Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. The Meaning of System -- III. Criticism of Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Systems: Descartes, Malebranche and Boursier -- IV. Criticism of Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Systems: Leibniz and Spinoza -- V. On Hypotheses -- VI. The Third Type of System -- VII. Condillac and Language -- VIII. Conclusion -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: The Traite des systemes is a milestone in the intellectual history of the eighteenth century. This is a study of its content, structure, sources and importance. It includes a discussion of Condillac's analysis of good and bad systems, the adequacy of his knowledge and under­ standing of the speculative metaphysics of the preceding century, the effectiveness of his method of attack on seventeenth-century metaphysical systems, his conception of empirical and scientific method, and in particular his understanding of the role of hypotheses, his application of the Newtonian scientific method to politics, physics, and the arts, and, finally, his preoccupation with the meaning of words and with the origin and purpose oflanguage. Speculative metaphysical systems, such as those of Descartes, Malebranche, Boursier, Leibniz and Spinoza, are attacked by Con­ dillac, as are popular superstitions and prejudices, with the weapon of linguistic criticism. It is the systematic use of this weapon which makes the Traite des systemes more than a reflection of his contem­ poraries' antipathy towards speculative metaphysics. In memory of my MOTHER and FATHER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to several people. I should like first and foremost to thank Dr. W. H. Barber, who has for many years tirelessly given me encouragement and invaluable assistance. I wish to thank also Professors RH. Rasmussen, A. D. Wilshere and C. Wake for their help and their support in the early days of the preparation of this study. lowe special thanks also to Mrs. M. V.

Kurzfassung: 1. Logistic Neopositivism. A critical study -- 2. On the System of the Concepts of Reality. A contribution to logical empiricism -- 3. On the Concept of Reality in Physical Science. Second contribution to logical empiricism -- 4. The Perceptual and Conceptual Components of Everyday Experience -- The Philosophical and Psychological Writings of Eino Kaila -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: Philosophically, there is a book which was a tremendous experience for me: Eino Kaila's hychology of the Person­ ality _ His thesis that man lives strictly according to his needs - negative and positive - was shattering to me, but terribly true. And I built on this ground. Ingmar Bergman J 1. This introductory essay is neither intended to be a full presentation nor to be a critical evaluation of the contributions to philosophy made by Eino Kaila. Kaila's work will speak to the reader through the four papers here published in English translation from the German. They belong in the tra­ dition of the Vienna Circle and of logical empiricism. They cover, however, only one period or sector of Kaila's rich and varied life-work. This is the sector best integrated into the mainstream of contemporary philosophic thinking. The primary aim of this essay is to portray an impressive intellectual personality and to make a modest contribution to Finnish and Scandinavian intellectual history. Much of its content may be thought to be of 'local' relevance only. But considering the position which Kaila held in his country and considering his decisive influence on the development of philosophy in Finland, I hope that this local background will also interest an international circle of readers.

Kurzfassung: Introduction: International Aspects of Reparations 1919–1922 -- I. The Formation of the Cuno Government -- II. German Industry and Reparations -- 1. The Rdl Program of 1922 -- 2. German Feelers in Paris -- 3. The London Conference -- 4. The Reparation Commission before the Occupation -- 5. Cuno and Industry -- 6. The Proposal for a Non-Aggression Pact -- 7. The German Offer and the Allied Meeting -- III. France before the Occupation -- 1. French Preparations for Occupation -- 2. The Ruhr Committee -- 3. French Strategies at the End of 1922 -- IV. Problems of Passive Resistance -- 1. Reactions to the Occupation -- 2. The Organization of Resistance -- 3. Preliminary “Stabilization” of the Currency -- 4. The Economic War 1923 -- 5. British and American Attitudes -- 6. French Reactions to Passive Resistance -- V. Diplomatic Interludes -- 1. German Feelers in Washington and London -- 2. The Loucheur Mission -- 3. Parliamentary Discussions in Germany -- 4. The Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce in Rome -- 5. Private Initiatives of German Industry -- 6. Preparations for the German Note of May 2 -- 7. New Reparation Plans -- 8. John F. Dulles as Mediator -- VI. Financial Chaos and the Resignation of Cuno -- 1. Party Attitudes towards Taxation -- 2. Financial Alternatives in the Summer of 1923 -- 3. Stabilization Plans -- 4. The Resignation of the Cabinet -- VII. The Return of Coalition Diplomacy -- 1. British Preparations -- 2. The New Opponents: Stresemann and Poincaré -- 3. The Creation of the Dawes Committee -- 4. The End of Coercion -- Conclusions.

Kurzfassung: When the First World War ended, the political and economic system of prewar Europe lay in ruins. Though Allied politicians tried at various post­ war conferences to create a new and stable European order they failed because of conflicting and competing national interests. The peace settle­ ments neither established security from renewed attacks by the defeated nations nor did they lay the groundwork for a reconstruction of Europe's devastated economic system, because the members of the Allied war coali­ tion could not agree on the goals to be pursued by the treaties or on the means to enforce their settlement. In this context, reparations played a most signi­ ficant role. The conflict between the European protagonists France, Great Britain and Germany reached its peak at the beginning of 1923 when Franco­ Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr district in a last attempt to implement strategies developed in 1919 for a control ofthe German economic potential until reparations had been paid and to show to the Anglo-Saxon powers that any modification of Allied policy toward Germany could not be attained against French objections or without a simultaneous adjustment of French war debts. By focusing on the reparation issue during the period of the Cuno Cabinet, this book attempts to contribute both to the literature on Cuno and to the interrelationship of political and economic problems after W orId War I.

Kurzfassung: Inaugural Lecture -- Man the Creator and his Triple Telos -- I: Problems of Teleology in the Sciences of Nature and in The Human Sciences -- Final Causality and Teleological System in Aristotle -- The Concept of Evolution and the Phenomenological Teleology -- The Epistemology of the Sciences of Nature in Relation to the Teleology of Research in the Thought of the Later Husserl -- The Teleology of “Theoresis” and “Praxis” in the Thought of Husserl -- The Crisis of Science as a Crisis of Teleological Reason -- “Erlebnis” and “Logos” in Husserl’s Crisis of the European Sciences -- II: The Telic Principles -- A. Telos and the Constitutive Consciousness -- Perception as a Teleological Process of Cognition -- Interpretation and Self-Evidence -- The Teleology of Consciousness: Husserl and Merleau-Ponty -- Phénoménologie et Téléologie (Reprise des Questions de Fond) -- B. Teleology of the Person and of Human Existence -- Moral Experience and Teleology -- The Person as the Accomplishment of Intentional Acts -- The Transcendence of the Person in Action and Man’s Self-Teleology -- Teleology and Inter subjectivity -- Teleology and Intersubjectivity in Husserl — Reflections -- Teleology and Inter-Subjectivity in Religious Knowledge -- The Phenomenological Horizon and the Metaphysics of the Person According to Giuseppe Zamboni -- The Melancholic Consciousness of Guilt as a Failure of Intersubjectivity -- C. Finiteness and the “Form of All Forms” -- Section I: Telos of History -- The Theory of the Object and the Teleology of History in Edmund Husserl -- The Destruction of Time by History -- Teleology and Philosophical Historiography: Husserl and Jaspers -- The End and Time -- History, Teleology, and God in the Philosophy of Husserl -- Section II: Eschatology and the “Form of All Forms” -- Teleology as “The Form of All Forms” and the Inexhaustibility of Research -- Teleology and the Constitution of Spiritual Forms -- Metaphysics of Beginning and Metaphysics of Foundation -- History as Teleology and Eschatology: Husserl and Heidegger -- Closure -- Conclusion Arezzo -- Complementary Section: Phenomenology in Italy -- A Historical Note on the Presence of Brentano in Sicily and on the First Links of Italian Culture with the Phenomenology of Husserl -- Antonio Banfi, the First Italian Interpreter of Phenomenology -- Bibliography of Husserlian Studies in Italy with an Introduction by Angela Ales Bello.

Kurzfassung: The following bibliography, arranged chronologically, permits the reader to follow the development of phenomenological studies in Italy in parallel with other, contemporary, cultural currents. From this list it can be seen that knowledge of Hussed's work begins in 1923 with the studies of A. Banfi. Phenomenology, however, did not immediately receive a warm welcome. It contrasted with the then dominant neo-idealism (as has been made clear by G. De Ruggiero), but for this very reason it also found adherents among the opponents of idealism. These were either distant heirs of positivism, who accepted Hussed on account of his scientific approach and rigor, or Christian­ oriented thinkers, who, following an initial period of diffidence toward the antimetaphysical attitude of phenomenological analysis, gradually began to use this method as an antiidealist instrument - even though the problem remained of Hussed's own transcendental idealism and the value to be attributed to it. Despite the difficulties encountered on the way, the numerous studies carried out in Italy prior to Wodd War II make it clear that the better known philosophers who have left a mark on Italian culture already had begun to take a discreet interest in phenomenology.

Kurzfassung: 1. The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism (1966) -- 2. Reduction, Explanation and Ontology (1962) -- 3. Models, Metaphysics and the Vagaries of Empiricism (1965) -- 4. Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science (1965) -- 5. Matter, Action and Interaction (1973) -- 6. Towards a Critical Materialism (1971) -- 7. The Relation Between Philosophy of Science and History of Science (1977) -- 8. Telos and Technique: Models as Modes of Action (1968) -- 9. From Praxis to Logos: Genetic Epistemology and Physics (1971) -- 10. Pictures, Representation, and the Understanding (1972) -- 11. Perception, Representation, and the Forms of Action: Towards an Historical Epistemology (1973) -- 12. Rules and Representation: The Virtues of Constancy and Fidelity Put in Perspective (1978) -- 13. Action and Passion: Spinoza’s Construction of a Scientific Psychology (1973) -- 14. Nature, Number and Individuals: Motive and Method in Spinoza’s Philosophy (1978) -- 15. Hume’s Concept of Identity and the Principium Individuationis (1961) -- 16. Diderot and the Development of Materialist Monism (1953) -- 17. Art and Technology: Conflicting Models of Education? The Uses of a Cultural Myth (1973) -- 18. Art as Humanizing Praxis (1976) -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: Marx Wartofsky has been working for many years within an unusual confluence of philosophical problems. He brings to these intersecting problems his comprehensive intelligence, at once imaginative and rigorous, analytic and historical. He is a philosopher's philosopher, but also Everyman's. Wartofsky is philosopher of the natural and the social sciences, of perception, esthetics and the creative arts, of the 18th century French and the 19th century Germans, of politics and morality, ofthe methods and morals of medicine, and it is plain, of all human existence. To a colleague, he seems Jack-of-all-philosophical-trades, and master of them too. The reader soon will learn that Wartofsky is a genial, lucid and relaxed philosophical companion, deeply serious but without noticeable anxiety. I need not highlight these selected epistemological papers gathered as, and about, Models, since Wartofsky's own introductory remarks are helpful and stimulating in that respect. I need only, after 21 years of friendship and collaboration with him, warn the reader to beware of how profound and provocative these papers will show themselves to be beneath their good-humored and swiftly-flowing surface. And I must publicly note the pleasure with which I welcome Marx Wartofsky's volume to our Boston Studies. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science September 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE VII xi AC K NOWLEDGEMENTS xiii INTRODUCTION The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism 1.

Kurzfassung: Presuppositions, Problems, Progress -- I: Metaphysics and the Development of Science -- Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge -- A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics -- Dialogue on Method -- Presuppositions and limits of Science -- II: Research Programs and the Development of Science -- A Combined Approach to the Dynamics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures -- Reflections on Lakatos’ Methodology of Scientific Research Programs -- The Lattice of Growth in Knowledge -- Justifying a Theory Versus Giving Good Reasons for Preferring a Theory On the Big Divide in the Philosophy of Science -- Methodology in Non-Empirical Disciplines -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.

Kurzfassung: TIus is the second, and fmal, volume to derive from the exciting Kronberg conference of 1975, and to show the intelligent editorial care of Gerard Radnitzky and Gunnar Andersson that was so evident in the first book, Progress and Rationality in Science (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 58). Together they set forth central themes in current history and philosophy of the sciences, and in particular they will be seen as also providing obbligatos: research programs, metaphysical inevitabilities, methodological options, logical constraints, historical conjectures. Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 T T ABLE OF CONTENTS v EDITORIAL EDITORIAL PREFACE PREFACE ix PREFACE PREFACE INTRODUCTION GUNNAR ANDERSSON / Presuppositions, Problems,Progress 3 PART I: METAPHYSICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE NICHOLAS RESCHER / Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the limits of Scientific Knowledge 19 MAX JAMMER / A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics 41 PAUL FEYERABEND / Dialogue on Method 63 PETER HODGSON / Presuppositions and limits of Science 133 PART II: RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE WOLFGANG STEGMULLER / A Combined Approach to the Dynam­ ics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures 151 JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS / Reflections on Lakatos' Methodology of Scientific Research Programs 187 P A TRICK A.

Kurzfassung: Adversus pseudodialecticos -- De causis corruptarum atrium Book III, De dialectica, v, vi, vii -- Appendix I -- Preface -- Thomas More to Erasmus -- Passages from Thomas More to Martin Dorp -- Appendix II -- Notes.

Kurzfassung: The humanist treatises presented here are only peripheral to the history of logic, but I think historians of logic may read them with interest, if perhaps with irritation. In the early sixteenth century the humanists set about to demolish medieval logic based on syllogistic and disputation, and to replace it in the university curriculum with a 'rhetorical' logic based on the use of topics and persuasion. To a very large extent they succeeded. Although Aris­ totelian logic retained a vigorous life in the schools, it never again attained to the overwhelming primacy it had so long enjoyed in the northern universities. It has been the custom to take the arguments of the humanists at face value, and the word 'scholastic' has continued to have pejorative overtones. This is easy to understand, because until recently our knowledge of the high period of medieval logic has been slight, and the humanists' testimony as to its decadent state in the sixteenth century has, for the most part, been accepted uncritically. Within the past two decades important work on medieval logic has recovered the brilliant achievement of thirteenth and fourteenth century logicians, philosophers, and natural scientists. New studies are constantly appearing, and the logico-semantic system of the terminists has become fruitful territory not only for historians of logic but also for students of modern linguistics and semiotics.

Kurzfassung: I / History of Science -- 1. On the Method of History of Science (1947) -- 2. Science in History (Review of J. D. Bernal’s Science in History) (1956) -- 3. The Logical Problem of the Definition of Irrational Numbers (1927) -- 4. Rationalism in Antiquity (1954) -- 5. The Transformations of the Atomic Concept through the Ages (1969) -- 6. Flicker in the Darkness (Review of Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions) (1969) -- 7. Marcus Marci’s Investigations of the Prism and Their Relation to Newton’s Theory of Color (1932) -- 8. Descartes at Uppsala (Review of R. Lindborg’s Descartes i Uppsala) (1967) -- 9. Newton and the Law of Gravitation (1965) -- 10. Newton’s Views on Aether and Gravitation (1969) -- 11. The Genesis of the Laws of Thermodynamics (1941) -- 12. Joule’s Scientific Outlook (1952) -- 13. An Analysis of Joule’s Experiments on the Expansion of Air (1956) -- 14. The Velocity of Light and the Evolution of Electrodynamics (1956) -- 15. The Evolution of Oersted’s Scientific Concepts (1970) -- 16. The First Phase in the Evolution of the Quantum Theory (1936) -- 17. Max Planck and the Statistical Definition of Entropy (1959) -- 18. Matter and Force after Fifty Years of Quantum Theory (1963) -- 19. Men and Ideas in the History of Atomic Theory (1971) -- 20. Jacques Solomon (1959) -- 21. Quantum Theory in 1929: Recollections from the First Copenhagen Conference (1971) -- 22. Niels Bohr: An Essay Dedicated to Him on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday. October 7, 1945 (1945; 2nd edition 1961) -- 23. The Conception of the Meson Field: Some Reminiscences and Epistemological Comments (1968) -- 24. Nuclear Reminiscences (1972) -- 25. Celestial and Terrestrial Physics in Historical Perspective (1969) -- II / Epistemology -- 1. On the Question of the Measurability of Electromagnetic Field Quantities (with Niels Bohr) (1933) -- 2. Field and Charge Measurements in Quantum Electrodynamics (with Niels Bohr) (1950) -- 3. On Quantum Electrodynamics (Among Essays Dedicated to Niels Bohr on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday) (1955) -- 4. On Quantization of Fields (1963) -- 5. The Evolution of the Idea of Causality (1942) -- 6. Strife about Complementarity (1953) -- 7. Complementarity and Statistics, I and II (1958) -- 8. Misunderstandings about the Foundations of Quantum Theory (1957) -- 9. Foundations of Quantum Theory and Complementarity (1961) -- 10. The Epistemological Conflict between Einstein and Bohr (Dedicated to Max Born on his 80th Birthday) (1963) -- 11. Niels Bohr’s Contribution to Epistemology (1963) -- 12. The Measuring Process in Quantum Mechanics (On the 30th Anniversary of the Meson Theory by Dr. H. Yukawa, 1965) (1965) -- 13. Statistical Causality in Atomic Theory: A General Introduction to Irreversibility (1972 and 1974) -- 14. The Macroscopic Level of Quantum Mechanics (1972) -- 15. Quantum Theory and Gravitation (1966) -- 16. Questions of Method in the Consistency Problem of Quantum Mechanics (1968) -- 17. The Method of Physics (1968) -- 18. Some Reflections on Knowledge (1971) -- 19. Epistemology on a Scientific Basis (1971) -- 20. Condillac’s Influence on French Scientific Thought (1972) -- 21. Unphilosophical Considerations on Causality in Physics (1971) -- 22. Irreversibility — a Lay Sermon (On the Occasion of Professor K. Bleuler’s Sixtieth Birthday) (1977) -- 23. Berkeley Redivivus (Review of W. Heisenberg’s Natural Law and the Structure of Matter) (1970) -- 24. The Wave-Particle Dilemma (1973) -- 25. A Voyage to Laplacia (1955) -- III / Theoretical Physics -- 1. On the Energy-Momentum Tensor (1940) -- 2. On the Definition of Spin for a Radiation Field (1942) -- 3. On the Behavior of a Canonical Ensemble during an Adiabatic Transformation (1942) -- 4. On the Isolated and Adiabatic Susceptibilities (1961) -- 5. On the Foundations of Statistical Thermodynamics (1955) -- 6. Questions of Irreversibility and Ergodicity (1962) -- 7a. Dynamical Theory of Nuclear Resonances (1968) -- 7b. Coupling between Compound and Single-Particle Resonances (1968) -- 8. The Structure of Quantum Theory (1968) -- IV / Social Relations of Science -- 1. The Organization of Scientific Research (1948) -- 2. The Atomic Researcher: The Atomic Physicist’s Tasks, Goals and Methods (1968) -- 3. Technical and Social Aspects of the Development of the European Scientific Research Organizations (1970) -- 4. Social and Individual Aspects of the Development of Science (1971) -- Bibliography of the Writings of Léon Rosenfeld -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: The decision to undertake this volume was made in 1971 at Lake Como during the Varenna summer school ofthe Italian Physical Society, where Professor Leon Rosenfeld was lecturing on the history of quantum theory. We had long been struck by the unique blend of epistemological, histori­ cal and social concerns in his work on the foundations and development of physics, and decided to approach him there with the idea of publishing a collection of his papers. He responded enthusiastically, and agreed to help us select the papers; furthermore, he also agreed to write a lengthy introduction and to comment separately on those papers that he felt needed critical re-evaluation in the light of his current views. For he was still vigorously engaged in both theoretical investigations of, and critical not reflections on the foundations of theoretical physics. We certainly did conceive of the volume as a memorial to a 'living saint', but rather more practically, as a useful tool to place in the hands of fellow workers and students engaged in wrestling with these difficult problems. All too sadly, fate has added a memorial aspect to our labors. We agreed that in order to make this book most useful for the con­ temporary community of physicists and philosophers, we should trans­ late all non-English items into English.

