoscience. Comment on Lorenz -- Sellarsian Realism and Conceptual Change in Science -- Some Remarks on Realism and Scientific Revolutions. Comment on Burian -- Realism and Underdetermination. Comment on Burian -- III. The Transcendental Approach and Alternative Positions -- Transcendental Arguments and Pragmatic Epistemology -- Conceptual Schemes, Justification and Consistency. Comment on Rosenberg -- Comment on Rosenberg -- The Significance of Scepticism -- Scepticism and How to Take It. Comment on Stroud -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The goal of the present volume is to discuss the notion of a 'conceptual framework' or 'conceptual scheme', which has been dominating much work in the analysis and justification of knowledge in recent years. More specifi­ cally, this volume is designed to clarify the contrast between two competing approaches in the area of problems indicated by this notion: On the one hand, we have the conviction, underlying much present-day work in the philosophy of science, that the best we can hope for in the justifi­ cation of empirical knowledge is to reconstruct the conceptual means actually employed by science, and to develop suitable models for analyzing conceptual change involved in the progress of science. This view involves the assumption that we should stop taking foundational questions of epistemology seriously and discard once and for all the quest for uncontrovertible truth. The result­ ing program of justifying epistemic claims by subsequently describing patterns of inferentially connected concepts as they are at work in actual science is closely connected with the idea of naturalizing epistemology, with concep­ tual relativism, and with a pragmatic interpretation of knowledge. On the other hand, recent epistemology tends to claim that no subsequent reconstruction of actually employed conceptual frameworks is sufficient for providing epistemic justification for our beliefs about the world. This second claim tries to resist the naturalistic and pragmatic approach to epistemology and insists on taking the epistemological sceptic seriously.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 341 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Algebra ; Logic ; Algebra, Homological. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Papers Introducing Logical Tolerance -- Logical Tolerance in the Vienna Circle -- 1 The New Logic (1933) -- 2 On Intuitionism (1930) -- II. Opuscula logica -- 3 Meaningfulness and Structure (1930) -- 4 A New Point of View on the Logical Connectives (1978) -- 5 An Intuitionistic-Formalistic Dictionary of Set Theory (1928) -- 6 Ultrasets and the Paradoxes of Set Theory (1928) -- 7 A Logic of the Doubtful. On Optative and Imperative Logic (1939) -- III. Fundamental Concepts in Pure and Applied Mathematics -- 8 A Counterpart of Occam’s Razor (1960, 1961) -- 9 A Theory of the Application of the Function Concept to Science (1970) -- 10 Variables, Constants, Fluents (1961) -- 11 Wittgenstein on Formulae and Variables (1978) -- IV. Didactics of Mathematics -- 12 A New Approach to Teaching Intermediate Mathematics (1958) -- 13 Why Johnny Hates Math (1956) -- 14 On the Formulation of Certain Questions in Arithmetic (1956) -- 15 On the Design of Grouping Problems and Related Intelligence Tests (1953) -- 16 The Geometry Relevant to Modern Education (1971) -- V. Philosophical Ramifications of some Geometric Ideas -- 17 On Definition, Especially of Dimension (1921–1923, 1928) -- 18 Square Circles (The Taxicab Geometry) (1952, 1978) -- 19 The Algebra of Geometry (1978) -- 20 Geometry and Positivism. A Probabilistic Microgeometry (1970) -- VI. -- 21 My Memories of L. E. J. Brouwer (1978) -- VII. Economics. Meta-Economics -- 22 The Role of Uncertainty in Economics (1934) -- 23 Remarks on the Law of Diminishing Returns. A Study in Meta-Economics (1936) -- VIII. Gulliver’s Interest in Mathematics -- 24 Gulliver in the Land without One, Two, Three (1959) -- 25 Gulliver’s Return to the Land without One, Two, Three (1960) -- 26 Gulliver in Applyland (1960) -- Bibliography of Works by Karl Menger -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This volume brings together those papers of mine which may be of interest not only to various specialists but also to philosophers. Many of my writings in mathematics were motivated by epistemological considerations; some papers originated in the critique of certain views that at one time dominated the discussions of the Vienna Cirele; others grew out of problems in teaching fundamental ideas of mathematics; sti II others were occasioned by personal relations with economists. Hence a wide range of subjects will be discussed: epistemology, logic, basic concepts of pure and applied mathematics, philosophical ideas resulting from geometric studies, mathematical didactics and, finally, economics. The papers also span a period of more than fifty years. What unifies the various parts of the book is the spirit of searching for the elarification of basic concepts and methods and of articulating hidden ideas and tacit procedures. Part 1 ineludes papers published about 1930 which expound an idea that Carnap, after a short period of opposition in the Cirele, fully adopted ; and, under the name "Princip/e of To/erance", he eloquently formulated it in great generality in his book, Logica/ Syntax of Language (1934), through which it was widely disseminated. "The New Logic" in Chapter 1 furthermore ineludes the first report (I932) to a larger public of Godel's epochal discovery presented among the great logic results of ali time. Chapter 2 is a translation of an often quoted 1930 paper presenting a detailed exposition and critique of intuitionism.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789400994379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (516p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Lecture -- Man the Creator and his Triple Telos -- I: Problems of Teleology in the Sciences of Nature and in The Human Sciences -- Final Causality and Teleological System in Aristotle -- The Concept of Evolution and the Phenomenological Teleology -- The Epistemology of the Sciences of Nature in Relation to the Teleology of Research in the Thought of the Later Husserl -- The Teleology of “Theoresis” and “Praxis” in the Thought of Husserl -- The Crisis of Science as a Crisis of Teleological Reason -- “Erlebnis” and “Logos” in Husserl’s Crisis of the European Sciences -- II: The Telic Principles -- A. Telos and the Constitutive Consciousness -- Perception as a Teleological Process of Cognition -- Interpretation and Self-Evidence -- The Teleology of Consciousness: Husserl and Merleau-Ponty -- Phénoménologie et Téléologie (Reprise des Questions de Fond) -- B. Teleology of the Person and of Human Existence -- Moral Experience and Teleology -- The Person as the Accomplishment of Intentional Acts -- The Transcendence of the Person in Action and Man’s Self-Teleology -- Teleology and Inter subjectivity -- Teleology and Intersubjectivity in Husserl — Reflections -- Teleology and Inter-Subjectivity in Religious Knowledge -- The Phenomenological Horizon and the Metaphysics of the Person According to Giuseppe Zamboni -- The Melancholic Consciousness of Guilt as a Failure of Intersubjectivity -- C. Finiteness and the “Form of All Forms” -- Section I: Telos of History -- The Theory of the Object and the Teleology of History in Edmund Husserl -- The Destruction of Time by History -- Teleology and Philosophical Historiography: Husserl and Jaspers -- The End and Time -- History, Teleology, and God in the Philosophy of Husserl -- Section II: Eschatology and the “Form of All Forms” -- Teleology as “The Form of All Forms” and the Inexhaustibility of Research -- Teleology and the Constitution of Spiritual Forms -- Metaphysics of Beginning and Metaphysics of Foundation -- History as Teleology and Eschatology: Husserl and Heidegger -- Closure -- Conclusion Arezzo -- Complementary Section: Phenomenology in Italy -- A Historical Note on the Presence of Brentano in Sicily and on the First Links of Italian Culture with the Phenomenology of Husserl -- Antonio Banfi, the First Italian Interpreter of Phenomenology -- Bibliography of Husserlian Studies in Italy with an Introduction by Angela Ales Bello.
    Abstract: The following bibliography, arranged chronologically, permits the reader to follow the development of phenomenological studies in Italy in parallel with other, contemporary, cultural currents. From this list it can be seen that knowledge of Hussed's work begins in 1923 with the studies of A. Banfi. Phenomenology, however, did not immediately receive a warm welcome. It contrasted with the then dominant neo-idealism (as has been made clear by G. De Ruggiero), but for this very reason it also found adherents among the opponents of idealism. These were either distant heirs of positivism, who accepted Hussed on account of his scientific approach and rigor, or Christian­ oriented thinkers, who, following an initial period of diffidence toward the antimetaphysical attitude of phenomenological analysis, gradually began to use this method as an antiidealist instrument - even though the problem remained of Hussed's own transcendental idealism and the value to be attributed to it. Despite the difficulties encountered on the way, the numerous studies carried out in Italy prior to Wodd War II make it clear that the better known philosophers who have left a mark on Italian culture already had begun to take a discreet interest in phenomenology.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994591
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (291p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 59
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 59
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Presuppositions, Problems, Progress -- I: Metaphysics and the Development of Science -- Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge -- A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics -- Dialogue on Method -- Presuppositions and limits of Science -- II: Research Programs and the Development of Science -- A Combined Approach to the Dynamics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures -- Reflections on Lakatos’ Methodology of Scientific Research Programs -- The Lattice of Growth in Knowledge -- Justifying a Theory Versus Giving Good Reasons for Preferring a Theory On the Big Divide in the Philosophy of Science -- Methodology in Non-Empirical Disciplines -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.
    Abstract: TIus is the second, and fmal, volume to derive from the exciting Kronberg conference of 1975, and to show the intelligent editorial care of Gerard Radnitzky and Gunnar Andersson that was so evident in the first book, Progress and Rationality in Science (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 58). Together they set forth central themes in current history and philosophy of the sciences, and in particular they will be seen as also providing obbligatos: research programs, metaphysical inevitabilities, methodological options, logical constraints, historical conjectures. Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 T T ABLE OF CONTENTS v EDITORIAL EDITORIAL PREFACE PREFACE ix PREFACE PREFACE INTRODUCTION GUNNAR ANDERSSON / Presuppositions, Problems,Progress 3 PART I: METAPHYSICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE NICHOLAS RESCHER / Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the limits of Scientific Knowledge 19 MAX JAMMER / A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics 41 PAUL FEYERABEND / Dialogue on Method 63 PETER HODGSON / Presuppositions and limits of Science 133 PART II: RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE WOLFGANG STEGMULLER / A Combined Approach to the Dynam­ ics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures 151 JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS / Reflections on Lakatos' Methodology of Scientific Research Programs 187 P A TRICK A.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789400993839
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (398p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Regional planning ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: I: Germany and Philosophy -- I. Romantics and Hegelians 1830–1840 -- II. Die Prolegomena zur Historiosophie -- III. Gott und Palingenesie -- IV. Schelling and the Dissolution of the Hegelian School -- II: France and the Social Movement -- V. A Hegelian in France -- VI. Du Crédit et de la Circulation -- VII. Economic and Social Articles 1840–1848 -- VIII. De la Pairie et de l’Aristocratie Moderne -- III: Poland and Messianism -- IX. Exile and The Messianic Option -- X. Messianism Refused -- XI. Our Father -- Conclusion -- Notes.
    Abstract: Nineteenth-century European intellectual history has given rise to such varied and abundant research that one is surprised to find certain important problems long identified and yet still relatively unexplored. Such is the case for certain aspects of the crucial transition from Hegel to Marx, for minority tendencies among French socialists and for the Messianic phenomenon, national and religious, so central to the period, particularly in Eastern Europe, and so rarely studied in detail. Certainly, these lacunae are exemplified by the absence of any com­ prehensive work on August Cieszkowski whose overall contribution to the history of the period may be marginal but whose specific role in each of the areas mentioned is both significant in itself and illustrative of certain wider problems. Cieszkowski first achieved recognition as the author of the Pro­ legomena zur Historiosophie in 1838. This short tract never became popular among the Berlin Hegelians for whom it was intended but it affected a number of radical intellectuals outside their circle. His next work, Gott und Palingenesie, was a defense of personal immortality against Hegelian revisionism. The following year, however, he founded as a bulwark of the Hegelian school the Philosophische Gesellschaft against external critics and internal dissolution.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789400994829
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (197p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 140
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Social sciences
    Abstract: 1. The New Rhetoric: a Theory of Practical Reasoning -- 2. Rhetoric and Philosophy -- 3. Philosophy, Rhetoric, Commonplaces -- 4. The Philosophy of Pluralism and the New Rhetoric -- 5. Dialectic and Dialogue -- 6. Rhetorical Perspectives on Semantic Problems -- 7. Analogy and Metaphor in Science, Poetry and Philosophy -- 8. Scientific Methodology and Open Philosophy -- 9. Behaviorism’s Enlightened Despotism -- 10. Disagreement and Rationality -- 11. The Rational and the Reasonable -- 12. Reflections on Practical Reason -- 13. The Role of the Model in Education -- 14. Authority, Ideology and Violence -- 15. Meaning and Categories in History -- 16. Classicism and Romanticism in Argumentation.
    Abstract: Modern logic has Wldergone some remarkable developments in the last hun­ dred years. These have contributed to the extraordinary use of formal logic which has become essentially the concern of mathematicians. This has led to attempts to identify logic with formal logic. The claim has even been made that all non-formal reasoning, to the extent that it cannot be formalized, no longer belongs to logic. This conception leads to a genuine impoverishment of logic as well as to a narrow conception of reason. It means that as soon as demonstrative proofs are no longer available reason will no longer dominate. Even the idea of the 'reasonable' becomes foreign to logic and such expres­ sions as 'reasonable decisions', 'reasonable choice' or 'reasonable hypotheses' would be put aside as meaningless. The domain of action, including method­ ology and everything that is given over to deliberation or controversy - i.e., foreign to formal logic - would become a battleground where necessarily the reason of the strongest would always prevail.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789400994218
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (310p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook 3
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science—History.
    Abstract: Science and its Critics: Reflections on Anti-Science -- Anti-Establishment Science in Some British Journals -- Knowledge and Opinions -- Can the Unity of Sciences be Considered as the the Norm of Sciences? -- Guardians at the Frontiers of Science -- Alternatives in Science — Alternatives to Science -- Counter-movements and the Sciences: Theses Supporting Counter-movements to the ‘Scientisation of the World’ -- Science and Ignorance -- It May Be That On Earth No-one Speaks the Truth -- Resistance to the Machine -- Is Anti-Science not-Science? The Case of Parapsychology -- Organic Farmers Celebrate Organic Research: A Sociology of Popular Science -- Hyper-reflexivity: A New Danger for the Counter-movements.
    Abstract: Heretical thoughts in an orthodox series on sociology of the sciences? Devils and science between the covers of one book? Games with ambivalence to mask collective uncertainty? We anticipate similar future reactions from readers or reviewers when assessing the way in which this volume has been assembled. But writings on counter-science, like the history of colonialism, are usually written by the winners, therefore unequivocally partial and only too often lacking in social imagination. In seeking to redress the balance, we admit to having been fully receptive to the latter, of having displayed an un­ measured degree of sympathy with heretics and outsiders, including practising scientists, and to letting science defend itself. The antithetical relationship implied in the volume's title - Counter-movements in the Sciences - stands for what we regard as an ongoing, open-ended process. In collecting material for this volume, we have brought together voices speaking from different quarters: there are those who, although modestly claiming to speak only for them­ selves, have set out to question sacred assumptions of scientific faith or to cast doubt on well-known claims scientific knowledge holds over other forms of knowledge; others have undertaken to demonstrate the fragility, ifnot untenability of attempts at demarcation between science and other systems of belief or practice or shown that demarcations between different forms of rationality rest on other than methodological grounds; finally, those who wish to re-arrange, by mapping out some meta-point of surveillance, familiar territory, showing the need for rearrangement and.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994041
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (812p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 132
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Philosophy of Hans Reichenbach -- Inference, Practice and Theory -- Relative Frequencies -- The Probabilities of Theories as Frequencies -- Reichenbach, Reference Classes, and Single Case ‘Probabilities’ -- Reichenbach’s Entanglements -- Reichenbach on Convention -- Hans Reichenbach’s Relativity of Geometry -- Elective Affinities: Weyl and Reichenbach -- Reichenbach and Conventionalism -- The Geometry of the Rotating Disk in the Special Theory of Relativity -- Two Lectures on the Direction of Time -- What Might Be Right about the Causal Theory of Time -- Concerning a Probabilistic Theory of Causation Adequate for the Causal Theory of Time -- Why Ask, ‘Why?’?—An Inquiry Concerning Scientific Explanation -- Hans Reichenbach on the Logic of Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach and the Logic of Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Causal Anomalies and the Completeness of Quantum Theory -- Metaphysical Implications of the Quantum Theory -- Consistency Proofs for Applied Mathematics -- A Generative Model for Translating from Ordinary Language into Symbolic Notation -- Laws, Modalities and Counterfactuals -- Reichenbach’s Theory of Nomological Statements -- Appreciation and Criticism of Reichenbach’s Meta-ethics: Achilles’ Heel of the System? -- Index of Names -- Analytical Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Logical empiricism - not to be confused with logical positivism (see pp. 40-44) - is a movement which has left an indelible mark on twentieth­ century philosophy; Hans Reichenbach (1891-1953) was one of its found­ ers and one of its most productive advocates. His sudden and untimely death in 1953 halted his work when he was at the height of his intellectual powers; nevertheless, he bequeathed to us a handsome philosophical inheritance. At the present time, twenty-five years later, we can survey our heritage and see to what extent we have been enriched. The present collection of essays constitutes an effort to do just that - to exhibit the scope and unity of Reichenbach's philosophy, and its relevance to current philosophical issues. There is no Nobel Prize in philosophy - the closest analogue is a volume in The Library of Living Philosophers, an honor which, like the Nobel Prize, cannot be awarded posthumously. Among 'scientific philosophers,' Rudolf Carnap, Albert Einstein, Karl Popper, and Bertrand Russell have been so honored. Had Reichenbach lived longer, he would have shared the honor with Carnap, for at the time of his death a volume on Logical Empiricism, treating the works of Carnap and Reichenbach, was in its early stages of preparation. In the volume which emerged, Carnap wrote, "In 1953, when Reichenbach's creative activity was suddenly ended by his premature death, our movement lost one of its most active leaders.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (491p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 20
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Some Principles of Ethnogeography -- Erewhon or Nowhere Land -- A Framework for Examination of Theoretic Viewpoints in Geography -- Thirteen Axioms of a Geography of the Public Sector -- On the Set Theoretic Foundations of the Regionalization Problem -- Reality, Process, and the Dialectical Relation Between Man and Environment -- Signals in the Noise -- Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science -- Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography -- Social Geography and the Taken-For-Granted World -- Dialectics and Geography -- Beyond the Census: Data Needs and Urban Policy Analysis -- Social Science and Human Action or on Hitting Your Head Against the Ceiling of Language -- Problems in the Psychological Modelling of Revealed Destination Choice -- An Open Letter on the Dematerialization of the Geographic Object -- Land Use and Commodity Production -- Spatial Interaction and Geographic Theory -- Cellular Geography -- Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective -- A Periodic Table of Spatial Hierarchies -- Unconventional Name Index -- Reference List -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In any edited volume most credit is due to the individual authors. The present case is no exception and we as editors have done little apart from serving as coordinators for a group of friends and colleagues. For once, the responsi­ bilities are shared. We feel that the collection gives a fair representation of the activities at the frontier of human geography in North America. Whether these premonitions will be further substantiated is of course to be seen. In the meantime, we take refuge in Vico's saying that "doctrines must take their beginning from that of the matter of which they treat". And yet we also know that new treatments never lead to fmal ends, but rather to new doctrines and to new beginnings. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge those publishers and authors who have given permission to reprint copyrighted materials: Association of American Geographers for Leslie J. King's 'Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 66,1976; Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. for Yi-Fu Tuan's 'Space and Place: Human­ istic Perspective', in Christopher Board et al. (eds. ), Progress in Geography, Vol. 6, 1974; Economic Geography for David Harvey's 'Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science' ,Economic Geography, Vol. SO, 1974; Institute of British Geographers for David Ley's 'Social Geography and the Taken-for-Granted World', Transactions of the Institute of British Geogra­ phers, Vol. 2, 1977; and North-Holland Publishing Company for Allen J.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (233p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 17
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: What is Justified Belief? -- Justification and the Basis of Belief -- Basing Relations -- The Gettier Problem and the Analysis of Knowledge -- Epistemic Presupposition -- A Plethora of Epistemological Theories -- The Directly Evident -- On Justifying NonBasic Statements by Basic Reports 129 -- The Need for Epistemology: Problematic Realism Defended -- More on Givenness and Explanatory Coherence -- Nancy Kelsik / Bibliography -- Notes on contributors -- Name index.
