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  • 1980-1984  (20)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (20)
  • Hoboken : Taylor and Francis
  • Language and languages—Philosophy.  (20)
  • 1
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    Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective : Exploratory Essays in Current Theories and Classical Indian Theories of Meaning and Reference (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400964990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 178
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective: An Introduction -- We Are All Children of God -- The Syncategorematic Treatment of Predicates -- The Paradox of Naming -- Substance and Kind: Reflections on the New Theory of Reference -- The Easy Examination Paradox -- Models for Actions -- Some Problems Concerning Meaning -- Abstraction, Analysis and Universals: The Navya-Ny?ya Theory -- Psychologism in Indian Logical Theory -- A Speech-Act Model for Understanding Navya-Ny?ya Epistemology -- Some Epistemologically Misleading Expressions: “Inference”, and “Anum?na”, “Perception” and “Pratyaksa” -- The Pr?bh?kara Mim?ms? Theory of Related Designation -- Plato’s Indian Barbers -- Proper Names: Contemporary Philosophy and the Ny?ya -- Awareness and Meaning in Navya-Ny?ya.
    Abstract: We are grateful to the authors who wrote papers specially for this volume and kindly gave their permission for printing them together. None of these papers appeared anywhere before. Our special thanks are due to the first six authors who kindly responded to our request and agreed to join this new venture which we are calling 'comparative perspective' in ana­ lytical philosophy. In the introductory essay certain salient points from each paper have been noted only to show how 'com­ parative perspective' may add to, and be integrated with, mod­ ern philosophical discussion in the analytic tradition. Need­ less to say, any mistake, possible mis-attribution or misrepresentation of the views of the original authors of the papers (appearing in the said introductory essay) is entirely the responsibility of the author of that essay. The author apologizes if there has been such unintentional misrepresenta­ tion and insists that the readers should depend upon the orig­ inal papers themselves for their own understanding. For typo­ graphical problems it has not always been possible to use the symbols originally used by the authors, but care has been taken to use the proper substitute for each of them. Bimal K. Matilal ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: AN INTRODUCTION 1. The aim of this volume is to extend the horizon of philosophi­ cal analysis as it is practiced today.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6499-0
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  • 2
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    Investigations into the Origin of Language and Consciousness (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400962361
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 44
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 44
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: First Investigation -- The Indicative Gesture as the Original Form of Consciousness -- Second Investigation -- Syncretic Language -- Third Investigation -- Marxism and Psychoanalysis — The Origins of the Oedipal Crisis -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Tran Duc Thao, a wise and learned scientist and an eminent Marxist philoso­ pher, begins this treatise on the origins of language and consciousness with a question: "One of the principal difficulties of the problem of the origin of consciousness is the exact determination of its beginnings. Precisely where must one draw the line between the sensori-motor psychism of animals and the conscious psychism that we see developing in man?" And then he cites Karl Marx's famous passage about 'the bee and the architect' from Capital: ... what distinguishes the worst architect from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in the imagination before he erects it in reality. At the end of every labor process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the laborer at its commencement. (Capital, Vol. I, p. 178, tr. Moore and Aveling) Thao follows this immediately with a second question: "But is this the most elementary form of consciousness?" Thus the conundrum concerning the origins of consciousness is posed as a circle: if human consciousness pre­ supposes representation (of the external reality, of mental awareness, of actions, of what it may), and if this consciousness emerges first with the activity of production using tools, and if the production of tools itself pre­ supposes representation - that is, with an image of what is to be produced in the mind of the producer - then the conditions for the origins of human.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6236-1
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  • 3
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    Cognitive Constraints on Communication : Representations and Processes (1984)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401091886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 428 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Dialogue and Cognition -- Diplomatic Communication -- Insight and Self-Observation: Their Role in the Analysis of the Etiology of Illness -- Parental Communication Deviance and Schizophrenia: A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis -- Contributions of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere in Perceiving Paralinguistic Cues of Emotion -- Towards a Computational Theory of Semantic Memory -- Two Types of Discourse in Hölderlin’s Madness -- Problems in Question Answering -- Looking for a Process Model of Dialogue: Speculations from the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence -- Jokes and the Logic of the Cognitive Unconscious -- A Logical Form Based on the Structural Descriptions of Events -- Linguistic and Situational Context in a Model of Task-Oriented Dialogue -- Some Ways of Representing Dialogues -- Towards a Logical Model of Dialogue -- Message Theory and the Semantics of Dialogue -- Rules, Utilities, and Strategies in Dialogical Games -- Focus and Dialogue Games: A Game-Theoretical Approach to the Interpretation of Intonational Focusing -- Intensional Man vs Extensional Man: A Difficult Dialogue -- Dynamic Model Selection in the Interpretation of Discourse -- Modelling the Dialogue by means of Formal Language Theory -- Precisiation of Meaning via Translation into PRUF -- Conversations between Programs -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Communication is one of the most challenging human phenomena, and the same is true of its paradigmatic verbal realization as a dialogue. Not only is communication