Kurzfassung: The Philosophy of Hans Reichenbach -- Inference, Practice and Theory -- Relative Frequencies -- The Probabilities of Theories as Frequencies -- Reichenbach, Reference Classes, and Single Case ‘Probabilities’ -- Reichenbach’s Entanglements -- Reichenbach on Convention -- Hans Reichenbach’s Relativity of Geometry -- Elective Affinities: Weyl and Reichenbach -- Reichenbach and Conventionalism -- The Geometry of the Rotating Disk in the Special Theory of Relativity -- Two Lectures on the Direction of Time -- What Might Be Right about the Causal Theory of Time -- Concerning a Probabilistic Theory of Causation Adequate for the Causal Theory of Time -- Why Ask, ‘Why?’?—An Inquiry Concerning Scientific Explanation -- Hans Reichenbach on the Logic of Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach and the Logic of Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Causal Anomalies and the Completeness of Quantum Theory -- Metaphysical Implications of the Quantum Theory -- Consistency Proofs for Applied Mathematics -- A Generative Model for Translating from Ordinary Language into Symbolic Notation -- Laws, Modalities and Counterfactuals -- Reichenbach’s Theory of Nomological Statements -- Appreciation and Criticism of Reichenbach’s Meta-ethics: Achilles’ Heel of the System? -- Index of Names -- Analytical Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: Logical empiricism - not to be confused with logical positivism (see pp. 40-44) - is a movement which has left an indelible mark on twentieth­ century philosophy; Hans Reichenbach (1891-1953) was one of its found­ ers and one of its most productive advocates. His sudden and untimely death in 1953 halted his work when he was at the height of his intellectual powers; nevertheless, he bequeathed to us a handsome philosophical inheritance. At the present time, twenty-five years later, we can survey our heritage and see to what extent we have been enriched. The present collection of essays constitutes an effort to do just that - to exhibit the scope and unity of Reichenbach's philosophy, and its relevance to current philosophical issues. There is no Nobel Prize in philosophy - the closest analogue is a volume in The Library of Living Philosophers, an honor which, like the Nobel Prize, cannot be awarded posthumously. Among 'scientific philosophers,' Rudolf Carnap, Albert Einstein, Karl Popper, and Bertrand Russell have been so honored. Had Reichenbach lived longer, he would have shared the honor with Carnap, for at the time of his death a volume on Logical Empiricism, treating the works of Carnap and Reichenbach, was in its early stages of preparation. In the volume which emerged, Carnap wrote, "In 1953, when Reichenbach's creative activity was suddenly ended by his premature death, our movement lost one of its most active leaders.

Kurzfassung: I. The Genesis of Interest -- II. The Developing Crisis -- III. The Deepening of the Crisis -- IV. The Final Stage: Climax and Settlement -- Conclusion.

Kurzfassung: In the spring of the year 1898 the long rivalry of Britain and France in West Africa reached a dangerous climax. The West African crisis was but one aspect of an extensive Anglo-French contest for colonial possessions which characterized the final decade of the nineteenth century. Competi­ tion for dominion went on relentlessly in the Nile Valley, along the banks of the Mekong in Southeast Asia, and within the territories of the Niger River Bend. The Upper Nile dispute dwarfed all others; and ultimately the inability of Britain and France to settle this question through diplo­ matic negotations was to lead to the confrontation at Fashoda. Simulta­ neously, however, a more obscure struggle was in process, namely the contest for possession of the thousand mile stretch of the Middle Niger. Aside from an infrequent flurry of diplomatic activity occasioned by the foray of an English or French officer into the little known realms of the Niger Bend, the protracted struggle for control of the river artery received scant notice. The Foreign Offices in both France and Britain traditionally regarded the region as one of secondary interest and tended to subordinate it to more pressing concerns. Even the eruption of a dan­ gerous crisis in West Africa in the spring of 1898 was somewhat over­ shadowed by the subsequent incident at Fashoda so that the earlier cli­ max appeared mainly a curtain raiser.

Kurzfassung: The Dauphin’s Wedding Celebration -- The Civil Disaster of 30 May 1770 -- Administrative Postmortem -- Parlementary Inquiry -- The Abbé Galiani -- The Economic Years: Grain and Liberty -- The Dialogues: Galiani versus the Economistes -- The Disaster and the Genesis of the Bagarre -- Galiani’s Victim: Lemercier de la Rivière -- Writing, Reading and Publishing the Bagarre -- L’Intérêt général -- La Bagarre (or La Liberté des Bagarres) -- The Publication of Galiani’s “Lost” Work -- The Text of the Bagarre.

Kurzfassung: It is my hope that this publication of a "lost" work by Galiani will interest scholars of many nations and disciplines. Few writers could make a more compelling claim upon such a cosmopolitan audience. An Italian with deep roots in his homeland, Galiani achieved celebrity in the salons of Paris. An ecclesiastic, his most notable concerns were worldly, to say the least. An erudite classicist, Galiani was passionately concerned about economics and technology. A philosophe and ostensibly something of a subversive, he was enthralled by power and he served for many years as a government agent and adviser at home and abroad. Galiani embodied many of the preoccupations and paradoxes of the Enlightenment. His­ torians and literary analysts devoted to the study of the lumie'res through­ out Europe are bound to find Galiani's work important. In recent years there has been an efflorescence of interest in the history of political economy and its relationship not only to the history of ideas but also to the history of social structure, economic development, admin­ istrative institutions, collective mentalities, and political mobilization. Galiani's work helps to crystalize many of these connections which scholarly specialization has tended to obscure. Galiani had a leading voice in one of the most significant debates in the eighteenth century on the implications of radical economic, social, and institutional change.

Kurzfassung: I. Historical Setting -- II. The New Government-in-Exile -- III. Polish Forces in Britain: Legal Status -- IV. Diplomacy: Polish v. British Objectives -- V. Negotiating the Polish-Soviet Treaty -- VI. Aftermath of the Polish-Soviet Treaty -- VII. The Rupture in Polish-Soviet Relations -- VIII. Teheran: Decision on Frontiers -- IX. The Decline of the London Government -- Epilogue -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Anglo-Polish Agreement 1939 -- B. Allied Forces Act -- C. Treaty of Riga 1921 -- D. German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty 1939 -- E. Polish-Soviet Agreement 1941 -- F. Yalta Communiqué on Poland and Declaration on Liberated Europe -- G. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty 1939.

Kurzfassung: In this book I have attempted to analyze the dilemmas confronting the Polish government-in-exile in London during the Second World War. My main objective has beeen to investigate the actual operation of the Polish govern­ ment and the overall policies of the British government vis-a-vis the Soviet Union insofar as they had a direct bearing on Anglo-Polish relations. Since the outstanding conflicts over territorial claims, and, ultimately, sovereignty, were between Poland and the Soviet Union, considerable attention has been devoted to the relationship between the Polish and Soviet governments during a most trying and difficult period of inter-Allied diplomacy. This work covers the period of operation of the Polish government on British soil until the resignation of Prime Minister Stanislaw Mikolajczyk in November 1944. Although Great Britain did not withdraw diplomatic recognition from the Polish government until July 1945, the Arciszewski government, formed after Mikolajczyk's resignation, was generally ignored by Great Britain. As with all subsequent governments, including that which exists today, Arciszewski's government functioned primarily as the voice of Poland in the West - a government of protest.

Kurzfassung: Section I Essay on Some Problems Concerning the Normal and the Pathological (1943) -- Preface to the Second Edition (1950) -- One. Is the Pathological State Merely a Quantitative Modification of the Normal State? -- I. Introduction to the problem -- II. Auguste Comte and ‘Broussais’s principle’ -- III. Claude Bernard and experimental pathology -- IV. The conceptions of René Leriche -- V. Implications of the theory -- Two. Do Sciences of the Normal and the Pathological Exist? -- I. Introduction to the problem -- II. A critical examination of certain concepts: the normal, anomaly, and disease; the normal and the experimental -- III. Norm and average -- IV. Disease, cure, health -- V. Physiology and pathology -- Conclusion -- Section II New Reflections on the Normal and the Pathological (1963–1966) -- Twenty years later… -- I. From the social to the vital -- II. On organic norms in man -- III. A new concept in pathology: error -- Epilogue -- Notes to Section I -- Bibliography to Section I -- Notes to Section II -- Bibliography to Section II -- Glossary of Medical Terms -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: by MICHEL FOUCAULT Everyone knows that in France there are few logicians but many historians of science; and that in the 'philosophical establishment' - whether teaching or research oriented - they have occupied a considerable position. But do we know precisely the importance that, in the course of these past fifteen or twenty years, up to the very frontiers of the establishment, a 'work' like that of Georges Canguilhem can have had for those very people who were separ­ ated from, or challenged, the establishment? Yes, I know, there have been noisier theatres: psychoanalysis, Marxism, linguistics, ethnology. But let us not forget this fact which depends, as you will, on the sociology of French intellectual environments, the functioning of our university institutions or our system of cultural values: in all the political or scientific discussions of these strange sixty years past, the role of the 'philosophers' - I simply mean those who had received their university training in philosophy department- has been important: perhaps too important for the liking of certain people. And, directly or indirectly, all or almost all these philosophers have had to 'come to terms with' the teaching and books of Georges Canguilhem. From this, a paradox: this man, whose work is austere, intentionally and carefully limited to a particular domain in the history of science, which in any case does not pass for a spectacular discipline, has somehow found him­ self present in discussions where he himself took care never to figure.

Kurzfassung: 1. The early history of the theory of irrationals -- Part, 2. The pre-Euclidean theory of proportions -- 3. The construction of mathematics within a deductive framework -- Postscript -- 1 The prevailing view -- 2 My own view -- 3 Elements of a Pythagorean theory about the areas of parallelograms -- 4 How to find a square with the same area as a given rectangle -- 5 Conclusion -- Index of names.

Kurzfassung: When this book was first published, more than five years ago, I added an appendix on How the Pythagoreans discovered Proposition 11.5 of the 'Elements'. I hoped that this appendix, although different in some ways from the rest of the book, would serve to illustrate the kind of research which needs to be undertaken, if we are to acquire a new understanding of the historical development of Greek mathematics. It should perhaps be mentioned that this book is not intended to be an introduction to Greek mathematics for the general reader; its aim is to bring the problems associated with the early history of deductive science to the attention of classical scholars, and historians and philos­ ophers of science. I should like to conclude by thanking my translator, Mr. A. M. Ungar, who worked hard to produce something more than a mechanical translation. Much of his work was carried out during the year which I spent at Stanford as a fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. This enabled me to supervise the work of transla­ tion as it progressed. I am happy to express my gratitude to the Center for providing me with this opportunity. Arpad Szabo NOTE ON REFERENCES The following books are frequently referred to in the notes. Unless otherwise stated, the editions are those given below. Burkert, W. Weisheit und Wissensclzaft, Studien zu Pythagoras, Philo­ laos und Platon, Nuremberg 1962.

Kurzfassung: I. The Publication of the Supplément -- II. The Rationalist and Empirical Spirit -- III. Anti-mechanism and Sensibility -- IV. Utility and Reform -- Conclusion -- Index of Contributors.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. Politics in Shakespeare -- III. Macbeth and the Tyrannical Man -- IV. Bastards and Usurpers -- V. “Ciphers to this Great Accompt” -- VI. “The English Solomon” -- VII. Bacon’s “Wisdom of the Ancients” -- VIII. Rembrandt and the Human Condition.

Kurzfassung: It was probably Rousseau who first thought of dreams as ennobling experiences. Anyone who has ever read Reveries du Promeneur Solitaire must be struck by the dreamlike quality of Rousseau's meditations. This dreamlike quality is still with us, and those who experience it find themselves ennobled by it. Witness Martin Luther King's famous "1 have a dream. " Dreaming and inspiration raise the artist to the top rung in the ladder ofhuman relations. That is probably the prevailing view among educated people of our time. Rousseau made that view respectable and predominant. Yet in another sense, the problem is much older. It is the problem of political philosophy and poetry, the problem of Socrates and Aristophanes, of Plato and Homer. Yet, while antiquity usually gives the crown to philosophy, since Rous­ seau, the alternative view tends to prevail. The distinction is not, however, a formal one. Sir Philip Sidney enlisted Plato on the side of poetry. The true distinction is between imagination and reason. If reason is to rule, as Aristotle points out,l the most architectonic of the sciences, that is political science, should rule. It is political philosophy which must determine the nature of the arts which will help or which will hinder the good of the city or the polity. That does not mean that a mere professor should stand in judgment of Shake­ speare, Bacon, and Rembrandt. It means that ifhe studies these three great artists, he is not over-stepping disciplinary limits.

Kurzfassung: 1 / Background -- 1.0.1 Greek Geometry and Philosophy -- 1.0.2 Geometry in Greek Natural Science -- 1.0.3 Modern Science and the Metaphysical Idea of Space -- 1.0.4 Descartes’ Method of Coordinates -- 2 / Non-Euclidean Geometries -- 2.1 Parallels -- 2.2 Manifolds -- 2.3 Projective Geometry and Projective Metrics -- 3 / Foundations -- 3.1 Helmholtz’s Problem of Space -- 3.2 Axiomatics -- 4 / Empiricism, Apriorism, Conventionalism -- 4.1 Empiricism in Geometry -- 4.2 The Uproar of Boeotians -- 4.3 Russell’s Apriorism of 1897 -- 4.4 Henri Poincaré -- 1. Mappings -- 2. Algebraic Structures. Groups -- 3. Topologies -- 4. Differentiable Manifolds -- Notes -- To Chapter 1 -- To Chapter 2 -- 2.1 -- 2.2 -- 2.3 -- To Chapter 3 -- 3.1 -- 3.2 -- To Chapter 4 -- 4.1 -- 4.2 -- 4.3 -- 4.4 -- References.

Kurzfassung: Geometry has fascinated philosophers since the days of Thales and Pythagoras. In the 17th and 18th centuries it provided a paradigm of knowledge after which some thinkers tried to pattern their own metaphysical systems. But after the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries in the 19th century, the nature and scope of geometry became a bone of contention. Philosophical concern with geometry increased in the 1920's after Einstein used Riemannian geometry in his theory of gravitation. During the last fifteen or twenty years, renewed interest in the latter theory -prompted by advances in cosmology -has brought geometry once again to the forefront of philosophical discussion. The issues at stake in the current epistemological debate about geometry can only be understood in the light of history, and, in fact, most recent works on the subject include historical material. In this book, I try to give a selective critical survey of modern philosophy of geometry during its seminal period, which can be said to have begun shortly after 1850 with Riemann's generalized conception of space and to achieve some sort of completion at the turn of the century with Hilbert's axiomatics and Poincare's conventionalism. The philosophy of geometry of Einstein and his contemporaries will be the subject of another book. The book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides back­ ground information about the history of science and philosophy.

Kurzfassung: V / Philosophy of Physics -- 44. The Present State of the Discussion on Relativity (1922) -- 45. The Theory of Motion According to Newton, Leibniz, and Huyghens (1924) -- 46. The Relativistic Theory of Time (1924) -- 47. The Causal Structure of the World and the Difference between Past and Future (1925) -- 48. The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge (1929) -- 49. Current Epistemological Problems and the Use of a Three-Valued Logic in Quantum Mechanics (1951) -- 50. The Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1952) -- 51. The Philosophical Significance of the Wave-Particle Dualism (1953) -- VI/Probability and Induction -- 52a. The Physical Presuppositions of the Calculus of Probability (1920) -- 52b. Appendix: A Letter to the Editor (1920) -- 53. A Philosophical Critique of the Probability Calculus (1920) -- 54. Notes on the Problem of Causality [A Letter from Erwin, Schrödinger to Hans Reichenbach] (1924) -- 55. Causality and Probability (1930) -- 56. The Principle of Causality and the Possibility of Its Empirical Confirmation (1932) -- 57. Induction and Probability: Remarks on Karl Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935) -- 58. The Semantic and the Object Conceptions of Probability Expressions (1939) -- 59. A Letter to Bertrand Russell (March 28, 1949) -- Bibliography of Writings oF Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names to Volumes One and Two.

Kurzfassung: Galileo’s Scientific Method: a Reexamination -- Some Tactics in Galileo’s Propaganda for the Mathematization of Scientific Experience -- Galileo Galilei and the Doctores Parisienses -- Descartes as Critic of Galileo -- Galileo and the Causes -- Galileo: Causation and the Use of Geometry -- Galileo’s Matter Theory -- The Conception of Science in Galileo’s Work.

Kurzfassung: The essays in this volume (except for the contribution of Dr. Le Grand) are extremely revised versions of papers originally delivered at a workshop on Galileo held in Blacksburg, Virginia in October, 1975. The meeting was organized by Professor Joseph Pitt and sponsored by the Department of Philosophy and Religion, The College of Arts and Sciences, and the Division of Research of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The papers that follow deal with problems OIf Galileo's philosophy of science, specific and general problems connected with his methodology, and with historical and conceptual questions concerning the relationship of his work to that of contemporaries and both earlier and later scientists. New perspectives take many forms. In this book the 'newness' has, for the most part, two forms. First, in the papers by Wisan, Shea, Le Grand and Wallace (the concerns will also appear in some of the other contributions), greatly enriched historical discoveries of how Galileo's science and its method­ ology developed are provided. It should be stressed that these papers are attempts to recapture a deep sense of the kind of science Galileo was creating. Other papers in the volume, for example, those by McMullin, Machamer, Butts and Pitt, underscore the importance of this historical venture by discussing various aspects of the philosophical background of Galileo's thought. The historical and philosophical evaluations and analyses compliment one another.

Kurzfassung: Objective Criteria of Scientific Progress? Inductivism, Falsificationism, and Relativism -- I: The LSE Position -- The Popperian Approach to Scientific Knowledge -- The Ways in Which the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes Improves on Popper’s Methodology -- ‘Crucial’ Experiments: A Case Study -- The Objective Promise of a Research Programme -- II: Reflections on the LSE Position -- Popper vs Inductivism -- In Defence of Aristotle: Comments on the Condition of Content Increase -- Evidential Support, Falsification, Heuristics, and Anarchism -- Science and the Search for Truth -- Philosophy of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions -- Towards a New Theory of Scientific Inquiry -- Some Critical Comments on Current Popperianism on the Basis of a Theory of System Sets -- The Problem of Verisimilitude -- Objectivism vs Sociologism -- III: The LSE Reply -- Research Programmes, Empirical Support, and the Duhem Problem: Replies to Criticism -- Corroboration and the Problem of Content-Comparison -- Unified Bibliography for Parts I And III -- IV: Two Brief Rejoinders -- The Gong Show — Popperian Style -- Reply to Watkins -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.