    Abstract: With one exception, all of the papers in this volume were originally presented at a conference held in April, 1978, at The Ohio State University. The excep­ tion is the paper by Wilfrid Sellars, which is a revised version of a paper he originally published in the Journal of Philosophy, 1973. However, the present version of Sellars' paper is so thoroughly changed from its original, that it is now virtually a new paper. None of the other nine papers has been published previously. The bibliography, prepared by Nancy Kelsik, is very extensive and it is tempting to think that it is complete. But I believe that virtual com­ pleteness is more likely to prove correct. The conference was made possible by grants from the College of Human­ ities and the Graduate School, Ohio State University, as well as by a grant from the Philosophy Department. On behalf of the contributors, I want to thank these institutions for their support. I also want to thank Marshall Swain and Robert Turnbu~l for early help and encouragement; Bette Hellinger for assistance in setting up the confer­ ence; and Mary Raines and Virginia Foster for considerable aid in the pre­ paration of papers and many other conference matters. The friendly advice of the late James Cornman was also importantly helpful. April,1979 GEORGE S. PAPPAS ix INTRODUCTION The papers in this volume deal in different ways with the related issues of epistemic justification or warrant, and the analysis of factual knowledge.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas 92
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 92
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: The Dauphin’s Wedding Celebration -- The Civil Disaster of 30 May 1770 -- Administrative Postmortem -- Parlementary Inquiry -- The Abbé Galiani -- The Economic Years: Grain and Liberty -- The Dialogues: Galiani versus the Economistes -- The Disaster and the Genesis of the Bagarre -- Galiani’s Victim: Lemercier de la Rivière -- Writing, Reading and Publishing the Bagarre -- L’Intérêt général -- La Bagarre (or La Liberté des Bagarres) -- The Publication of Galiani’s “Lost” Work -- The Text of the Bagarre.
    Abstract: It is my hope that this publication of a "lost" work by Galiani will interest scholars of many nations and disciplines. Few writers could make a more compelling claim upon such a cosmopolitan audience. An Italian with deep roots in his homeland, Galiani achieved celebrity in the salons of Paris. An ecclesiastic, his most notable concerns were worldly, to say the least. An erudite classicist, Galiani was passionately concerned about economics and technology. A philosophe and ostensibly something of a subversive, he was enthralled by power and he served for many years as a government agent and adviser at home and abroad. Galiani embodied many of the preoccupations and paradoxes of the Enlightenment. His­ torians and literary analysts devoted to the study of the lumie'res through­ out Europe are bound to find Galiani's work important. In recent years there has been an efflorescence of interest in the history of political economy and its relationship not only to the history of ideas but also to the history of social structure, economic development, admin­ istrative institutions, collective mentalities, and political mobilization. Galiani's work helps to crystalize many of these connections which scholarly specialization has tended to obscure. Galiani had a leading voice in one of the most significant debates in the eighteenth century on the implications of radical economic, social, and institutional change.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789400993860
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 201 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 18
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Behavioral Decision Theory -- 1.2. Introduction to Detection of Change -- 1.3. Plan of the Book -- 2. The Optimal Policy -- 2.1. Problems TDC and DC -- 2.2. Sufficient Statistics -- 2.3. The Probability of Change -- 2.4. The Optimal Policy -- 2.5. The Nature of the Optimal Policy -- 2.6. Examples -- 3. A Response Model with a Fixed Probability Boundary -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Problem TDC -- 3.3. Problem DC -- 3.4. Relationships between Problems DC and TDC -- 3.5. Recursive Equations for Mean Values -- 3.6. Relation of Model FPB to the Optimal Policy -- 4. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Observations -- 4.1. Model FNOB -- 4.2. The Case of No Information -- 4.3. Problem TDC -- 4.4. Problem DC -- 4.5. Parameter Estimation -- 5. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Successive Observations -- 5.1. Model FNSOB -- 5.2. Problem TDC -- 5.3. Problem DC -- 6. Sensitivity Analysis -- 6.1. Validation by Cupidity -- 6.2. The Curse of Insensitivity -- 6.3. Within Model Insensitivity -- 6.4. Between Model Insensitivity -- 6.5. The System Operating Characteristic (SOC) -- 6.6. Conclusions -- 7. Multi-State Detection of Change -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Problem Formulation -- 7.3. The Optimal Policies -- 7.4. Discussion -- 8. Experimental Research -- 8.1. An Experimental Comparison of the Models -- 8.2. A Psychophysical Experiment -- 8.3. Applications to Performance Evaluation -- 9. Extensions -- 9.1. Arbitrary Distribution of Trial of Change -- 9.2. Further Research -- Appendix. Solution Program for Optimal Policy -- Glossary of Symbols -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book reports our research on detection of change processes that underlie psychophysical, learning, medical diagnosis, military, and pro­ duction control situations, and share three major features. First, the states of the process are not directly observable but become gradually known with the sequential acquisition of fallible information over time. Second, the mechanism that generates the fallible information is not stationary; rather, it is subjected to a sudden and irrevocable change. Thirdly, in­ complete, probabilistic information about the time of change is available when the process commences. The purpose of the book is to characterize this class of detection of change processes, to derive the optimal policy that minimizes total expected loss, and, most importantly, to develop testable response models, based on simple decision rules, for describing detection of change behavior. The book is theoretical in the sense that it offers mathematical models of multi-stage decision behavior and solutions to optimization problems. However, it is not anti-empirical, as it aims to stimulate new experimental research and to generate applications. Throughout the book, questions of experimental verification are briefly considered, and existing data from two studies are brought to bear on the validity of the models. The work is not complete; it only provides a starting point for investigating how people detect a change in an uncertain environment, balancing between the cost of delay in detecting the change and the cost of making an incor­ rect terminal decision.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789401576291
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 715 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 21
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Introductory Survey -- The Foundations of a Positive Theory of Choice involving Risk and a Criticism of the Postulates and Axioms of the American School -- CriticaI Examination of the New Foundation of Utility -- A Short Confirmation of My Standpoint -- Utilities, Psychological Values, and Decision Makers -- Some Reflections on Utility -- A Reply to Allais -- Utility and Stochastic Dominance -- Maximizing Expected Utility and the Rule of Long Run Success -- Adaptive Utility -- On the Nature of Expected Utility -- The St. Petersburg Puzzle -- Towards a Positive Theory of Preferences Under Risk -- The Naturalistic Versus the Intuitionistic School of Values -- Utility Theory: Axioms versus ‘Paradoxes’ -- Comparison of Decision Models and some Suggestions -- The So-called Allais Paradox and Rational Decisions Under Uncertainty -- Subject Indexes -- - Parts I (Foreword), II and V -- - Allais’ notation -- - Parts I (Introductory Survey), III and IV -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Utility theory or, value theory in general, is certainly the cornerstone of decision theory, game theory, microecon~mics, and all social and political theories which deal with public decisions. Recently the American School of utility, founded by von N eumann­ Morgenstern, encountered a far-going criticism by the French School of utility represented by its founder Allais. The whole basis of the theory of decisions involving risk has been shaken and put into question. Consequently, basic research in the fundamentals of utility and value theory evolved into a crisis. Like any crisis in basic research, and this one was not an exception, it was very fruitful. One may simply say: Allais versus von Neumann-Morgenstern, or the French School of utility versus the American School, became one of the battlefields of scientific development which proved to be a most creative source of new advances and new developments in all those sciences which are based on evaluation of utilities.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993570
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 398 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 48
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 48
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism (1966) -- 2. Reduction, Explanation and Ontology (1962) -- 3. Models, Metaphysics and the Vagaries of Empiricism (1965) -- 4. Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science (1965) -- 5. Matter, Action and Interaction (1973) -- 6. Towards a Critical Materialism (1971) -- 7. The Relation Between Philosophy of Science and History of Science (1977) -- 8. Telos and Technique: Models as Modes of Action (1968) -- 9. From Praxis to Logos: Genetic Epistemology and Physics (1971) -- 10. Pictures, Representation, and the Understanding (1972) -- 11. Perception, Representation, and the Forms of Action: Towards an Historical Epistemology (1973) -- 12. Rules and Representation: The Virtues of Constancy and Fidelity Put in Perspective (1978) -- 13. Action and Passion: Spinoza’s Construction of a Scientific Psychology (1973) -- 14. Nature, Number and Individuals: Motive and Method in Spinoza’s Philosophy (1978) -- 15. Hume’s Concept of Identity and the Principium Individuationis (1961) -- 16. Diderot and the Development of Materialist Monism (1953) -- 17. Art and Technology: Conflicting Models of Education? The Uses of a Cultural Myth (1973) -- 18. Art as Humanizing Praxis (1976) -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Marx Wartofsky has been working for many years within an unusual confluence of philosophical problems. He brings to these intersecting problems his comprehensive intelligence, at once imaginative and rigorous, analytic and historical. He is a philosopher's philosopher, but also Everyman's. Wartofsky is philosopher of the natural and the social sciences, of perception, esthetics and the creative arts, of the 18th century French and the 19th century Germans, of politics and morality, ofthe methods and morals of medicine, and it is plain, of all human existence. To a colleague, he seems Jack-of-all-philosophical-trades, and master of them too. The reader soon will learn that Wartofsky is a genial, lucid and relaxed philosophical companion, deeply serious but without noticeable anxiety. I need not highlight these selected epistemological papers gathered as, and about, Models, since Wartofsky's own introductory remarks are helpful and stimulating in that respect. I need only, after 21 years of friendship and collaboration with him, warn the reader to beware of how profound and provocative these papers will show themselves to be beneath their good-humored and swiftly-flowing surface. And I must publicly note the pleasure with which I welcome Marx Wartofsky's volume to our Boston Studies. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science September 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE VII xi AC K NOWLEDGEMENTS xiii INTRODUCTION The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism 1.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993532
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (273p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 29
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 29
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Marxist Social Theory and the Challenges of Our Time -- The Concept of Class Interest -- The Conception of Culture According to Karl Marx -- The Problem of Explanation in Karl Marx’s Capital -- The Methodological Foundations of Marx’s Theory of Class: A Reconstruction -- Structuralism as an Intellectual Current -- Marxism, Functionalism and Systems-Approach -- Methodological Dilemmas of Contemporary Sociology -- Strategy of Theory-Construction in Sociology -- On So-called Historicism in the Social Sciences -- Sociology and Models of Rational Behavior -- Adaptational Superstructure — The Problem of Negative Self-regulation -- Biographical Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Modern philosophy has benefited immensely from the intelligence, and sensitivity, the creative and critical energies, and the lucidity of Polish scholars. Their investigations into the logical and methodological foundations of mathematics, the physical and biological sciences, ethics and esthetics, psychology, linguistics, economics and jurisprudence, and the social science- all are marked by profound and imaginative work. To the centers of empiricist philosophy of science in Vienna, Berlin and Cambridge during the first half of this century, one always added the great school of analytic and methodol­ ogical studies in Warsaw and Lwow. To the world centers of Marxist theoretical practice in Berlin, Moscow, Paris, Rome and elsewhere, one must add the Poland of the same era, from Ludwik Krzywicki (1859-1941) onward. American socialists and economists will remember the careful work of Oscar Lange, working among us for many years and then after 1945 in Warsaw, always humane, logical, objective. In this volume, our friend and colleague, Jerzy J. Wiatr, has assembled a representative set of recent essays by Polish social scientists and philosophers. Each of these might lead the reader far beyond this book, to look into the Polish Sociological Bulletin which has been publishing Polish sociological studies in English for several decades, to study other translations of books and papers by these authors, and to reflect upon the interplay of logical, phenomenological, Marxist, empiricist and historical learning in modern Polish social understanding.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789400993655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (254p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 11
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy—History.
    Abstract: One: History, Interpretation and Action -- History and Hermeneutics -- Comments -- Historical Interpretation -- Comments -- Intending -- Comments -- Historical Actions or Historical Events -- Events -- Descriptions of Actions and their Place in History -- Two: The Philosophy of History from Kant to Sartre -- Kant and the History of Reason -- Hegel’s Sittlichkeit and the Crisis of Representative Institutions -- Comments -- Marx et les leçons de l’histoire -- Demokratie und die dialektische Theorie der Geschichte -- Transhistoricity and the Impossibility of Aufhebung: Remarks on J.-P. Sartre’s Philosophy of History -- Three: Fare Well to the Philosophy of History? -- Farewell to the Philosophy of History -- Is a Philosophy of History Possible?.
    Abstract: This volume contains the proceedings of the First Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter - started by the Hebrew University Institute of Philosophy (now the S. H. Bergman Centre for Philosophical Studies), which took place on December 28-31, 1974. In recent years the culture-gap that separates philosophers seems slowly - indeed much too slowly - to be narrowing. Although short­ circuits in communication still do happen and mutual disrespect has not vanished, it is becoming unfashionable to demonstrate ignorance of another philosophical tradition or to shrug it off with a supercilious smile. Perhaps dialectically, the insufficiency of any self-centred view that tries to immunize itself to challenges from without starts to disturb it from within. Moreover, as the culture- (and language-) bound nature of many philosophical divergencies is sinking more deeply into consciousness, the irony of an attitude of intolerance to them becomes more apparent. Our aim was to make a modest contribution to this development. We did not, however, mean to confuse genuine differences and problems in communication. Consequently, the more realistic term "encounter" was preferred to the idealizing "dialogue. " The Israeli hosts, themselves trained in a variety of philosophical traditions, felt that there is something in­ between real dialogue on the one hand and mutual estrangement on the other, and wished to provide a meeting place for it.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400995222
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition, Revised
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: A Pallas Paperback 35
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Logical Structure and Axiomatization -- II. The Traditional View -- III. The Ramsey View -- IV. The Ramsey View Emended -- V. Theoretical Functions with Special Forms -- VI. Classical Particle Mechanics -- VII. Identity, Equivalence and Reduction -- VIII. The Dynamics of Theories -- Updated Bibliography.
    Abstract: This book is about scientific theories of a particular kind - theories of mathematical physics. Examples of such theories are classical and relativis­ tic particle mechanics, classical electrodynamics, classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum mechanics. Roughly, these are theories in which a certain mathematical structure is employed to make statements about some fragment of the world. Most of the book is simply an elaboration of this rough characterization of theories of mathematical physics. It is argued that each theory of mathematical physics has associated with it a certain characteristic mathematical struc­ ture. This structure may be used in a variety of ways to make empirical claims about putative applications of the theory. Typically - though not necessarily - the way this structure is used in making such claims requires that certain elements in the structure play essentially different roles. Some playa "theoretical" role; others playa "non-theoretical" role. For example, in classical particle mechanics, mass and force playa theoretical role while position plays a non-theoretical role. Some attention is given to showing how this distinction can be drawn and describing precisely the way in which the theoretical and non-theoretical elements function in the claims of the theory. An attempt is made to say, rather precisely, what a theory of mathematical physics is and how you tell one such theory from anothe- what the identity conditions for these theories are.
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  • 43
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400958005
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Reaching and colonizing islands -- 2.1 Getting there -- 2.2 Establishing a beach-head -- References -- 3 How many species? -- 3.1 Species number and habitat diversity -- 3.2 The effect of area alone -- 3.3 Equilibrium theory -- References -- 4 Islands as experiments in competition -- 4.1 Abundance shifts -- 4.2 Altitudinal shifts -- 4.3 Habitat shifts -- 4.4 Shifts in vertical foraging range -- 4.5 Dietary shifts -- 4.6 Assembly rules for island communities -- References -- 5 The very remote islands -- 5.1 The ancient conifers of New Caledonia -- 5.2 The Honeycreepers of Hawaii -- 5.3 Unresolved problems -- References -- 6 Some dangers of living on an island -- 6.1 The taxon cycle -- 6.2 What drives the cycle? -- References -- 7 Continental habitat islands -- 7.1 Islands of Páramo vegetation -- 7.2 Mountain mammals -- 7.3 Caves of limestone -- 7.4 Goldmines and Pikas -- References -- 8 Island ecology and nature reserves -- 8.1 How many species will a reserve support? -- 8.2 How long does it take to lose species? -- 8.3 Which species will be lost? -- 8.4 The design of reserves -- References -- Map-location of islands mentioned in text.
    Abstract: The islands of the Pacific and East Indies made an enormous and fateful impact on the minds of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, the fathers of modem evolutionary theory. Since then island floras and faunas have continued to playa central role in the development of evolutionary, and more recently ecological thought. For much ofthis century island ecology was a descriptive science and a wealth of information has been amassed on patterns of species distributions, on the composition of island floras and faunas, on the classification of islands into types such as oceanic and continental, on the taxonomic description of insular species and sub-species and on the adaptations, often bizarre, of island creatures. However, biologists are not satisfied for long with the mere collection of data and the description of patterns, but seek unifying theories. Island ecology was transformed into a predictive science by the publication, in 1967, of MacArthur and Wilson's Theory of Island Biogeography. This, perhaps the most influential book written on island ecology, has been the stimulus for a generation of theoretical ecologists and gifted field workers. The books listed below in the bibliography will indicate to the reader the vast scope of island ecology and the changes in approach that have taken place over the years.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789400992702
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 198 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Emmet, Dorothy REVIEWS 1981
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Transcending-Thinking and Its Modalities -- I Introduction -- 1. Transcending in World-Orientation -- 2. Transcending and Existenz -- 3. Transcending in Speculative Metaphysics -- II. Transcending-Thinking and Philosophical Idealism -- II Introduction -- 4. Transcending in Historical Consciousness -- 5. Jaspers and Platonic Idealism -- 6. Jaspers and Kant -- 7. Unfolding the Enfolding: Jaspers and Mysticism -- III. Transcendence and Hermeneutics -- III Introduction -- 8. Transcending-Thinking as Hermeneutic Philosophizing -- 9. The Successors and the Critics of Karl Jaspers -- Afterword.
    Abstract: ''The problem of Transcendence is the problem of our time. " I Needless to say, Transcendence was a particularly lively i~sue when Karl Heim wrote these words in the mid-1930's. Within the province of philosophi­ cal theology and philosophy of religion, however, it is always the prob­ lem, as Gordon Kaufman has recently reminded us. 2Por the question concerning the nature and the reality of Transcendence has not only to do with self-transcendence, but with the being of Transcendence-Itself, that is to say, with the nature and the reality of God as experienced and understood at any given time or place. Now there are those today who would claim that any further discus­ sion of the latter half of this proposition, namely,Transcendence-Itse1f or God, is worthless and quite beside the point. Such persons would claim that the particular logia represented by the theological sciences has collapsed by virtue of its object having disappeared. Indeed, when one surveys the contemporary scene in philosophy and theology, there is a good deal of evidence that this is the case':"" theology of late having be­ come something of a "spectacle," to use Pritz Buri's term. One of the reasons for this, we here contend, is that the richness and the diversity of the meaning of Transcendence has been lost. And even though we do not here intend to resolve the issue, neither do we assume that such an enqui­ ry is either impossible or irrelevant.