crucial for virtually all interpersonal relations; dialogue is often seen as offering us also a paradigm for important intra-individual processes. The best known example is undoubtedly the idea of concep­ tualizing thinking as an internal dialogue, "inward dialogue carried on by the mind within itself without spoken sound", as Plato called it in the Sophist. At first, the study of communication seems to be too vaguely defmed to have much promise. It is up to us, so to speak, to decide what to say and how to say it. However, on eloser scrutiny, the process of communication is seen to be subject to various subtle constraints. They are due inter alia to the nature of the parties of the communicative act, and most importantly, to the properties of the language or other method of representation presupposed in that particuIar act of communication. It is therefore not surprising that in the study of communication as a cognitive process the critical issues revolve around the nature of the representations and the nature of the computations that create, maintain and interpret these representations. The term "repre­ sentation" as used here indicates a particular way of specifying information about a given subject.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9188-6
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  • 4
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    The Structure and Growth of Scientific Knowledge : A Study in the Methodology of Epistemic Appraisal (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 231 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 73
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 73
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction: Methodology, Ideology, and Scientific Revolutions -- 2 / Epistemic Structuralism: The Limit to Radical Alternatives to Traditional Epistemology -- 3 / Problems of Structure and Growth: Towards an Interactive Model of The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- 4 / Consequences and Alternative Methodologies -- 5 / The Nature of Methodological Variance: From Commensurable Canons to Incommensurable Strategies -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Professor Pandit, working among the admirable group of philosophers at the University of Delhi, has written a fundamental criticism and a constructive re-interpretation of all that has been preserved as serious epistemological and methodological reflections on the sciences in modern Western philosoph- from the times of Galileo, Newton, Descartes and Leibniz to those of Russell and Wittgenstein, Carnap and Popper, and, we need hardly add, onward to the troubling relativisms and reconstructions of historical epistemologies in the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. His themes are intrigu­ ing, set forth as they are with masterly case studies of physics and the life sciences, and within an original conceptual framework for philosophical analysis of the processes, functions, and structures of scientific knowing. Pandit's contributions deserve thoughtful examination. For our part, we wish to point to some among them: (1) an interactive articulation of subjective and objective factors of both problems and theories in the course of scientific development; (2) a striking contrast between the explanatory power of a scientific theory and its 'resolving power', i. e.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7680-2
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  • 5
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    Abstract Objects : An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 160
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theory, Data, and Explanation -- 2. The Origins of the Theory -- I. Elementary Object Theory -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- 5. An Auxiliary Hypothesis -- II. Applications of the Elementary Theory -- 1. Modelling Plato’s Forms -- 2. Modelling the Round Square, etc. -- 3. The Problem of Existence 50 Appendix -- III. The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions) -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- IV. The Applications of the Modal Theory -- 1. Truth -- 2. Modelling Possible Worlds -- 3. Modelling Leibniz’s Monads -- 4. Modelling Stories and Native Characters -- 5. Modality and Descriptions -- V. The Typed Theory of Abstract Objects -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- VI. Applications of the Typed Theory -- 1. Modelling Frege’s Senses (I) -- 2. Modelling Frege’s Senses (II) -- 3. Modelling Impossible and Fictional Relations -- 4. Modelling Mathematical Myths and Entities -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Modelling the Theory Itself -- B. Modelling Notions -- Notes.
    Abstract: In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso­ phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6980-3
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  • 6
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    Communication and Meaning : An Essay in Applied Modal Logic (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400970694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 168
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Signs and Signalling -- I.1. Lewis on Signalling Systems -- I.2. Signs and Meaning -- I.3. Sign Systems and the Possibility of Deceit -- I.4. Generalization of Rules of Information -- I.5. ISS’s and Lewis Indicative Signalling Systems -- I.6. Conventions of Truthfulness and Trust v. Rules of Information -- II: A Formal Language -- II.1. LC: its Syntax and the General Form of its Semantics -- II.2. Action Modalities -- II.3. Normative Modalities -- II.4. The Belief Modality -- II.5. Mutual Belief -- II.6. The Modality Va -- II.7. Deontic Modalities -- II.8. Knowledge that p -- II.9. On the Alleged Circularity of Possible-World Semantics -- III: Some Features of Communication Situations -- III.1. Truthfulness and Trust -- III.2. Moore’s Paradox of Saying and Disbelieving -- III.3. Informing and Asserting -- III.4. Trust of Type No-Deceit, Communicators’ Intentions and “Saying One Thing and Meaning Another” -- III.5. Non-Deceiving Performances and the Implementation of Rules of Information -- IV: Non-Indicatives -- IV.1. Non-Indicatives and Truth Conditions -- IV.2. Performatives -- IV.3. Sketch for a Logic of Imperative Inference -- IV.4. Other Types of Non-Indicatives -- IV.5. Non-Indicative Usage of Indicatives -- V: Intention-Dependent Evidence -- V.1. Bennett’s Defence of the Gricean Theory -- V.2. The Modality Shall and the Analysis of Signalling -- VI: The Double Bind -- VI.1. General Features of a Double-Bind Situation -- VI.2. The Illustration from Clinical Data — a Formal Description -- VI.3. Bateson’s Theory of Communication -- VI.4. The Double Bind and Levels of Communication -- Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This essay contains material