Kurzfassung: This collection of essays has evolved through the co-operative efforts, which began in the fall of 1974, of the participants in a workshop sponsored by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation. The idea of holding one or more small colloquia devoted to the topics of rational choice in science and scientific progress originated in a conversation in the summer of 1973 between one of the editors (GR) and the late Imre Lakatos. Unfortunately Lakatos himself was never able to see this project through, but his thought-provoking methodology of scientific research programmes was ably expounded and defended by his successors. Indeed, this volume continues and deepens the debate inaugurated in Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave), a book which grew out of a conference held in 1965. That debate has continued during the years that have passed since that conference. The group of discussions about the place of rationality in science which have been held between those who emphasize the history of science (with Feyerabend and Kuhn as the most prominent exponents) and the critical rationalists (Popper and his followers), with Imre Lakatos defending a middle ground, these discussions were seen by almost all commentators as the most important event in the philosophy of science in the last decade. This problem area constituted the central theme of our Thyssen workshop. The workshop operated in the following manner.

Kurzfassung: Memories of Hans Reichenbach -- 1. Autobiographical Sketches for Academic Purposes -- 2. Memories of Wendeli Erné, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister -- 3. At the End of School Days: A Look Backward and a Look Forward (1909) -- 4. Letter from Reichenbach to His Four Years Older Brother Bernhard -- 5. From a letter of Bernhard Reichenbach to Maria Reichenbach (1975) -- 6. Memories of Ilse Reichenbach, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister-in-Law -- 7. Memories of Uncle Hans: Nino Erné -- 8. Hans’ Speech at the Funeral of His Father -- 9. Aphorisms of a Docent Formally Admitted to Teach at a University (1924) -- 10. University Student: Carl Landauer -- 11. University Student: Hilde Landauer -- 12. Memories of Hans Reichenbach, 1928 and Later: Sidney Hook -- 13. A Young University Teacher [from a letter of Carl Hempel to Maria Reichenbach, March 21, 1976] -- 14. A Professor in Turkey, 1936: Memories of Matild Kamber -- 15. Concerning Reichenbach’s Appointment to the University of California at Los Angeles: Charles Morris -- 16. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Rudolf Carnap -- 17. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Herbert Feigl -- 18. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: Ernest Nagel -- 19. U.C.L.A.: Donald Kalish -- 20. U.C.L.A.: Paul Wienpahl -- 21. U.C.L.A.: Norman Dalkey -- 22. U.C.L.A.: Hermann F. Schott -- 23. A Blind Student Recalls Hans Reichcnbach: H. G. Burns -- 24. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: David Brunswick -- 25. U.C.L.A., 1945–1950: Cynthia Schuster -- 26. U.C.L.A., 1949: W. Bruce Taylor -- 27. 1950: Donald A.Wells -- 28. U.C.L.A., 1951–53: Ruth Anna Putnam -- 29. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Frank Leroi -- 30. Hans Reichenbach’s Definitive Influence on Me: Adolf Grünbaum -- 31. At the Chapel, 1953: Abraham Kaplan -- 32. Hans Reichenbach, a Memoir: Wesley C. Salmon -- 33. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Maria Reichenbach -- I / Early Writings on Social Problems -- Student Years: Introductory Note to Part I (M.R.) -- 1. The Student (1912–13) -- 2. The Student Body and Catholicism (1912) -- 3. The Free Student Idea: Its Unified Contents (1913) -- 4. Why do we Advocate Physical Culture? (1913) -- 5. The Meaning of University Reform (1914) -- 6. Platform of the Socialist Students’ Party (1918) -- 7. Socializing the University (1918) -- 8. Report of the Socialist Student Party, Berlin and Notes on the Program (1918) -- II / Popular Scientific Articles -- 9. The Nobel Prize for Einstein (1922) -- 10. Relativity Theory in a Matchbox: A Philosophical Dialogue (1922) -- 11. Tycho Brahe’s Sextants (1926) -- 12. The Effects of Einstein’s Theory (1926) -- 13. An Open Letter to the Berlin Funkstunde Corporation (1926) -- 14. Laying the Foundations of Chemistry: The Work of Marcellin Berthelot (1927) -- 15. Memories of Svante Arrhenius (1927) -- 16. A New Model of the Atom (1927) -- 17. On the Death of H. A. Lorentz (1928) -- 18. Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (1928) -- 19. Space and Time: From Kant to Einstein (1928) -- 20. Causality or Probability? (1928) -- 21. The World View of the Exact Sciences (1928) -- 22. New Approaches in Science: Physical Research (1929) -- 23. New Approaches in Science: Philosophical Research (1929) -- 24. New Approaches in Science: Mathematical Research (1929) -- 25. The New Philosophy of Science (1929) -- 26. Einstein’s New Theory (1929) -- 27. Johannes Kepler (1930) -- 28. The Present State of the Sciences: The Exact Natural Sciences (1930) -- 29. One Hundred Against Einstein (1931) -- 30. Is the Human Mind Capable of Giange? (An Interview) (1932) -- III / General Scientific Articles -- 31. Metaphysics and Natural Science (1925) -- 32. Bertrand Russell (1929) -- 33. The Philosophical Significance of Modern Physics (1930) -- 34. The Königsberg Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences (1930) -- 35. The Problem of Causality in Physics (1931) -- 36. The Physical Concept of Truth (1931) -- 37. Heinrich Scholz’History of Logic (1931) -- 38. Aims and Methods of Modern Philosophy of Nature (1931) -- 39. Kant and Natural Science (1933) -- 40. Carnap’sLogical Structure of the World (1933) -- 41. Theory of Series and Gödel’s Theorems (Sections 17–22) (1948) -- IV / Ethical Analysis -- 42. The Freedom of the Will (1959) -- 43. On the Explication of Ethical Utterances (1959) -- Bibliography of Writings of Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: These two volumes form a full portrait of Hans Reichenbach, from the school boy and university student to the maturing and creative scholar, who was as well an immensely devoted teacher and a gifted popular writer and speaker on science and philosophy. We selected the articles for several reasons. Many of them have not pre­ viously been available in English; many are out of print, either in English or in German; some, especially the early ones, have been little known, and deal with subject-matters other than philosophy of science. The genesis and evolu­ tion of Reichenbach's ideas appeared to be of deep interest, and so we in­ cluded papers from four decades, despite occasional redundancy. We were, for example, pleased to include his extensive review article from the encyclo­ pedic Handbuch der Physik of 1929 on 'The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge', written at a time of creative collaboration between Reichenbach's Berlin group and the Vienna Circle of Schlick and Carnap. Reichenbach was a pioneer, opening new pathways to the solution of age-old problems in many fields: space, time, causality, induction and probability - philosophical analysis and interpretation of classical physics, relativity and quantum physics - logic, language, ethics, scientific explanation and methodology, critical appreciation and reconstruction of past metaphysical thinkers and scientists from Plato to Leibniz and Kant. Indeed, his own philosophical journey was initiated by his passage from Kant to anti-Kant.

Kurzfassung: I. The Prehistory of the Marxian Concept of the Asiatic Mode of Production -- The Legacy of Aristotle -- Travellers’ Tales -- Oriental Despotism and French Politics, the First Phase: A Negative Model for Europe -- Oriental Despotism and French Politics, the Second Phase: A Positive Model for Europe -- Empires Belonging to Space and not to Time -- The Contribution of Political Economy: The Relation of Private Property to Progress -- II. The Marxian Concept of the Asiatic Mode of Production -- Marx’s Perception of the Non-Western World -- Alternative Interpretations: The Question of the Continuity or Discontinuity of Marx’s Model of Asiatic Society -- Marx’s Analysis of Asiatic Society in the General Perspective of his Social Theory -- The City in East and West -- The Ancient East -- The Asiatic Village System: Passport to the Future? -- The Contribution of Engels to the Marxian Analysis of the Non-Western World -- ‘Asiatic Feudalism’ -- The Asiatic Mode of Production and Sino-Soviet Relations -- The Impact of the Sino-Soviet Rift -- III. The Asiatic Mode of Production in Relation to the Place of Geographical Factors in Historical Materialism -- Marx on the Role of Geographical Factors in Historical Development -- Engels’ Account of Laws of Nature -- The ‘Geographical Deviation’: Plekhanov -- The ‘Geographical Deviation’: Wittfogel -- Historical Materialism Versus Geographical Determinism: Stalin and Beyond -- The Revolt of the Soviet Geographers against Stalin 129 -- The Reassessment of the Place of Geographical Factors in Historical Materialism -- A Note on the Population Factor -- IV. Marxist Perspectives on Russian History: The Practical Application of the Concept of the Asiatic Mode of Production -- Marx’s Conception of the Character of the Russian State: Russia Contrasted with Europe -- Marx and the Service-State Theory of Russian History: A Parallel Theory of the Non-European Character of Russian History -- Russian History in European Dress: The Orthodox Marxist Approach -- Plekhanov on Russian History: The Alternative Marxist Approach -- Modernisation in a Non-Western Milieu: Trotsky on Russia’s Past and Present -- V. The Asiatic Mode of Production in Relation to the Marxist Analysis of Progress and Modernisation -- The Unilinear Schema of Social Development -- The Hegelianised Version of the Unilinear Schema -- Chronological and Logical Problems Associated with the Progressive Ranking of Socio-Economic Formations -- The Multilinear Schema of History as Found in Marx -- Variations of the Multilinear Schema as Applied to Pre-Capitalist Societies -- The Dynamics of Modernisation in the Non-Western World: Towards a New Marxist Historiography -- VI. Epilogue -- Select Bibliography -- Works by Marx and Engels -- Other Works Consulted.

Kurzfassung: Wherever possible in this monograph I have referred to English trans­ lations of works originally appearing in other languages. Where this has not been possible, for example with Russian material, I have followed the Library of Congress system of transliteration, but omitted the diacritics. I have also retained the conventional use of 'y' for the ending of certain Russian proper names (e.g., Trotsky not Trotskii). In accordance with the policy of using existing English translations, I have referred to the Martin Nicolaus translation of Marx's Grundrisse, which is relatively faithful to the text. (The Grundrisse, although the Dead Sea Scroll of Marxism, bear all the characteristics of a rough draft, characteristics which are preserved in the Nicolaus translation.) The term 'Marxian' has been employed in the conventional way in this book, to distinguish the views of Marx and Engels from those of their 'Marxist' followers. In preparing this work I have received bibliographical assistance from Professor Israel Getzler, now of the Hebrew University, and critical assistance from Mr Bruce McFarlane of the University of Adelaide and especially from Professor Eugene Kamenka of the Aus­ tralian National University. Professor Jean Chesneaux of the Sorbonne, as one of the leading participants in the more recent debates discussed here, provided me with some further insight into the issues, and Pro­ fessor K.A. Wittfogel of Columbia also supplied some valuable in­ formation.

Kurzfassung: I. The Presuppositions of Whig Historical Writing -- A. The ‘pre-Namier’ period and the growing criticism of the features of Whig historical interpretation: anachronism, finalism and historical continuity -- B. The Relativization of Constitutional History -- II. Whig Historiography in the Nineteenth Century. A. Myth about a Myth? -- A. Medieval studies in the first half of the nineteenth century: F. Palgrave, J. Allen and H. Hallam -- B. The Glorious Revolution and George III; Cromwell and the Civil War -- C. Medieval studies in the second half of the nineteenth century: The Oxford School: W. Stubbs, E.A. Freeman and J.R. Green -- III. Tradition Discredited -- A. The Crisis within the House of Commons -- B. Old liberalism as conservative realism -- C. Whiggery versus Gladstonian liberalism -- D. The New Liberalism: idealism and realism. Efficiency used as an ideology against tradition -- IV. Law and History: F. W. Maitland -- A. Maitland’s road to History -- B. Law and History incompatible? -- C. Maitland versus anachronisms -- V. A Liberal Revaluation of the Tudor Monarchy: A.F. Pollard -- A. A.F. Pollard and English historiography -- B. A Liberal Revaluation of the New Monarchy: English Freedom and its Fettered Birth -- C. Parliament’s unparliamentary origin and evolution -- D. Tollardism’: The Reformation Parliament -- VI. Administrative History: T.F. Tout -- A. Administrative history as a reaction to Whig historiography -- B. Administrative history: a mirror of the times -- C. T.F. Tout and the French Histoire Événementielle -- D. T.F. Tout and his Administrative History -- E. The Reaction: the limits of administrative history and the illusions of specialization -- Bibliography of A.F. Pollard’s Writings -- Sources and literature -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: Several ofthe themes of this study have been treated in earlier publica­ tions, some by means of a general analysis and some through a detailed handling of problems raised by a particular theme or historian. Both the more general theoretical treatment of the theme and the concrete historiographical treatment are, I think, indispensable aids to the proper understanding of the development of historical scholarship in nineteenth-and twentieth-century England. There are a number of problems in a concrete historiographical approach: there is first the mass of historians to be faced, and then the immense amount of historical themes dealt with in various periods. As a guideline through the tangle of themes we chose the historiography on the development of the English parliament. We can only hope that we have made a responsible choice of the historians concerned. Un­ fortunately it was not always possible for us to give extensive biogra­ phies of some of the more recent historians, as several 'papers' are still firmly in the possession of families, and a number of them mus- despite of years - still be labelled 'confidential.' The Pollard Papers in the London Institute of Historical Research thus remained inaccessible. Fortunately the lack was partly compen­ sated by some important material being found apart from these Papers.

Kurzfassung: Introductory Essay -- Phenomenology and Philosophy in Japan -- I / Present Day Phenomenology in Japan -- Husserl’s Manuscript ‘A Nocturnal Conversation’: His Phenomenology of Intersubjectivity -- The Paradox of the Phenomenological Method -- The Potential Plurality of the Transcendental Ego of Husserl and Its Relevance to the Theory of Space -- Philosophy and Phenomenological Intuition -- Is Time Real? -- Phenomenology and Grammar: A Consideration of the Relation Between Husserl’s Logical Investigations and Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy -- Phänomenologische Betrachtung vom Begriff der Welt -- Wahrheit und Unwahrheit oder Eigentlichkeit und Uneigentlichkeit: Eine Bemerkung zu Heideggers Sein und Zeit -- II / Phenomenology in the Japanese Inheritance -- The Kyoto School of Philosophy and Phenomenology -- Affective Feeling -- The Concrete World of Action in Nishida’s Later Thought -- Appendix: Selected Bibliography of the Major Phenomenological Works Translated into Japanese and of the Major Phenomenological Writings by Japanese Authors (Hirotaka Tatematsu) -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: I / History of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science -- The Sources of Modern Methodology -- Difficulties in the Historiography of Science -- Logical, Ontological and Methodological Aspects of Scientific Revolutions -- The Origins of Traditional Grammar -- Galileo and the Justification of Experiments -- Leibnizian Space-Times and Leibnizian Algebras -- Changing Concepts of the a Priori -- Competing and Complementary Patterns of Explanation in Social Science -- Subjectivity, Objectivity and Ontological Commitment in the Empirical Sciences -- Genealogy of Science and Theory of Knowledge -- II / Historical Perspectives on the Concept of Matter -- Evolution of the Concept of Matter in Science and Philosophy -- Material Causality -- III / Theory Change -- Describing Revolutionary Scientific Change: a Formal Approach -- Accidental (‘Non-Substantial’) Theory Change and Theory Dislodgment -- Theory-Change as Structure-Change: Comments on the Sneed Formalism -- IV / Programme of the 5th Congress (Appendix) -- Programme of the Fifth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: The Fifth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, 27 August to 2 September 1975. The Congress was held under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, and was sponsored by the National Research Council of Canada and the University of Western Ontario. As those associated closely with the work of the Division over the years know well, the work undertaken by its members varies greatly and spans a number of fields not always obviously related. In addition, the volume of work done by first rate scholars and scientists in the various fields of the Division has risen enormously. For these and related reasons it seemed to the editors chosen by the Divisional officers that the usual format of publishing the proceedings of the Congress be abandoned in favour of a somewhat more flexible, and hopefully acceptable, method of pre­ sentation. Accordingly, the work of the invited participants to the Congress has been divided into four volumes appearing in the University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. The volumes are entitled, Logic, Foundations of Mathematics and Computability Theory, Foun­ dational Problems in the Special Sciences, Basic Problems in Methodol­ ogy and Linguistics, and Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science.

Kurzfassung: Inaugural Lecture -- Pensée et Prédication -- I — The Irreducible / In the Individual or in Human Communication? -- The Unique Individual and His Other -- The Irreducible Alienation of the Self -- A Time to Exist on One’s Own -- Love of Self: Obstacle or Privileged Means of Encountering Another? -- II — The Irreducible Personal Nucleus in Human Communication -- Participation or Alienation? -- The Dialectical Conception of Self-Determination -- Phenomenology of Personalistic Morality -- The Self and the Other in the Thought of Edith Stein -- III — The Irreducible Factor in Human Creativity: Causality, Language, Cognition and Interpretation -- Otherness and Causality -- Le Langage Entre Soi et Autrui -- The ‘Founded Act’ and the Apperception of Others -- Empathy, A Return to Reason -- The Creative Self and the Other in Man’s Self-Interpretation.

Kurzfassung: One Methodology and History -- I. The Subject Matter of the Methodology of Sciences -- II. The Subject Matter of the Methodology of History -- III. The Scope of the Subject Matter (Domain) of Historical Research -- Two Patterns of Historical Research -- Grounds for Classification -- IV. Pragmatic Reflection -- V. Critical Reflection -- VI. Erudite and Genetic Reflection -- VII. Structural Reflection -- VIII. Logical Reflection -- IX. Dialectical Reflection -- Three the Objective Methodology of History -- X. Historical Facts -- XI. The Process of History (Causality and Determinism) -- XII. The Process of History (Historical Regularities) -- Four the Pragmatic Methodology of History. Theory of Source-Based and Non-Source-Based Knowledge -- XIII. The Nature of Historical Cognition -- XIV. Questions and Answers. a General Reconstruction of Historical Research -- XV. Theory of Source-Based Knowledge -- XVI. Theory of Non-Source-Based Knowledge -- XVII. The Functions of Source-Based and Non-Source-Based Knowledge -- Five the Pragmatic Methodology of History: the Methods of Reconstruction of the Process of History -- XVIII. The Authenticity of Sources and the Reliability of Informants -- XIX. Methods of Establishing Historical Facts -- XX. Quantitative Methods in Historical Research -- XXI. The Procedure of Explanation in Historical Research -- XXII. Construction and Synthesis -- Six the Apragmatic Methodology of History -- XXIII. The Nature and Instruments of Historical Narration -- XXIV. Components of Narratives: Historical Statements and Laws -- XXV. Elements of Historical Narratives: Evaluations -- XXVI. The Methodological Structure of Historical Research -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: No discipline has been more praised or more criticized than the writing of history. Cioero claimed that history teaches men how to live. Aris­ totle denied it the very name of science and regwded poetry as the higher wisdom. At various times history has been assigned a command­ ing or a demeaning statIUs in the hierarchy of sciences. Today one can admire the increasing precision and sophistication of the methods used by historia:ns. On the other hand, Thucydides' History of the PeZo­ ponesian War still serves as the ideal model of how to reconstruct the historical past. Even those who deny the possibility of an objective reconstruction of the past would themselves likie to be recorded by historians, "objectively" or not. Dislike of history and fear of its verdict are not incompatible with reverence and awe for its practitioners, the historians. So man's attitude to history is ambiguous. The controversy about history continues. Widely differing issues are at stake. Historians themselves, however, are the least engaged in the struggle. Rarely does a historian decide to open the door of his study and join in the melee about the meaning of history. More often he slams it shut and returns to his studies, oblivious of the fact that with the passage of thne the gap between his scientific work and its audience might widen. The historian does not shun the battle, he merely chooses his own battleground.