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  • 45
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (325p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 38
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates -- II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference -- III. On Disquotation and Intensionality -- IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description -- V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference -- VI. On Suppositio and Denotation -- VII. Of Time and the Null Individual -- VIII. Existence and Logical Form -- IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality -- X. Of ‘Of’ -- XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim -- XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian -- XIII. The Truth about Kripke’s “Truth” -- XIV. On Possibilia and Essentiality: Ruth Marcus -- XV. On the Language of Causal Talk: Scriven and Suppes -- XVI. A Reading of Frege on Sense and Designation -- XVII. ‘And’ -- XVIII. Some Protolinguistic Transformations -- XIX. Some Hi?ian Heresies -- XX. Mathematical Nominalism -- XXI. Of Logic, Learning, and Language -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Richard Martin's thoroughly philosophical as well as thoroughly tech­ nical investigations deserve continued and appreciative study. His sympathy and good cheer do not obscure his rigorous standard, nor do his contemporary sophistication and intellectual independence obscure his critical congeniality toward classical and medieval philosophers. So he deals with old and new; his papers, in his neat self-descriptions, consist of reminders, criticisms, and constructions. They might also be seen as studies in the understanding of truth, ramifying as widely in mathematics, logic, and epistemology as well as metaphysics, as such understanding has required. For us it is a pleasant occasion to welcome Richard Martin's new Boston Studies, and to note his continuously con­ collection to the structive and critical interventions at the Boston Colloquium for the of Science. Philosophy Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE vii PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference 17 III. On Disquotation and Intensionality 30 IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description 42 V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference 55 VI. On Suppositio and Denotation 72 VII. Of Time and the Null Individual 82 VIII. Existence and Logical Form 95 IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality 110 X. Of 'Of' 130 XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim 144 XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian 160 XIII.
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  • 46
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994843
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 141
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- I Theory of Universalistic Conditions -- 2. Questions -- 3. Answers -- 4. Formalities -- II Universalizability and Automorphisms -- 5. Introductory Remarks -- 6. Theory of Automorphisms -- 7. Morality without Purity -- III Beyond Similarity -- 8. The Universalizability Dilemma -- 9. Universal Aspects -- 10. Universality and Relevance -- 11. Universality and Universalizability -- 12. Extensions of Leibnizianism -- IV Individuals Do Not Matter -- 13. Universalizability in Morals and Elsewhere -- 14. Intensions and Extensions -- 15. Universality and Intensions -- 16. Leibnizianism Once Again -- Appendix to Part IV -- Index of Names and Subjects.
    Abstract: 1. 1. The Principle of Universalizability-an informal explication This work is concerned with the so-called Principle of Universalizability. As we shall understand it, this principle represents a claim that moral properties of things (persons, actions, state of affairs, situations) are essentially independent of their purely 'individual' or-as one often says -'numerical' aspects. l Thus, if a thing, x, is better than another thing, y, then this fact is not dependent on x's being x nor on y's being y. If a certain person, a, has a duty to help another person, b, then this duty does not arise as a consequence of their being a and b, respectively. And if in a certain situation, W, it ought to be the case that certain goods are transferred from one person to another, then this moral obligation does not depend on the individual identities of the persons involved. The Universalizability Principle may also be expressed in terms of similarities. Instead of saying that the moral properties of x are essentially independent of the individual aspects of x, we may say that any object which is exactly similar to x, which is precisely like x in all non-individual, 'qualitative' respects, must exhibit exactly similar moral properties. Thus, if two persons are exactly similar to each other, (if they are placed in exactly similar circumstances, have exactly similar information, preferences, character, etc. ), then they will have exactly similar rights and duties.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994614
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 16
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Rights, Justice, and the Social Contract -- The Killing of the Innocent -- Rights and Borderline Cases -- Violence and the Socratic Theory of Legal Fidelity -- Hume and Kant on the Social Contract -- Two: Punishment and Responsibility -- Three Mistakes About Retributivism -- Kant’s Theory of Criminal Punishment -- Marxism and Retribution -- Involuntary Acts and Criminal Liability -- Moral Death: A Kantian Essay on Psychopathy -- Three: Therapeutic Intervention -- Criminal Punishment and Psychiatric Fallacies -- Preventive Detention and Psychiatry -- Incompetence and Paternalism -- Total Institutions and the Possibility of Consent to Organic Therapies -- Four: Death and the Supreme Court -- Rationality and the Fear of Death -- Cruel and Unusual Punishments -- Legal Cases Cited -- Name Index.
    Abstract: One might legitimately ask what reasons other than vanity could prompt an author to issue a collection of his previously published essays. The best reason, I think, is the belief that the essays hang together in such a way that, as a book, they produce a whole which is in a sense greater than the sum of its parts. When this happens, as I hope it does in the present case, it is because the essays pursue related themes in such a way that, together, they at least form a start toward the development of a systematic theory on the common foundations supporting the particular claims in the particular articles. With respect to this collection, the essays can all be read as particular ways of pursuing the following general pattern of thought: that a commitment to justice and a respect for rights (and not social utility) must be the foundation of any morally acceptable legal order; that a social contractarian model is the best way to illuminate this foundation; that a retributive theory of punish­ ment is the only theory of punishment resting on such a foundation and thus is the only morally acceptable theory of punishment; that the twentieth century's faddish movement toward a "scientific" or therapeutic response to crime runs grave risks of undermining the foundations of justice and rights on which the legal order ought to rest; and, finally, that the legitimate worry about the tendency of the behavioral sciences to undermine the values of.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789400994799
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 138
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of mind ; Epistemology.
    Abstract: Simple Seeing -- The ‘What’ and the ‘How’ -- Dreams, Scepticism, and Waking Life -- Reasonable Belief Without Justification -- The Unnaturalness of Epistemology -- On the Absence of Phenomenology -- Wittgenstein on Psychological Verbs -- Agents, Mechanisms, and Other Minds -- ‘Pain’, Grammar, and Physicalism -- Memory and Causality -- Calculations, Reasons and Causes -- Deterministic Predictions -- Purposes and Poetry -- Beauty and Sex -- Fictional Objects: How They Are and How They Aren’t -- A Biographical Sketch -- An Aldrich Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Simple seeing. Plain talking. Language in use and persons in action. These are among the themes of Virgil Aldrich's writings, from the 1930's onward. Throughout these years, he has been an explorer of conceptual geography: not as a foreign visitor studying an alien land, but close up 'in the language in which we live, move, and have our being'. This is his work. It is clear to those who know him best that he also has fun at it. Yet, in the terms of his oft-cited distinction, it is equally clear that he is to be counted not among the funsters of philosophy, but among its most committed workers. Funsters are those who attempt to do epistemology, metaphysics, or analysis by appealing to examples which are purely imaginary, totally fictional, as unrealistic as you like, 'completely unheard of'. Such imaginative wilfullness takes philosophers away from, not nearer to, 'the rough ground' (Wittgenstein) where our concepts have their origin and working place. In the funsters' imagined, 'barely possible' (but actually impossible) world, simple seeing becomes transformed into the sensing of sense-data; plain talk is rejected as imprecise, vague, and misleading; and per­ sons in action show up as ensouled physical objects in motion. Then the fly is in the bottle, buzzing out its tedious tunes: the problem of perception of the external world; the problem of meaning and what it is; the mind-body problem. Image-mongering has got the best of image-management.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (370p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Four Philosophical Essays, Vienna Circle Collection 12
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Logistic Neopositivism. A critical study -- 2. On the System of the Concepts of Reality. A contribution to logical empiricism -- 3. On the Concept of Reality in Physical Science. Second contribution to logical empiricism -- 4. The Perceptual and Conceptual Components of Everyday Experience -- The Philosophical and Psychological Writings of Eino Kaila -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Philosophically, there is a book which was a tremendous experience for me: Eino Kaila's hychology of the Person­ ality _ His thesis that man lives strictly according to his needs - negative and positive - was shattering to me, but terribly true. And I built on this ground. Ingmar Bergman J 1. This introductory essay is neither intended to be a full presentation nor to be a critical evaluation of the contributions to philosophy made by Eino Kaila. Kaila's work will speak to the reader through the four papers here published in English translation from the German. They belong in the tra­ dition of the Vienna Circle and of logical empiricism. They cover, however, only one period or sector of Kaila's rich and varied life-work. This is the sector best integrated into the mainstream of contemporary philosophic thinking. The primary aim of this essay is to portray an impressive intellectual personality and to make a modest contribution to Finnish and Scandinavian intellectual history. Much of its content may be thought to be of 'local' relevance only. But considering the position which Kaila held in his country and considering his decisive influence on the development of philosophy in Finland, I hope that this local background will also interest an international circle of readers.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (297p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Contemporary History 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: Introduction: International Aspects of Reparations 1919–1922 -- I. The Formation of the Cuno Government -- II. German Industry and Reparations -- 1. The Rdl Program of 1922 -- 2. German Feelers in Paris -- 3. The London Conference -- 4. The Reparation Commission before the Occupation -- 5. Cuno and Industry -- 6. The Proposal for a Non-Aggression Pact -- 7. The German Offer and the Allied Meeting -- III. France before the Occupation -- 1. French Preparations for Occupation -- 2. The Ruhr Committee -- 3. French Strategies at the End of 1922 -- IV. Problems of Passive Resistance -- 1. Reactions to the Occupation -- 2. The Organization of Resistance -- 3. Preliminary “Stabilization” of the Currency -- 4. The Economic War 1923 -- 5. British and American Attitudes -- 6. French Reactions to Passive Resistance -- V. Diplomatic Interludes -- 1. German Feelers in Washington and London -- 2. The Loucheur Mission -- 3. Parliamentary Discussions in Germany -- 4. The Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce in Rome -- 5. Private Initiatives of German Industry -- 6. Preparations for the German Note of May 2 -- 7. New Reparation Plans -- 8. John F. Dulles as Mediator -- VI. Financial Chaos and the Resignation of Cuno -- 1. Party Attitudes towards Taxation -- 2. Financial Alternatives in the Summer of 1923 -- 3. Stabilization Plans -- 4. The Resignation of the Cabinet -- VII. The Return of Coalition Diplomacy -- 1. British Preparations -- 2. The New Opponents: Stresemann and Poincaré -- 3. The Creation of the Dawes Committee -- 4. The End of Coercion -- Conclusions.
    Abstract: When the First World War ended, the political and economic system of prewar Europe lay in ruins. Though Allied politicians tried at various post­ war conferences to create a new and stable European order they failed because of conflicting and competing national interests. The peace settle­ ments neither established security from renewed attacks by the defeated nations nor did they lay the groundwork for a reconstruction of Europe's devastated economic system, because the members of the Allied war coali­ tion could not agree on the goals to be pursued by the treaties or on the means to enforce their settlement. In this context, reparations played a most signi­ ficant role. The conflict between the European protagonists France, Great Britain and Germany reached its peak at the beginning of 1923 when Franco­ Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr district in a last attempt to implement strategies developed in 1919 for a control ofthe German economic potential until reparations had been paid and to show to the Anglo-Saxon powers that any modification of Allied policy toward Germany could not be attained against French objections or without a simultaneous adjustment of French war debts. By focusing on the reparation issue during the period of the Cuno Cabinet, this book attempts to contribute both to the literature on Cuno and to the interrelationship of political and economic problems after W orId War I.
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9789400993730
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 18
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: Adversus pseudodialecticos -- De causis corruptarum atrium Book III, De dialectica, v, vi, vii -- Appendix I -- Preface -- Thomas More to Erasmus -- Passages from Thomas More to Martin Dorp -- Appendix II -- Notes.
    Abstract: The humanist treatises presented here are only peripheral to the history of logic, but I think historians of logic may read them with interest, if perhaps with irritation. In the early sixteenth century the humanists set about to demolish medieval logic based on syllogistic and disputation, and to replace it in the university curriculum with a 'rhetorical' logic based on the use of topics and persuasion. To a very large extent they succeeded. Although Aris­ totelian logic retained a vigorous life in the schools, it never again attained to the overwhelming primacy it had so long enjoyed in the northern universities. It has been the custom to take the arguments of the humanists at face value, and the word 'scholastic' has continued to have pejorative overtones. This is easy to understand, because until recently our knowledge of the high period of medieval logic has been slight, and the humanists' testimony as to its decadent state in the sixteenth century has, for the most part, been accepted uncritically. Within the past two decades important work on medieval logic has recovered the brilliant achievement of thirteenth and fourteenth century logicians, philosophers, and natural scientists. New studies are constantly appearing, and the logico-semantic system of the terminists has become fruitful territory not only for historians of logic but also for students of modern linguistics and semiotics.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789400992757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (239p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Contemporary History 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. The Genesis of Interest -- II. The Developing Crisis -- III. The Deepening of the Crisis -- IV. The Final Stage: Climax and Settlement -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: In the spring of the year 1898 the long rivalry of Britain and France in West Africa reached a dangerous climax. The West African crisis was but one aspect of an extensive Anglo-French contest for colonial possessions which characterized the final decade of the nineteenth century. Competi­ tion for dominion went on relentlessly in the Nile Valley, along the banks of the Mekong in Southeast Asia, and within the territories of the Niger River Bend. The Upper Nile dispute dwarfed all others; and ultimately the inability of Britain and France to settle this question through diplo­ matic negotations was to lead to the confrontation at Fashoda. Simulta­ neously, however, a more obscure struggle was in process, namely the contest for possession of the thousand mile stretch of the Middle Niger. Aside from an infrequent flurry of diplomatic activity occasioned by the foray of an English or French officer into the little known realms of the Niger Bend, the protracted struggle for control of the river artery received scant notice. The Foreign Offices in both France and Britain traditionally regarded the region as one of secondary interest and tended to subordinate it to more pressing concerns. Even the eruption of a dan­ gerous crisis in West Africa in the spring of 1898 was somewhat over­ shadowed by the subsequent incident at Fashoda so that the earlier cli­ max appeared mainly a curtain raiser.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 227 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 93
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 93
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. The Meaning of System -- III. Criticism of Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Systems: Descartes, Malebranche and Boursier -- IV. Criticism of Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Systems: Leibniz and Spinoza -- V. On Hypotheses -- VI. The Third Type of System -- VII. Condillac and Language -- VIII. Conclusion -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The Traite des systemes is a milestone in the intellectual history of the eighteenth century. This is a study of its content, structure, sources and importance. It includes a discussion of Condillac's analysis of good and bad systems, the adequacy of his knowledge and under­ standing of the speculative metaphysics of the preceding century, the effectiveness of his method of attack on seventeenth-century metaphysical systems, his conception of empirical and scientific method, and in particular his understanding of the role of hypotheses, his application of the Newtonian scientific method to politics, physics, and the arts, and, finally, his preoccupation with the meaning of words and with the origin and purpose oflanguage. Speculative metaphysical systems, such as those of Descartes, Malebranche, Boursier, Leibniz and Spinoza, are attacked by Con­ dillac, as are popular superstitions and prejudices, with the weapon of linguistic criticism. It is the systematic use of this weapon which makes the Traite des systemes more than a reflection of his contem­ poraries' antipathy towards speculative metaphysics. In memory of my MOTHER and FATHER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to several people. I should like first and foremost to thank Dr. W. H. Barber, who has for many years tirelessly given me encouragement and invaluable assistance. I wish to thank also Professors RH. Rasmussen, A. D. Wilshere and C. Wake for their help and their support in the early days of the preparation of this study. lowe special thanks also to Mrs. M. V.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401744027
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (267 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Social legislation
    Abstract: This text was prepared as a monograph for the International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations. It is based on a more detailed work which appeared in French in 1970 and in Spanish in 1977. The material was brought up to date and recast to correspond to the type of monographs con­ tained in the Encyclopaedia, which were aimed at providing concise, but reasonably detailed information and analysis of national laws and practice. Thus indications concerning the historical background, important as they may be in the present case, as well as the discussion of a number of theoretical questions, have had to be considerably reduced. However, detailed, up-to­ date information is provided on the system of international labour standards and on the substantive provisions of the most important of these international instruments. As part of the Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, the present study will most probably reach those engaged in research in the field of labour law, as well as many employers' organisations and a large section of the trade union movement. However, it has been considered useful to publish the study also in book form to facilitate its use in wider circles such as university teachers and students, diplomats, politicians, international lawyers, and those engaged in daily trade union activities. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 15 Introduction 17 CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL AND GENERAL BACKGROUND 17 § 1. Definition 17 §2. Historical development 17 §3.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789401189026
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVII, 401 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies, Series on the Development of Societies 4
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies Series on Development of Societies 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics ; Sociology. ; Ethnology. ; Culture. ; Social policy.
    Abstract: 1. The Reasons for Self-Criticism of the Unidad Popular Government -- 2. General Considerations on the Chilean Economic Structure -- 1. Antecedents in the Structure of Chile’s Economy -- 2. The Economic and Political Antecedents of the Economic Situation -- 3. Some General Considerations -- Notes -- Tables -- Statistical Appendix -- 3. Structural Transformations in Chile’s Economy and in its System of External Economic Relations -- 1. From the Structural Crisis to the Transformation Crisis -- 2. The Legacy of the Capitalist Economic Structure -- 3. The Nature and Extent of the Structural Changes -- 4. The Internal Economic Effects of the Changes -- 5. The Reaction of Other Countries to the Chilean Structural Changes -- 6. The External Stranglehold -- 7. The External Financing Policy and the Deficit -- 8. Conclusions -- Notes -- Tables -- 4. The Foreign Policy of the Unidad Popular Government -- 1.–12. -- Notes -- 5. The External Sector and the Policies of the Unidad Popular Government -- 1. The Chilean Economy during the 1960s -- 2. Foreign Trade Policy -- 3. Some Considerations on the Economic Blockade during the 1970–73 Period -- Notes -- Tables -- 6. Nationalization of Copper in Chile and its International Repercussions -- 1. Chile and the U.S. Copper Companies, 1920–70 -- 2. Nationalization of Copper in 1971 -- 3. The Development of the International Conflict on Chilean Copper: the Causes and Consequences -- 4. Conclusions -- Notes -- Tables -- 7. The Industrial Sector: Areas of Social and Mixed Property in Chile -- 1. National and Foreign-Owned Monopolies in the Urban-Industrial System -- 2. The APSM in Industry -- 3. The Formation of the APSM in Industry -- 4. The APSM and Domestic Financial Problems -- 5. The Internal Organization of the APSM in Industry -- 6. Industrial Production in the APSM and External Difficulties -- Notes -- Tables -- 8. Nationalization of the Banking System in Chile -- 1. Characteristics of the Banking and Financial System in 1970 -- 2. The UP Government’s Policy of Nationalizing Banks -- 3. How the Nationalized System Worked -- 4. The Features of Nationalized Banking in Chile -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- 9. Inflation in Chile and the Political Economy of the Unidad Popular Government -- 1. Inflation and Economic Disequilibria -- 2. Determinants of the Economic Evolution during 1971–73 -- 3. A Description of the Inflationary Process during 1971–73 -- 4. The Dynamics of Economic Disequilibria -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- Tables -- 10. The Process of Transformation and the Role of International Cooperation: an Observer’s View -- 1. The UP’s Economic Programme -- 2. The Transformation Process and the Role of Foreign Assistance -- 3. Chile’s Development and Foreign Assistance -- 4. International Cooperation for Development -- Notes -- Table.