which will hopefully be of interest not only to philosophers, but also to those social scientists whose research concerns the analysis of communication, verbal or non-verbal. Although most of the topics taken up here are central to issues in the philosophy of language, they are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from topics in descriptive social psychology. The essay aims to provide a conceptual framework within which various key aspects of communication can be described, and it presents a formal language, using techniques from modern modal logic, in which such descriptions can themselves be formulated. It is my hope that this framework, or parts of it, might also turn out to be of value in future empirical work. There are, therefore, essentially two sides to this essay: the development of a framework of concepts, and the construction of a formal language rich enough to express the elements of which that framework is composed. The first of these two takes its point of departure in the statement quoted from Lewis (1972) on the page preceding this introduction. The distinction drawn there by Lewis is accepted as a working hypothesis, and in one sense this essay may be seen as an attempt to explore some of the consequences of that hypothesis.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7069-4
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  • 7
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    The Game of Language : Studies in Game-Theoretical Semantics and Its Applications (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401098472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Game-Theoretical Semantics: Insights and Prospects -- 2 / Semantical Games and Transcendental Arguments -- 3 / Semantical Games, Subgames, and Functional Interpretations -- 4 / Any Problems — No Problems -- 5 / Temporal Discourse and Semantical Games -- 6 / Definite Descriptions in Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 7 / “Is”, Semantical Games, and Semantical Relativity -- 8 / Semantical Games and Aristotelian Categories -- 9 / On the Any-Thesis and the Methodology of Linguistics -- 10 / Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Since the first chapter of this book presents an intro­ duction to the present state of game-theoretical semantics (GTS), there is no point in giving a briefer survey here. Instead, it may be helpful to indicate what this volume attempts to do. The first chapter gives a short intro­ duction to GTS and a survey of what is has accomplished. Chapter 2 puts the enterprise of GTS into new philo­ sophical perspective by relating its basic ideas to Kant's phi losophy of mathematics, space, and time. Chapters 3-6 are samples of GTS's accomplishments in understanding different kinds of semantical phenomena, mostly in natural languages. Beyond presenting results, some of these chapters also have other aims. Chapter 3 relates GTS to an interesting line of logical and foundational studies - the so-called functional interpretations - while chapter 4 leads to certain important methodological theses. Chapter 7 marks an application of GTS in a more philo­ sophical direction by criticizing the Frege-Russell thesis that words like "is" are multiply ambiguous. This leads in turn to a criticism of recent logical languages (logical notation), which since Frege have been based on the ambi­ guity thesis, and also to certain methodological sug­ gestions. In chapter 8, GTS is shown to have important implications for our understanding of Aristotle's doctrine of categories, while chapter 9 continues my earlier criticism of Chomsky's generative approach to linguistic theorizing.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9847-2
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  • 8
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    Linguistic Categories: Auxiliaries and Related Puzzles : Volume One: Categories (1983)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400969896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / The ‘AUX’ Hypothesis -- Da and the Category AUX in Bulgarian -- Person-Subject Marking in AUX in Egyptian Arabic -- Two / Some Elusive Categories -- Polarized Auxiliaries -- Marking Constituents -- Government and the Search for AUXes: A Case Study in Cross-linguistic Category Identification -- On Two Types of Infinitival Complementation -- The Case of German Adjectives -- Transitive Adjectives: A Case of Categorial Reanalysis.
    Abstract: VIrtually all the papers in these volumes originated in presentations at the Fourth Groningen Round Table, held in July 1980. That conference, organ­ ized by the Institute for General linguistics of Groningen University was the fourth in an irregular series of meetings devoted to issues of topical interest to linguists. Its predecessor, the Third Round Table, was held in June 1976, and dealt with the semantics of natural language. A selection of the papers was published as Syntax and Semantics 10, Selections from the Third Groningen Round Table, ed. by F. Heny and H. Schnelle, Academic Press, 1979. This fourth meeting was more narrowly focussed. The original intention was to examine the hypothesis of Akrnajian, Steele and Wasow in their paper 'The Category AUX in Universal Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry 10, 1-64. Ultimately the topic was broadened considerably to encompass not only the syntax, semantics and morphology of auxiliaries and related elements, but to tackle the problem (implicit in the original work of Akmajian, Steele and Wasow) of justifying the selection of categories for the analysis of natural language. In the summer of 1979, a workshop and short, informal conference were held at the University of Salzburg, in preparation for the Round Table. These were organized in conjunction with the Summer Institute of the linguistic Society of America. The cooperation of the LSA and of the University of Salzburg, and in particular of the Director of that Institute, Professor Gaberell Drachman, is hereby gratefully acknowledged.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-6989-6
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  • 9
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    The Nature of Syntactic Representation (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
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    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Long Distance Agreement in Modern Icelandic -- Purpose Clauses and Control -- Binding in Wholewheat* Syntax (*unenriched with inaudibilia) -- Grammatical Relations and Montague Grammar -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- Evidence for Gaps -- A Phrase Structure Account of Scandinavian Extraction Phenomena -- Syntactic Representation, Syntactic Levels, and the Notion of Subject -- Some Arc Pair Grammar Descriptions -- A Semantic Theory of “NP-movement” Dependencies.