Kurzfassung: 1. Background -- I. Ludwig Feuerbach: Father of German Materialism -- II. Reaction in the Fifties -- 2. The Scientific Materialists and their Works -- III. Karl Vogt: Sounding the Alarm -- IV. Jacob Moleschott: ‘Für das Volk’ -- V. Ludwig Büchner: Summarizer and Spokesman -- VI. Heinrich Czolbe: Irreführender Materialist -- 3. Issues -- VII. Of Philosophy and Science -- VIII. Controversies in Biology -- IX. Materialism and Society -- Concluding Remarks -- Notes.

Kurzfassung: A comprehensive study of German materialism in the second half of the nineteenth century is long overdue. Among contemporary historians the mere passing references to Karl Vogt, Jacob Moleschott, and Ludwig Buchner as materialists and popularizers of science are hardly sufficient, for few individuals influenced public opinion in nineteenth-century Germany more than these men. Buchner, for example, revealed his awareness of the historical significance of his Kraft und Stoff in comments made in 1872, just seventeen years after its original appearance. A philosophical book which has undergone twelve big German editions in the short span of seventeen years, which further has been issued in non-German countries and languages about fifteen to sixteen times in the same period, and whose appearance (although its author was entirely unknown up to then) has called forth an almost unprecedented storm in the press, . . . such a book can be nothing ordinary; the world-calling it enjoys at present must be justified through its wholly special characteristics or by the merits of its form and content. ' Vogt, Moleschott and Buchner explicitly held that their materialism was founded on natural science. But other materialists of the nineteenth century also laid claim to the scientific character of their own thought. It is likely that Marx and Engels would have permitted their brand of materialism to have been called scientific, provided, of course, that 'scientific' was understood in their dialectical meaning of the term. Socialism, Engels maintained, had become a science with Marx.

Kurzfassung: I. A Georgian Menshevik -- II. A Menshevik in the Duma -- III. A Siberian Zimmerwaldist -- IV. A Democrat in the Revolution -- 1. A Revolutionary Defensist -- 2. Leader of the Soviet -- 3. Minister Tsereteli -- 4. The Last Compromise -- 5. Swan Song -- V. A Georgian Internationalist -- 1. A Separatist in spite of Himself -- 2. A Georgian Diplomat -- 3. Towards Isolation -- VI. Conclusion.

Kurzfassung: About Tsereteli relatively little has been written in historical literature. A study of his political career fits well into the current, gradually widening interest in the men who were the losers in the Russian revolution. A biography of Tsereteli is certainly not out of place alongside S. H. Baron's biography of Plekhanov, I. Getzler's work on Martov and the biography of Aksel'rod by A. Ascher. While Plekhanov, Martov and Aksel'rod laid down the theoretical principles of Menshe­ vism, Tsereteli was certainly their superior in the field of practical politics. The quantity and quality of the available source material is un­ equally divided over the different periods of Tsereteli's life. There is very little more about his youth than the brief notes which he himself made much later in his life, and the recollections which Boris Niko­ laevskii and Tsereteli's sister Eliko noted down from things he said. There is quite a lot of material about the student movement in Moscow between I900 and I902, in which he took an active part, so that it is possible to get a good general picture. Since the students often acted anonymously, however, it is not easy to determine Tsereteli's role.

Kurzfassung: I / Problems in the Methodology of Science -- Methodology and Systematic Philosophy -- Identity by Sense in Empirical Sciences -- Towards a General Semantics of Empirical Theories -- II / Identifiability Problems -- Identifiability and the Status of Theoretical Terms -- Definability and Identifiability: Certain Problems and Hypotheses -- On Identifiability in Extended Domains -- Prediction and Identifiability -- III / Foundations of Probability and Induction -- An Argument for Comparative Probability -- On the Truthlikeness of Generalizations -- A Third Dogma of Empiricism -- Causal Thinking in Judgment under Uncertainty -- IV / The Concept of Randomness -- A Survey of the Theory of Random Sequences -- Mises Redux -- V / Foundational Problems in Linguistics -- Foundations of Philosophical Pragmatics -- On Problems of Speech Act Theory -- VI / The Prospects of Transformational Grammar -- Transformations and Categories in Syntax -- Consequence of Speaking -- Formal Properties of Phonological Rules -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: The Fifth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, 27 August to 2 September 1975. The Congress was held under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, and was sponsored by the National Research Council of Canada and the University of Western Ontario. As those associated closely with the work of the Division over the years know well, the work undertaken by its members varies greatly and spans a number of fields not always obviously related. In addition, the volume of work done by first rate scholars and scientists in the various fields of the Division has risen enormously. For these and related reasons it seemed to the editors chosen by the Divisional officers that the usual format of publishing the proceedings of the Congress be abandoned in favour of a somewhat more flexible, and hopefully acceptable, method of pre­ sentation. Accordingly, the work of the invited participants to the Congress has been divided into four volumes appearing in the University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. The volumes are entitled, Logic, Foundations of Mathematics and Computability Theory, Foun­ dational Problems in the Special Sciences, Basic Problems in Methodol­ ogy and Linguistics, and Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science.

Kurzfassung: I/Foundations of The Physical Sciences -- Genesis and Observership -- The Methodology of Physics and Topology -- Axiomatics and the Search for the Foundations of Physics -- II/The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- What is Philosophically Interesting about Quantum Mechanics? -- Completeness and Realism in Quantum Mechanics -- III/Foundations of biology -- The Ontological Status of Species as Evolutionary Units -- Theories and Observations of Developmental Biology -- Organic Determinism and Teleology in Biological Research -- Explicit and Implicit Semantic Content of the Genetic Information -- IV/Foundations of Psychology -- Consciousness and the Brain -- Causality and Action -- Methodological Aspects of Analysis of Activity -- V/The Status of Learning Theories -- A Survey of Contemporary Learning Theories -- Conditioning as the Perception of Causal Relations -- Leanable Functions -- VI/Foundations of The Social Sciences -- The Methodology of Social Knowledge and the Problem of the Integration of the Sciences -- VII/Justice and Social Change -- Welfare Inequalities and Rawlsian Axiomatics -- Nonlinear Social Welfare Functions: A Rejoinder to Prof. Sen -- Non Linear Social Welfare Functions: A Reply to Prof. Harsanyi -- The Measurement of Social Inequality -- VIII/Rationality in Social Sciences -- Advances in Understanding Rational Behavior -- Towards a Unified Decision Theory: A Non-Bayesian Approach -- On the Rationale of the Bayesian Approach: Comments on Prof. Watkins’s Paper -- The Dual Function of Rationality -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: The Fifth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, 27 August to 2 September 1975. The Congress was held under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, and was sponsored by the National Research Council of Canada and the University of Western Ontario. As those associated closely with the work of the Division over the years know weIl, the work undertaken by its members varies greatly and spans a number of fields not always obviously related. In addition, the volume of work done by first rate scholars and scientists in the various fields of the Division has risen enormously. For these and related reasons it seemed to the editors chosen by the Divisional officers that the usual format of publishing the proceedings of the Congress be abandoned in favour of a somewhat more flexible, and hopefully acceptable, method of pre­ sentation. Accordingly, the work of the invited participants to the Congress has been divided into four volumes appearing in the University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. The volumes are entitled, Logic, Foundations of Mathematics and Computability Theory, Foun­ dational Problems in the Special Sciences, Basic Problems in Methodol­ ogy and Linguistics, and Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science.

Kurzfassung: 1. On the Meaning of Expressions (1931) -- 2. Language and Meaning (1934) -- 3. The World-Picture and the Conceptual Apparatus (1934) -- 4. On the Applicability of Pure logic to Philosophical Problems (1934) -- 5. On the Problem of Universals (1935) -- 6. The Scientific World-Perspective (1935) -- 7. Syntactic Connexion (1936) -- 8. A Semantical Version of the Problem of Transcendental Idealism (1937) -- 9. Interrogative Sentences (1934/1938) -- 10. Logic and Experience (1947) -- 11. Epistemology and Semiotics (1948) -- 12. Change and Contradiction (1948) -- 13. On the Notion of Existence (1949) -- 14. Conditional Statement and Material Implication (1956) -- 15. The Problem of the Rationality of Non-Deductive Types of Inference (1958) -- 16. The Problem of the Foundation of Analytic Sentences (1958) -- 17. Syntactical Connections between Constituents of Declarative Sentences (1960) -- 18. Axiomatic Systems from the Methodological Point of View (1960) -- 19. The Problem of Foundation (1963) [posthumous] -- 20. The Problem of Empiricism and the Concept of Meaning (1964) [posthumous] -- 21. Intensional Expressions (1967) [posthumous] -- 22. Proposition as the Connotation of a Sentence (1967) [posthumous] -- Bibliography of Ajdukiewicz’s Works -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Kurzfassung: Though with considerable delay, most of the writings of Polish logicians of the inter-war period are now available in English. This is not yet true of Polish philosophy. In the present volume English-speaking readers will fmd, for the first time, a sizeable collection of the articles of one of the most original and distinguished of Poland's philosophers of the present century, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (1890-1963). To be sure, Ajdukiewicz was a philosopher-logician from the beginning of his career. His first work of some importance, a monograph entitled From the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences (1921 post-dated; two abstracts published in 1919/20) exhibited two features which were to become charac­ teristic of the style of his later philosophy: On the one hand the monograph was the result of Ajdukiewicz's deep interest in the systems of modern logic, the foundations of mathematics, in the properties of deductive systems and their relevance to philosophy; on the other hand the monograph was an attempt at developing an 'understanding methodology' (in the sense of Gennan 'Verstehende Methodologie') of deductive sciences, i. e. a pragmatic study of axiomatic systems which would supplement purely formal investiga­ tions of those systems. The fonner made him a close ally oflogical empiricists; the latter was rooted in the henneneutic tradition of the second half of the 19th century (Dilthey) which spilled over into the 20th century (Spranger) and which was not cherished at all by logical empiricists.

Kurzfassung: I/Mathematical Logic -- Constructions ‘by Finite’ -- Some Eastern Two Cardinal Theorems -- Functional Interpretation and Kripke Models -- Axioms for Intuitionistic Mathematics Incompatible with Classical Logic -- II/Foundations of Mathematical Theories -- Ineffability Properties of Cardinals II -- Non-Standard Analysis -- Some Purely Mathematical Results Inspired by Mathematical Logic -- Interpretability of Elementary Theories -- III/Category Theory -- Categorical Foundations and Foundations of Category Theory -- IV/Computability Theory -- Re Sets Higher Up (Dedicated to J. B. Rosser) -- Computable Numberings -- On the Basic Notions in the Theory of Induction -- Basic Concepts of Computer Science and Logic -- Structural Relations between Programs and Problems -- Algorithmic Logic, a Tool for Investigations of Programs -- V/Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics -- On a Semantical Language Hierarchy in a Constructive Mathematical Logic -- VI/On The Concept of a Set -- Large Sets -- What is the Iterative Conception of Set? -- VII/Philosophy of Logic -- Do-it-yourself Semantics for Classical Sequent Calculi, including Ramified Type Theory -- Some Philosophical Problems of Hintikka’s Possible Worlds Semantics -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: The Fifth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science was held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, 27 August to 2 September 1975. The Congress was held under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, and was sponsored by the National Research Council of Canada and the University of Western Ontario. As those associated closely with the work of the Division over the years know well, the work undertaken by its members varies greatly and spans a number of fields not always obviously related. In addition, the volume of work done by first rate scholars and scientists in the various fields of the Division has risen enormously. For these and related reasons it seemed to the editors chosen by the Divisional officers that the usual format of publishing the proceedings of the Congress be abandoned in favour of a somewhat more flexible, and hopefully acceptable, method of pre­ sentation. Accordingly, the work of the invited participants to the Congress has been divided into four volumes appearing in the University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science. The volumes are entitled, Logic, Foundations of Mathematics and Computability Theory, Foun­ dational Problems in the Special Sciences, Basic Problems in Methodol­ ogy and Linguistics, and Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science.

Kurzfassung: I. On the Origin and Significance of the Axioms of Geometry -- Notes [M.S.] -- II. On the Facts Underlying Geometry -- Notes [P.H.] -- III. Numbering and Measuring from an Epistemological Viewpoint -- Notes [P.H.] -- IV. The Facts in Perception -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Notes [M.S.] -- A. Works by Helmholtz -- B. Biographical Materials -- C. Works on Helmholtz -- D. Index to Cited Works (with English translation where known) -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: [1977] Hermann von Helmholtz in the History of Scientific Method In 1921, the centenary of Helmholtz' birth, Paul Hertz, a physicist, and Moritz Schlick, a philosopher, published a selection of his papers and lectures on the philosophical foundations of the sciences, under the title Schriften zur Erkenntnistheorie. Combining qualities of respect and criticism that Helmholtz would have demanded, Hertz and Schlick scrupulously annotated the texts. Their edition of Helmholtz was of historical influence, comparable to the influence among contemporary mathematicians and philosophers of Hermann Weyl's annotated edition in 1919 of Riemann's great dissertation of 1854 on the foundations of geometry. For several reasons, we are pleased to be able to bring this Schlick/ Hertz edition to the English-reading world: first, and primary, to honor the memory of Hermann von Helmholtz; second, as writings of historical value, to deepen the understanding of mathematics and the natural sciences, as well as of psychology and philosophy, in the 19th centur- for Helmholtz must be comprehended within at least that wide a range; third, with Schlick, to understand the developing empiricist philosophy of science in the early 20th century; and fourth, to bring the contributions of Schlick, Hertz, and Helmholtz to methodological debate in our own time, a half century later, long after the rise and consolidation of logical empiricism, the explosion of physics since Planck and Einstein, and the development of psychology since Freud and Pavlov.

Kurzfassung: I. The Nature of the Axiom of Reducibility (1928) -- II. A Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability (1930) -- III. The Concept of Identity (1936) -- IV. Moritz Schlick’s Significance for Philosophy (1936) -- V. Hypotheses (before 1936?) -- VI. Is Logic a Deductive Theory? (1938) -- VII. The Relevance of Psychology to Logic (1938) -- VIII. What is Logical Analysis? (1939) -- IX. Fiction (1950) -- X. A Note on Existence (1952) -- XI. A Remark on Experience (I950’s) -- XII. The Linguistic Technique (after 1953) -- XIII. Belief and Knowledge (1950’s) -- XIV. Two Accounts of Knowing (1950’s) -- Bibliography of Works by Friedrich Waismann -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: One Bruno Bauer as a Young Hegelian -- I. The problem -- II. Literature on Bruno Bauer -- III. Bauer’s life until the publication of Strauss’ Leben Jesu -- IV. The split in the Hegelian school — emergence of the Young Hegelians -- V. Bruno Bauer as a theologian and critic of Strauss -- VI. Bauerian Critique of the Gospels -- VII. Bruno Bauer as commentator on Hegel -- VIII. Bauer’s conception of religion and history -- IX. Bauer’s political conception -- Two Karl Marx and Bruno Bauer -- I. The personal relations and literary collaboration between Bauer and Marx -- II. Bauerian motifs in Marx’s conception of religion -- III. Bauer’s influence on Marx’s dissertation -- IV. Bauerian motifs in Marx’s conception of alienation -- V. The impact of Bauerian ideas on Marx’s conception of ideology -- VI. Marx, Feuerbach, Bauer -- VII. The polemic between Marx and Bauer.

Kurzfassung: The present work is aimed at filling a hiatus in the literature dealing with the Young Hegelians and the early thought of Karl Marx. Despite the prevalent view in the past few decades that Bruno Bauer played an important part in the radical activity of Hegel's young disciples in the eighteen forties in Germany, no comprehensive work has so far been published on the relations between Bauer and Marx. In 1927 Ernst Bar­ nikol promised to write a monograph on the subject, but he never did. For the purpose of this study I perused material in numerous library collections and I would like to express my gratitude to the staff of the following institutions: Tel Aviv University Library, the Library and Archive of the International Institute of Social History in Am­ sterdam, the Heidelberg University Library, the Library of Gottingen University, the Tiibingen University Library, Frankfurt University Library, the State Library at Marburg, the Manuscript Department of the State Archives in Berlin.

Kurzfassung: Table Des Matieres -- Première Section -- La Tradition Catholique -- Deuxième Section. Les Physiques Eucharistiques -- I. René Descartes -- Chapitre premier -- Chapitre second -- II. Robert Desgabets -- Chapitre troisième -- Conclusion -- 1. Biblographie de dom Robert Desgabets -- 2. Inventaire du manuscrit 366 de la Bibliothèque de Chartres -- 3. Deux textes inédits de dom Desgabets -- 4. Bibliographie de la première section -- 5. Note sur la Bibliographie de la deuxième section -- Indices -- Index des principales notions -- Index des noms propres -- Addendum.

Kurzfassung: Table of Contents/Table des Matieres -- I. Origins and Typology/Origines et Typologie -- The Radical Reformation, political pluralism, and the Corpus Christianum -- The origins of anabaptism: Ascetic and charismatic elements exemplifying continuity and discontinuity -- Ursprünge und Strömungen des Täufertums in Österreich -- The influence of Jacob Strauss on the Anabaptists. A problem in historical methodology -- Reublin and Brötli, the revolutionary beginnings of Swiss Anabaptism -- II. Special Essays: Places and Figures of Anabaptism/Etudes Particulieres: Lieux et Figures de L’Anabaptisme -- Sattler et Loyola: Ou deux formes de radicalisme religieux au XVIº siècle -- Zwingli et Calvin, Critiques de la confession de Schleitheim -- Anfänge und Aspekte der Theologie Hubmaiers -- Karlstadt und die Entstehung der Straßburger Täufergemeinde -- Les autorités civiles et les anabaptistes: Attitudes du magistrat de Strasbourg (1526–1532) -- Melchior Hoffman and Strasbourg Anabaptism -- Notule sur la situation de L’Eglise strasbourgeoise en 1529 -- Exposition de documents originaux concernant les anabaptistes à Strasbourg au i6e siècle -- List of abbreviations/Liste des abréviations -- Bibliography/Bibliographie -- List of collaborators/Liste des collaborateurs.

Kurzfassung: 1 Introduction and Early Life, 1705–35 -- 2 Schoolmaster and Author, 1735–7 -- 3 Dilettante and Microscope Maker, 1737–40 -- 4 Itinerant Lecturer, 1740–55 -- 5 Philology and the General Magazine -- 6 Establishment of the Fleet Street Business, 1756–9 -- 7 Consolidation: the 1760s -- 8 The 1770s -- 9 Death and Aftermath -- I Short-title List of Martin’s Publications -- II Manuscripts Relating to Benjamin Martin -- III Martin’s Catalogue of Instruments, Books and Prints, 1762 -- IV Locations of Representative Martin Instruments -- V ?ibliography of Printed Sources, other than Martin’s Publications.

Kurzfassung: Volume One -- I. The Police of Provisioning -- II. The Regulations and the Regulators -- III. The Origins of Liberty -- IV. The Response to Liberalization: Theory and Practice -- V. Forcing Grain to be Free: The Government Holds the Line -- VI. The Reforms and the Grain Trade -- VII. Paris -- VIII. The Royal Trump -- Volume Two -- IX. The government, the parlements, and the battle Over liberty: I -- X. The government, the parlements, and the battle Over liberty: II -- XI. From Political Economy To Police: The Return to Apprehensive Paternalism -- XII. Policing the General Subsistence, 1771–1774 -- XIII. The King’s Grain and the Retreat from Liberalization -- Conclusion.