    Abstract: One of the main objectives of the Unidad Popular ('Popular Unity') Govern­ ment was to attain Chile's evolution towards more advanced forms of social organization within the framework of strictly respected democracy. This objective, which is deeply inherent in every human being and conse­ quently present under all conditions and in all parts of the world, is not weakened by temporary defeats or transient retreats. History proves this, and current events in many parts of the world fully confirm it. One of the areas in which this struggle for progress takes place most in­ tensively is economics. Here, clashes take place between the forces which work towards social progress, and those which oppose it and aim to maintain a sys­ tem of intolerable priveleges. The ideological and material resources available to the forces which attempt to restrain social progress are not small, and under given circumstances they overcome the forces by which the majority tries to realize a better future. This is expressed very clearly in the relationships which link the internal dynamics of social development with the great economic and political forces operating at the international level. Consequently, analysis of the social trans­ formation process in such countries as Chile, in the context of the political and economic reactions these processes unleach at the international level, is of key importance.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789400993556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (456p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 36
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I/Philosophy, Dialectics, and Historical Materialism -- Dialectic Today -- The Meaning of Marx’s Philosophy -- A Tension in Historical Materialism -- Some One-Sided Conceptions of Social Determinism -- Historical Science and the Philosophy of History -- II/Society, Politics and Revolution -- Homo Politicus -- Political Dictatorship: The Conflict of Politics and Society -- Revolution and Terror -- The Philosophical Concept of Revolution -- III/Culture, Ideas and Religion -- Culture as a Bridge Between Utopia and Reality -- Between Two Types of Modern Culture -- Ideas and Life -- The Withering Away of Religion in Socialism -- Culture and Revolution -- IV/Socialism, Bureaucracy and Self-Management -- Theoretical Foundations for the Idea of Self-Management -- Some Contradictions and Insufficiencies of Yugoslav Self-Managing Socialism -- Institutionalization of the Revolutionary Movement -- Bureaucracy — Reified Organization -- Bureaucracy and Public Communication -- Social Equality and Inequality in the Bourgeois World and in Socialism -- Middle Class Ideology -- Ecstasy and Hangover of a Revolution -- Notes on Contributors by Gajo Petrovi? -- Bibliographical Details of the Essays appearing in this Volume -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This volume of the Boston Studies is a distillation of one of the most creative and important movements in contemporary social theory. The articles repre­ sent the work of the so-called 'Praxis' group in Yugoslavia, a heterogeneous movement of philosophers, sociologists, political theorists, historians, and cul­ tural critics, united by a common approach: that of social theory as a critical and scientific enterprise, closely linked to questions of contemporary practical life. As the introductory essay explains, in its history and analysis of the development of this group, the name Praxis focuses on the heart of Marx's social theory - the conception of human beings as creative, productive makers and shapers of their own history. The journal Praxis, which appeared regularly in Yugoslavia at Zagreb, and also in an International Edition for many years, is the source of many of these articles. The journal had to suspend publication in 1975 because of political pressures in Yugoslavia. Eight members of the group were dismissed from their University posts in Belgrade, after a long struggle in which their colleagues stood by them staunchly. Yet the creativity and productivity of the group continues, by those in Belgrade and elsewhere. Its contributions to the social sciences, and to the very conception of social science as critical and applied theory, remain vivid, timely and innovative. The importance of the theoretical work of the Praxis group is perhaps at its height now.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789400994348
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Regional planning ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: I -- I / The Object and Methods of Soviet Aesthetics -- II / The Sources and Origins of Marxist-Leninist Aesthetics -- II -- III / The Aesthetic: Chronology of the 1956–1966 Discussions and its Philosophical Framework -- IV / The Aesthetic: The Societalists and Naturists -- V / The Aesthetic: The Struggle over the Philosophical Foundations -- Summary and Conclusion -- Summary and Conclusion -- Notes and References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: 0. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEMATIC This study is devoted to an examination of a concept of crucial significance for Soviet aesthetics - the concept of the aesthetic (esteticeskoe). Soviet aestheticians have for some time already been trying to design a concept of the aesthetic that would satisfy, on the one hand, the requirements of aesthe­ tic phenomena, and, on the other hand, the principles of the Marxist-Leninist world view. The first part of this work shows how the concept of the aesthetic has been and continues to be problematic for Soviet aestheticians. This task is carried out by dwelling, first of all, on the controversies among Soviet aesthe­ ticians concerning meta-aesthetic issues, viz, the nature and scope of aesthetics as well as its place among other philosophical and non-philosophical disci­ plines. A particularly clear view of the problems that have traditionally pre­ occupied Soviet aestheticians is provided by an examination of what they standardly call the 'method of aesthetics', where 'method' is understood in the sense of an explanatory framework rather than in the strict logico-scien­ tific sense of the term. This discussion will provide the occasion to pass in review the main periods of Soviet aesthetics and the characteristic aspects of each. The chapter on the sources of contemporary Marxist-Leninist aesthetics brings into relief the lack of a homogeneous tradition in the question of the nature of the aesthetic and other related problems.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789400992306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International series on the quality of working life 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Section One: Introduction -- 1. Project goals and approach: increasing actionable Q.W.L knowledge -- Section Two: Quality of working life improvements in Europe: National programmes and perspectives -- 2. The action programme of the German federal government: Research on the humanization of working life -- 3. Q.W.L. developments in Holland: an overview -- 4. Swedish industrial democracy, 1977: progress and new government initiatives -- 5. Historical background and action plans towards improving the quality of working life in the United Kingdom -- 6. A general overview of the current Q.W.L. scene in Italy: Notes on the situation in 1974, 1975 and 1977 -- 7. Problems of middle management in France: Their special position regarding work reorganization -- Section Three: Action research reports: Production and technical units -- 8. Warehouse workers reorganize their own work organization -- 9. The Volkswagenwerk AG project within the framework of the research programme ‘Humanization of Working Life’ of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology: Comparison of work structures in machine production (engine assembly) -- 10. Breaking the deadlock: The search for new strategies for Q.W.L. -- 11. Democratizing work and social life on ships: A report from the experiment on board M.S. Balao -- 12. ‘Action learning’ among unskilled women workers -- 13. Developing new forms of work organization in a new chemical plant in France -- 14. The starting-up of a new plant organized in multi-skilled production groups -- 15. Introduction of a procedure of change: An example of operation -- 16. From training to job redesign in a chemical plant in Italy -- Section Four: Action research reports: Administrative and office units -- 17. Participative work design: A contribution to democracy in the office and on the shop floor -- 18. Clerical employees in X Y Z Company reorganize their department -- 19. Project: ‘Humanization and Participation’ in Centraal Beheer -- 20. Participatory research leads to employee-managed change: Some experience from a Norwegian bank -- Section Five: Action research reports: Public service -- 21. Experiment at Triemli Hospital: Environmental and physical changes in a hospital ward and their impacts on the behaviour and the social interactions of patients, visitors, and nurses -- 22. The implementation of team nursing: A change process and research project in a Dutch general hospital -- 23. Job satisfaction in the Civil Service in the United Kingdom -- Section Six: Trade union-oriented issues -- 24. The Demos project: Democratic control and planning in working life -- 25. The worker-union-management interface in workplace changes: A case study on problems of participation -- 26. Trade union involvement in retraining to develop new patterns of work organization -- Section Seven: Off-site training programmes -- 27. Participative redesign projects in Norway, summarizing the first five years of a strategy to democratize the design process in work organization -- 28. Participation in organization redesign: A five company Scottish workshop and later review meeting -- 29. Setting up a sociotechnical training programme at an engineering school in France: 1976/1977, a transitional year -- Section Eight: Concluding notes -- 30. Concluding notes -- Appendix: Addresses of contributors to the volume.
    Abstract: In November 1975, the German Marshall Fund of the United States agreed to support a proposal from the International Council for the Quality of Working Life for study of 'cross-cultural com­ munication' on developments associated with the quality of work­ ing life -a shared interest of the fund and the council. In early 1976 the council invited four action researchers, each from a major language area in Europe Andreas Alioth, Switzerland and Germany; Max Elden, Norway and Sweden; Oscar Ortsman, France; and Rene van der Vlist, the Netherlands, to consider pro­ duction of a joint publication which would make more generally available, at international levels, reports on innovative Q. W. L. ex­ periences within individual European countries. The main task of the four 'correspondents' was seen as facilitating the exchange of experiences across international boundaries -it was left to them to decide which experiences, how these should be communicated, and how the project itself should be organized. In early March 1976, the 'correspondents' decided at their first meeting to search informally, through their existing national con­ tacts, for suggestions as to what papers might be of value to a larger and more international Q. W. L. readership. Decisions on the char­ acter of the proposed book publication, and further definition of the project itself, were at this point deferred. At their second meeting, some sixty suggestions from six countries were reviewed.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789400994959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (267p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 9
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Celtic languages ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Syntax of Relative Clauses -- 2.1. Basic Data -- 2.2. Movement or Deletion? -- 2.3. A Deletion Analysis -- 2.4. Relative Clause Binding -- 2.5. Island Constraints on Relative Deletion -- 2.6. Against the Head-Raising Analysis -- 2.7. Conclusion -- 2.8. Another Relative Clause Type -- Notes -- 3. The Syntax of Questions -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Relation between Relatives and Constituent Questions -- 3.3. A Deletion Analysis -- 3.4. In Defence of the Deletion Analysis -- 3.5. The Internal Structure of QNP -- 3.6. Adjectival and Adverbial Questions -- 3.7. On the Status of the Category Q -- 3.8. Yes/No Questions -- 3.9. Conclusion -- 3.10. Postscript -- Notes -- 4. Indexing and the Formalization of Accessibility Constraints -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Relative Clauses and Nominal Constituent Questions -- 4.3. Deictic Pronouns -- 4.4. Cleft Sentences -- 4.5. On Formalizing the Accessibility Constraints -- 4.6. Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. The Complementizer System -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Data -- 5.3. Further Predictions -- 5.4. Disputed Data -- Notes -- 6. Deep Structure Syntax -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Phrase Structure Rules -- 6.3. The Lexicon -- 6.4. Generating Deep Structure Trees -- Notes -- 7. Semantic Interpretation -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Type Assignment -- 7.3. Translating the Lexicon -- 7.4. Translation Rules -- 7.5. Subcategorizational and Adverbial Uses of Prepositional Phrases -- 7.6. Noun Phrases -- 7.7. Questions -- Notes -- 8. Theoretical Postscript -- 8.1. On the Universal Characterisation of Constituent Questions -- 8.2. Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure Interpretation.
    Abstract: This piece of work began life as a doctoral thesis written at the University of Texas between 1976 and 1978. Now after a year in Dublin it is to become a book. Of the many people in the Department of Linguistics at Texas who shaped my interests and who helped me through the writing of the thesis, I must single out Lee Baker, Lauri Karttunen, Bill Ladusaw, Sue Schmerling and Stanley Peters for special gratitude. All of them have provided specific suggestions which have improved this work, but perhaps more .importantly they provided a uniquely stimulating and harmonious environment in which to work, and a demanding set of professional standards to live up to. To Ken Hale lowe a particular debt of gratitude - for two years of encour­ agement and suggestions, and particularly for a set of detailed comments on an earlier version of the book which led to many changes for the better. I also thank my friends Per-Kristian Halvorsen and Elisabet Engdahl, both of whom took the trouble to provide me with detailed criticisms and comments. In Dublin I am grateful to the School of Celtic Studies of the Institute for Advanced Studies for giving me the opportunity of teaching a seminar on many of the topics covered in the book and of exposing the material to people whose knowledge of the language is unequalled. Donal 6 Baoill and Liam Breatnach have been particularly helpful.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992429
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public choice 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1. An introduction to economics and the economics of education -- 1.1. Theory: a matter of necessity -- 1.2. The basics of economic theory -- 1.3. A final preliminary note -- 2. The basics of the economic model -- 2.1. An introductory statement -- 2.2. A more complex statement: the student’s opportunity set -- 2.3. The student’s preference structure -- 2.4. The logic of student choice -- 2.5. Concluding comments -- 3. Student preferences, abilities, and performance -- 3.1. Student preferences 3 -- 3.2. Student abilities -- 3.2.1. Different levels of initial achievement -- 3.2.2. Different aptitudes -- 3.3. Efficiency gains and the evaluation of the professor -- 4. Professor preferences, public goods, and student performance -- 4.1. Faculty choice and student achievement -- 4.2. Student quality and faculty effort -- 4.2.1. Different initial achievement levels -- 4.2.2. Different aptitudes -- 4.2.3. Different initial endowments and aptitudes -- 4.3. Classroom technology, teacher ability, and faculty effort -- 4.4. Teaching as a public good -- 4.5. Concluding comments -- 5. Is teaching the best way to learn? -- 5.1. The effects of student proctoring -- 5.2. The illusion of cost-benefit analysis -- 5.3. Optimum learning -- 5.4. Student aptitude once again -- 5.5. The institutional setting and educational change -- 6. The effects of grade inflation on student evaluation and performance -- 6.1. The model -- 6.2. Grade influation -- 6.3. Real grade influation -- 6.4. Empirical tests -- 6.5. Concluding comments -- 7. The evaluation and pay of faculty -- 7.1. Research findings: the effects of research and teaching on faculty pay -- 7.1.1. The Katz study -- 7.1.2. The Koch-Chizmar study -- 7.1.3. The Tuckman-Chapinski-Hagemann study -- 7.1.4. The Siegfried-White study -- 7.1.5. Interim summary of conclusion -- 7.2. Research findings: the influence of research on teaching effectiveness -- 7.3. The evaluation of faculty: the interactive effects of student and faculty efforts and academic freedoms -- 7.4. The pay system -- 7.4.1. The lump-sum pay method -- 7.4.2. Accountability -- 7.5. Concluding comments -- 8. Committees, “Comment Pollutions,” and the internal governance of universities -- 8.1 Comments as public goods -- 8.2. The judgement of committeemen -- 8.3. Concluding comments -- 9. The citizenship argument for education -- 9.1. Citizenship, public goods, and economics -- 9.2. Public choice view -- 9.3. Counterarguments -- 9.4. Course content for rational students -- 9.5. Concluding comments -- 10. The academic market, intercollegiate sports, and academic standards -- 10.1. A supply and demand model of the education market -- 10.2. The impact of intercollegiate sports -- 10.3. Concluding comments -- 11. Cheating and chiseling -- 11.1. The prevalence of cheating -- 11.2. The effects of cheating -- 11.3. The rationality of cheating -- 11.4. Chiseling -- 12. Postscript.
    Abstract: The purpose of The Political Economy of the Educational Process is to demonstrate in an elemental way what economics can contribute to our understanding of how education occurs. Although in ways similar, the book is significantly different from other studies in the economics of education. Other works are primarily concerned with the effects which education (or, to use the economist's jargon, human capital) has on production, market efficiency, and the distri­ bution of income. The central concern of this book is how and why the student goes about acquiring whatever human capital he wishes and how the institutional setting of the university influences the amount of human capital that the student acquires. This book deals with the learning process and, therefore, draws upon an earlier book written by Robert Staaf and myself. 1 However, the "economic theory of learning," which Staaf and I developed earlier in very pre­ cise mathematical terms, is extended here through a fuller treat­ ment of the political environment in which education occurs. A major concern of this work is to make the economic analysis easily understood by professional educators and social scientists generally. To accomplish this objective, Chapter 2 develops for the non­ economicists the tools of analysis which are used throughout the book. Hopefully, by shying away from esoteric theory and by try­ ing to make the discussion provocative and informative, the book 1. See Richard B. McKenzie and Robert J.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789401176279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public Choice 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: I A Multidimensional Economic Theory of Governments -- 1 The State as a Service Firm, the Production of Order -- 2 Theories of the Emergence of States -- 3 The Sizes of States -- 4 The Qualities of State Activity -- II The Problem of Government -- 5 The Monopoly State -- 6 Democracy, the Corporate State -- 7 Democracy as a Consumer Good -- 8 Experimental Remedies: Some Preposterous Proposals -- Appendixes -- I Entrepreneurship, Profit, and Limits on Firm Size -- II Political Revolution and Repression: An Economic Approach -- III The GPITPC and Institutional Entropy -- List of References -- Notes -- Indexes.
    Abstract: We seem to be witnessing the rebirth of the concept of an integrated social science, a complete theory of human action and interaction in all its ramifica­ tions and complications. What we call society is simply the totality of human exchange. Economics is a theory of human exchange of certain types. Although the qualities of what is being exchanged as well as the conditions of exchange may vary, economic theory has recently broadened its scope sufficiently to begin to be general enough to handle these problems as well. In the present work we attempt to see what insights are revealed by the application of economic categories to political history. We feel there are many. At this point Silver stops. ! Auster continues. A quick spin around the "policy" block in the new model so to speak, hence Chapter 8. For the rest, however, this is truly a joint work. The authors' names appear in alphabetical order. After 12 years of professional asso­ ciation, claims to precedence in origination could too clearly be self-deception. ! Silver is even more pessimistic than Auster, in particular about which types of reforms will be accepted. With the rise to affluence of most members of our society the mass itself has become concerned with political reform as almost a new form of entertainment. Unfor­ tunately, they have no idea how to improve matters.