    Abstract: The work collected in this book represents the results of some intensive recent work on the syntax of natural languages. The authors' differing viewpoints have in common the program of revising current conceptions of syntactic representation so that the role of transformational derivations is reduced or eliminated. The fact that the papers cross-refer to each other a good deal, and that authors assuming quite different fram{:works are aware of each other's results and address themselves to shared problems, is partly the result of a conference on the nature of syntactic representation that was held at Brown University in May 1979 with the express purpose of bringing together different lines of research in syntax. The papers in this volume mostly arise out of work that was presented in preliminary form at that conference, though much rewriting and further research has been done in the interim period. Two papers are included because although they were not given even in preliminary form at the conference, it has become clear since then that they interrelate with the work of the conference so much that they cannot reasonably be left out: Gerald Gazdar's statement of his program for phrase structure description of natural language forms the theoretical basis that is assumed by Maling and Zaenen and by Sag, and David Dowty's paper represents a bridge between the relational grammar exemplified here in the papers by Perlmutter and Postal on the one hand and the Montague­.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7707-5
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  • 10
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    Language, Logic and Method (1982)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400977020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 31
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 31
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scales of Measurement -- Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories -- Comments on ‘Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories’ by Professor Dalla Chaiara -- A Methodology without Methodological Rules -- Truth, Fallibility and the Growth of Knowledge -- Fallible Is as Fallible Does: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Knowledge in Pursuit of Knowledge — A Few Worries: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Response to Scheffler -- Response to Margalit -- Rejoinder to Levi’s Reply -- A Category-Theoric Approach to Systems in a Fuzzy World -- Natural Languages and Formal Languages and Formal Languages: A Tenable Dualism -- The Problem of Vague Predicates -- Peirce and Pearson: Pragmatism vs. Instrumentalism -- Theory of Propensity: A New Foundation of Logic -- Gödel’s Theorems and Church’s Thesis: A Prologue to mechanism -- The Non-traditional Theory of Quantifiers -- Dialogue: How Do We Know What Others Mean and Why? -- Towards a Richer Theory of Dialogue: Comments of Professor Rivetti Barbòs Paper -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Fundamental problems of the uses of formal techniques and of natural and instrumental practices have been raised again and again these past two decades, in many quarters and from varying viewpoints. We have brought a number of quite basic studies of these issues together in this volume, not linked con­ ceptually nor by any rigorously defined problematic, but rather simply some of the most interesting and even provocative of recent research accomplish­ ments. Most of these papers are derived from the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science during 1973-80, the two exceptions being those of Karel Berka (on scales of measurement) and A. A. Zinov'ev (on a non-tradi­ tional theory of quantifiers). Just how intriguing these results (or conjectures?) seem to us may be seen from some brief quotations: (1) Judson Webb: " . . . . the abstract machine concept has many of the appropriate kinds of properties for modelling living, reproducing, rule­ following, self-reflecting, accident-prone, and lucky creatures . . . the a priori logical results relevant to the abstract machine concept, above all Godel's, could not conceivably have turned out any better for the mechanist. " (2) M. L. Dalla Chiara: " . . . modal interpretation (of quantum logic) shows clearly that it possesses a logical meaning which is quite independent of quantum mechanics. " (3) Isaac Levi: (as against Peirce and Popper) " . . . infallibilism is con­ sistent with corrigibilism, and a view which respects avoidance of error is an important desideratum for science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-7702-0
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  • 11
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    Dictionary of Logic as Applied in the Study of Language : Concepts/Methods/Theories (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401712538
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 436 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 9
    Series Statement: Melbourne International Philosophy Series 9
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Abstraction operator -- Algebraic structures -- Algorithms -- Analyticity -- Antinomies -- Arithmetic -- Automata -- Automata, finite -- Categorial grammar -- Classes, theory of -- Combinatory logic -- Completeness -- Computability abstract theory -- Consequence -- Consistency -- Counterexample, the method of -- Decidability -- Deduction theorem -- Deductive method -- Definability -- Definition -- Deontic logic -- Description, definite -- Dialogic logic -- Dot notation -- Duality -- Elementary theory -- Entailment and relevance -- Extension -- Formalization -- Gödel’s theorem -- Grammar, formal -- Independence -- Intension -- Intuitionistic logic -- Lambda-operator -- Legniewski’s systems -- Logical form -- Logic, modern, history of -- Many-valued logic -- Mappings -- Meaning -- Modality -- Modal logic -- Modal semantics -- Model theory -- Name -- Natural deduction -- Normal form -- Polish notation -- Pragmatics, logical -- Predicate logic -- Probability -- Programming languages -- Quantifiers -- Questions -- Recursive functions -- Relations, theory of -- Semantics, logical -- Sentence -- Sentence logic -- Sequent calculus -- Sets, infinite -- Sets, ordered -- Set theory, axiomatizations of -- Syntax, logical -- Tense logic -- Topology -- Trees -- Truth -- Truth-table method -- Types, theory of -- General bibliography -- Subject index and glossary -- Index of symbols.