Kurzfassung: I Modern times has invented its own brand of Apocalypse. Famine is no longer one of the familiar outriders. The problems of material life, and their political and psychological implications, have changed drastically in the course of the past two hundred years. Perhaps nothing has more profoundly affected our institutions and our attitudes than the creation of a technology of abundance. - Even the old tropes have given way: neither dollars nor calories can measure the distance which separates gagne-pain from gagne-hi/leek. 1 Yet the concerns of this book seem much less remote today than they did when it was conceived in the late sixties. In the past few years we have begun to worry, with a sort of expiatory zeal, about the state· of our environment, the size of our population, the political economy and the morality of the allocation of goods and jobs, and the future of our resources. While computer projections cast a malthusian pall over our world, we have had a bitter, first-hand taste of shortages of all kinds. The sempiternal battle between producers and consumers rages with a new ferocity, as high prices provoke anger on the one side and celebration on the other. Even as famines continue to strike the third world in the thermidor of the green revolution, so we have discovered hunger in our own midst.

Kurzfassung: One The Life and Work of Le Grand D’aussy -- A. The early years: Le Grand and the Society of Jesus -- B. The apprenticeship -- C. The Fabliaux ou Contes -- D. The Observations sur les Troubadours -- E. The Histoire de la Vie Privée des Français -- F. The excursions to Auvergne -- G. A new carecr? The years of silence -- H. Final recognition. The last ambitious years -- Two The Fabliaux ou Contes -- to part two -- I. Literary texts or historical documents? The mirror of medieval society. -- II. France and the literary renaissance in medieval Europe. The vindication of the “trouvères”. -- III. Medieval literature by eightccnth-ccntury standards. A discerning appreciation. -- IV. The sources. -- V. The method. An examination of Le Grand’s extract form: the “copie réduite”. -- VI. Conclusion: The popularity and enduring validity of the Fabliaux ou Contes. -- Appendix: The Sources of the Fabliaux ou Contes -- A. Manuscript copies used by Lc Grand d’Aussy -- B. Medieval manuscripts used by Le Grand d’Aussy -- C. Table of fabliaux manuscripts known to Le Grand D’Aussy and his predecessors -- Bibliography: -- Section I. Manuscript Works -- Le Grand d’Aussy -- Contemporary medievalists -- Barbazan, Etienne -- La Gurne de Saintc-Palaye -- La Vallière, Due de -- Paulmy, Marquis de -- Section II. Printed Works -- Principal eighteenth-century journals to which reference is made -- Authors before 1700 -- Contemporaries of Le Grand d’Aussy -- Le Grand d’Aussy: -- Extracts, articles, “mémoires”, “notices” -- Biographies and bibliographies of Le Grand d’Aussy -- Modern students of the fabliaux who mention or use Le Grand d’Aussy -- Modern works concerned with eighteenth-century medievalism -- Miscellaneous modern works to which reference is made.

Kurzfassung: It is a common belief that in France the study of medieval literature as literature only began to gain recognition as a valid occupation for the scholar during the nineteenth century. It is well known that historians of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries looked to the literary productions of the Middle Ages for materials useful to their researches, but it is only recently that the remarkable frequency of this reference has been appreciated and that scholars have become aware of an unbroken tradition of what might best be described as historically ori ented medievalism stretching from the sixteenth century to our own. The eighteenth century has drawn the greatest number of curious to this field, for it is evident that the surprisingly extensive researches undertaken then do much to explain the progress made a century later by the most celebrated generation of medievalistst. Very slowly we are coming to see the value of the contribution made by little known schol­ ars like La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Etienne Barbazan and the Comte de Caylus.

Kurzfassung: Inaugural Lecture: The Initial Spontaneity -- Prologue -- Initial Spontaneity and the Modalities of Human Life -- I / The Modalities of Human Life -- The World-Remoteness of the Text -- Affectivity and the Life World -- Special Contribution to the Debate: On History and the Life-World -- Special Contribution to the Debate: A Return to Experience or How to Kick the Habit -- II / Rupture and Reconstruction -- Man and Values in Ingarden’s Thought -- Continuité et discontinuité des valeurs -- Values and the Life-World in the Problem of the Crisis -- Identité personelle et la temporalité du moi -- Special Contribution to the Debate: Theoria, Praxis, and the Crisis -- III / Alienation-Belonging -- Alienation and the Concept of Modernity -- The Religious Crisis of Our Culture -- Special Contribution to the Debate: Alienation and the Interpretative Framework -- IV / From Reason to Action -- Phénoménologie et esthétique -- Personne, individu et responsabilité chez Edith Stein -- The Quest for Valid Knowledge in the Context of Society -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The Intentional Act and the Human Act, that is, Act and Experience -- Special Contribution to the Debate: The Conversion of Nature and Technology -- V / Complementary Essays -- Culture and Utopia in the Phenomenological Perspective -- Consciousness and Action: Husserl and Marx on Theory and Praxis -- Closing Remarks.

Kurzfassung: Introduction: Leibniz as Philosopher -- I. The 17th Century -- II. Leibniz’s Life and Work -- III. The Metaphysical Pattern -- IV. Leibniz’s Method 19 V. Logic and the Principles of Truth and Reality -- VI. Mathematics and Philosophy -- VII. Physics and the Realm of Nature -- VIII. Biology -- IX. Psychology -- X. Theory of Knowledge -- XI. Summary: Structure and Purpose -- XII. Ethics and Social Thought -- XIII. Theology -- XIV. Leibniz’s Consistency and Influence -- I. Mainz and Paris, 1666–76 -- 1. Dissertation on the Art of Combinations, 1666 (Selections) -- I. Demonstration of the Existence of God -- II. Corollaries for Disputation -- III. Cum Deo! -- Definitions -- Problems -- 2. A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence, 1667 (Selections from Part I) -- I. General and Common to All Faculties: on a Basis for Studies in General -- 3. Letter to Jacob Thomasius, 1669 -- 4. Letter to Thomas Hobbes, 1670 -- 5. Theological Writings Related to the Catholic Demonstrations, 1668–70 -- I. The Confession of Nature against Atheists, 1669 -- II. A Fragment on Dreams -- III. On Transubstantiation, 1668(?) -- Supplement: Notes on the Eucharist, 1668 -- 6. Preface to an Edition of Nizolius, 1670 (Selections) -- 7. Elements of Natural Law, 1670–71 -- 8. Studies in Physics and the Nature of Body, 1671 -- I. The Theory of Abstract Motion: Fundamental Principles -- II. An Example of Demonstrations about the Nature of Corporeal Things Drawn from Phenomena -- 9. Letter to Magnus Wedderkopf, 1671 -- 10. Letter to Antoine Arnauld, 1671 (Selection) -- 11. Letter to Simon Foucher, with Notes on Fouche?s Reply to Des Gabets, 1675 -- 12. Selections from the Paris Notes, 1676 -- 13. Letter to Henry Oldenburg, 1675 -- 14. Two Notations for Discussion with Spinoza, 1676 -- II. Hanover to the Italian Journey, 1676–87 -- 15. On a Method of Arriving at a True Analysis of Bodies and the Causes of Natural Things, 1677 -- 16. Letter to Arnold Eckhard, 1677 -- 17. Dialogue, 1677 -- 18. Letter to Herman Conring, 1678 -- 19. Letter to Walter von Tschirnhaus, 1678 -- 20. On the Ethics of Benedict de Spinoza, 1678 -- I. On God -- 21. What is an Idea? 1678 -- 22. Letters to Nicolas Malebranche, 1679 (Selections) -- 23. Two Dialogues on Religion, ca. 1678 (Selections) -- I. Dialogue between Poliander and Theophile -- II. Dialogue between Polidore and Theophile -- 24. On the General Characteristic, ca. 1679 -- 25. On Universal Synthesis and Analysis, or the Art of Disco very and Judgment, 1679(?) -- 26. Two Studies in the Logical Calculus, 1679 -- I. Elements of Calculus -- II. Specimen of Universal Calculus -- 27. Studies in a Geometry of Situation, 1679 -- I. Letter to Christian Huygens, 1679 -- II. Supplement -- III. On Analysis Situs -- 28. Letter to John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Hanover, 1679 -- 29. On Freedom, ca. 1679 -- 30. “First Truths”, ca. 1680–84 -- 31. Selections from Leibniz’s Correspondence, 1679–84 -- I. To Christian Philipp, 1679 -- II. To Philipp, 1680 -- III. To François de la Chaise, 1680 -- IV. To Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf, 1683 -- V. To Walter von Tschirnhaus, 1684 -- 32. On the Elements of Natural Science, ca. 1682–84 -- I. The Plan of the Book277 II. An Introduction on the Value and Method of Natural Science -- 33. Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas, 1684 -- 34. A Brief Demonstration of a Notable Error of Descartes and Others Concerning a Natural Law, 1686 -- 35. “Discourse on Metaphysics”, 1686 -- 36. Correspondence with Arnauld, 1686–87 (Selections) -- 37. Letter of Mr. Leibniz on a General Principle Useful in Explaining the Laws of Nature through a Consideration of the Divine Wisdom; to Serve as a Reply to the Response of the Rev. Father Malebranche, 1687 -- to Parts III and IV -- III. Hanover to the Death of Ernest August, 1690–98 -- 38. Letter to Arnauld, 1690 -- 39. On the Method of Distinguishing Real from Imaginary Phenomena -- 40. On the True Theologia Mystica, ca. 1690(?) -- 41. A Study in the Logical Calculus -- 42. Critical Thoughts on the General Part of the Principles of Descartes, 1692 -- On Part I -- On Part II -- 43. Correspondence with Huygens, 1692–94 (Selections) -- 44. From the Ethical and Legal Writings, 1693–1700 -- I. From the Preface of the ‘Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus’ -- II. From the Preface to the Mantissa Codicis Juris Gentium -- III. On Wisdom -- IV. On Natural Law 428 A Classification of Societies or Communities -- 45. On the Correction of Metaphysics and the Concept of Substance, 1694 -- 46. Specimen Dynamicum, 1695 -- 47. I. A New System of the Nature and the Communication of Substances, as well as the Union between the Soul and the Body, 1695 -- II. “Second Explanation of the New System”, 1696 -- 48. Letter to Gabriel Wagner on the Value of Logic, 1696 -- 49. Letters to Des Billettes, 1696–97 -- 50. Tentamen Anagogicum: An Anagogical Essay in the Investigation of Causes, ca. 1696 -- 51. On the Radical Origination of Things, 1697 -- 52. Clarification of the Difficulties which Mr. Bayle has found in the New System of the Union of Soul and Body, 1698 -- 53. On Nature Itself, or on the Inherent Force and Actions of Created Things, 1698 -- IV. Hanover under George Louis, 1698–1716 -- 54. Correspondence with John Bernoulli, 1698–99 -- 55. Correspondence with De Voider, 1699–1706 -- 56. Letter to Varignon, with a Note on the ‘Justification of the Infinitesimal Calculus by That of Ordinary Algebra’, 1702 -- I. Letter to Varignon, February 2, 1702 -- II. Justification of the Infinitesimal Calculus by That of Ordinary Algebra, 1701 -- 57. On What is Independent of Sense and of Matter, 1702 -- 58. Reflections on the Doctrine of a Single Universal Spirit, 1702 -- 59. Reflections on the Common Concept of Justice, 1702(?) -- 60. Reply to the Thoughts on the System of Pre-Established Harmony contained in the Second Edition of Mr. Bayle’s Critical Dictionary, Article Rorarius 1702 -- 61. Considerations on Vital Principles and Plastic Natures, by the Author of the System of Pre-Established Harmony, 1705 -- 62. Letter to Hansch on the Platonic Philosophy or on Platonic Enthusiasm, 1707 -- 63. Correspondence with Des Bosses, 1709–15 -- 64. Conversation of Philarète and Ariste, following a Conversation of Ariste and Theodore, ca. 1711 -- 65. Remarks on the three Volumes Entitled Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times,... 1711, 1712 -- 66. The Principles of Nature and of Grace, based on Reason, 1714 -- 67. “The Monadology”, 1714 -- 68. Letters to Nicolas Remond, 1714–15 -- 69. Letters to Louis Bourguet, 1714–15 -- 70. The Metaphysical Foundations of Mathematics, after 1714 -- 71. The Controversy between Leibniz and Clarke, 1715–16.

Kurzfassung: The selections contained in these volumes from the papers and letters of Leibniz are intended to serve the student in two ways: first, by providing a more adequate and balanced conception of the full range and penetration of Leibniz's creative intellectual powers; second, by inviting a fresher approach to his intellectual growth and a clearer perception of the internal strains in his thinking, through a chronological arrangement. Much confusion has arisen in the past through a neglect of the develop­ ment of Leibniz's ideas, and Couturat's impressive plea, in his edition of the Opuscu/es et fragments (p. xii), for such an arrangement is valid even for incomplete editions. The beginning student will do well, however, to read the maturer writings of Parts II, III, and IV first, leaving Part I, from a period too largely neglected by Leibniz criticism, for a later study of the still obscure sources and motives of his thought. The Introduction aims primarily to provide cultural orientation and an exposition of the structure and the underlying assumptions of the philosophical system rather than a critical evaluation. I hope that together with the notes and the Index, it will provide those aids to the understanding which the originality of Leibniz's scientific, ethical, and metaphysical efforts deserve.

Kurzfassung: I. Philosophical and Scientific Thought -- II. A Psycho-physiological Consideration -- III. Memory. Reproduction and Association -- IV. Reflex, Instinct, Will, Ego -- V. Development of Individuality in a Natural and Cultural Habitat -- VI. The Exuberance of the Imagination -- VII. Knowledge and Error -- VIII. The Concept -- IX. Sensation, Intuition, Phantasy -- X. Adaptation of Thoughts to Facts and to Each Other -- XI. On Thought Experiments -- XII. Physical Experiment and its Leading Features -- XIII. Similarity and Analogy as a Leading Feature of Enquiry -- XIV. Hypothesis -- XV. Problems -- XVI. Presuppositions of Enquiry -- XVII. Pathways of Enquiry -- XVIII. Deduction and Induction Psychologically Viewed -- XIX. Number and Measure -- XX. Physiological Space in Contrast with Metrical Space -- XXI. On the Psychology and Natural Development of Geometry -- XXII. Space and Geometry from the Point of View of Physical Enquiry -- XXIII. Physiological Time in Contrast with Metrical Time -- XXIV. Space and Time Physically Considered -- XXV. Sense and Value of the Laws of Nature -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: I. The Dutch “Miracle” -- II. The Instruments of Decision -- Government and Ideology -- Stewards of Order -- III. Management of an Economy -- Forging a Commonwealth -- Instituting Profesionalism -- Omens of the Future -- IV. The Patroon System — Modern Style -- The Compassionate Society -- Social Health -- V. Housing and Urban Planning -- Public Housing -- City Planning in the Randstad -- VI. Physical Planning -- Nationwide Planning -- The Grand Design — IJsselmeer and the Delta -- VII. Environmental Protection -- Land -- Water -- VIII. The Engines of Change -- Social Development -- The Schools -- Universities and Social Research -- IX. “...Of Order and Methods”.

Kurzfassung: The Netherlands is an unusual nation in many ways. It is not only that nearly half her land is below sea level. Nor is it that she is one of the world's most crowded lands; her more than 13 million people create a population density of about 1000 per square mile. Nor is it that half her national income is dependent upon world trade. Nor is it that so small a nation could achieve peace and prosperity with so little natural resources. What is most unusual is that the Netherlands has made such a rapid and total adjustment to the demands of modern technological society. In no small measure this was achieved by a deliberate policy of planning, direction, control and development. Its postwar history tells how a determined people under intelligent govern­ ment leadership rose from a broken economy to a level of economic and social development that places their society among the most modern in the world. The Netherlands is a success stor} that in some measure has been overlooked by a wider world. This will be an attempt to record her story, touching upon some of the causes and results of this success. The Netherlands is undoubtedly one of the most planning conscious of modern nations. This is not to say that the Dutch government or its people have any concept comparable to the totality of Soviet Five Year It might be more accurate to see Dutch planning as similar to Plans.

Kurzfassung: Probleme der Husserlschen Reduktion. Vorlesung gehalten an der Universität Oslo, Oktober/November 1967 -- Roman Ingarden’s Moral Philosophy -- Roman Ingarden’s Literary Theory -- ‘Ingarden’s Phases, Bergson’s durée réelle, and William James’ Stream: Metaphoric Variants or Mutually Exclusive Concepts on the Theme of Time -- R. Ingarden et le ‘vrai’ Bergsonisme -- Die Funktion des konstituierenden Bewusstseins in einem ‘Studium für die Seelenmaler’. Die phänomenologische Studie einer Erzählphase in M. C. Wielands ‘Geschichte des Agathon’ -- Museum Exhibition as a Work of Art and a Subject of ‘Specific Aesthetics’. A Contribution to Ingarden’s System of Aesthetics -- Language and Logic in the Work of Roman Ingarden -- Historicity, Value and Mathematics -- Beyond Ingarden’s Idealism/ Realism Controversy with Husserl — The New Contextual Phase of Phenomenology -- The Letter to Husserl about the VI [Logical] Investigation and ‘Idealism’.

Kurzfassung: Studies on different aspects of Roman Ingarden's Philosophy have been published during the last thirty years. They were meant partly to in­ vestigate the contribution of that thinker to phenomenological philoso­ phy, which was then dominant in WestemEurope, partly to arouse interest in a philosopher who was, at that time, practically unknown. The publication by the present editor of For Roman Ingarden: Nine Essays in Phenomenology, a Festschrift for his 65th birthday, marked the beginning of an interest in his thought. Subsequently, Ingarden has lectured abroad, and a number of his hitherto inaccessible Polish works have been made available, some translated into German and some even into English. This has led to further studies of his thought. However, the majority of the papers published have until now been mainly introductory. This volume offers for the first time a series of systematic studies in Ingardenian philosophy, which, it is hoped, will supply a general framework as well as a foundation for future research in this wide and difficult field.

Kurzfassung: On Some of Mandeville’s Minor Writings -- Bernard Mandeville’s The Virgin Unmask’d -- Mandeville and Europe: Medicine and Philosophy -- “The Great Leviathan of Lechery”: Mandeville’s Modest Defence of Public Stews (1724) -- Religion and Ethics -- Religion and Ethics in Mandeville -- Faith, Sincerity and Morality: Mandeville and Bayle -- Politics and Society -- Mandeville and the Eutopia Seated in the Brain -- The Politics of Bernard Mandeville -- Mandeville in Relation to Some other Writers -- Mandeville and Wither: Individualism and the Workings of Providence -- Mandeville and Defoe -- Mandeville and Shaftesbury: Some Facts and Problems -- Mandeville and Voltaire -- Style, Satire and Paradox -- “What pierces or strikes”: Prose Style in The Fable of the Bees -- The Cant of Social Compromise: Some Observations on Mandeville’s Satire -- Mandeville’s Paradox -- Selected Bibliography -- Notes on the Contributors.