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  • 62
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 1
    Series Statement: Profiles 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Patrick Suppes A Self Profile -- Two -- Suppes’ Philosophy of Physics -- Suppes’ Contributions to the Theory of Measurement -- Suppes on Probability, Utility, and Decision Theory -- Suppes’ Contribution to Logic and Linguistic -- Suppes’ Work in the Foundations of Psychology -- Suppes’ Contribution to Education -- Patrick Suppes Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Patrick Suppes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremen­ dous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frighten­ ing division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PRO­ FILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of signifi­ cant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
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  • 63
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993495
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (963p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 21
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / History of Science -- 1. On the Method of History of Science (1947) -- 2. Science in History (Review of J. D. Bernal’s Science in History) (1956) -- 3. The Logical Problem of the Definition of Irrational Numbers (1927) -- 4. Rationalism in Antiquity (1954) -- 5. The Transformations of the Atomic Concept through the Ages (1969) -- 6. Flicker in the Darkness (Review of Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions) (1969) -- 7. Marcus Marci’s Investigations of the Prism and Their Relation to Newton’s Theory of Color (1932) -- 8. Descartes at Uppsala (Review of R. Lindborg’s Descartes i Uppsala) (1967) -- 9. Newton and the Law of Gravitation (1965) -- 10. Newton’s Views on Aether and Gravitation (1969) -- 11. The Genesis of the Laws of Thermodynamics (1941) -- 12. Joule’s Scientific Outlook (1952) -- 13. An Analysis of Joule’s Experiments on the Expansion of Air (1956) -- 14. The Velocity of Light and the Evolution of Electrodynamics (1956) -- 15. The Evolution of Oersted’s Scientific Concepts (1970) -- 16. The First Phase in the Evolution of the Quantum Theory (1936) -- 17. Max Planck and the Statistical Definition of Entropy (1959) -- 18. Matter and Force after Fifty Years of Quantum Theory (1963) -- 19. Men and Ideas in the History of Atomic Theory (1971) -- 20. Jacques Solomon (1959) -- 21. Quantum Theory in 1929: Recollections from the First Copenhagen Conference (1971) -- 22. Niels Bohr: An Essay Dedicated to Him on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday. October 7, 1945 (1945; 2nd edition 1961) -- 23. The Conception of the Meson Field: Some Reminiscences and Epistemological Comments (1968) -- 24. Nuclear Reminiscences (1972) -- 25. Celestial and Terrestrial Physics in Historical Perspective (1969) -- II / Epistemology -- 1. On the Question of the Measurability of Electromagnetic Field Quantities (with Niels Bohr) (1933) -- 2. Field and Charge Measurements in Quantum Electrodynamics (with Niels Bohr) (1950) -- 3. On Quantum Electrodynamics (Among Essays Dedicated to Niels Bohr on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday) (1955) -- 4. On Quantization of Fields (1963) -- 5. The Evolution of the Idea of Causality (1942) -- 6. Strife about Complementarity (1953) -- 7. Complementarity and Statistics, I and II (1958) -- 8. Misunderstandings about the Foundations of Quantum Theory (1957) -- 9. Foundations of Quantum Theory and Complementarity (1961) -- 10. The Epistemological Conflict between Einstein and Bohr (Dedicated to Max Born on his 80th Birthday) (1963) -- 11. Niels Bohr’s Contribution to Epistemology (1963) -- 12. The Measuring Process in Quantum Mechanics (On the 30th Anniversary of the Meson Theory by Dr. H. Yukawa, 1965) (1965) -- 13. Statistical Causality in Atomic Theory: A General Introduction to Irreversibility (1972 and 1974) -- 14. The Macroscopic Level of Quantum Mechanics (1972) -- 15. Quantum Theory and Gravitation (1966) -- 16. Questions of Method in the Consistency Problem of Quantum Mechanics (1968) -- 17. The Method of Physics (1968) -- 18. Some Reflections on Knowledge (1971) -- 19. Epistemology on a Scientific Basis (1971) -- 20. Condillac’s Influence on French Scientific Thought (1972) -- 21. Unphilosophical Considerations on Causality in Physics (1971) -- 22. Irreversibility — a Lay Sermon (On the Occasion of Professor K. Bleuler’s Sixtieth Birthday) (1977) -- 23. Berkeley Redivivus (Review of W. Heisenberg’s Natural Law and the Structure of Matter) (1970) -- 24. The Wave-Particle Dilemma (1973) -- 25. A Voyage to Laplacia (1955) -- III / Theoretical Physics -- 1. On the Energy-Momentum Tensor (1940) -- 2. On the Definition of Spin for a Radiation Field (1942) -- 3. On the Behavior of a Canonical Ensemble during an Adiabatic Transformation (1942) -- 4. On the Isolated and Adiabatic Susceptibilities (1961) -- 5. On the Foundations of Statistical Thermodynamics (1955) -- 6. Questions of Irreversibility and Ergodicity (1962) -- 7a. Dynamical Theory of Nuclear Resonances (1968) -- 7b. Coupling between Compound and Single-Particle Resonances (1968) -- 8. The Structure of Quantum Theory (1968) -- IV / Social Relations of Science -- 1. The Organization of Scientific Research (1948) -- 2. The Atomic Researcher: The Atomic Physicist’s Tasks, Goals and Methods (1968) -- 3. Technical and Social Aspects of the Development of the European Scientific Research Organizations (1970) -- 4. Social and Individual Aspects of the Development of Science (1971) -- Bibliography of the Writings of Léon Rosenfeld -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The decision to undertake this volume was made in 1971 at Lake Como during the Varenna summer school ofthe Italian Physical Society, where Professor Leon Rosenfeld was lecturing on the history of quantum theory. We had long been struck by the unique blend of epistemological, histori­ cal and social concerns in his work on the foundations and development of physics, and decided to approach him there with the idea of publishing a collection of his papers. He responded enthusiastically, and agreed to help us select the papers; furthermore, he also agreed to write a lengthy introduction and to comment separately on those papers that he felt needed critical re-evaluation in the light of his current views. For he was still vigorously engaged in both theoretical investigations of, and critical not reflections on the foundations of theoretical physics. We certainly did conceive of the volume as a memorial to a 'living saint', but rather more practically, as a useful tool to place in the hands of fellow workers and students engaged in wrestling with these difficult problems. All too sadly, fate has added a memorial aspect to our labors. We agreed that in order to make this book most useful for the con­ temporary community of physicists and philosophers, we should trans­ late all non-English items into English.
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  • 64
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 8
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Library science ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I. Methodology and Theoretical Assumptions -- 1.1. Theoretical Framework -- 1.2. Methods of Analysis: Presupposition and Consequence -- 1.3. Aspect -- 1.4. The Corpus -- II. Aspectualizers and Events -- 2.1. Why an Event Analysis -- 2.2. The Philosophical Treatment of Events -- 2.3. A Temporal Analysis of Events -- 2.4. Other Philosophical Categories -- III. Events and Aspectual Verb-Types: Activities, Accomplishments, Achievements, States, and Series -- 3.1. Events and Aspectual Verb-types -- 3.2. Distinguishing Among Activities, Accomplishments, Achievements, States, and Series -- IV. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — I: Begin and Start Compared -- 4.1. Descriptive Approach: Syntactic and Semantic Properties -- 4.2. Begin and Start -- V. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — II: Continue, Keep, Resume, and Repeat Compared -- 5.1. Keep and Continue compared -- 5.2. Resume -- 5.3. Repeat -- VI. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — III: Stop, Quit, and Cease Compared -- 6.1. Stop and Quit Compared -- 6.2. Stop and Cease -- VII. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — IV: Finish, End, and Complete Compared -- 7.1. Finish and End Compared -- 7.2. Finish and Complete -- VIII. A Summary of the Syntactic and Semantic Characteristics of Aspectualizers -- 8.1. The Syntactic Form of the Complements -- 8.2. to V and V-ing Compared -- 8.3. Presuppositions, Consequences, and Co-occurrences with Different Aspectual Verb-types -- 8.4. Other Properties of Aspectualizers Summarized -- Table I: Aspectualizers with Noun Objects -- Table II: Presuppositions and Consequences of Aspectualizers -- Table III: Aspectualizers with Different Complement Verb-types -- Data Sources -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Complementation has received a great deal of attention in the past fifteen to twenty years; various approcahes have been used to study it and different groups of complement-taking verbs have been examined. The approach taken here employs analytic techniques which have not been systematically applied before to this group of temporal aspectual verbs. In other works which have concentrated on these same verbs (perlmutter, 1968, 1970 and Newmeyer, 1969a, 1969b) few insights about the semantic properties of the verbs are formalized. In the present study, the various verbs and their complement structures as they appear in surface forms are considered for their associated presuppositions and consequences (entailments). The notions of presup­ position and consequence are defmed and used so as to take conversational interaction into consideration. This adds considerably to the information that can be obtained about the verbs in question. Furthermore, the analysis of these temporal aspectual verbs leads to a description of their complement structures in terms of 'events', a semantic category found to appropriately characterize the quality of most of these structures. In this analysis, events are described as consisting of several different temporal segments; thus the sentences contained in the complements of these verbs are described as naming events, each containing one or more of several possible temporal segments. The aspectualizers in tum, act as referentials, each referring to one or another of the event-segments named in their complements.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789400992726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Contemporary History 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Historical Setting -- II. The New Government-in-Exile -- III. Polish Forces in Britain: Legal Status -- IV. Diplomacy: Polish v. British Objectives -- V. Negotiating the Polish-Soviet Treaty -- VI. Aftermath of the Polish-Soviet Treaty -- VII. The Rupture in Polish-Soviet Relations -- VIII. Teheran: Decision on Frontiers -- IX. The Decline of the London Government -- Epilogue -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Anglo-Polish Agreement 1939 -- B. Allied Forces Act -- C. Treaty of Riga 1921 -- D. German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty 1939 -- E. Polish-Soviet Agreement 1941 -- F. Yalta Communiqué on Poland and Declaration on Liberated Europe -- G. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty 1939.
    Abstract: In this book I have attempted to analyze the dilemmas confronting the Polish government-in-exile in London during the Second World War. My main objective has beeen to investigate the actual operation of the Polish govern­ ment and the overall policies of the British government vis-a-vis the Soviet Union insofar as they had a direct bearing on Anglo-Polish relations. Since the outstanding conflicts over territorial claims, and, ultimately, sovereignty, were between Poland and the Soviet Union, considerable attention has been devoted to the relationship between the Polish and Soviet governments during a most trying and difficult period of inter-Allied diplomacy. This work covers the period of operation of the Polish government on British soil until the resignation of Prime Minister Stanislaw Mikolajczyk in November 1944. Although Great Britain did not withdraw diplomatic recognition from the Polish government until July 1945, the Arciszewski government, formed after Mikolajczyk's resignation, was generally ignored by Great Britain. As with all subsequent governments, including that which exists today, Arciszewski's government functioned primarily as the voice of Poland in the West - a government of protest.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789400994973
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and The Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and The Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 43
    Series Statement: Sovietica 43
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Foundations: The Roman Civil Religion -- II / Errand Into the Wilderness: The City Upon a Hill -- III / The Reordering of the Cosmos -- IV / The Public Philosophy -- V / The Civil Theology: Myths of Destiny -- VI / Christianity and the Civil Religion -- VII / Hobbes: The Religion of Terror -- VIII / The Christian Tradition and Hobbes’ Civil Theology -- IX / Rousseau: The Religion of Self-Love -- X / Saint-Simon and Comte: The Religion of Progress -- XI / Hegel and Marxism- Leninism: The Resolution of the Conflict -- XII / Postscript.
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  • 67
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957985
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Preface -- 1 The nature of vegetation -- 1.1 Ubiquity of changes in time -- 1.2 Variation in space -- 1.3 The nature of vegetation in time -- 2 Processes of vegetation change -- 2.1 Initiation of successions and fluctuations -- 2.2 Immigration of species -- 2.3 Establishment -- 2.4 Competition -- 2.5 Site modification -- 2.6 Stabilization -- 3 Fluctuations -- 3.1 Definitions of vegetation change -- 3.2 Phenological changes -- 3.3 Changes with fluctuations in environment -- 4 Regeneration and cyclic changes -- 5 Primary successions -- 5.1 Successions on submerged and waterlogged soils -- 5.2 Succession behind retreating glaciers -- 6 Secondary successions -- 6.1 The course of secondary succession -- 6.2 Factors determining the course of secondary succession -- 6.3 Predictability of secondary succession -- 7 Changes caused by grazing animals -- 8 Concluding remarks -- References.
    Abstract: Vegetation dynamics is an important subject. A knowledge and under­ standing of it is central to the science of vegetation management-in grassland, range and nature reserve management, and in aspects of wildlife management, forestry and agricultural crop production. It is also a large and diffuse subject. In a small book such as this I had to be highly selective, and could not do equal justice to all aspects. I have had therefore to condense many examples, and more regrettably, many arguments. While I have tried to present a broad selection of topics and examples, the content inevitably reflects my own special interests and experience. The study of vegetation and its dynamics does not lend itselfto neat and tidy divisions, and the way of allotting material into different chapters here is arbitrary. I have used Chapter I to introduce a number of ideas, beginning with the nature of vegetation in space, then passing to an introduction to the nature of changes in vegetation with time, in particular those generally known as successions. The book also contains a number of asides to the text's central arguments; I hope the reader finds these interesting rather than disconcerting.
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  • 68
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993921
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Ontology II -- 1. System -- 1. Basic Concepts -- 2. System Representations -- 3. Basic Assumptions -- 4. Systemicity -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- 2. Chemism -- 1. Chemical System -- 2. Biochemical System -- 3. Life -- 1. From Chemism to Life -- 2. Biofunction -- 3. Evolution -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- 4. Mind -- 1. Central Nervous System -- 2. Brain States -- 3. Sensation to Valuation -- 4. Recall to Knowledge -- 5. Self to Society -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 5. Society -- 1. Human Society -- 2. Social Subsystems and Supersystems -- 3. Economy, Culture, and Polity -- 4. Social Structure -- 5. Social Change -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 6. A Systemic World View -- 6.1. A World of Systems -- 6.2. System Genera -- 6.3. Novelty Sources -- 6.4. Emergence -- 6.5. Systemism Supersedes Atomism and Holism -- 6.6. Synopsis -- Appendix A. System models -- 1. Input-Output Models -- 1.1. The Black Box -- 1.2. Connecting Black Boxes -- 1.3. Control System -- 1.4. Stability and Breakdown -- 2. Grey Box Models -- 2.1. Generalities -- 2.2. Deterministic Automata -- 2.3. Probabilistic Automata -- 2.4. Information Systems -- Appendix B. Change models -- 1 Kinematical Models -- 1.1. Global Kinematics -- 1.2. Analytical Kinematics -- 1.3. Balance Equations -- 1.4. Lagrangian Framework -- 1.5. Kinematical Analogy -- 2. Dynamical Models -- 2.1. Generalities -- 2.2. Formalities -- 2.3. The Pervasiveness of Cooperation and Competition -- 2.4. The Dynamics of Competitive-Cooperative Processes -- 3. Qualitative Change Models -- 3.1. Kinematical: Birth and Death Operators -- 3.2. Dynamical: Random Hits -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789400994737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 7
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Montague’s General Theory of Languages and Linguistic Theories of Syntax and Semantics -- 1.1 The meaning of “Universal” in “Universal Grammar” -- 1.2 Syntax in the UG Theory and in Linguistic Theories -- 1.3 Semantics in UG -- 1.4 Interpretation by Means of Translation -- 1.5 Preliminaries to the Analysis of Word Meaning -- Notes -- 2. The Semantics of Aspectual Classes of Verbs in English -- 2.1 The Development of Decomposition Analysis in Generative Semantics -- 2.2The Aristotle-Ryle-Kenny-Vendler Verb Classification -- 2.3 An Aspect Calculus -- 2.4The Aspect Calculus as Restricting Possible Word Meanings -- Notes -- 3. Interval Semantics and the Progressive Tense -- 3.1 The Imperfective Paradox -- 3.2 Truth Conditions Relative to Intervals, not Moments -- 3.3 Revised Truth Conditions for BECOME -- 3.4 Truth Conditions for the Progressive -- 3.5 Motivating the Progressive Analysis Independently of Accomplishment Sentences -- 3.6 On the Notion of ‘Likeness’ Among Possible Worlds -- 3.7 Extending the Analysis to the “Futurate Progressive” -- 3.8 Another Look at the Vendler Classification in an Interval-Based Semantics -- Notes -- 4. Lexical Decomposition in Montague Grammar -- 4.1 Existing “Lexical Decomposition” in the PTQ Grammar -- 4.2 The General Form of Decomposition Translations: Lambda Abstraction vs. Predicate Raising -- 4.3 Morphologically Derived Causatives and Inchoatives -- 4.4 Prepositional Phrase Accomplishments -- 4.5 Accomplishments with Two Prepositional Phrases -- 4.6 Prepositional Phrase Adjuncts vs. Prepositional Phrase Complements -- 4.7 Factitive Constructions -- 4.8 Periphrastic Causatives -- 4.9 By-Phrases in Accomplishment Sentences -- 4.10 Causative Constructions in Other Languages -- Notes -- 5. Linguistic Evidence for the Two Strategies of Lexical Decomposition -- 5.1 Arguments that Constraints on Syntactic Rules Rule Out “Impossible” Lexical Items -- 5.2 Arguments that Familiar Transformations Also Apply Pre-Lexically -- 5.3 Pronominalization of Parts of Lexical Items -- 5.4 Scope Ambiguities with Almost -- 5.5 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Have-Deletion Cases -- 5.6 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Accomplishment Cases -- 5.7 Arguments from Re- and Reversative Un- -- 5.8 Accommodating the Adverb Scope Data in a PTQ Grammar -- 5.9 Overpredictions of the Generative Semantics Hypothesis -- 5.10 Concluding Evaluation -- Notes -- 6. The Syntax and Semantics of Word Formation: Lexical Rules -- 6.1 Montague’s Program and Lexical Rules -- 6.2 A Lexical Component For a Montague Grammar -- 6.3 Lexical Rules and Morphology -- 6.4 Lexical Rules and Syntax -- 6.5 Examples of Lexical Rules -- 6.6 Problems for Research in the Pragmatics and in the Semantics of Word Formation -- Notes -- 7. The Syntax and Semantics of Tenses and Time Adverbials in English: An English Fragment -- 7.1 The Syncategorematic Nature of Tense-Time Adverbial Interaction -- 7.2 Rules for “Main Tense” Adverbials -- 7.3 Aspectual Adverbials: For an Hour and In an Hour -- 7.4 The Syntactic Structure of the Auxiliary -- 7.5 The Present Perfect -- 7.6 Negation -- 7.7 An English Fragment -- Notes -- 8. Intensions and Psychological Reality -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The most general goal of this book is to propose and illustrate a program of research in word semantics that combines some of the methodology and results in linguistic semantics, primarily that of the generative semantics school, with the rigorously formalized syntactic and semantic framework for the analysis of natural languages developed by Richard Montague and his associates, a framework in which truth and denotation with respect to a model are taken as the fundamental semantic notions. I hope to show, both from the linguist's and the philosopher's point of view, not only why this synthesis can be undertaken but also why it will be useful to pursue it. On the one hand, the linguists' decompositions of word meanings into more primitive parts are by themselves inherently incomplete, in that they deal only in distinctions in meaning without providing an account of what mean­ ings really are. Not only can these analyses be made complete by a model­ theoretic semantics, but also such an account of these analyses renders them more exact and more readily testable than they could ever be otherwise.
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  • 70
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401744850
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
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    Keywords: Law ; Civil law
    Abstract: I. Role and Function of Company Lawyers -- II. Functions of the Company Law Department -- III. House Counsel versus Outside Counsel? -- IV. The Situation of Company Lawyers in Various Countries -- V. Internal Organization of the Legal Department -- VI. Administration -- VII. Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: This study attempts to describe the role of the company law department within the company, its relation to company management and the employees who use the services of the company lawyers. It, furthermore, tries to explain that the legal advice is only one part of the operation of a legal department in a business enterprise. Other important aspects are the legal costs, organiza­ tional questions and coordination problems within the department as well as the relationship of the company legal department with the other departments in the enterprise and, last but not least, the relationship between house counsel and outside counsel. The increasing volume of legislation and regulations in all industrialized -countries resulted in an increase in the number of company legal departments and company lawyers. All large companies now have their own company legal department. Therefore, it seems appropriate to attempt to describe some aspects relating to this part of the legal profession, which is relatively new, and which has developed differently from country to country. The position of the company counsel and his relationship with the company and its em­ ployees, his professional background and his relationship with the Bar are important subjects which require further study.
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  • 71
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401576420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 139 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 127
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: Syntactic Considerations -- Modal Structures and Morphisms -- Validity -- Completeness -- Löwenheim-Skolem Theorems -- Ultraproducts -- Ultrafilter Pairs and Elementary Embeddings -- Direct Limits -- Model Extensions -- Inductive Theories -- Joint Consistency and Interpolation -- Model Completeness -- Finite Forcing -- Forcing and Model Completions -- Omitting Types and a Two-Cardinal Theorem.