    Abstract: 1. STRUCTURE AND REFERENCES 1.1. The main part of the dictionary consists of alphabetically arranged articles concerned with basic logical theories and some other selected topics. Within each article a set of concepts is defined in their mutual relations. This way of defining concepts in the context of a theory provides better understand­ ing of ideas than that provided by isolated short defmitions. A disadvantage of this method is that it takes more time to look something up inside an extensive article. To reduce this disadvantage the following measures have been adopted. Each article is divided into numbered sections, the numbers, in boldface type, being addresses to which we refer. Those sections of larger articles which are divided at the first level, i.e. numbered with single numerals, have titles. Main sections are further subdivided, the subsections being numbered by numerals added to the main section number, e.g. I, 1.1, 1.2, ... , 1.1.1, 1.1.2, and so on. A comprehensive subject index is supplied together with a glossary. The aim of the latter is to provide, if possible, short defmitions which sometimes may prove sufficient. As to the use of the glossary, see the comment preceding it.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1253-8
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  • 12
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    Tome 1 Philosophie du langage, Logique philosophique / Volume 1 Philosophy of language, Philosophical logic (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400983564
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: La philosophie contemporaine: Chroniques nouvelles / Contemporary philosophy: A new survey 1
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- One/Première Partie Philosophy of language/Philosophie du langage -- The place of the philosophy of language -- The theory of meaning in analytical philosophy -- Semantics: A revolt against Frege -- Wittgenstein et la philosophie du langage -- Richard Montague and the logical analysis of language -- Constructing a pragmatic foundation for semantics -- ‘Logique herméneutique’? -- Two/Deuxième Partie Philosophical logic/Logique philosophique -- Philosophical aspects of proof theory -- Modal logic, modal semantics and their applications -- Conditionals and possible worlds -- Entailment and the disjunctive syllogism -- Choice, chance, and credence -- Abbreviations used by some contributors -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: The present publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chronicles, Philosophy in the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Contemporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond KJibansky. As with the earlier series the present chronicles purport to give a survey of significant trends in contemporary philosophi­ cal discussion. The time space covered by the present series is (approximately) 1966-1978. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, particularly in philosophical logic and the philosophy of language, the convergence of interest (though not necessarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain prob­ lems, and the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems are the most important contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valuable source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be an assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own philosophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen the Socratic element of modem philosophy, the dialogue or Kommu nikationsgemeinschajt. So far, four volumes have been prepared for the new series. The present chronicles in the Philosophy of Language and Philosophi­ cal Logic (Vol. I), are followed by chronicles in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. II), and Philosophy of Action (Vol.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8356-4
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  • 13
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    Crossing the Boundaries in Linguistics : Studies Presented to Manfred Bierwisch (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400984530
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Harmony Processes -- The “Epistemic Dative” Construction in French and Its Relevance to Some Current Problems in Generative Grammar -- Some Rules of Regular Ellipsis in German -- Some Remarks on Scope Phenomena -- Topic, Focus, and Local Relevance -- Questions about Questions -- Questions and Attitudes -- On the Distinctions between Semantics and Pragmatics -- In Defense of a Strawsonian Approach to Presupposition -- Blurred Conditionals -- Semantics and Pragmatics in Psycho-physiological Context -- Lexical Search and Order of Mention in Sentence Production -- Negative Verbs in Children’s Speech -- Robert Frost’s ‘Out, out —’. A way in -- Bibliography of Manfred Bierwisch’s Publications -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8453-0
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  • 14
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    Aspects of Philosophical Logic : Some Logical Forays into Central Notions of Linguistics and Philosophy (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400983847
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 147
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Tense Logic, Second-Order Logic and Natural Language -- Extensions of the Modal Calculi MCv and MC?. Comparison of Them with Similar Calculi Endowed with Different Semantics. Application to Probability Theory -- An Irreflexivity Lemma with Applications to Axiomatizations of Conditions on Tense Frames -- Expressive Functional Completeness in Tense Logic (Preliminary Report) -- “Locally-at” as a Topological Quantifier-Former -- Ambiguity of Pronouns: A Simple Case -- Presupposition and Context -- The Paradox of the Heap.