Kurzfassung: For centuries readers have admired the writer who wields his pen like a sword - an Aristophanes, a Rabelais, a Montaigne, a Swift. Using ribaldry, satire and irony in varying proportions, such writers pierce the thick, comfortable hide of society and uncover, predictably, the corruption and hypocrisy that characterize the life of man in commercial society. Though a lesser talent than any of these literary giants, Bernard Mande­ ville is nevertheless a member of their class. The crucial year in the emergence of his reputation was 1723, the year in which he added his controversial Essay on Charity and Charity-Schools to his Fable of the Bees. From that point on he became one of the most reviled targets of the public guardians of morality and religion; for some he appeared to be truly the Devil incarnate, Mandevil, as Fielding and others spelled it. This reputation was attached to his name well into the nineteenth centu­ ry. In a diary entry for June 1812 Henry Crabb Robinson recorded the following conversation with the elderly Mrs. Buller: "She received me with a smile, and allowed me to touch her hand. 'What are you reading, Mr. Robinson?' she said. 'The wickedest cleverest book in the English language, if you chance to know it. ' - 'I have known the "Fable of the Bees" more than fifty years. ' She was right in her guess.

Kurzfassung: I. Spanish Logicians of Montaigu College -- A. The University of Paris and Terminist Logic -- B. Montaigu College and the Spanish Logicians -- C. Vives’ Criticism of Terminist Logic -- II. Vitoria, Salamanca and the American Indians -- A. Vitoria in Paris (1509–1522) -- B. Vitoria and Salamanca (1524–1546) -- C. Vitoria and Spanish Renaissance Scholasticism -- D. Vitoria’s Thought -- III. Fray Luis de Léon and the Concern with Language -- A. Fray Luis de Léon: The Man and His Work -- B. The Concern with Language During the Renaissance -- C. Fray Luis’ Philosophy of Language -- IV. Juan Huarte’s Naturalistic Philosophy of Man -- A. Medicine and Renaissance Naturalism -- B. Juan Huarte’s Examen de Ingenios -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: In spite of its carefully planned - and fully justified - modesty, the title of this book might very well surprise more than one potential reader. It is not normal to see such controversial concepts as "Renaissance," "Renaissance Thought," "Spanish Renaissance," or even "Spanish Thought" freely linked together in the crowded intimacy of one single printed line. The author of these essays is painfully aware of the com­ plexity of the ground he has dared to cover. He is also aware that all the assumptions and connotations associated with the title of this book have been the subject of great controversy among scholars of high repute who claimed (and probably had) revealing insight into human affairs and ideas. That these pages have been written at all therefore needs some justification. I am convinced that certain of the disputes among historians of ideas do not touch upon matters of substance, but rather reveal the taste and intellectual idiosyncracies of their authors. Much of the disagreement is, I think, a matter of aesthetics. Those who find special gratification in well-defined labels, clear-cut schemes, and compre­ hensive generalizations, can hardly bear the company of those who insist upon detail, complexity, and organic growth. The nightmarish dilemma, still unresolved, between Unity and Diversity, between the Universal and the Individual, haunts the History of Ideas.

Kurzfassung: I: St. Bartholomew and Europe -- 1. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew and the Problem of Spain -- 2. Reactions to the St. Bartholomew Massacres in Geneva and Rome25 -- 3. The Elizabethans and St. Bartholomew -- 4. Imperialism, Particularism and Toleration in the Holy Roman Empire -- II: Two Unpublished Documents -- 5. Tomasso Sassetti’s Account of the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre -- 6. The Discourse Dedicated to Count Guido San Giorgio Aldobrandini -- III: Martyrs, Rioters and Polemicists -- 7. Martyrs, Myths, and the Massacre: The Background of St. Bartholomew -- 8. The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France -- 9. The Wars of Religion in Seventeenth-Century Huguenot Thought -- Conclusion: St. Bartholomew and Historical Perspective -- Notes on the Contributors.

Kurzfassung: On 18 August 1572, Marguerite de Valois, sister of King Charles IX, was married in Paris to Henri de Navarre, "first prince of the blood" and a Protestant. This union, which was to cement the provisions of the Peace of St. Germain (1570) ending the third of the French wars of religion, was the occasion of an extraordinary influx of French Calvin­ ists into the notoriously Catholic capital. Hundreds of Huguenots had journeyed to Paris to honor their titular leader and participate in the wedding celebrations. Tensions were already running high when the court made the fatal decision to take advantage of the situation and assassinate the admiral of France, Gaspard de Coligny, the recognized leader of the Huguenot armies which had helped plunge the country into ten years of intermittent civil war, and who now threatened to embroil the kingdom in a full-scale foreign war with Spain. On Friday the twenty-second, as he returned from the Louvre to his lodgings, Coligny paused in the street - some say to receive a letter, others to doff his hat to an acquaintance or to adjust his hose - and was fired on by a hired assassin hidden in a house known to belong to one of the ultra-Catholic Guise faction. The arquebus shot missed its mark and succeeded only in wounding the admiral in his hand and arm, where­ upon he was carried by his followers to his bed.

Kurzfassung: I. Islam -- Recommencements de l’algèbre aux XIe et XIIe siècles -- The Influence of Stoic Logic on Al-Ja????’s Legal Theory -- The Beginnings of Islamic Theology -- Science, Philosophy, and Religion in Alfarabi’s Enumeration of the Sciences -- II. The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries in the Latin West -- The Organization of Sciences and the Relations of Cultures in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries -- La nouvelle idée de nature et de savoir scientifique au XIIe siècle -- Experience, Praxis, Work, and Planning in Bernard of Clairvaux: Observations on the Sermones in Cantica -- III. The Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Centuries in the Latin West -- From Social into Intellectual Factors: An Aspect of the Unitary Character of Late Medieval Learning -- Autonomous and Handmaiden Science: St. Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham on the Physics of the Eucharist -- Reformation and Revolution: Copernicus’s Discovery in an Era of Change -- Réflexions sur les rapports entre théorie et pratique au moyen âge -- Philosophy and Science in Sixteenth-Century Universities: Some Preliminary Comments.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. Defining Return Migration -- III. The “Laws” of Return Migration -- IV. Types of Return Migration -- V. Success or Failure: The Motives for Return Migration -- VI. Readjustment Problems of Returned Migrants -- VII. Some Influences of Returnees on Their Home Country -- VIII. Techniques in Return Migration Research -- IX The Direction of Future Research in Return Migration.

Kurzfassung: I. Claude Fleury and His Career -- 1. College and Introduction to Society -- 2. Lawyer, Priest, and Humanist -- 3. Teacher and Scholar -- II. The Socio-Cultural Environment -- 1. The Structure of French Society -- 2. The European Cultural Environment -- III. Colleges, Petites Ecoles, and Academies: The Educational Context of Fleury’s Traite -- 1. Sixteenth-Century Origins -- 2. Mother Tongue and Education for Life -- 3. The Great Secondary School Traditions: University, Jesuit, Oratorian, and Port-Royalist -- 4. The Petites Ecoles, Education of the Poor, and Other Educational Endeavors -- IV. Claude Fleury as an Educational Historian -- 1. The Beginnings of a Tradition -- 2. On the Writing of History -- 3. Languages, Libraries, and Colleagues: The Tools of the Trade -- 4. A Place in the Age of Erudition -- V. Fleury’s Survey of Educational History -- 1. A Question of Text -- 2. Fleury’s Survey of Educational History -- 3. A Central Theme -- 4. The Traité and Some Examples of Educational Historiography Before and After It -- VI. The Choice and Method of Studies -- 1. The Sources of Fleury’s Educational Thought -- 2. School, Society, and Students: The Foundations of a Curriculum Theory -- 3. A Matter of Choice: Selectivity in Studies -- 4. Fleury as an Educational Thinker: A Summing Up -- VII. The Spread and Impact of Fleury’s Educational Thought -- 1. Fleury and his Associates: Bossuet and Fénelon -- 2. Fleury’s Educational Writings and the Evolution of Education in France -- 3. Fleury, Locke, and the Encyclopedists -- 4. Translations and Reputation Abroad -- 5. Fleury and Education in the United States -- VIII. Claude Fleury, Educational Historiographer and Thinker: A Synthesis.

Kurzfassung: This study has grown out of an interest in French education and cul­ ture that dates from fondly remembered student days in France. Specifically, it is an attempt to explain the educational thought of Claude Fleury, a literate, responsible homme de leUres who analyzed the historical origins of public education as it existed in seventeenth-cen­ tury France and, on that basis, proposed what he considered to be a more generally useful program of studies. Generous space has been devoted to historical, social, and pedagogical background in an effort to place Fleury's thought in its proper cultural context; namely, that of the decline of the Classical Age and the dawn of the Age of Reason. This background material represents also an attempt to explain, at times in detail, the origin of Fleury's Traite du Choix et de la Methode des Etudes and his rise to scholarly and pedagogical prominence at court. It is possible that Fleury's thought, while of most immediate interest to students of seventeenth-century cultural history, will be of interest also to a more general audience. In particular, those charged with providing education that must respond to the ever increasing practical needs of society and at the same time give to contemporary man a of his cultural heritage may find in Fleury's thought some useful sense historical perspective. It is a pleasure to acknowledge that this study would not have been possible without the encouragement and guidance of Dr. William W.

Kurzfassung: One Introduction -- I. Reason and Religion -- II. Chillingworth’s Common-Sense Anglicanism -- III. Chillingworth’s Legacy -- IV. Chillingworth’s Influence -- Two Society, Politics, and Religion The Career of an Anglican Conservative -- I. Education and Ecclesiastical Career -- II. Irenicum -- III. Toleration -- IV. Glorious Revolution -- V. Stillingfleet’s Conservatism -- Three the Reasonableness of Christianity Part One -- I. The Common-Sense Defense of Religion -- II. The Problem of Certainty -- III. Anti-Catholic Writings -- IV. Protestant Infallibility -- V. Stillingfleet’s Theory of Certainty -- VI. Reasonable Faith -- VII. Miracles -- VIII. Miracles (continued) -- IX. Conclusion -- Four the Reasonableness of Christianity Part Two -- I. Divine Faith -- II. Divine Mysteries -- III. John Toland and John Locke -- IV. Summary -- Five the Defense of Natural Religion -- I. Introduction -- II. Reason and the Principles of Natural Religion -- III. The Existence of God -- IV. The Immortality of the Soul -- V. Summary -- Six Conclusion -- Appendix A: An Essay on Biography -- Appendix B: Stillingfleet’s Influence -- Index of Names.

Kurzfassung: I. Reason and Religion "Si on soumet tout a la raison, notre religion n'aura rien de mysterieux et de surnaturel; si on choque les principes de la raison, notre religion sera absurde et ridicule",l In this passage from his Pensees Pascal summarizes what is perhaps the most basic problem for the defender of the reasonableness of Christianity: the necessity of upholding beliefs which Reason is incapable of judging, while at the same time claiming that those beliefs are reasonable. Pascal does not state the problem in precisely these terms regarding the limits of Reason, yet it seems clear that the dilemma he is indicating involves the question of the relation of religious beliefs to the compass of Reason. He does not, however-at least in the passage cited-indicate that the problem is a question of either/or: either Reason and no Religion, or Religion and Irrationality. Rather, he seems to be simply stating what he perceives to be a simple matter of fact. If Reason is allowed to be the judge of all Religion, then all Religion must abandon any elements that are either contrary to reason or cannot be shown to be in accord with Reason. On the other hand, if Reason is not allowed to judge Religion at all, then Religion will be absurd and ridiculous.

Kurzfassung: I Montesquieu’s Definition of Justice: Precursors and Parallels -- I. Lexicographers -- II. Metaphysicians -- III. Moralists and Others -- IV. English Thinkers -- V. Aesthetic Ideas -- II Montesquieu’s Idea of Justice: Its Background, Meaning and Significance -- I. Biographical Origins -- II. Towards a Metaphysical Framework -- III. Justice and Law: the Significance of De l’Esprit des Lois, Bk. I -- IV. Justice and Law: an Alliance of Science and Morals -- V. Justice as a “Leitmotif”.

Kurzfassung: Part One of Montesquieu's Idea of Justice comprises a survey of the currency in philosophical, ethical and aesthetic debate during the second half of the 17th century of the terms rapport and convenance, which are central to the enigmatic definition given to justice by Mon­ tesquieu in Lettres Persanes LXXXllI. In this survey, attention is concen­ trated on the way in which the connotations of these terms fluctuate with the divergent development of the methodological and speculative outgrowths of Cartesian ism into two schools of thought, materialist and idealist, often widely at variance in their views of the nature and orga­ nization of the universe. In Part Two, Montesquieu's definition of justice is set against this background, whose doctrinal conflicts, because of the characteristic as­ sociations of its key terms, it may be taken to reflect, just as it may be held to epitomize, by virtue of its elaboration in the opening chapter of De l' Esprit des Lois and its close terminological affinities with the defini­ tion of law there given, an undoubtedly related conflict between the implications of causal determinism and the aspirations of idealist meta­ physics surviving at the heart of Montesquieu's outlook, and, remaining unresolved, often said to impair the coherence if not the validity of his theory of society.

Kurzfassung: I The Concordat of 1801 The Nexus of the Religio-Political Policy of Napoleon Bonaparte -- I. The Concordat of 1801 -- II. Bonaparte’s Motives for Negotiating the Concordat -- III. Negotiation of the Concordat -- IV. The Concordat Provided a Modus Vivendi on Questions Basic to the Power of Each Ruler -- V. Ratification and Promulgation of the Concordat -- VI. Observations on Bonaparte’s Religious Policy -- II The Congregation of the Mission Within the Napoleonic Religio-Political Policy -- I. Historical Survey of Pre-Napoleonic Lazarists 1625–1800 -- II. Early Relations of the Lazarists with Bonaparte -- III. The Legal Reestablishment of the Congregation of the Mission -- IV. The Lazarists Subsequent to their Reestablishment — External Problems -- V. The Lazarists Subsequent to their Reestablishment — Internal Problems -- VI. Suppression of the Lazarists in France -- III Sequel to the Nepoleonic Reestablishment of the Congregation of the Mission -- I. The Congregation of the Mission in the Post-Napoleonic Period -- II. Recapitulation.

Kurzfassung: Neither in English nor in French is there a published study of Napoleon Bonaparte's reestablishment in France of the Congregation of the Mis­ 1 sion, whose members are generally known in France as Lazarists. This study, Napoleon and the Lazarists, 1804-1809, examines the reestablish­ ment of the Congregation of the Mission in France and its subsequent relations with the Napoleonic Government. Because religion played an important role in the policies and plans of Napoleon, this study is set with­ in the framework of Napoleon's general religio-political policy. Since the Concordat of 1801 was the legal instrument by which the Catholic Church was reestablished in France and also a necessary preliminary to and a model for the reestablishment of the Lazarists, its negotiation is treated in detail. The examination of the reestablishment of the Congre­ gation of the Mission in France under Napoleon Bonaparte and its sub­ sequent history between 1804 and 1809 follows. It is a study in microcosm which reflects Napoleon's general religio-political policies. Who are the Lazarists? The name Lazarist originates from St. Lazare, the original Motherhouse in Paris of the Congregation of the Mission of St. Vincent de Paul. St. Vincent de Paul founded the Congregation of the Mission in 1625. With the cooperation of St. Louise de Marillac, he also founded the Congregation of the Daughters of Charity.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- II. Royalist and Parliamentarian Historians before the Restoration -- 1. Survey of the Historians -- 2. Peter Heylyn -- 3. Thomas Fuller -- III. Royalist Historians from the Restoration to 1702 -- 1. Survey of the Historians -- 2. Thomas Hobbes -- 3. John Hacket -- IV. Rushworth and Nalson -- V. Whitelocke -- VI. Baxter -- VII. Parliamentarian and Whig Historians from the Restoration to 1702 -- 1. Survey of the Historians -- 2. Edmund Ludlow and Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson -- 3. Gilbert Burnet -- VIII. Clarendon -- IX. Conclusion -- Appendix The surfeit of Peace and Plenty.

Kurzfassung: This is a study of the histories of the English Civil War or some aspects of it written in England or by Englishmen and Englishwomen or publish­ ed in England up to 1702, the year of the publication of the first volume of Clarendon's History of the Rebellion. By the terms of this definition, Clarendon is himself, of course, one of the historians studied. Clarendon's History is so formidable an achievement that all historians writing about the war before its publication have an air of prematureness. Nevertheless, as I hope the following pages will show, they produced a body of writing which may still be read with interest and profit and which anticipated many of the ideas and attitudes of Clarendon's History. I will even go so far as to say that many readers who have only a limited interest or no in­ terest in the Civil War are likely to find many of these historians interest­ ing, should their works come to their attention, for their treatment of the problems of man in society, for their psychological acuteness, and for their style. But while I intend to show their merits, my main concern will be to show how the Civil War appeared to historians, including Clarendon, who wrote within one or two generations after it, that is to say, at a time when it remained part of the experience of people still alive. A word is necessary on terminology.

Kurzfassung: One: French Religious Controversy and the Argument from History, 1671 to 1691 -- One: The Context of the Debate -- Two: The Sources of Argument -- Three: The Use of History: Ideal and Reality -- Two: The Historical Argument -- Four: The Reformation Defined -- Five: The Reformers in Word and Deed -- Six: A House Divided, 1560–1598 -- Seven: Justification by History -- Appendices -- List of References -- Appendix One: Vitae of the Controversialists -- Appendix Two: The Historical Controversy in the Eighteenth Century -- List of Abbreviations.

Kurzfassung: I. Mathematical Reasoning Cannot be Analysed by Traditional Syllogistics -- II. The Psychological Interpretation of Mathematical Reasoning -- III. The Logicist Tradition -- IV. Strict Demonstration and Heuristic Procedures -- V. Intuitive Structures and Formalised Mathematics -- VI. “Thinking Machines” and Mathematical Thought -- VII. Lessons of the:History of the Relations Between Logic and Psychology -- VIII. General Psychological Problems of Logico-Mathematical Thought -- IX. General Psychological Problems of Logico-Mathematical Thought (Continued) -- X. The Psychological Problems of “Pure” Thought -- XI. Some Convergences Between Formal and Genetic Analyses -- XII. Epistemological Problems with Logical and Psychological Relevance -- General Conclusions -- Name Index.

Kurzfassung: One of the controversial philosophical issues of recent years has been the question of the nature of logical and mathematical entities. Platonist or linguistic modes of explanation have become fashionable, whilst abstrac­ tionist and constructionist theories have ceased to be so. Beth and Piaget approach this problem in their book from two somewhat different points of view. Beth's approach is largely historico-critical, although he discusses the nature of heuristic thinking in mathematics, whilst that of Piaget is psycho-genetic. The major purpose of this introduction is to summarise some of the main points of their respective arguments. In the first part of this book Beth makes a detailed study of the history of philosophical thinking about mathematics, and draws our attention to the important role played by the Aristotelian methodology of the demon­ strative sciences. This, he tells us, is characterised by three postulates: (a) deductivity, (b) self-evidence, and (c) reality. The last postulate asserts that the primitive notions of a demonstrative science must have reference to a domain of real entities in order to have significance. On the Aristote­ lian view discursive reasoning plays a major role in mathematics, whilst pure intuition plays a somewhat subordinate one.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- 1. The man, Conrad of Prussia -- 2. The manuscript -- 3. Conrad’s division of the De Ente et Essentia -- 4. The transcription -- 5. Unlocated quotations -- 6. The date of composition of Conrad’s commentary -- 7. Good and bad, worthwhile nonetheless -- 8. Other commentaries on the De Ente et Essentia -- II. Conrad’s Commentary -- Prooemium Conradi de Prusya -- III. Comments on Conred’s Commentary -- Conrad’s prooemium -- Conrad’s lectiones -- Opening comment -- Lectio I -- Lectio II -- Lectio III -- Lectio IV -- Lectio V -- Lectio VI -- Lectio VII -- Lectio VIII -- Lectio IX -- Lectio X -- Lectio XI -- Lectio XII -- Lectio XIII -- Lectio XIV -- Lectio XV -- Lectio XVI -- Concluding comment.