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  • 72
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401712828
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 458 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 113
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 113
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Dispositions and Definitions -- Counterfactuals and Dispositions -- Disposition Concepts and Extensional Logic -- In Defense of Dispositions -- Dispositions Revisited -- Dispositions, Grounds, and Causes -- Some Ways of Operationally Introducing Dispositional Predicates with Regard to Scientific and Ordinary Practice -- Dispositional Explanation -- Universals and Dispositions -- Disposition -- A World of Dispositions -- Capacities and Natures -- Powers -- Notes on the Doctrine of Chances -- The Propensity Interpretation of Probability -- Dispositional Probabilities -- Propensities and Probabilities -- Subjunctives, Dispositions, and Chances -- Dispositions and Occurrences -- Dispositions, Occurrences, and Ontology -- Belief and Disposition -- Beliefs as States -- Dispositions, Realism, and Explanation -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This anthology consists of a collection of papers on the nature of dis­ positions and the role of disposition concepts in scientific theories. I have tried to make the collection as representative as possible, except that problems specifically connected with dispositions in various special sciences are relatively little discussed. Most of these articles have been previously published. The papers by Mackie, Essler and Trapp, Fetzer (in Section 11), Levi, and Tuomela appear here for the first time, and are simultaneously published in Synthese 34, No. 4, which is a special issue on dispositions. Of the previously published material it should be emphasized that the papers by Hempel and Fisk have been extensively revised specially for this anthology. The papers are grouped in four sections, partlyon the basis of their content. However, due to the complexity of the issues involved, there is considerable overlap in content between the different sections, especially between Sections land 11. I wish to thank Professors James Fetzer and Carl G. Hempel for helpful advicc in compiling this anthology.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789401569095
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 302 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 4
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / American Legal Perspectives on Insanity: Some Roots in the Nineteenth Century -- American Medico-Legal Traditions and Concepts of Mental Health: The Nineteenth Century -- Philosophical Reflections in the Nineteenth Century Medicolegal Discussion -- Section II / Mental Illness and Mental Complaints: Some Conceptual Presuppositions -- How Much Neurosis Should We Bear? -- Psychic Health, Mental Clarity, Self-Knowledge and Other Virtues -- Models and Mental Illness -- Disease Viewed as a Symbolic Category -- Health and Disease: The Holistic Approach -- Section III / Phenomenological and Speculative Views of Mental Illness -- A Metabletic-Philosophical Evaluation of Mental Health -- Synchronism and Therapy -- Commemorative Remarks in Honor of Erwin W. Straus -- Bibliography of the Works of Erwin W. Straus -- Environments of the Mind -- Luminosity: The Unconscious in the Integrated Person -- Body, Mind, and Conditions of Novelty: Some Remarks on Leonard C. Feldstein’s Luminosity -- Section IV / Acting Freely and Acting in Good Health -- Motivational Disturbances and Free Will -- Towards an Understanding of Motivational Disturbance and Freedom of Action: Comments on ‘Motivational Disturbances and Free Will’ -- Section V / The Myth of Mental Illness: A Further Examination -- The Concept of Mental Illness: Explanation or Justification? -- Szasz on Mental Illness -- Section VI / Reappraising the Concepts of Mental Health and Disease -- H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. / Chairman’s Remarks -- Closing Reflections -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: The concept 'health' is ambiguous [18,9, 11]. The concept 'mental health' is even more so. 'Health' compasses senses of well-being, wholeness, and sound­ ness that mean more than the simple freedom from illness - a fact appreci­ ated in the World Health Organization's definition of health as more than the absence of disease or infirmity [7]. The wide range of viewpoints of the con­ tributors to this volume attests to the scope of issues placed under the rubric 'mental health. ' These papers, presented at the Fourth Symposium on Philos­ ophy and Medicine, were written and discussed within a broad context of interests concerning mental health. Moreover, in their diversity these papers point to the many descriptive, evaluative, and, in fact, performative functions of statements concerning mental health. Before introducing the substance of these papers in any detail, I want to indicate the profound commerce between philosophical and psychological ideas in theories of mental health and disease. This will be done in part by a consideration of some conceptual developments in the history of psychiatry, as well as through an analysis of some of the functions of the notions of mental illness and health. 'Mental health' lays a special stress on the wholeness of human intuition, emotion, thought, and action.
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  • 74
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400997691
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science 7
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 7
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Process Philosophy and Quantum Dynamics -- Formal Languages and the Foundations of Physics -- Is the Hilbert space language too rich? -- Generalized Quantum Mechanics -- Quantum Logic -- The Operational Approach to Quantum Mechanics -- Completeness of Quantum Logic -- Quantum Logical Calculi and Lattice Structures -- An Operational Approach to Quantum Probability -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In two earlier volumes, entitled The Logico-Algebraic Approach to Quan­ tum Mechanics (hereafter LAA I, II), I have presented collections of research papers which trace out the historical development and contem­ porary flowering of a particular approach to physical theory. One might characterise this approach as the extraction of an abstract logico-algebraic skeleton from each physical theory and the reconstruction of the physical theory as construction of mathematical and interpretive 'flesh' (e. g. , measures, operators, mappings etc. ) on this skeleton. The idea is to show how the specific features of a theory that are easily seen in application (e. g. , 'interference' among observables in quantum mechanics) arise out of the character of its core abstract structure. In this fashion both the deeper nature of a theory (e. g. , in what precise sense quantum mechanics is strongly statistical) and the deeper differences between theories (e. g. clas­ sical mechanics, though also a 'mechanics', is not strongly statistical) are penetratingly illuminated. What I would describe as the 'mainstream' logico-algebraic tradition is captured in these two collections of papers (LAA I, II). The abstract, structural approach to the characterisation of physical theory has been the basis of a striking transformation, in this century, in the understanding of theories in mathematical physics. There has emerged clearly the idea that physical theories are most significantly characterised by their abstract structural components.
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  • 75
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998766
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (293p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and the Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and the Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 40
    Series Statement: Sovietica 40
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Political science Philosophy ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / Marxism and Ethical Theory: A Brief History -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feuerbachian and Marxian humanism -- 3. Engels, Kautsky, and neo-Kantian ethical theory -- 4. Marx and Hegelian ethical theory -- Two / Soviet Philosophy: The Ambiguous Inheritance of Materialism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Feuerbachian materialism as a critique of Hegel -- 3. Marxian naturalism and materialism -- 4. Engels, Plekhanov, and Lenin on dialectical materialism -- 5. Dialectical materialism and the critique of dialectical idealism in Soviet thought -- Three / The Origins of Soviet Ethical Theory -- Four / Ethical Theory and its Object, Morality -- 1. Morality as an aspect of social consciousness -- 2. The science of ethics and its object -- 3. Universal norms and class norms of morality -- Five / Discussions of Value Theory in Soviet Marxism -- 1. The origins of the discussion and the distinction of value from fact -- 2. Analyses of value -- 3. Value judgments and truth -- 4. Good and evil -- 5. Conclusion: Soviet theories of value and metanormative naturalism -- Six / Society and the Individual -- 1. Social utilitarianism -- 2. The concept of interest -- 3. Duty, responsibility, and freedom -- 4. Patriotism -- Seven/Historical Progress and Intrinsic Value -- 1. The problem of a criterion of progress in Soviet philosophy -- 2. The criterion of progress in Marx’s philosophy of history -- 3. Philosophy of history and cosmology in Marx -- 4. Cosmos and value, society and progress -- Eight / Soviet Criticisms of ‘Bourgeois’ Ethical Theory -- 1. Kantian ethics and Soviet deontological theories -- 2. The influence of Hegel on Soviet ethical theory -- 3. The critique of neopositivist ethical theory -- 4. The critique of existentialist ethical theory -- Nine / Conclusions -- References -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: A survey of the intellectual history of Marxism through its several phases and various national adaptations suggests, for any of at least three reasons, that the attempt to provide a widely acceptable summary of 'Marxist ethics' must be an enterprise with little prospect of success. First, a number of prominent Marxists have insisted that Marxism can have no ethics because its status as a science precludes bias toward, or the assumption of, any particular ethical standpoint. On this view it would be no more reasonable to expect an ethics of Marxism than of any other form of social science. Second, basing themselves on the opposite assumption, an equally prominent assortment of Marxist intellectuals have lamented the absence of a coherently developed Maryist ethics as a deficiency which must be remedied. ! Third, less com­ monly, Marxism is sometimes alleged to possess no developed ethical theory because it is exclusively committed to advocacy of class egoism on behalf 2 of the proletariat, and is thus rooted in a prudential, not a moral standpoint. The advocacy of proletarian class egoism - or 'revolutionary morality- may, strictly speaking, constitute an ethical standpoint, but it might be regarded as a peculiar waste of time for a convinced and consistent class egoist to develop precise formulations of his ethical views for the sake of convincing an abstract audience of classless and impartial rational observers which does not happen to exist at present.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789400998605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 124
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Semantics of Natural Language -- Grammar and Meaning -- Sense and Science -- Variable-Free Semantics for Negations with Prosodic Variation -- Informational Independence in Tntensional Context -- II. Mathematical Logic -- A Note on Distributive Normal Forms -- On the Metaphysics of the Real Line -- A Generalization of the Infinitely Deep Languages of Hintikka and Rantala -- III. Applications of Formal Methods -- On the Possibilities of Information Evaluation of Graphical Communications -- On Formal Aspects of Distributive Justice -- Some Reflections on Method in the Theory of Social Choice -- IV. Philosophical Logic -- A Problem about Permission -- Possible Worlds and Formal Semantics -- Continuity and Similarity in Cross-Identification -- V. Epistemology -- Serious Possibility -- On Knowing, Knowing that One Knows and Consciousness -- Knowing that One Sees -- VI. Philosophical Aesthetics -- Anything Viewed -- VII. History of Philosophy -- The ‘Master Argument’ of Diodorus -- Plato in infinitum remisse incipit esse albus -- A Problem for Kant -- Subjects, Predicates, Isomorphic Representation, and Language Games -- Husserl and Heidegger on the Role of Actions in the Constitution of the World -- Index of Names -- Tabula Gratulatoria.
    Abstract: Jaakko Hintikka was born on January 12th, 1929. He received his doctorate from the University of Helsinki under the supervision of Professor G. H. von Wright at the age of 24 in 1953. Hintikka was appointed Professor of philosophy at the University of Helsinki in 1959. Since the late 50s, he has shared his time between Finland and the U.S.A. He was appointed Professor of philosophy at Stanford University in 1964. As from 1970 Hintikka has been permanent research professor of the Academy of Finland. He has published 13 books and about 200 articles, not to mention the various editorial and organizational activities he has played an active role in. The present collection of essays has been edited to honour Jaakko Hintikka on the occasion of his fiftieth birthday. By dedicating a Festschrift to Jaakko Hintikka, the contributors wish to pay homage to this remarkable man whom they see not only as a scholar of prodigious energy and insight, but as a friend, colleague and former teacher. The contributors hope the essays collected here will bring pleasure to the man they are intended to honour. All of the essays touch upon topics Hintikka has taken an direct or indirect interest in, ranging from technical problems of mathematical logic and applications of formal methods through philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and history of philosophy to philosophical aesthetics.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789400997998
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 14
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 14
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Galileo’s Scientific Method: a Reexamination -- Some Tactics in Galileo’s Propaganda for the Mathematization of Scientific Experience -- Galileo Galilei and the Doctores Parisienses -- Descartes as Critic of Galileo -- Galileo and the Causes -- Galileo: Causation and the Use of Geometry -- Galileo’s Matter Theory -- The Conception of Science in Galileo’s Work.
    Abstract: The essays in this volume (except for the contribution of Dr. Le Grand) are extremely revised versions of papers originally delivered at a workshop on Galileo held in Blacksburg, Virginia in October, 1975. The meeting was organized by Professor Joseph Pitt and sponsored by the Department of Philosophy and Religion, The College of Arts and Sciences, and the Division of Research of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The papers that follow deal with problems OIf Galileo's philosophy of science, specific and general problems connected with his methodology, and with historical and conceptual questions concerning the relationship of his work to that of contemporaries and both earlier and later scientists. New perspectives take many forms. In this book the 'newness' has, for the most part, two forms. First, in the papers by Wisan, Shea, Le Grand and Wallace (the concerns will also appear in some of the other contributions), greatly enriched historical discoveries of how Galileo's science and its method­ ology developed are provided. It should be stressed that these papers are attempts to recapture a deep sense of the kind of science Galileo was creating. Other papers in the volume, for example, those by McMullin, Machamer, Butts and Pitt, underscore the importance of this historical venture by discussing various aspects of the philosophical background of Galileo's thought. The historical and philosophical evaluations and analyses compliment one another.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789400997899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (476p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 13a
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 13a
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The ‘Tracing Procedure’ and a Theory of Rational Interaction -- Variety Among Hierarchies of Preference -- Conflict and Structure in Multi-Level Multiple Objective Decision-Making systems -- Inadequacies in the Decision Analysis Model of Rationality -- Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility -- Coordination Theory -- A Piagetian Approach to Decision and Game Theory -- Axiomatizing the Logic of Decision -- On Indeterminate Probabilities -- Irrelevance -- On a Decision Theoretic Method for Social Decisions -- Consensus and Comparison: A Theory of Social Rationality -- Conjoint Measurement: A Brief Survey -- The Minimax Theory and Expected-Utility Reasoning -- Newcomb’s Many Problems -- Newcomb’s Problem, Dominance and Expected Utility -- The Copernican Revelation -- Prolegomena to a Theory of Rational Motives -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri­ buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result­ ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT or OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio­ graphy - certain 'classics' aside. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of deciSion-making, induding social, political and economic theory and applica­ tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789400998254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (488p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 122
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Proof Theory -- Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory -- Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants -- Theory of Quantification and ‰-calculi -- Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic -- Equality in the Presence of Apartness -- II Infinitary Languages -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and-Forth -- Infinitary Languages N?? and Generalized Partial Isomorphisms -- III Set Theory and Model Theory -- Generalizing Set-Theoretical Model Theory and an Analogue Theory on Admissible Sets -- Hierarchies of Model Theoretic Definability — An Approach to Second Order Logics -- Open Problems in the Theory of Ultrafilters -- IV Generalized Quantifiers -- The Reals Cannot Be Characterized Topologically with Strictly Local Properties and Countability Axioms -- On the Expressive Power of the Language Using the Henkin Quantifier -- Remarks on Free Quantifier Variables -- V Recursion Theory -- Recursion in 3E and a Splitting Theorem -- Retracts of Post’s Numbering and Effectivization of Quantifiers -- VI Logic and Natural Language -- Quantifiers in Natural Languages: Some Logical Problems, I -- Models for Natural Languages -- Backwards-Looking Operators in Tense Logic and in Natural Language -- VII Philosophical Logic -- Paradoxes in a Semantic Perspective -- Hintikka’s Possible Worlds and Rigid Designators -- On the Content Analysis of Two Normative Notions -- Singular Terms, Existence and Truth: Some Remarks on a First Order Logic of Existence -- VIII Truthlikeness -- On Distance From the Truth as a True Distance -- Truthlikeness in First-Order Languages -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The Fourth Scandinavian Logic Symposium and the First Soviet-Finnish Logic Conference were held in JyvaskyIa, Finland, June 29-July 6, 1976. The Conferences were organized by a committee which consisted of the editors of the present volume. The Conferences were supported financially by the Ministry of Education of Finland, by the Academy of Finland, and by the Division of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History of Science. The Philosophical Society of Finland and the Jyvaskyla Summer Festival gave valuable help in various practicalities. 35 papers by authors representing 10 countries were presented at the two meetings. Of those papers 24 appear here. THE EDITORS v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART 1/ PROOF THEORY GEORG KREISEL / Some Facts from the Theory of Proofs and Some Fictions from General Proof Theory 3 DAG PRAWITZ / Proofs and the Meaning and Completeness of the Logical Constants 25 v. A. SMIRNOV / Theory of Quantification and tff-calculi 41 LARS SVENONIUS/Two Kinds of Extensions of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic 49 DIRK VAN DALEN and R. STATMAN / Equality in the Presence of Apartness 95 PART II / INFINITARY LANGUAGES VEIKKO RANTALA / Game-Theoretical Semantics and Back-and- Forth 119 MAARET KAR TTUNEN / Infinitary Languages N oo~.
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  • 80
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400997776
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (526p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 119
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: On Clear and Obscure Styles of Philosophical Writing -- Symbolomania and Pragmatophobia -- On the Content and Object of Representations -- Actions and Products. Comments on the Border Area of Psychology, Grammar, and Logic -- Issues in the Logic of Adjectives -- A Survey of Logical and Semantic Problems -- The Reistic or Concretistic Approach -- Comments on the Meaning of Words -- The Controversy Over Designata -- Token-reflexive Words Versus Proper Names -- Connotation and Denotation -- Proposition as the Connotation of Sentence -- Intensional Expressions -- Concerning the So-called Empty Names -- Issues in the Philosophy of Proper Names -- Truth and the Concept of Language -- Ambiguity and the Language of Science -- Significano ‘per se’ and ‘per aliud’ in Anselm -- An Analysis of the Concept of Sign -- The Controversy over the Limits of the Applicability of Logical Methods -- Puzzles of Existence -- Vague Words -- Names and Predicates translated by P. T. Geach -- On the Antinomy of the Liar and the Semantics of Natural Language -- Normal and Non-normal Classes in Current Language -- Normal and Non-Normal Classes Versus the Set-Theoretical and the Mereological Concept of Class -- The Semantics of Open Concepts -- Languages and Theories Adequate to the Ontology of the Language of Science -- A Functional Approach to the Logical Semiotics of Natural Language -- The Principle of Transparency and Semantic Antinomies -- The Semantic Functions of Oblique Speech -- The Semantic Conception of Truth in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences translated by Z. Wójcicka -- The Attribute and the Class translated by B. Stanosz -- Analyticity and Apriority -- Sources of the Texts -- Biographical and Bibliographical Notes.
    Abstract: In the Introduction to the Polish-language version of the present book I expressed the hope that Polish studies in semiotics would before long be numerous enough to make possible another anthology on semiotics in Poland containing material published since 1970. That hope has in fact come true. The fact that semiotic research has been gaining momentum in this country is reflected in the growing interest in the discipline, in expanding international contacts, and in the steady increase in the number of publications. Thus, 1972 saw the setting up of the Department of Logical Semiotics, headed by the present writer, at Warsaw University Institute of Phi­ losophy. The seminar on semiotics, which I started in 1961, had met more than two hundred times by the end of 1976; since 1968, meetings have been held jointly with the Polish Semiotic Society. Another semi­ nar, confined to university staff and concerned with logical semiotics, which was inithted in 1970, had met more than fifty times by the end of 1976. The former seminar often plays host to foreign visiting pro­ fessors; so far scholars from Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, the German Democratic Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, and the United States have attended.
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  • 81
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (426p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 58
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 58
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Objective Criteria of Scientific Progress? Inductivism, Falsificationism, and Relativism -- I: The LSE Position -- The Popperian Approach to Scientific Knowledge -- The Ways in Which the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes Improves on Popper’s Methodology -- ‘Crucial’ Experiments: A Case Study -- The Objective Promise of a Research Programme -- II: Reflections on the LSE Position -- Popper vs Inductivism -- In Defence of Aristotle: Comments on the Condition of Content Increase -- Evidential Support, Falsification, Heuristics, and Anarchism -- Science and the Search for Truth -- Philosophy of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions -- Towards a New Theory of Scientific Inquiry -- Some Critical Comments on Current Popperianism on the Basis of a Theory of System Sets -- The Problem of Verisimilitude -- Objectivism vs Sociologism -- III: The LSE Reply -- Research Programmes, Empirical Support, and the Duhem Problem: Replies to Criticism -- Corroboration and the Problem of Content-Comparison -- Unified Bibliography for Parts I And III -- IV: Two Brief Rejoinders -- The Gong Show — Popperian Style -- Reply to Watkins -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.