    Abstract: This volume constitutes the Proceedings of a workshop on formal seman­ tics of natural languages which was held in Tiibingen from the 1st to the 3rd of December 1977. Its main body consists of revised versions of most of the papers presented on that occasion. Three supplementary papers (those by Gabbay and Sma by) are included because they seem to be of particular interest in their respective fields. The area covered by the work of scholars engaged in philosophical logic and the formal analysis of natural languages testifies to the live­ liness in those disciplines. It would have been impossible to aim at a complete documentation of relevant research within the limits imposed by a short conference whereas concentration on a single topic would have conveyed the false impression of uniformity foreign to a young and active field. It is hoped that the essays collected in this volume strike a reasonable balance between the two extremes. The topics discussed here certainly belong to the most important ones enjoying the attention of linguists and philosophers alike: the analysis of tense in formal and natural languages (van Benthem, Gabbay), the quickly expanding domain of generalized quantifiers (Goldblatt), the problem of vagueness (Kamp), the connected areas of pronominal reference (Smaby) and presupposition (von Stechow) and, last but not least, modal logic as a sort of all-embracing theoretical framework (Bressan). The workshop which led to this collection formed part of the activities celebrating the 500th anniversary of Tiibingen University.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8384-7
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  • 15
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    Ambiguities in Intensional Contexts (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400983779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (342p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Quantifier Phrases Are (At Least) Five Ways Ambiguous in Intensional Contexts -- On Semantic Scope -- Defensible Descriptions -- The Ortcutt Connection -- Reference and Relational Belief: On Causality and the Pragmatics of ‘Referring to’ and ‘Believing About’ -- A Pragmatic Analysis of Specificity -- Pronouns, Reference and Semantic Laziness -- Tense as a Source of Intensional Ambiguity -- On Intensionality in Programming Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The essays in this book deal with a number of problems in the analysis of intensional language - more especially with the analysis of the personal modalities in natural language. Together they cover a representative spectrum of the problems of contemporary ,interest in this area, in a way that should make them of interest to linguists, logicians and philosophers concerned with natural language. The contributors are mostly more linguists than logicians or philosophers but some are more logicians or philosophers than linguists. As far as possible, we have tried to conduct the discussion in terms that will enable students from any of these fields to come to grips with the central issues. This volume will provide, I think, material for a very stimulating course. I have used it as the basis for a course at the introductory level in the philosophy of language. The essays in the book led us back to look at the classic texts­ and a good deal of the intervening literature crept in of its own accord. Out of that experience grew the introduction that follows. In contrast with the rest of the book, the introduction is frankly pedagogical. I hope and believe that many who would otherwise find the papers themselves hard to digest will ~e helped on their way by that summary.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8377-9
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  • 16
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    Problems of Semantics : A Contribution to the Analysis of the Language Science (1981)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400983649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (417p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 66
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 66
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Semantic Problem—Sources and Themes -- II. The Concept of Semantics and Prerequisites for the Investigation of Semantic Problems -- 1. The Concepts of Object Language and Metalanguage -- 2. The Semantic Level of Analysis and its Relations to the Syntactic and Pragmatic Levels -- III. Semantic Concepts -- 1. Semantic Concepts and their Relations in Common Parlance -- 2. Semantic Concepts in Formalised Languages -- IV. The Semantics of Logical Concepts -- 1. Problems of L-Semantics -- 2. The Semantics of Logical Concepts on the Basis of the Concept of Interpretation -- V. Sense and Denotation -- 1. Frege’s Conception of Sense and Denotation -- 2. The Theory of Descriptions -- 3. The Method of Extension and Intension -- 4. The Problem of Naming -- 5. Synonymity -- VI. The Criterion of Sense -- 1. The Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Operationist Criterion of Sense -- 3. The Verifiability Criterion of Sense -- 4. The Translatability Criterion of Sense -- 5. Sense and the Empirical -- 6. ‘Theoretical Concepts’ and the Relativity of the Empirical Starting Point -- 7. Problems of Sense and Reduction Procedures -- VII. Vagueness -- 1. Vagueness and the Un-Sharpness of Boundaries -- 2. Sources of Vagueness and Ways of Analysing Vagueness -- 3. Vagueness, Ambiguity and Denotational Opacity -- VIII. Semantics and Some Problems of Ontology -- 1. Semantics and Ontic Decision -- 2. Nominalism, Platonism and Semantics -- 3. Analytical and Synthetic Aspects in the Language of Science -- IX. An Outline of the Evaluation of the Results of Scientific Activity in Terms of Semantic Information -- 1. The Scope for Evaluating Scientific Results -- 2. Brillouin’s Attempt at an Informational Evaluation of Scientific Laws -- 3. Linguistic Devices in Tasks of the Systematising Type -- 4. The Concept of ‘Decision Base’ and the Evaluation of a Decision Base -- 5. The Relevance of A Posteriori Data -- 6. Evaluation of the Goal Complex and the Concept of ‘Epistemic Gain’ -- X. The Semantics of Preference Attitudes -- 1. The Role of Preference and Preference Ordering -- 2. The Comparability Principle as a Presupposition for the Construction of a Preference System -- 3. Preferences of Things and Preferences of States of Affairs -- 4. Preference ‘Ceteris Paribus’ -- 5. The Concept of ‘Preferable States of Affairs’ as a Qualitative Concept -- 6. Preference as a Propositional Attitude -- Conclusions -- XI. The Problem of Informational Synonymity -- 1. The Traditional (Leibnizian) Criterion of Identity and the Problem of Semantic Identification -- 2. The ‘Salva Veritate’ Criterion -- 3. The Criterion of ‘Salva Relatione’ and the Concept of ‘Informational Synonymity’ -- 4. Informational Relevance and the Concept of ‘Strict Informational Synonymity’ -- XII. An Outline of the Semantic Evaluation of Graphic Communication -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Graphic Communication -- 3. The Semantics of a Picture Shape -- 4. Informational Synonymity and the Informational Evaluation of a Picture Shape -- 5. Informational Synonymity and the Time Factor -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ladislav Tondl's insightful investigations into the language of the sciences bear directly upon some decisive points of confrontation in modern philos­ ophy of science and of language itself. In the decade since