Kurzfassung: I. Berkeley’s Theory of Signification -- Theory of Meaning -- Theory of Signs -- II. The Theory of Vision -- The Critique of Geometrical Optics -- The “Vulgar Error” -- The Concept of Sensible Minima -- III. The Philosophy of Physics -- The Concept of Material Substance -- The Concept of Force -- Absolute Space and Motion -- IV. The Philosophy of Mathematics -- The Philosophy of Arithmetic -- The Philosophy of Geometry -- The Critique of Analysis -- V. Conclusion.

Kurzfassung: Philonous: You see, Hylas, the water of yonder fountain, how it is forced upwards, in a round column, to a certain height, at which it breaks and falls back into the basin from whence it rose, its ascent as well as descent proceeding from the same uniform law or principle of gravitation. Just so, the same principles which at first view, lead to skepticism, pursued to a certain point, bring men back to common 1 sense. Although major works on Berkeley have considered his Philosophy of 1 George Berkeley, Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, ed. Colin Murray Turbayne, (third and final edition; London 1734); (New York: The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc., Library of Liberal Arts, 1965), p. 211. Berkeley, in general, conveniently numbered sections in his works, and in the text of the essay, we will refer if possible to the title and section number. References to the Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous will be also made in the text and refer to the dialogue number and page in the Turbayne edition cited above.

Kurzfassung: I: Introduction -- Pioneer Settlement in Brazil -- The Focus of the Investigation -- Population Increases in Paraná -- Migration into West Paraná -- of the Long-lot -- The Founding of Toledo -- The Position of Toledo -- II: Settlers and Their Farms -- Choice of Settlers -- Individual Isolated Farm Type: Italian Examples -- Individual Isolated Farm Type: A German Example -- Individual Isolated Farm Type: Japanese Examples -- Group Settlement Farm Type: A German Immigrant Example -- Conclusion -- III: Settlement Form and Structure in Toledo -- Unplanned Settlement -- Planned Settlement -- Comparison of Square and Long-lot Settlement Forms -- The Case of Toledo -- Conclusion -- IV: Settlement Size in Toledo: I -- Data Gathering -- Sampling -- The Classification -- Trends of Ownership Patterns -- Stages of Settlement -- Conclusion -- V: Settlement Size in Toledo: II -- Alternatives -- Objectives -- Problems Related to Small Farm Size -- Problems Related to Large Farm Size -- Steps to Establish the Medium-sized Farm -- Conclusion -- VI: Settlement Function: Economic Life in Toledo -- Agricultural Equipment -- Agricultural Economy: Commercial Hogs -- Agricultural Processing Industries -- Field Systems: South Brazil -- Field Systems: Toledo -- Agricultural Assistance -- Cooperatives -- Conclusion -- VII: CONCLUSIONS -- Position of the Colonization Project -- Selection of Settlers -- Land Titling -- Settlement Morphology -- Settlement Size -- Settlement Function: Vertical Integration and Regional Settlement Development.

Kurzfassung: In the period since the end of world War II numerous develop­ ing countries have employed colonization, or planned pioneer settlement, as one method of building a more reliable and bal­ anced economy. It is felt that the traditional, single-sided sys­ tems of farm ownership and production with their latifundium and minifundium holdings will gradually and peacefully become less prominent as better settlement systems are introduced and extended. Marked increases in population pressure, large tracts of unused or underused land, and modern improvements in set­ tlement planning are among other compelling reasons for star­ ting colonization programs. Of all the areas in the world, the continent of South America probably has the widest variety of planned pioneer settlements as well as the most sizeable programs. Brazil, the largest country on the continent, is actively engaged in populating the vast, emp­ ty spaces of its interior, and provides excellent opportunities for the scholarly investigation of new frontier settlement types. In addition to the academic discussion of the origin and develop­ ment of these expressions of man's expansion into marginal ar­ eas, the critical examination of relatively new attempts at land settlement is a useful thing because what is to be learned from such studies may be directly applicable to other pioneer zones and, moreover, may be of vital significance to overall economic improvement on the continent. In this monograph, my student, K. Muller, analyzes the South Brazilian frontier colony of Toledo, Parana, founded in 1946.

Kurzfassung: I The Altered Framework (1945–1947) -- The Potsdam Expulsions -- Schleswig-Holstein -- 1945: The Year of Collapse -- 1946: First Postwar Elections -- 1947: First Expellee Legislation -- Conclusion -- II New Realities (1948–1950) -- 1948: Expellee Organizations and Elections -- The Expellee Committee (1948–1950) -- 1950: New Expellee and Indigenous Parties -- Conclusion -- III The High Tide of Local Expellee Politics(1951–1954) -- 1951: Confrontation -- 1952: Clues That Point Toward Trends -- The Expellee Committee -- 1953: A Respite -- 1954: Landtag Politics and Patenschaften -- Conclusion -- IV The Disintegration of the BHE (1955–1959) -- 1955–1956: Redefining the Political Environment -- The Expellee Committee (1955–1959) -- Expellee Organizations -- 1957-1958: Emasculation of the BHE -- 1959: Economic Recovery Attained -- Conclusion -- V The Political Effects of Assimilation (1959–1962) -- 1959: Election Ironies -- The Expellee Committee -- 1960: The Decade for Appraisal -- 1961: 1957 Revisited -- 1962: The Political Acknowledgement of Assimilation 106 Conclusion -- VI Epilogue (1963–1970) -- The Demise of the GDP -- The Expellee Committee (1963–1965) -- The Local Elections of 1966 -- The Expellee Committee (1966–1970) -- Continuing Evolution (1967–1970) -- Conclusion -- VII Conclusion -- The Main Periods of the Assimilation Process -- The Return of Stability -- Political Assimilation -- An Appraisal of Assimilation in Schleswig-Holstein.

Kurzfassung: The expulsions of German nationals from former Reich territories east of the Oder-Neisse Rivers and of German minority communities from various Eastern European nations following the collapse of the Nazi regime in 1945 constitute one of the least appreciated consequences of the Second World War. Numbering some ten million people, this group formed nearly a fifth of the total population of the new West German state which emerged in 1949 and presented a grave threat to its early stability. The state (Land) which received the greatest number of these largely destitute expellees in proportion to its indigenous population was Schleswig­ Holstein: in the years between 1945 and 1948 its population doubled. This predominately agrarian area underwent severe strains in accommodating these newcomers, and its handling of the expellee problem provided a bench mark for the evaluation of the assimilation process throughout the Federal Republic. While the tracing of the assimilation of the expellees into the West German polity and society has been voluminously documented l at the national level, much less research into the process has been conducted at the state and local levels. The principal reason for this seems to lie in the belief that the process has been success­ fully completed at these lower levels and may be considered a 1 The classic treatment of the first decade and a half of the assimilation process from the national level is Eugen Lemberg and Friedrich Edding, eds.

Kurzfassung: I/Historical Introduction -- 1. The Publication of Medieval Works -- 2. Scholasticism in Italy and Germany -- 3. Scholasticism in France and Spain -- 4. Humanism -- 5. Rudolph Agricola and His Influence -- 6. Petrus Ramus and His Influence -- 7. Seventeenth Century Logic: Eclecticism -- 8. Humanism and Late Scholasticism in Spain -- 9. Other Schools of Logic -- 10. A Note on Terminology -- II/Meaning and Reference -- I. The Nature of Logic -- II. Problems of Language -- II. Supposition Theory -- III. Semantic Paradoxes -- III/Formal Logic. Part One: Unanalyzed Propositions -- I. The Theory of Consequence -- II. Propositional Connectives -- III. An Analysis of the Rules Found in Some Individual Authors -- IV/ Formal Logic. Part Two: The Logic of Analyzed Propositions -- I. The Relationships Between Propositions -- II. Supposition Theory and Quantification -- III. Categorical Syllogisms -- Appendix/Latin Texts -- 1. Primary Sources -- 2. Secondary Sources on the History of Logic 1400–1650 -- Index of names.

Kurzfassung: Keckermann remarked of the sixteenth century, "never from the begin­ ning of the world was there a period so keen on logic, or in which more books on logic were produced and studies oflogic flourished more abun­ dantly than the period-in which we live. " 1 But despite the great profusion of books to which he refers, and despite the dominant position occupied by logic in the educational system of the fifteenth, sixteenth and seven­ teenth centuries, very little work has been done on the logic of the post­ medieval period. The only complete study is that of Risse, whose account, while historically exhaustive, pays little attention to the actual logical 2 doctrines discussed. Otherwise, one can tum to Vasoli for a study of humanism, to Munoz Delgado for scholastic logic in Spain, and to Gilbert and Randall for scientific method, but this still leaves vast areas untouched. In this book I cannot hope to remedy all the deficiencies of previous studies, for to survey the literature alone would take a life-time. As a result I have limited myself in various ways. In the first place, I con­ centrate only on those matters which are of particular interest to me, namely theories of meaning and reference, and formal logic.

Kurzfassung: The Instrument -- Seignelay and the Colbertian Legacy -- Pontchartrain’s First Years 1691–1693 -- The Crisis of the Main Fleet and the Shift to the Guerre de Course 1694–1697 -- Conclusion -- Appendices.

Kurzfassung: The French navy that fought in the Nine Years War was essentially Colbert's creation. Earlier in the century Richelieu had given France the beginnings of a navy: ships, ports, a corps of officers and an administra­ tive structure. But most of his work was undone by neglect in the years after his death, and the task of making France a maritime power had to begin again under Louis XIV. Colbert's efforts to build a navy were distinguished by the same stubborn energy that he brought to all his other tasks. Behind his desire for naval might lay his vision of France as the first commercial power in Europe, for he saw clearly that mercantile preponderance could never be achieved without the backing of a strong fleet of warships. Trade would follow the flag, as he believed it had for his envied models and perpetual rivals, the Dutch. Soon after Louis XIV's assumption of power, Colbert set about the enOImOUS labour of resurrecting the navy founded by Richelieu; he soon found that the task was really one of creation, virtually ex nihilo. Ships or built, sailors recruited, captains enticed home from were purchased service under foreign flags, bases planned and constructed, an adminis­ trative system established.

Kurzfassung: One: The Search for God -- Two: The Approach to God through Unity and Power -- Three: The Approach to God through Being -- Four: The Metaphysical Structure of Creatures, Mortal and Immortal -- Five: The Special Presence of God to Man -- Six: Philosophy Seeks What Religion Worships -- Appendix: Texts for Comparison.

Kurzfassung: This book presents a philosophical position examined philosophically. Although it does not go beyond the confines ofFicino's perspective and is governed by standards of historical accuracy, it makes explicit in its explanation ofFicino's text the enduring philosophical questions which are at issue there. True, the book examines in some detail Ficino's relation to his Platonic and Scholastic sources, and this is an issue of primary interest to those who study the history of culture or the his­ torical development of philosophy. However, in Ficino's thought, this issue is also a philosophical issue. Ficino chooses Platonism as his guide because this philosophy retains an explicit and essential orientation to religion. When he takes Platonism as the primary instance of philoso­ phy, he is taking a stand on the nature of philosophy itself. Philosophy necessarily points toward the divinity and hence is necessarily related to the veneration and worship of its object. Christian theology joins Platonic philosophy in this movement toward God, developing more completely the implications of its fundamental insights. And the 1 "splendor of Christian theology" is Thomas Aquinas. Therefore, to examine the relationship between Platonism and Thomism in Ficino's thought is to examine Ficino's position on the unity of philosophy and theology. Scholars writing about Ficino have pointed to three major influences on his thought. The influence of Plato and the neo-Platonists, of course, is readily recognized.

Kurzfassung: §0. Translation and Reference Conventions -- §1. Introduction -- §2. St. Anselm as a Logician -- §3. Logical Frame of Reference -- §4. Basic Presuppositions -- §5. Summary of De Grammatico -- §6. De Grammatico: Text and Translation -- §7. Commentary.

Kurzfassung: The intent of the present work is chiefly the presentation of a running commentary, preponderantly historical in complexion, on the detail of the text of St. Anselm's dialogue De Grammatico. At the same time the making intelligible of that text has demanded the concurrent proffering of logical elucidations. The framework adopted for the latter is the Ontology of S. Lesniewski. The unsuitability of other current systems of logic for the analysis of medieval doctrines has been suggested in HLM I. Hereunder the line of analyses proposed in HDG (an introduc­ tory study of De Grammatico) will for the most part be maintained, with only a few modifications. Changes which further study might demand would in any case involve not so much an abrogation of the HDG ver­ sions, but rather certain complications of detail on the lines indicated in HLM, HEE, and Hoi. Readers who happen to be out of sympathy either with modem logic as a whole, or with the Lesniewskian systems in particular, may be assured that the historical thread of the commentary remains for the most part unaffected by issues connected with such logics. Much of the historical material contained in the commentary consists of quotations from the logical works of Boethius. Some of that material may at first sight appear prosaic and tedious.

Kurzfassung: I/From Populäre Schriften: (Writings addressed to the Public) -- Dedication (1905) -- Foreword (1905) -- 1. On the Methods of Theoretical Physics (1892) -- 3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (1886) -- 5. On the Significance of Theories (1890) -- 9. On Energetics (1896) -- 10. On the Indispensability of Atomism in Natural Science (1897) -- 11. More on Atomism (1897) -- 12. On the Question of the Objective Existence of Processes in Inanimate Nature (1897) -- 14. On the Development of the Methods of Theoretical Physics in Recent Times (1899) -- 16. On the Fundamental Principles and Equations of Mechanics, I, II (1899) -- 17. On the Principles of Mechanics, I, II (1900, 1902) -- 18. An Inaugural Lecture on Natural Philosophy (1903) -- 19. On Statistical Mechanics (1904) -- 20. Reply to a Lecture on Happiness given by Prof. Ostwald (1904) -- 22. On a Thesis of Schopenhauer’s (1905) -- II/From Nature51 (1895) -- On Certain Questions of the Theory of Gases -- III/From Encyclopaedia Britannica10,11 -- Model (1902) -- IV/From Vorlesungen Über Die Principe Der Mechanik (Lectures on the Principles of Mechanics) -- One (1897) -- Two (1904) -- Index Of Names.

Kurzfassung: l. The work of Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) consists of two kinds of writings: in the first part of his active life he devoted himself entirely to problems of physics, while in the second part he tried to find a philosoph­ 1 ical background for his activities in and around the natural sciences. Most scientists are much more aware of his creative work in physics than of his digressions on the meaning and structure of science. I think in the present case the reason is not so much that most scientists are usually almost entirely occupied with their trade, because Boltzmann's philosophical work is also concerned with the (natural) sciences. I rather believe that the quality and consistency of Boltzmann's purely scientific work is of a more appealing nature than his less structured considerations on human activity in science and in life in general. 2. I think that it may be appropriate for the readers of this anthology to say a few words on the main findings of Boltzmann in physics, since in the end their 'philosophical' inlpact has been larger than the effect of his later writings. Moreover some knowledge of his scientific achievements can be helpful for the understanding and appreciation of the essays printed in this book, which almost all stem from Boltzmann's philosophical period. Boltzmann was one of the main protagonists - at least in continental Europe - of atomistics for explaining the phenomena of physics.

Kurzfassung: I. Berkeley’s Writings -- Collected Works and Selections -- Works published by Berkeley, and translations Philosophical, Mathematical, Physical -- Miscellaneous -- Posthumously published remains -- Spuria -- II. Writings on Berkeley -- Miscellanea-Biographical, literary, etc. -- On the tar-water controversy -- On the Analyst controversy.

Kurzfassung: Since the first appearance of this bibliography (1934, Oxford Uni­ versity Press), which has long been out of print, so much attention has been paid to Berkeley that a mere reprint would be inept. Besides bringing it up to date I have added collations of those editions of Berkeley's writings that were published in his lifetime. In doing so I have used a form of description simple enough for anyone to follow yet sufficient to enable librarians to check their catalogues and to identify copies in which the titlepage is missing or mutilated. As before, I have marked with an asterisk throughout the bibliography every book, edition and article that has not been seen by me or, in a few cases, by a competent friend. My primary interest not being bibliographical in the present-day highly technical sense, but philosophical, I have aimed chiefly at (a) providing advanced students (and their hard-pressed advisers) of Berkeley, or of the subjects on which he wrote, with a guide to the materials for research, and (b) displaying the range in time and place, and the direction, of the attention which he has attracted. These two aims account for the classification of the entries under a few general subject-headings and of the philosophical entries under countries, and for the arranging of the entries in each section or subsection in chrono­ logical order, the alphabetical ordering of the authors' names being given in the Index. To facilitate reference and cross-reference each entry is numbered.

Kurzfassung: One Philosophical and Moral Foundations -- I: Materialism and the Morale Universelle -- II: Society and the Individual -- III: From Individual to Citizen -- Two The Evolution of Diderot’s Political Thought -- I: A Coherent Absolutism -- II: First Doubts -- III: Fading Hopes -- IV: The End of an Illusion -- V: Towards Revolution -- Conclusion.

Kurzfassung: I Introduction -- I. Contemporary Despair and its Antidote -- II. Geometrical Method -- II God -- III. The Absurdity of Atheism -- IV. God’s Creativity -- III Man -- V. Body and Mind -- VI. Passion and Action -- IV Human Welfare -- VII. Good and Evil -- VIII. The Mastery of Fate -- IX. The State and Politics -- X. Religion -- XI. Human Immortality -- Epilogue -- XII Spinoza in Retrospect -- Bibliographical Appendix.

Kurzfassung: My purpose in this book is to re-interpret the philosophy of Spinoza to a new generation. I make no attempt to compete with the historical scholar­ ship of A. H. Wolfson in tracing back Spinoza's ideas to his Ancient, Hebrew and Mediaeval forerunners, or the meticulous philosophical scrutiny of Harold Joachim, which I could wish to emulate but cannot hope to rival. I have simply relied upon the text of Spinoza's own writings in an effort to grasp and to make intelligible to others the precise meaning of his doctrine, and to decide whether, in spite of numerous apparent and serious internal conflicts, it can be understood as a consistent whole. In so doing I have found it necessary to correct what seem to me t0' be mis­ conceptions frequently entertained by commentators. Whether or not I am right in my re-interpretation, it will, I hope, contribute something fresh, if not to the knowledge of Spinoza, at least to the discussion of what he really meant to say. The limits within which I am constrained to write prevent me from drawing fully upon the great mass of scholarly writings on Spinoza, his life and times, his works and his philosophical ideas. I can only try to make amends for omissions by listing the most important works in the Spinoza bibliography, for reference by those who would seek to know more about his philosophy. This list I have added as an appendix.

Kurzfassung: One The Nature of Logic -- of Part One -- I. Signs and Language -- II. Concerning the formal -- III. Logic and grammar -- IV. Logic and Psychology -- Two On the Grammar of Words, Sentences, and Combinations of Sentences -- of Part Two -- I. General remarks -- II. Kinds of Words -- III. Kinds of Sentence -- IV. Combinations of Sentences.