    Abstract: This collection of essays has evolved through the co-operative efforts, which began in the fall of 1974, of the participants in a workshop sponsored by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation. The idea of holding one or more small colloquia devoted to the topics of rational choice in science and scientific progress originated in a conversation in the summer of 1973 between one of the editors (GR) and the late Imre Lakatos. Unfortunately Lakatos himself was never able to see this project through, but his thought-provoking methodology of scientific research programmes was ably expounded and defended by his successors. Indeed, this volume continues and deepens the debate inaugurated in Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave), a book which grew out of a conference held in 1965. That debate has continued during the years that have passed since that conference. The group of discussions about the place of rationality in science which have been held between those who emphasize the history of science (with Feyerabend and Kuhn as the most prominent exponents) and the critical rationalists (Popper and his followers), with Imre Lakatos defending a middle ground, these discussions were seen by almost all commentators as the most important event in the philosophy of science in the last decade. This problem area constituted the central theme of our Thyssen workshop. The workshop operated in the following manner.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789400997929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 13b
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 13b
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Policy-Formation with Issue-Processing and Transformation of Issues -- A Diagrammatic Exposition of the Logic of Collective Action -- Decision-Theoretic Analysis of Rawls’ Original Position -- The Social Contract: Individual Decision or Collective Bargain? -- On Relating Individual and Social Decisions -- Distributive Justice -- Toward a Theory of Sociality -- Evolution and Fine-Grained Environmental Runs -- Power in Electoral Games -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri­ buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result­ ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio­ graphy - certain 'classics' aSide. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of decision-making, including social, political and economic theory and applica­ tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789400997615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (518p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 4a
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Memories of Hans Reichenbach -- 1. Autobiographical Sketches for Academic Purposes -- 2. Memories of Wendeli Erné, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister -- 3. At the End of School Days: A Look Backward and a Look Forward (1909) -- 4. Letter from Reichenbach to His Four Years Older Brother Bernhard -- 5. From a letter of Bernhard Reichenbach to Maria Reichenbach (1975) -- 6. Memories of Ilse Reichenbach, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister-in-Law -- 7. Memories of Uncle Hans: Nino Erné -- 8. Hans’ Speech at the Funeral of His Father -- 9. Aphorisms of a Docent Formally Admitted to Teach at a University (1924) -- 10. University Student: Carl Landauer -- 11. University Student: Hilde Landauer -- 12. Memories of Hans Reichenbach, 1928 and Later: Sidney Hook -- 13. A Young University Teacher [from a letter of Carl Hempel to Maria Reichenbach, March 21, 1976] -- 14. A Professor in Turkey, 1936: Memories of Matild Kamber -- 15. Concerning Reichenbach’s Appointment to the University of California at Los Angeles: Charles Morris -- 16. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Rudolf Carnap -- 17. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Herbert Feigl -- 18. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: Ernest Nagel -- 19. U.C.L.A.: Donald Kalish -- 20. U.C.L.A.: Paul Wienpahl -- 21. U.C.L.A.: Norman Dalkey -- 22. U.C.L.A.: Hermann F. Schott -- 23. A Blind Student Recalls Hans Reichcnbach: H. G. Burns -- 24. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: David Brunswick -- 25. U.C.L.A., 1945–1950: Cynthia Schuster -- 26. U.C.L.A., 1949: W. Bruce Taylor -- 27. 1950: Donald A.Wells -- 28. U.C.L.A., 1951–53: Ruth Anna Putnam -- 29. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Frank Leroi -- 30. Hans Reichenbach’s Definitive Influence on Me: Adolf Grünbaum -- 31. At the Chapel, 1953: Abraham Kaplan -- 32. Hans Reichenbach, a Memoir: Wesley C. Salmon -- 33. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Maria Reichenbach -- I / Early Writings on Social Problems -- Student Years: Introductory Note to Part I (M.R.) -- 1. The Student (1912–13) -- 2. The Student Body and Catholicism (1912) -- 3. The Free Student Idea: Its Unified Contents (1913) -- 4. Why do we Advocate Physical Culture? (1913) -- 5. The Meaning of University Reform (1914) -- 6. Platform of the Socialist Students’ Party (1918) -- 7. Socializing the University (1918) -- 8. Report of the Socialist Student Party, Berlin and Notes on the Program (1918) -- II / Popular Scientific Articles -- 9. The Nobel Prize for Einstein (1922) -- 10. Relativity Theory in a Matchbox: A Philosophical Dialogue (1922) -- 11. Tycho Brahe’s Sextants (1926) -- 12. The Effects of Einstein’s Theory (1926) -- 13. An Open Letter to the Berlin Funkstunde Corporation (1926) -- 14. Laying the Foundations of Chemistry: The Work of Marcellin Berthelot (1927) -- 15. Memories of Svante Arrhenius (1927) -- 16. A New Model of the Atom (1927) -- 17. On the Death of H. A. Lorentz (1928) -- 18. Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (1928) -- 19. Space and Time: From Kant to Einstein (1928) -- 20. Causality or Probability? (1928) -- 21. The World View of the Exact Sciences (1928) -- 22. New Approaches in Science: Physical Research (1929) -- 23. New Approaches in Science: Philosophical Research (1929) -- 24. New Approaches in Science: Mathematical Research (1929) -- 25. The New Philosophy of Science (1929) -- 26. Einstein’s New Theory (1929) -- 27. Johannes Kepler (1930) -- 28. The Present State of the Sciences: The Exact Natural Sciences (1930) -- 29. One Hundred Against Einstein (1931) -- 30. Is the Human Mind Capable of Giange? (An Interview) (1932) -- III / General Scientific Articles -- 31. Metaphysics and Natural Science (1925) -- 32. Bertrand Russell (1929) -- 33. The Philosophical Significance of Modern Physics (1930) -- 34. The Königsberg Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences (1930) -- 35. The Problem of Causality in Physics (1931) -- 36. The Physical Concept of Truth (1931) -- 37. Heinrich Scholz’History of Logic (1931) -- 38. Aims and Methods of Modern Philosophy of Nature (1931) -- 39. Kant and Natural Science (1933) -- 40. Carnap’sLogical Structure of the World (1933) -- 41. Theory of Series and Gödel’s Theorems (Sections 17–22) (1948) -- IV / Ethical Analysis -- 42. The Freedom of the Will (1959) -- 43. On the Explication of Ethical Utterances (1959) -- Bibliography of Writings of Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These two volumes form a full portrait of Hans Reichenbach, from the school boy and university student to the maturing and creative scholar, who was as well an immensely devoted teacher and a gifted popular writer and speaker on science and philosophy. We selected the articles for several reasons. Many of them have not pre­ viously been available in English; many are out of print, either in English or in German; some, especially the early ones, have been little known, and deal with subject-matters other than philosophy of science. The genesis and evolu­ tion of Reichenbach's ideas appeared to be of deep interest, and so we in­ cluded papers from four decades, despite occasional redundancy. We were, for example, pleased to include his extensive review article from the encyclo­ pedic Handbuch der Physik of 1929 on 'The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge', written at a time of creative collaboration between Reichenbach's Berlin group and the Vienna Circle of Schlick and Carnap. Reichenbach was a pioneer, opening new pathways to the solution of age-old problems in many fields: space, time, causality, induction and probability - philosophical analysis and interpretation of classical physics, relativity and quantum physics - logic, language, ethics, scientific explanation and methodology, critical appreciation and reconstruction of past metaphysical thinkers and scientists from Plato to Leibniz and Kant. Indeed, his own philosophical journey was initiated by his passage from Kant to anti-Kant.
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  • 84
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957961
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Chapman and Hall Mathematics Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Optimization problems; introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Transportation network -- 1.3 Production allocation model -- 1.4 Decentralized resource allocation -- 1.5 An inventory model -- 1.6 Control of a rocket -- 1.7 Mathematical formulation -- 1.8 Symbols and conventions -- 1.9 Differentiability -- 1.10 Abstract version of an optimal control problem -- References -- 2 Mathematical techniques -- 2.1 Convex geometry -- 2.2 Convex cones and separation theorems -- 2.3 Critical points -- 2.4 Convex functions -- 2.5 Alternative theorems -- 2.6 Local solvability and linearization -- References -- 3 Linear systems -- 3.1 Linear systems -- 3.2 Lagrangean and duality theory -- 3.3 The simplex method -- 3.4 Some extensions of the simplex method -- References -- 4 Lagrangean theory -- 4.1 Lagrangean theory and duality -- 4.2 Convex nondifferentiable problems -- 4.3 Some applications of convex duality theory -- 4.4 Differentiable problems -- 4.5 Sufficient Lagrangean conditions -- 4.6 Some applications of differentiable Lagrangean theory -- 4.7 Duality for differentiable problems -- 4.8 Converse duality -- References -- 5 Pontryagin theory -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Abstract Hamiltonian theory -- 5.3 Pointwise theorems -- 5.4 Problems with variable endpoint -- References -- 6 Fractional and complex programming -- 6.1 Fractional programming -- 6.2 Linear fractional programming -- 6.3 Nonlinear fractional programming -- 6.4 Algorithms for fractional programming -- 6.5 Optimization in complex spaces -- 6.6 Symmetric duality -- References -- 7 Some algorithms for nonlinear optimization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Unconstrained minimization -- 7.3 Sequential unconstrained minimization -- 7.4 Feasible direction and projection methods -- 7.5 Lagrangean methods -- 7.6 Quadratic programming by Beale’s method -- 7.7 Decomposition -- References -- Appendices -- A.1 Local solvability -- A.2 On separation and Farkas theorems -- A.3 A zero as a differentiable function -- A.4 Lagrangean conditions when the cone has empty interior -- A.5 On measurable functions -- A.6 Lagrangean theory with weaker derivatives -- A.7 On convex functions.
    Abstract: In a mathematical programming problem, an optimum (maxi­ mum or minimum) of a function is sought, subject to con­ straints on the values of the variables. In the quarter century since G. B. Dantzig introduced the simplex method for linear programming, many real-world problems have been modelled in mathematical programming terms. Such problems often arise in economic planning - such as scheduling industrial production or transportation - but various other problems, such as the optimal control of an interplanetary rocket, are of similar kind. Often the problems involve nonlinear func­ tions, and so need methods more general than linear pro­ gramming. This book presents a unified theory of nonlinear mathe­ matical programming. The same methods and concepts apply equally to 'nonlinear programming' problems with a finite number of variables, and to 'optimal control' problems with e. g. a continuous curve (i. e. infinitely many variables). The underlying ideas of vector space, convex cone, and separating hyperplane are the same, whether the dimension is finite or infinite; and infinite dimension makes very little difference to the proofs. Duality theory - the various nonlinear generaliz­ ations of the well-known duality theorem of linear program­ ming - is found relevant also to optimal control, and the , PREFACE Pontryagin theory for optimal control also illuminates finite dimensional problems. The theory is simplified, and its applicability extended, by using the geometric concept of convex cones, in place of coordinate inequalities.
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  • 85
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400996601
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire des Idées International Archives of the History of Ideas 89
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 89
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. The Publication of the Supplément -- II. The Rationalist and Empirical Spirit -- III. Anti-mechanism and Sensibility -- IV. Utility and Reform -- Conclusion -- Index of Contributors.
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  • 86
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998537
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; History ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I Essay on Some Problems Concerning the Normal and the Pathological (1943) -- Preface to the Second Edition (1950) -- One. Is the Pathological State Merely a Quantitative Modification of the Normal State? -- I. Introduction to the problem -- II. Auguste Comte and ‘Broussais’s principle’ -- III. Claude Bernard and experimental pathology -- IV. The conceptions of René Leriche -- V. Implications of the theory -- Two. Do Sciences of the Normal and the Pathological Exist? -- I. Introduction to the problem -- II. A critical examination of certain concepts: the normal, anomaly, and disease; the normal and the experimental -- III. Norm and average -- IV. Disease, cure, health -- V. Physiology and pathology -- Conclusion -- Section II New Reflections on the Normal and the Pathological (1963–1966) -- Twenty years later… -- I. From the social to the vital -- II. On organic norms in man -- III. A new concept in pathology: error -- Epilogue -- Notes to Section I -- Bibliography to Section I -- Notes to Section II -- Bibliography to Section II -- Glossary of Medical Terms -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: by MICHEL FOUCAULT Everyone knows that in France there are few logicians but many historians of science; and that in the 'philosophical establishment' - whether teaching or research oriented - they have occupied a considerable position. But do we know precisely the importance that, in the course of these past fifteen or twenty years, up to the very frontiers of the establishment, a 'work' like that of Georges Canguilhem can have had for those very people who were separ­ ated from, or challenged, the establishment? Yes, I know, there have been noisier theatres: psychoanalysis, Marxism, linguistics, ethnology. But let us not forget this fact which depends, as you will, on the sociology of French intellectual environments, the functioning of our university institutions or our system of cultural values: in all the political or scientific discussions of these strange sixty years past, the role of the 'philosophers' - I simply mean those who had received their university training in philosophy department- has been important: perhaps too important for the liking of certain people. And, directly or indirectly, all or almost all these philosophers have had to 'come to terms with' the teaching and books of Georges Canguilhem. From this, a paradox: this man, whose work is austere, intentionally and carefully limited to a particular domain in the history of science, which in any case does not pass for a spectacular discipline, has somehow found him­ self present in discussions where he himself took care never to figure.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789400998223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: I. Preface -- Notes to the Preface -- II. The Introduction to the Kha??anakha??akh?dya Translation and Commentary -- Notes to the Translation.
    Abstract: Srihar~a is recognised as one of the greatest exponents of what is generally known as the Sarpkara school of Advaita Vedanta. The Advaita Vedanta of Sarpkara has been commented upon, explained, expounded and developed in its various ramifications by several generations of scholars, commentators and original thinkers for over a thousand years. Even today it is claimed to be one of the two traditional schools of Indian Philosophy which have survived and have modern adherents while most other schools have died of old age on Indian soil. The only other school that has survived is the Nyaya-Vaise~ika or what is now called the Navya-nyaya. Both Advaita Vedanta and Navya-nyaya have attracted the attention of modern scholars and philosophers (of both India and abroad), who are acquainted with Western philosophy and whose interest in the study of Indian philosophy has not simply been limited to the history of Indian thought or Indology. Modern exponents of Advaita Vedanta are numerous. With a few notable exceptions, however, most modern authors of Vedanta try to expound and modernise the Advaita system from either a speculative and personal point of view or from a superficial viewpoint of Kantian philosophy or Hegelian Absolutism. Such a method has seldom achieved the sophistication and respectability that is normally expected in the context of modern (chiefly western) philosophic activity.
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  • 88
    ISBN: 9789401745130
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    Abstract: Official Opening Session -- Speech by Prof. Dr. E. Krings, Chairman of the Congress -- Speech by Prof. Dr. W. Delva, Dean of the Faculty of Law, State University of Ghent -- Speech by Mr. R. van Elslande, Minister of Justice of Belgium -- Speech by Prof. Dr. M. Storme, Secretary General of the Congress -- General Reports -- Les principes fondamentaux du droit judiciaire privé -- Internationales Prozessrecht -- L’administration de la preuve en droit judiciaire -- Appellate proceedings -- Accessibility of legal procedures for the underprivileged: Legal aid and advice -- La Humanización del proceso (I) -- La Humanización del proceso (II) -- Accelerating the process of law -- ‘Small claim courts’ -- Le rôle et la compétence du juge -- Selección y nombramiento de jueces -- Tareas del Ministerio Publico en el proceso civil -- Jurists and paraprofessionals -- Summary Report on the Working Days -- Official Closing Ceremony -- Speech by Prof. Dr. M. Storme, Secretary General of the Congress -- Speech by Mr. A. Devreker, Rector of the University of Ghent -- Speech by Mr. L. Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium -- Speech by Prof. Dr. E. Krings, President of the Congress -- List of Participants -- Supporting Institutions.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789401743846
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 349 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
    Abstract: Contributors -- I: General Introduction -- II: Dutch Law -- III: English Law -- IV: French Law -- V: German Law -- VI: Greek Law -- VII: Italian Law -- VIII: Luxembourg Law -- IX: Scandinavian Law -- X: Socialist Law -- XI: Civil Procedure -- XII: Private International Law -- XIII: Problems of Migrant Workers in Europe.
    Abstract: In the last few years European Family Law has undergone considerable changes. Although in the past law reform was slow, since 1969 the impetus for reform has gathered momentum. It is no exaggeration to say that the changes that have occurred in Europe in the last six or seven years have radically altered the very concept of the family in Europe. As a distinguished scholar and former editor of the Family Law volume of the International Encyclopaedia of Com­ parative Law, Professor Max Rheinstein, has put it: 'These transformations are not fully completed anywhere. They have gone farthest in the countries of highest industrialization and in those of socialist rule. But they have set in wherever industrialization has obtained a foothold. The degree of 'modernization' offamily law may indeed be used as an index of a society's degree of Westernization. 'l Yet, such is the force of traditional patterns of thought that, although we are aware of distinct changes in various legal systems, the underlying and implied assumption is that family law can still move within the traditional framework. This is not surprising for, until comparatively recently at least family law was not thought of as a suitable subject of unification. It was claimed that there is a peculiar and distinct element which derives from the mores and innermost beliefs of each people, from a sort of family Volksgeist that renders impossible the approximation or unification of family law.
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  • 90
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400996953
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Collection Fondée Par H. L. Van Breda et Publiée Sous Le Patronage des Centres D’Archives-Husserl 77
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 77
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. The Lifeworld and Intersubjectivity -- 2. Typification -- 3. Social Action -- 4. Social Interaction -- 5. Provinces of Meaning -- 6. Relevance -- II. Some Fundamentals of Phenomenology -- III. Schutz’s Reflections on Relevance -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. The Kinds of Relevance -- 3. Interdependency of the Kinds of Relevance -- 4. The Formation of the Stock of Knowledge -- 5. Disturbances of Sedimentation -- 6. The Structure of the Stock of Knowledge -- 7. The Articles and Relevance -- IV. Critical Remarks on Schutz’s Theory -- 1. Introduction: Synopsis of Critical Remarks -- 2. Reflection -- 3. Typification -- 4. Critique of Schutz’s Reflections on Relevance -- 5. Summary of Critical Remarks -- V. The Founding of Relevance -- 1. Typification and Relevance -- 2. Foundedness -- 3. The Relevances -- 4. Relevance and Judging -- VI. Relevance, Science, and the Social Sciences -- 1. The Province of Scientific Theory -- 2. The Domain of the Social Sciences -- 3. Critical Remarks -- 1. Schutz’s Works -- 2. Husserl’s Works -- 3. Other Works.
    Abstract: The following is neither exclusively the study of a philosopher nor a problem, and yet is both as well. Alfred Schutz is now recogniz­ ed to have been a profoundly insightful philosopher who explor­ ed the nature of social reality and the social sciences. His works are exercising a great influence in a wide range of problems and disciplines, the latter including the social sciences themselves. All of this is testimony to the sagacity and penetrating character of his analyses as well as the fruitfulness and soundness of his con­ cepts. Philosophy proceeds, however, by not merely accepting the work of great philosophers, but by engaging them in critical philosophic dialogue. It is time for this interchange to begin with respect to Schutz's work. To some extent, then, this work is di­ rected to that task. It does not undertake a systematic treat­ ment of the whole of Schutz's philosophy, for much more work in many aspects of his thought is yet to be done before such a pro­ ject can reasonably be undertaken. Yet, the issue of concern in this study is, I now believe, the philosophic center of the whole of Schutz's work.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998452
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Metascience: Philosophical Analysis of Scientific Truth -- 1 The Problem of Physical Explanation -- 2 Probability and Causality in Quantum Physics -- 3 Meaning and Scientific Status of Causality -- 4 Methodology of Modern Physics -- 5 Metaphysical Elements in Physics -- 6 Is the Mathematical Explanation of Physical Data Unique? -- II Fundamental Problems of 20th Century Physics -- 7 Probability, Many-Valued Logics and Physics -- 8 On the Frequency Theory of Probability -- 9 Can Time Flow Backwards? -- 10 Causality in Quantum Electrodynamics -- 11 Relativity: An Epistemological Appraisal -- 12 Philosophical Problems Concerning the Meaning of Measurement in Physics -- 13 Bacon and Modern Physics: a Confrontation -- III Science and Human Affairs -- 14 Western Culture, Scientific Method and the Problem of Ethics -- 15 Physical versus Historical Reality -- 16 The New View of Man in His Physical Environment -- 17 Science and Human Affairs -- 18 The New Style of Science -- IV Issues Beyond the Boundaries of Present Science -- 19 Phenomenology and Physics -- 20 Physics and Ontology -- 21 Faith and Physics -- 22 Metaethics -- 23 The Pursuit of Significance -- 24 Note on Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness -- 25 Religious Doctrine and Natural Science -- List of Publications.