his Scientific Procedures was published in English (Boston Studies 11), Dr Tondl has enlarged his original monograph of 1966 on the promise, problems and achievements of modern semantics: the main topic of his later work has been semantic information theory. A Russian translation, considerably expanded as a second edition, was published in 1975 (Moscow, Progress Publishers) with an appreciative critical commentary, in the form of a conclusion, by Professor Avenir I. Uemov of Odessa. Indeed many Soviet studies in the problems of the semantics of science show the same sort of philosophical curiosity about the relationship of meanings in scientific language to pro­ cedures in scientific epistemology that characterizes Tondl's work, as in the work of Mirislav Popovich (Kiev) and Vadirn Sadovsky (Moscow) and their colleagues. But we know that interest in these matters is world-wide, ranging from such classical topics as sense and denotation, empiricist reduction, vagueness and denotational opacity, to the new and equally exciting topics of the semantics of non-unique preference choices, the nuances of informational synonymity, and the semantics of a picture shape (so briefly but beautifully sketched in Tondl's dense and promising last chapter). We are pleased to have had Tondl's kind cooperation in producing this English edition, actually a third edition, of his research about semantics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8364-9
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  • 17
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    Philosophy and Grammar : Papers on the Occasion of the Quincentennial of Uppsala University (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400990128
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (165p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 143
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Humanism and the Humanities -- Grammar, Truth, and Logic -- Comments on Quine -- Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Montague Grammar, Mental Representations, and Reality -- Index, Context, and Content -- Fuzzy Logic and Restricted Quantifiers -- Die semantische Struktur der syntaktischen Gebilde und die semantischen Systeme der Generativisten -- The Empirical Semantics of Key Terms, Phrases and Sentences.
    Abstract: Among the several dozens of symposia held on the occasion of the quincentennial of U ppsala University, there was included one symposium devoted to the theme of 'Philosophy and Grammar'. A selection of the most important papers delivered at this symposium have been collected in this volume. The papers need no introduction, but the inclusion of two of them in this collection requires a brief comment. First, the paper by von Wright, although not directly concerned with the central topic of the symposium, has been included because it was the terminating speech of the six parallel symposia (including the symposium on 'Philosophy and Grammar') held by the Humanities Faculty and moreover, because the raison d'etre of the Humanities is analyzed in this paper by a very prominent Swedish-speaking philosopher. Second, Professor Hintikka was unable to participate. In view of his expertise in the field, we nevertheless requested him to contribute a paper, so to speak, post factum. This he very generously did. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to all who participated and/or helped to carry the sessions through to a successful conclusion. We also wish to extend a special thanks to Professor Roman lakobson of Harvard University, who assumed the responsibility of General Chairman of the symposium.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9012-8
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  • 18
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    Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400989641
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Semantic Structure and Illocutionary Force -- Perlocutions -- Pragmatic Entailment and Questions -- Surface Compositionality and the Semantics of Mood -- Yes-No Questions as Wh-Questions -- Syntactic Meanings -- Situational Context and Illocutionary Force -- Semantics and Pragmatics of Sentence Connectives in Natural Language -- Some Remarks on Explicit Performatives, Indirect Speech Acts, Locutionary Meaning and Truth-Value -- The Background of Meaning -- Towards a Pragmatically Based Theory of Meaning -- Illocutionary Logic and Self-Defeating Speech Acts -- Telling the Facts -- Methodological Remarks on Speech Act Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the study of language, as in any other systematic study, there is no neutral terminology. Every technical term is an expression of the assumptions and theoretical presuppositions of its users; and in this introduction, we want to clarify some of the issues that have surrounded the assumptions behind the use of the two terms "speech acts" and "pragmatics". The notion of a speech act is fairly well understood. The theory of speech acts starts with the assumption that the minimal unit of human communica­ tion is not a sentence or other expression, but rather the performance of certain kinds of acts, such as making statements, asking questions, giving orders, describing, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc. Characteristically, a speaker performs one or more of these acts by uttering a sentence or sentences; but the act itself is not to be confused with a sentence or other expression uttered in its performance. Such types of acts as those exemplified above are called, following Austin, illocutionary acts, and they are standardly contrasted in the literature with certain other types of acts such as perlocutionary acts and propositional acts. Perlocutionary acts have to do with those effects which our utterances have on hearers which go beyond the hearer's understanding of the utterance. Such acts as convincing, persuading, annoying, amusing, and frightening are all cases of perlocutionary acts.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-8964-1
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  • 19
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    IFS : Conditionals, Belief, Decision, Chance and Time (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400991170
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (355p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 15
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- A Sketch of Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Conditionals -- 2: The Classic Stalnaker-Lewis Theory of Conditionals -- A Theory of Conditionals -- Counterfactuals and Comparative Possibility -- A Defense of Conditional Excluded Middle -- 3. Conditionals and Subjective Conditional Probability (The Ramsey Test Paradigm) -- Probability and Conditionals -- Probabilities of Conditionals and Conditional Probabilities -- 4: Conditionals for Decision Making (Another Paradigm) -- Letter to David Lewis -- Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility -- 5: Indicative vs. Subjunctive Conditionals -- Indicative Conditionals -- Two Recent Theories of Conditionals -- Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probability -- Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probability: Reply to Pollock -- 6: Chance, Time, and the Subjunctive Conditional -- The Prior Propensity Account of Subjunctive Conditionals -- A Subjectivisms Guide to Objective Chance -- A Theory of Conditionals in the Context of Branching Time -- A Temporal Framework for Conditionals and Chance.