Kurzfassung: This book is the first English version of Prolegomena zu einer kritischen Grammatik, published by Julius Springer, Vienna, 1935, as Volume 10 of the Vienna Circle's series Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung. The prefatory remarks of both editor and author acknowledge the influence ofWittgenstein in a general way. However, in aim and approach, the work differs from Wittgenstein's Philosophische Grammatik (l969). This is indeed based on material going back to 1932, some of which Schachter must have known. On the other hand, the present Prolegomena not only explains the general, philosophical principles to be followed, but in the light of these proceeds to cover the entire range of conventional grammar, showing where that is uncritical. Whether Wittgenstein in his turn knew of Schachter's work has never been explored. Schachter's object is universal grammar. As is natural, the examples in the original are largely drawn from German grammar, with occasional minor excursions into other languages. For English readers, what matters are the general problems of grammar: there is no point in tying these to the linguistic peculiarities of German, let alone a local variety of it. One who can grasp German at that level might as well read the original. The translation is therefore twofold: the text as a whole has been rendered into English, and the entire apparatus of examples has been replaced, as far as this can be done, by illustrations from English grammar, chosen so as to bring out the same kinds of problem as in the original.

Kurzfassung: 1. Enterprise Management and Economic Development -- 2. Long-Range Planning -- 3. Policy-Making and Control Mechanism -- 4. Organization -- 5. The Worker and His Boss: The Leadership Styles in Taiwan -- 6. Manpower Management -- 7. Management and Enterprise Effectiveness -- 8. Summary and Conclusions: Management Transfer: Feasibility and Usefulness -- Appendix A Interview Guide -- Appendix B Questionnaire.

Kurzfassung: The ping-pong diplomacy and its aftermath discussion, coupled with the entry of communist China into the United Nations and the subsequent expulsion of Taiwan, will generate considerable political dialogue about the changing balance of power and the fate of the other China. These political discussions will obviously overshadow the true role and function of the existence of Taiwan. Given the time, Taiwan could become a model for the development process for other emerging countries. Taiwan's experience with eco­ nomic development has real relevance for many countries. For exam­ ple, in less than two decades Taiwan has achieved the industrial and economic growth that should well make it the envy of nearly all other developing nations. Its per capita income is exceeded only by Japan among the countries of the Far East. Yet, despite vigorous economic and industrial growth, obvious breakdowns in this economic progress come into view. The lack of managerial input threatens to become a real bottleneck. The study reported in this volume examines the feasibility and utility of transferring advanced management know-how and practices into the industrial enterprises in Taiwan in order to generate further economic and industrial growth. The study itself concerns management practices and effectiveness of American subsidiaries, Japanese sub­ sidiaries, and comparable local firms in Taiwan.

Kurzfassung: I. Long-Term Plans for Urban Improvement in Toronto -- The Development of Metropolitan Toronto -- The Urban Renewal Areas of Toronto -- II. Survey Methodology -- Construction of Interview Schedule and Fieldwork -- Selection of Respondents and Sample Design -- Non-Response and Sampling Error -- The Neighbourhood Integration Score -- Participation in Voluntary Associations -- III. Characteristics of Household Heads in the Survey Areas -- Ethnic Origins -- Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics -- Housing Conditions and Satisfaction -- Housing Conditions -- Conclusion -- IV. Neighbourhood Satisfaction and Integration -- Neighbourhood Integration -- Length of Residence and Mobility -- Conclusion -- V. Attitudes Towards Urban Renewal -- Factors Influencing Attitudes Toward Urban Renewal -- Conclusion -- VI. Participation in Voluntary Associations -- Types of Organization: Overall Frequencies of Memberships -- Religious Denomination, Religious Involvement, Ethnicity and Class -- Instrumental and Expressive Organizations and Leadership -- Labour Unions -- Social Class and Participation in Voluntary Associations -- Ethnicity and Participation -- Integration and Satisfaction -- Attitudes Toward Urban Renewal and Participation -- Conclusion -- VII. Conclusion -- Area and Ethnic Differences -- Implications for Urban Renewal Policies -- Immigrant Integration -- Selected Bibliography and References.

Kurzfassung: English and the community functions on the basis of a variety of ethnic institutions that operate in the immigrant's own mother tongue. These include local stores and markets, churches, clubs, welfare agencies and other organizations that serve the needs of the local population. Frequently employment opportunities in occupa­ tions where English is unnecessary are also available to men and women in the neighbourhood. These ethnic neighbourhoods exhibit a high degree of functional interdependence which would be severely disrupted by urban renewal schemes involving widespread clearance. The proposed extension of freeways could give rise to problems in this respect. Even the "spot clearance" schemes of a more limited kind would have more serious social and human repercussions in such areas in view of the high incidence of "doubling". It is significant that certain planning areas in which urban renewal has already proceeded, such as the Don area including the Regent Park public housing scheme, have consisted predominantly of native-born Canadians of British origin. The experience gained in these schl~mes is not likely to be a useful guide to the probable consequen -;es of improvement and other schemes in those areas with a mt l"e heterogeneous population. An examination of the population .::haracteristics in those areas designated for renewal in the future suggests that the social effects and human implications of these plans may be somewhat different from past experience.

Kurzfassung: 1. A Glimpse of Zion’s Glory -- 2. Conflicts in Temple-Work -- 3. No King But Jesus -- 4. Saints in Power -- 5. Cromwell or Christ -- 6. Conclusion -- Appendix I -- Appendix II.

Kurzfassung: With the decline of the Whig interpretation of history, historians in the past few decades have re-examined the origins and the nature of the English Revolution from various perspectives. The constitutional conflict 1 between the crown and parliament has been analyzed. The Puritan mind 2 has been explored. Social change in England during the century prior 3 to the outbreak of the Civil War has been anatomized. The composition 4 of the Long Parliament has been dissected. Every student of the English Revolution is now well aware that the crisis in seventeenth-century Eng­ land, like all other major events in history, was a complex phenomenon in which men as well as ideas, religious convictions as well as economic interests all came into play. For all students of this period, the works of Samuel R. Gardiner, am­ plified by Sir Charles H. Firth, remain the chief source of knowledge and 1 It should be noted that while former historians from Hallam and Macaulay to G. M. Trevelyan and J R. Tanner all interpreted the English Revolution in terms of the constitution, recent historical scholarship in this respect is more concerned with the evolution and functioning of the constitution rather than the constitutional rights and wrongs of either party in the conflict. See Wallace Notestein, The Winning of the Initiative by the House of Commons (London, 1924); Margaret A.

Kurzfassung: I. The Life -- II. Tyssot’s Personality -- III. What Tyssot Read -- IV. The Formation and Development of Tyssot’s Ideas -- V. The First Publication -- VI. The Publication of Jaques Massé -- VII. The Story of Jaques Massé -- VIII. Jaques Massé as Literature -- IX. The Voyage de Groenland -- X. The Voyage de Groenland as Literature -- XI. The Discourse on Chronology -- XII. The Œuvres poétiques -- Conclusion -- Appendix A. Extracts from the Tyssot family genealogy -- B. Notice de Jean Tijssot de la famille de Patot -- C. Extracts from the Rumpf family genealogy -- D. A guide to the chronology of the Lettres choisies -- E. List, according to title-page, of libraries holding editions dated 1710 of Voyages et avantures de Jaques Massé -- F. List of libraries holding editions of Jaques Massé not dated 1710 -- G. List of libraries holding works other than Jaques Massé -- Archives.

Kurzfassung: Catalogue of Manuscripts and Printed Works on Philosophy from the Colonial Period in Latin America -- Philosophical Works from Colonial Latin America -- Anonymous Works -- Appendix of some Colonial Philosophical Works which have become lost -- Bibliography of the Secondary Literature concerning the Philosophy of the Colonial Period of Latin America.

Kurzfassung: ORIGIN OF THE PROJECT In Spring of 1968 a research project concerning the scholastic philosophy in the Iberian Colonies of America was submitted to the Institute of Latin American Studies in the University of Texas by Dr. Ignacio Angelelli, of the Department of Philosophy of the same University. I should like to quote some relevant passages from the proposal by way of historical back­ ground. In the last decade, leading philosophical historiography has become more and more interested in the "minor" figures and the "traditional" schools which flourished between 1500 and 1800. Historians of philosophy are interested not only in men like Descartes and Kant, but also in the less brilliant and more "conservative" authors. It is also interesting to note in this regard that the late Professor P. Wilpert (Cologne), editor of the new edition of Ueberweg, intended to divide the section on the Neuzeit into two volumes, one for the major figures and the other for the exponents of the various forms of scholasticism of the period 1500-1800. One of these conservative philosophical movements is what has been called the seconda scolastica, which developed in Catholic countries and particularly in Spain and Portugal. Naturally, this "traditional" thought in Europe after 1500 was bound to have an impact on the Spanish and Portuguese Colonies. Indeed, the amount of scholastic philosophy taught in the American Colonies between 1530 and 1800 is impressive. This fact has not yet been acknowledged by international historiography.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction: Early Modern Diplomacy and the Royal Post and Courier Service to 1598 -- France -- Spain -- England -- Conclusion -- II. The Diplomatic Courier: Some Generalizations -- Aspects of courier travel -- Courier qualifications -- The courier’s load -- Regularity of service -- Conclusion -- III. Courier Finances -- IV. Routes and Travel Conditions -- England -- Continent -- Roads -- Passport -- Health certificate -- Posting inns -- Horses -- Conclusion -- V. French Diplomatic Couriers -- Couriers to England -- Couriers to Spain -- Couriers to Rome -- Couriers to Venice and Constantinople -- Couriers to Low Countries -- Conclusion -- VI. Spanish Diplomatic Couriers -- Madrid-Vienna couriers -- Spanish couriers in France -- Madrid-Brussels couriers -- Madrid-London couriers -- Madrid-Rome couriers -- Conclusion -- VII. English Diplomatic Couriers -- I: English Diplomatic Couriers -- II: John Wells -- VIII. Conclusion: Post and Courier Service in Early Modern European Foreign Policy -- Appendix I: Diplomatic Couriers 1559–1598 -- Appendix II: Departures of the Venice “Ordinary” as Recorded by French Ambassador Hurault de Maisse -- Appendix III: Ordonnance du Roi Touchant les Postes 29 Mai 1560 -- Appendix IV: Mémoire pour le Faict des Couriers Ord.res d’Espagne pour l’Italie passans par la France -- Appendix V: Certificat d’André De Salazar Touchant un Courier Tué près de Poictiers, et ses Dépesches.

Kurzfassung: Diplomatic negotiation of our day is a curious mix of national endeavor within the bloc concept. The remnants of our nineteenth century nation­ alism struggles - half willingly - with the power that a larger continental or ideological bloc might bring. In the sixteenth century men knew that the protective bloc of Christendom would not provide peace, yet they were not sure that the new national states would secure it either. We have much to gain from a study of diplomatic procedures and institutions in such a transitional period. This monograph is based upon the great collections of published diplomatic correspondence of England, France, and Spain and, thanks to the generosity of Dr. De Lamar Jensen, I have been fortunate in having at my disposal his hoard of microfilmed letters and dispatches of the leading ambassadors of the sixteenth century. Of course, I have not read all the diplomatic correspondence, but I believe I have culled sufficient information to show and analyze the role played by the post and courier service in the diplomacy of Early Modem Europe.

Kurzfassung: I — Introduction -- II — The Academica and Its Influence and Distribution in Antiquity and the Middle Ages -- III — The Academica in the Renaissance: A General Survey -- IV — The Academica at Paris in the Middle of the Sixteenth Century: Talon, Galland, and Others -- V — Giulio Castellani and the Academica -- VI — Joannes Rosa and His Commentary on the Academica -- VII — Summary and Conclusions -- Appendices.

Kurzfassung: As originally planned this volume was meant to cover a somewhat wider scope than, in fact, it has turned out to do. When, in rg68, I initially conceived of preparing it, it was proposed to deal with several aspects of early modern scepticism, in addition to the fortuna of the Academica, and to publish various loosely related pieces under the title of 'Studies in the History of Early Modern Scepticism. ' Thereby, I foresaw that I would exhaust my knowledge of the subject and would then be able to turn my attention to other matters. In initiating my research on this topic, however, I soon found that there remained a much greater bulk of material to study than could possibly be dealt with between the covers of the single modest volume which I envisioned. My proposed section on Cicero's Academica was to cover between 50 and 75 pages in the original plan. It soon became apparent, however, especially after Joannes Rosa's hitherto unstudied commentary on Cicero's work was uncovered, that this material would have to be treated at a much greater length than I had foreseen. The present volume is the result of this expanded investigation. The monograph which has come from this alteration in plans has, I think, the virtues of continuity and cohesive­ ness and one hopes that these advantages offset the benefits of a broader scope which were sacrificed.

Kurzfassung: I Introduction -- II Christian Hebraism: Its Thomistic Bases and Its Presence in Luis de León -- III Domingo Soto’s Definition of Fus Gentium, Fray Luis de León’s De Legibus, and the Law of the Decalog -- IV Fray Luis’ Social Theory -- V Morality and National Destiny in Fray Luis.

Kurzfassung: This book has two purposes. The first is clearly historical, the second is more philosophical and interpretive. Its success in the former will be less arguable than its attainment of the latter. The contribution to the history of Spanish letters consists in critically establishing the fact that the sources of Fray Luis de Le6n's moral and spiritual thought are Hebraic and that he can be seen to stand as one in a long line of Christian Hebraists, both scholastic and humanist. His philosophical views are cast in an Hebraic tradition, not in an Hellenic one as supposed by nearly every other commentator. I have stressed the presence of a living Hebrew culture in Spain after 1492, and I have suggested that this and the Jewish parentage of Fray Luis are very significant. I have also identified an intellectual debt Fray Luis owed to non-Jewish Orientalists such as Egidio da Viterbo and Girolamo Seripando. But, even they learned from exiled Spaniards. I want to present Fray Luis as a most characteristic thinker in the world of Baroque Spain. I think most will agree with the picture I have outlined. The more audacious aspect is my wish to show the importance of the Jewish heritage as found in the literary and philosophical production of this remarkable genius. It is, of course, my contention that today know­ ledge about Fray Luis and what he stood for is extraordinarily important.

Kurzfassung: I. Introduction -- General Introduction -- Statement of the Problem -- Methodology of Research -- Scope and Limits of the Study -- Definitions of Important Terms and Concepts -- Hypotheses of the Study -- Overview of the Book. -- II. Synthesizing Social Sciences -- Models of Organizational Systems -- Organizational Models: Overview -- Models of Environmental Systems -- Environmental Models: Overview -- Summary. -- III. Social Sciences Integration Model -- Preliminary Observations -- Action-Orientation of the Model -- Ecological Variables -- Socio-Economic Variables -- Institutional Variables -- Technological Variables -- Summary. -- IV. Social Sciences Integration in the Future -- Preliminary Observations -- Directions in the Future Environment -- Growth of Computerization in Newer Application -- Growth of Professional Fluidity -- Growth of Social Involvement -- Growth of Global Integration -- Action-Orientation of the Model -- Summary. -- V. Summary and Conclusion -- Environmental Adjustment -- Environmental Structure -- Inter-Disciplinary Approach -- Social Productivity and Profitability -- Human, Technological, and Organizational Considerations -- Dimensions of Futurity -- User Reference of the Proposed Model -- VI. Social Sciences Integration Model Deployment - A Hypothetical Case Study -- Methodology of Research -- Brief Description of the Company, Its Organization, and Industry -- Analysis of the Environment Interacting with the Firm -- The Dilemma -- Alternatives Suggested in the Corporate Meetings -- The Actual Development of the Model Scheme in the Company’s Operations -- Critical Analysis of the Operations -- The Final Outcome as Judged by Results -- Guidelines from the Case Analysis for Future Policy -- Conclusion. -- VII. Annotated Bibliography -- Author Index.

Kurzfassung: The study of environment in the administrative management con­ text is of a relatively recent vintage. It owes much to the comparative emphasis upon the applications of social disciplines within the organ­ ization's framework. It derives much from the modem perspectives of a total managerial strategy unrestricted by the limited internal firm situations. Basically, environmental studies have contributed to the incorporation of an extra-business and profit dimension in the mana­ gerial functions. Much has already been written about social sciences and their behavioral utility for rational administration. After several years of teaching and consulting activities focusing on this subject, I was quite convinced, however, that an "Environmental Interaction" approach could contribute to the effectiveness of both the practicing manager and the preaching academician in their persuasive efforts to apply environmental outlook in everyday business decisions and functions. This is the basic rationale for this book. I am grateful to a number of people who have contributed to the direct and indirect preparation of this research study. Dean John C.

Kurzfassung: One — Ken -- 1. The Critical Heritage -- 2. The Religious Background -- 3. The Aesthetics of Infinity -- 4. Neoclassicism -- 5. The Metaphysical Tradition -- 6. Poetic Diction -- Two — Byrom and Law -- 7. Light and Enlightenment -- 8. Deism and Modernism -- 9. From Quietism to Evangelicalism -- 10. Theological Renewal -- 11. Nature and Enthusiasm -- 12. Psychology and Aesthetics -- Conclusion -- Appendices.

Kurzfassung: It has recently been argued that the 18th century can no longer be 1 seen as gripped in the strait-jacket of Augustanism and Neoclassicism. Such labels are seen as doing less than justice to the rich variety of individual talents and intellectual trends which collectively constitute 18th century culture. While welcoming the interment of the long­ standing myth of the peace of the Augustans, there seems little point in placing an interdict on labels which, willy-nilly, have stuck. In economic, social and ecclesiastical terms there is an age between 1689 and 1789 whose homogeneity is reflected in its cultural products. There is a mainstream which the strength and variety of counter­ currents and cross-currents corroborate rather than disintegrate. It is the purpose of this study to reveal some aspects of this mainstream by examining certain cross-currents which overlap its edges. Hence the choice of Thomas Ken (1637-1711), John Byrom (1692-1763) and William Law (1686-1761).

Kurzfassung: Inaugural Lecture -- Phenomenology Reflects upon Itself. II: The Ideal of the Universal Science: the Original Project of Husserl Reinterpreted with Reference to the Acquisitions of Phenomenology and the Progress of Contemporary Science. -- Address (Professor Klibansky on April 10, 1969) -- I/The Later Husserl -- What is New in Husserl’s ‘Crisis’ -- Ingarden’s Criticism of Husserl -- On Understanding Idea and Essence in Husserl and Ingarden -- Discussion -- Phenomenologico-Psychological and Transcendental Reductions in Husserl’s ‘Crisis’ -- Constitutive Phenomenology and Intentional Objects -- Hyletic Data -- Discussion -- The Material Apriori and the Foundation for its Analysis in Husserl -- The Actual State of the Work on Husserl’s Inedita: Achievements and Projects -- Discussion -- II/Phenomenology and Hermeneutics -- The Science of the Life-World -- The Sciences of Man and the Theory of Husserl’s Two Attitudes -- Repetition in Gadamer’s hermeneutics -- Ingarden on Language and Ontology (A Comparison with some Trends in Analytic Philosophy) -- Discussion -- III /Phenomenology and Natural Science -- Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology as Foundation of Natural Science -- Towards a Developmental Phenomenology: Transcendental-Ego and Body-Ego -- Body, Consciousness, and Violence -- The Concept of Horizon -- Intentionality and Transcendence: On the Constitution of Material Nature -- Discussion -- Complementary Essays -- A Note on the Doctrine of Noetic-Noematic Correlation -- The Meaning of Husserl’s Idealism in the Light of His Development -- Life-World Constitution of Propositional Logic and Elementary Predicate Logic -- Annex -- Roman Ingarden’s Letter to Edmund Husserl.