    Abstract: This book is intended for people interested in physics and its philosophy. for those who regard physics as an essential component of modern culture rather than merely a tool for industry or war. Indeed this volume is addressed to those students, teachers and research workers who enjoy learning, teaching or doing physics, and are in the habit of pausing once in a while to ponder over key physical concepts and hypotheses and to wonder whether received theories are as perfect as textbooks would have us believe and, if not, how they might be improved. Henry Margenau, recently retired from Yale University as Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics and Philosophy, is the most important philosopher of physics of his generation, and indeed one of the most eminent philosophers of science of our century. He introduced and elucidated the notion of the correspondence rule. He claimed and showed, in the heyday of positivism, that physics has metaphysical presuppositions. He was the first to realize that quantum mechanics can do without von Neumann's projection postulat- and that was as far back as 1936. He clarified the physics and the philosophy of Pauli's exclusion principle at a time when it seemed mysterious. He was the first physicist to publish a philosophical paper in a physics journal, which he did as early as 1941. He was also one of the rare scientists who proclaimed the need for a scientific approach to value theory and ethics.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401197854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Metaphysics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Faith and Counterfaith -- II. The Positive Function of Atheism -- III. Transcendence of the Finite -- IV. The Rational Basis of Theism -- V. The Idea of God -- VI. Evil and Transfiguration -- VII. Incarnation.
    Abstract: Professor Errol E. Harris presented the first three chapters of Atheism and Theism as public lectures at Tulane University on January 20-22, 1975. The lecture series was made possible by a grant from the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation of New York City. Those of us who had the pleasure of hearing the lectures formed the judgment that they deserved publication to reach a wider audience and to assure a more permanent reeord. We invited Professor Harris to allow us to publish his lectures in Tulane Studies in Philosophy. On his part, he de­ veloped the themes of the lectures into a more comprehensive and lasting work. With Professor Harris's approval, we are taking the unprecedented step of devoting Volume XXVI of Tulane Studies in Philosophy to the publication of Atheism and Theism. We are certain that it will advance the fundamentally philosophical argument surrounding theism and Christianity. We are also convinced that it will add substantialIy to the prestige of our series of annua1 volumes of philosophy, now in its twenty-sixth year. 'Ve wish to express our thanks to the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation for the original grant sup­ porting the lectures and to Professor Harris for presenting first the lectures and then the book. R. C. W. A. J. R.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998018
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (314p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 57
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 57
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of mind
    Abstract: General Introduction -- 1. The Theory of Persons Sketched -- One. Mind/Body Identity -- 2. The Relation of Mind and Body -- 3. The Identity Theory -- 4. Radical Materialism -- 5. Materialism without Identity -- Two. Toward a Theory of Persons -- 6. Problems Regarding Persons -- 7. Language Acquisition I: Rationalists vs. Empiricists -- 8. Language Acquisition II: First and Second Languages and the Theory of Thought and Perception -- 9. Propositional Content and the Beliefs of Animals -- 10. Mental States and Sentience -- Three. Sentience and Culture Psychophysical Interaction -- 11. Psychophysical Interaction -- 12. The Nature and Identity of Cultural Entities -- 13. Action and Ideology -- References -- General Index -- Index of References.
    Abstract: Persons and Minds is an inquiry into the possibilities of materialism. Professor Margolis starts his investigation, however, with a critique of the range of contemporary materialist theories, and does not find them viable. None of them, he argues, "can accommodate in a convincing way the most distinctive features of the mental life of men and oflower creatures and the imaginative possibilities of discovery and technology" (p. 8). In an extraordinarily rich analysis, Margolis carefully considers and criticizes mind-body identity theories, physicalism, eliminative materialism, behaviorism, as inadequate precisely in that they are reductive. He argues, then, for ramified concepts of emergence, and embodiment which will sustain a philosophically coherent account both of the distinctive non-natural character of persons and of their being naturally embodied. But Margolis provokes us to ask, what is an em­ bodied mind? The crucial context for him is not the plain physical body as such, but culture. "Persons", he writes, "are in a sense not natural entities: they exist only in cultural contexts and are identifiable as such only by refer­ ence to their mastery of language and of whatever further abilities presuppose such mastery" (p. 245). The hallmark of persons, in Margolis's account, is their capacity for freedom, as well as their physical endowment. Thus he writes, " . . . their characteristic powers - in effect, their freedom - must inform the order of purely physical causes in a distinctive way" (p. 246).
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789400997127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 441 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees 91
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 91
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. The Presuppositions of Whig Historical Writing -- A. The ‘pre-Namier’ period and the growing criticism of the features of Whig historical interpretation: anachronism, finalism and historical continuity -- B. The Relativization of Constitutional History -- II. Whig Historiography in the Nineteenth Century. A. Myth about a Myth? -- A. Medieval studies in the first half of the nineteenth century: F. Palgrave, J. Allen and H. Hallam -- B. The Glorious Revolution and George III; Cromwell and the Civil War -- C. Medieval studies in the second half of the nineteenth century: The Oxford School: W. Stubbs, E.A. Freeman and J.R. Green -- III. Tradition Discredited -- A. The Crisis within the House of Commons -- B. Old liberalism as conservative realism -- C. Whiggery versus Gladstonian liberalism -- D. The New Liberalism: idealism and realism. Efficiency used as an ideology against tradition -- IV. Law and History: F. W. Maitland -- A. Maitland’s road to History -- B. Law and History incompatible? -- C. Maitland versus anachronisms -- V. A Liberal Revaluation of the Tudor Monarchy: A.F. Pollard -- A. A.F. Pollard and English historiography -- B. A Liberal Revaluation of the New Monarchy: English Freedom and its Fettered Birth -- C. Parliament’s unparliamentary origin and evolution -- D. Tollardism’: The Reformation Parliament -- VI. Administrative History: T.F. Tout -- A. Administrative history as a reaction to Whig historiography -- B. Administrative history: a mirror of the times -- C. T.F. Tout and the French Histoire Événementielle -- D. T.F. Tout and his Administrative History -- E. The Reaction: the limits of administrative history and the illusions of specialization -- Bibliography of A.F. Pollard’s Writings -- Sources and literature -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Several ofthe themes of this study have been treated in earlier publica­ tions, some by means of a general analysis and some through a detailed handling of problems raised by a particular theme or historian. Both the more general theoretical treatment of the theme and the concrete historiographical treatment are, I think, indispensable aids to the proper understanding of the development of historical scholarship in nineteenth-and twentieth-century England. There are a number of problems in a concrete historiographical approach: there is first the mass of historians to be faced, and then the immense amount of historical themes dealt with in various periods. As a guideline through the tangle of themes we chose the historiography on the development of the English parliament. We can only hope that we have made a responsible choice of the historians concerned. Un­ fortunately it was not always possible for us to give extensive biogra­ phies of some of the more recent historians, as several 'papers' are still firmly in the possession of families, and a number of them mus- despite of years - still be labelled 'confidential.' The Pollard Papers in the London Institute of Historical Research thus remained inaccessible. Fortunately the lack was partly compen­ sated by some important material being found apart from these Papers.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789400997837
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (357p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Prometheus Unbound? A New World in the Making -- Section I / Humanity, History, and Medicine -- The System of Anthropina -- Philosophy and Medicine in Medieval and Renaissance Italy -- Care of the Healthy and the Sick from the Attending Physician’s Perspective: Envisioned and Actual (1977) -- The Conflict Between the Desire to Know and the Need to Care for the Patient -- The Execution of Euthanasia: The Right of the Dying to a Re-Formed Health Care Context -- Section II / Philosophy of Organism -- Teleology and Darwin’s The Origin of Species: Beyond Chance and Necessity? -- Individuals and Their Kinds: Aristotelian Foundations of Biology -- The Organism According to Process Philosophy -- Whitehead and Jonas: On Biological Organisms and Real Individuals -- The Redefinition of Death -- Section III/ Science, Infirmity, and Metaphysics -- Descartes and Mastery of Nature -- The Philosopher and the Scientist: Comments on the Perception of the Exact Sciences in the Work of Hans Jonas -- Life, Disease, and Death: A Metaphysical Viewpoint -- Ontology and the Body: A Reflection -- Intentionality and the Mind/Body Problem -- Epilogue -- Metaphor and the Ineffable: Illumination on “The Nobility of Sight” -- Bibliography of the Works of Hans Jonas -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: This Festschrift is presented to Professor Hans Jonas on the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, as affirmation of the contributors' respect and admiration. As a volume in the series 'Philosophy and Medicine' the contributions not only reflect certain interests and pursuits of the scholar to whom it is dedi­ cated, but also serve to bring to convergence the interests of the contributors in the history of humanity and medicine, the theory of organism, medicine in the service of the patient's autonomy, and the metaphysical, i.e., phenome­ nological foundations of medicine. Notwithstanding the nature of such personal gifts as the authors' contributions (which, with the exception of the late Hannah Arendt's, appear here for the first time), the essays also transcend the personal and serve to elaborate specific themes and theses disclosed in the numerous writings of Hans Jonas. The editor owes a personal debt of gratitude to many, including Hannah Arendt, who offered their assistance during the preparation of the volume.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789400998384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 17
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 / Philosophy and Ethical Principles -- Rule Utilitarianism and Decision Theory -- Marx and the Utility Approach to the Ethical Foundation of Microeconomics -- Endogenous Changes in Tastes: A Philosophical Discussion -- 2 / Social and Collective Choice Theory -- Nice Decision Schemes -- The Distribution of Rights in Society -- Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries -- Social Decision, Strategic Behavior, and Best Outcomes -- Cyclically Mixed Preferences—A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Transitivity of the Social Preference Relation -- Comparative Distributive Ethics: An Extension of Sen’s Examination of the Pure Distribution Problem -- Rawls’s Theory of Justice: An Impossibility Result -- Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem: Some New Aspects -- Two Proofs of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem on the Possibility of a Strategy-Proof Social Choice Function -- 3 / Special Topics in Social Choice -- Ethics, Institutions and Optimality -- Complexity and Social Decision Rules -- Discrete Optimization and Social Decision Methods -- The Equity Principle in Economic Behavior -- The Distributive Justice of Income Inequality -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ethics, as one of the most respectable disciplines of philosophy, has undergone a drastic and revolutionary change in recent time. There are three main trends of this development. The first trend can be described as a tendency towards a rigorous formal and analytical language. This means simply that ethics has created beside its own formalized set­ theoretical language a variety of new formalized, logical and mathemati­ cal methods and concepts. Thus ethics has become a formalized meta­ or epidiscipline which is going to replace the traditional concepts, principles and ethical methods in the realm of social sciences. It is clear that a formalized form of ethics can be used more easily in social, economic and political theories if there are ethical conflicts to be solved. This first trend can be regarded as a conditio sine qua non for application in, and imposing ethical solutions on, social scientific theories. The second trend may be characterized as an association- or unification-tendency of a formalized and analytical ethics with decision theory. Decision theory as a new interdiscipline of social sciences is actually an assemblage of a variety of subtheories such as value-utility theory, game theory, collective decision theory, etc. Harsanyi has called this complex of subtheories a general theory of human behavior. Analytical or formal ethics is actually using this general theory of human behavior as a vehicle simply because this theory deals from the beginning with conflict solution, i. e.
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789400998209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Aims -- 1.2 Beyond Syntax -- 1.3 Bloomfield’s Dilemma -- 1.4 The Research Strategy of the Isolable Subsystem -- 1.5 Theories of Language vs. Language Analysis -- 1.6 Theories of Logic -- 1.7 Logico-Linguistics -- 2. Information and Language -- 2.1 Information States -- 2.2 Input and Output -- 2.3 Information Automata -- 2.4 Language Automata -- 2.5 Black-Box Methodology -- 2.6 The What-Do-You-Know? Game -- 2.7 The Behavior-Analytic Interpretation of Language Automata -- 2.8 The Linguistic Priority of the Language Automaton -- 2.9 Languages -- 2.10 Summary -- 3. On Describing Languages -- 3.1 Descriptive Strategies -- 3.2 Descriptive Equivalence -- 3.3 Language Descriptions as Scientific Theories -- 3.4 Basic Evidence Propeties -- 3.5 The Evidence-Gathering Process -- 4. Language and Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Idealizations -- 4.2 Logical Relationships -- 4.3 Properties of the Logical Relationships -- 4.4 Logics -- 4.5 Informative Languages have Incomplete Logics -- 4.6 Quasi-logical Relationships -- 4.7 Quasi-logical Relationships are often Logical -- 4.8 Logic in the Evidence-Gathering Process -- 5. Semantics, Axiomatics -- 5.1 Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.2 Examples of Artifical Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.3 A Fragment of English -- 5.4 Semantics and Deductive Logic -- 5.5 Axiomatic Language Descriptions -- 5.6 Other Language Families -- 5.7 Logic as a Branch of Linguistics -- 5.8 Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics -- 6. Meaning -- 6.1 Purports and Imports -- 6.2 Purport-Import Glossaries -- 6.3 Specialized Glossaries -- 6.4 Synonymy -- 7. Language and Inductive Logic -- 7.1 Credibility Weights -- 7.2 Probability Weights -- 7.3 Deductive Logic in Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.4 The Semantics of Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.5 Plausible Inference -- 7.6 Statistical Inference -- 7.7 Inductive Reasoning -- 7.8 Extended Semantics -- 8. ‘If-Then’: A Case Study in Logico-Linguistic Analysis -- 8.1 Preliminary Statement of Hypotheses to be Tested -- 82 History of Hypothesis A -- 8.3 History of Hypothesis B -- 8.4 History of Other Hypotheses -- 8.5 Delineation of Constructions of Interest -- 8.6 The Working Hypothesis of Extended Semantic Structuralizability -- 8.7 Exact Statement of Hypothesis A -- 8.8 Exact Statement of Hypothesis B -- 8.9 Remarks on Hypothesis B -- 8.10 Contraposition -- 8.11 Methodological Review -- 8.12 The Hypothetical Syllogism -- 8.13 Further Inference Patterns -- 8.14 The Paradoxes of Material Implication -- 8.15 The Second Paradox Re-examined Dynamically -- 8.16 Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens -- 8.17 Order of Premises -- 8.18 Incompatible Conditionals -- 8.19 Self-Contradictory Conditionals -- 8.20 Aristole’s Slip -- 8.21 Incompleteness of the Rules Governing Conditionals -- 8.22 Logically Disjunct Conditionals -- 8.23 Negations of Conditionals -- 8.24 Conjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.25 Conditionals Containing Other Conditionals -- 8.26 Lewis Carroll’s Barbershop Paradox -- 8.27 Disjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.28 Conclusions about If—then -- 8.29 Further Case Studies -- 8.30 Concluding Remark -- 9. Problem Areas and Computer Applications -- 9.1 Choice of Linguistic Unit -- 9.2 Ambiguity -- 9.3 Context-Dependence -- 9.4 Linguistic Incompleteness -- 9.5 Non-declarative Sentences -- 9.6 Physical Realizability -- 9.7 Automatic Question-Answering -- 9.8 Enthymemes, Analyticity -- 9.9 Further Computer Applications -- 9.10 Artificial Intelligence -- 9.11 The Future -- References.
    Abstract: In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There­ fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider­ able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par­ ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla­ nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789400998940
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philisophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 19
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: The Evaluation of Revolutions -- The Evaluation of Revolutions: a Comment on Michael Scriven’s Paper -- Systems Analysis in Politics and Its Critics -- A Note on Mr. Easton’s Revolutions -- The Economics of Revolution -- Self-Interest in Times of Revolution and Repression: Comment on Professor Tullock’s Analysis -- Ethics and Politics -- Reply to Professor Taylor -- Ethics and Politics: a Rejoinder to Professor Rapoport -- The Logic and Metaphysics of Evaluation in Political Theory: a Response to Professor Rapoport -- Attending to Interdependencies -- Politics, Political Philosophy and the Politics of Philosophy -- On the Choice between Reform and Revolution -- Commentary on Professor Nielsen’s Paper.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400999091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Background -- 1.0.1 Greek Geometry and Philosophy -- 1.0.2 Geometry in Greek Natural Science -- 1.0.3 Modern Science and the Metaphysical Idea of Space -- 1.0.4 Descartes’ Method of Coordinates -- 2 / Non-Euclidean Geometries -- 2.1 Parallels -- 2.2 Manifolds -- 2.3 Projective Geometry and Projective Metrics -- 3 / Foundations -- 3.1 Helmholtz’s Problem of Space -- 3.2 Axiomatics -- 4 / Empiricism, Apriorism, Conventionalism -- 4.1 Empiricism in Geometry -- 4.2 The Uproar of Boeotians -- 4.3 Russell’s Apriorism of 1897 -- 4.4 Henri Poincaré -- 1. Mappings -- 2. Algebraic Structures. Groups -- 3. Topologies -- 4. Differentiable Manifolds -- Notes -- To Chapter 1 -- To Chapter 2 -- 2.1 -- 2.2 -- 2.3 -- To Chapter 3 -- 3.1 -- 3.2 -- To Chapter 4 -- 4.1 -- 4.2 -- 4.3 -- 4.4 -- References.
    Abstract: Geometry has fascinated philosophers since the days of Thales and Pythagoras. In the 17th and 18th centuries it provided a paradigm of knowledge after which some thinkers tried to pattern their own metaphysical systems. But after the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries in the 19th century, the nature and scope of geometry became a bone of contention. Philosophical concern with geometry increased in the 1920's after Einstein used Riemannian geometry in his theory of gravitation. During the last fifteen or twenty years, renewed interest in the latter theory -prompted by advances in cosmology -has brought geometry once again to the forefront of philosophical discussion. The issues at stake in the current epistemological debate about geometry can only be understood in the light of history, and, in fact, most recent works on the subject include historical material. In this book, I try to give a selective critical survey of modern philosophy of geometry during its seminal period, which can be said to have begun shortly after 1850 with Riemann's generalized conception of space and to achieve some sort of completion at the turn of the century with Hilbert's axiomatics and Poincare's conventionalism. The philosophy of geometry of Einstein and his contemporaries will be the subject of another book. The book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides back­ ground information about the history of science and philosophy.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998742
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 14
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Attributes -- One/Attribute-Agreement and the Problem of Universals -- Two/Predication and Universals -- Three/Resemblance and Universals -- Four/Abstract Reference and Universals -- Five/Towards A Realistic Ontology -- Two: Substances -- Six/Two theories of substance -- Seven/The Bundle Theory -- Eight/Bare Substrata -- Nine/Towards A Substance-Theory Of Substance -- Epilogue -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this book I address a dichotomy that is as central as any in ontology - that between ordinary objects or substances and the various attributes (Le. , properties, kinds, and relations) we associate with them. My aim is to arrive at the correct philosophical account of each member of the dichotomy. What I shall argue is that the various attempts to understand substances or attri­ butes in reductive terms fail. Talk about attributes, I shall try to show, is just that - talk about attributes; and, likewise, talk about substances is just tha- talk about substances. The result is what many will find a strange combina­ tion of views - a Platonistic theory of attributes, where attributes are univer­ sals or multiply exemplifiable entities whose existence is independent of "the world of flux", and an Aristotelian theory of substance, where substances are basic unities not reducible to metaphysically more fundamental kinds of things. Part One is concerned with the ontology of attributes. After distinguishing three different patterns of metaphysical thinking about attributes, I examine, in turn, the phenomena of predication, resemblance, and higher order quanti­ fication. I argue that none of these phenomena by itself is sufficient to establish the inescapability of a Platonistic interpretation of attributes. Then, I discuss the phenomenon of abstract reference as it is exhibited in the use of abstract singular terms.
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