    Abstract: With publication of the present volume, The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science enters its second phase. The first fourteen volumes in the Series were produced under the managing editorship of Professor James J. Leach, with the cooperation of a local editorial board. Many of these volumes resulted from colloguia and workshops held in con­ nection with the University of Western Ontario Graduate Programme in Philosophy of Science. Throughout its seven year history, the Series has been devoted to publication of high quality work in philosophy of science con­ sidered in its widest extent, including work in philosophy of the special sciences and history of the conceptual development of science. In future, this general editorial emphasis will be maintained, and hopefully, broadened to include important works by scholars working outside the local context. Appointment of a new managing editor, together with an expanded editorial board, brings with it the hope of an enlarged international presence for the Series. Serving the publication needs of those working in the various subfields within philosophy of science is a many-faceted operation. Thus in future the Series will continue to produce edited proceedings of worthwhile scholarly meetings and edited collections of seminal background papers. How­ ever, the publication priorities will shift emphasis to favour production of monographs in the various fields covered by the scope of the Series. THE MANAGING EDITOR vii W. L. Harper, R. Stalnaker, and G. Pearce (eds.), lIs, vii.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9117-0
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  • 20
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    Introduction to Montague Semantics (1980)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400990654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 11
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Syntax and Semantics of Two Simple Languages -- I. The Language L0 -- II. The Language L0E -- III. A Synopsis of Truth-Conditional Semantics -- IV. The Notion of Truth Relative to a Model -- V. Validity and Entailment Defined in Terms of Possible Models -- VI. Model Theory and Deductive Systems -- Exercises -- Note -- 3. First-Order Predicate Logic -- I. The Language L1 -- II. The Language L1E -- Exercises -- Notes -- 4. A Higher-Order Type-Theoretic Language -- I. A Notational Variant of L1 -- II. The Language Ltype -- III. Lambda Abstraction and the Language L? -- Exercises -- Notes -- 5. Tense and Modal Operators -- I. Tense Operators and Their Interpretation -- II. The Other Varieties of Modal Logic; the Operators ? and ? -- III. Languages Containing Both Tense and Modal Operators: Coordinate Semantics -- Exercises -- Notes -- 6. Montague’s Intensional Logic -- I. Compositionality and the Intension-Extension Distinction -- II. The Intensional Logic of PTQ -- III. Examples of ‘Oblique Contexts’ as Represented in IL -- IV. Some Unresolved Issues with Possible Worlds Semantics and Propositional Attitudes -- Notes -- 7. The Grammar of PTQ -- I. The Overall Organization of the PTQ Grammar -- II. Subject-Predicate and Determiner-Noun Rules -- III. Conjoined Sentences, Verb Phrases, and Term Phrases -- IV. Anaphoric Pronouns as Bound Variables; Scope Ambiguities and Relative Clauses -- V. Be, Transitive Verbs, Meaning Postulates, and Non-Specific Readings -- VI. Adverbs and Infinitive Complement Verbs -- VII. De dicto Pronouns and Some Pronoun Problems -- VIII. Prepositions, Tenses, and Negation -- Exercises -- Notes -- 8. Montague’s General Semiotic Program -- 9. An Annotated Bibliography of Further Work in Montague Semantics -- Appendix I: Index of Symbols -- Appendix II: Variable Type Conventions for Chapter 7 -- Notes -- References -- Answers to Selected Problems and Exercises.
    Abstract: In this book we hope to acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of truth­ conditional model-theoretic semantics, and in particular with a version of this developed by Richard Montague in a series of papers published during the 1960's and early 1970's. In many ways the paper 'The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English' (commonly abbreviated PTQ) represents the culmination of Montague's efforts to apply the techniques developed within mathematical logic to the semantics of natural languages, and indeed it is the system outlined there that people generally have in mind when they refer to "Montague Grammar". (We prefer the term "Montague Semantics" inasmuch as a grammar, as conceived of in current linguistics, would contain at least a phonological component, a morphological component, and other subsystems which are either lacking entirely or present only in a very rudi­ mentary state in the PTQ system. ) Montague's work has attracted increasing attention in recent years among linguists and philosophers since it offers the hope that semantics can be characterized with the same formal rigor and explicitness that transformational approaches have brought to syntax. Whether this hope can be fully realized remains to be seen, but it is clear nonetheless that Montague semantics has already established itself as a productive para­ digm, leading to new areas of inquiry and suggesting new ways of conceiving of theories of natural language. Unfortunately, Montague's papers are tersely written and very difficult to follow unless one has a considerable background in logical semantics.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9065-4
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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