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  • 1980-1984  (20)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (20)
  • Bingley, U.K. : Emerald
  • Logic  (20)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401715928
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (V, 282 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Springer eBook Collection
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: A Symmetric Approach to Axiomatizing Quantifiers and Modalities -- The Knowing Mathematician -- “Conservative” Kripke Closures -- Frege, Le?niewski, and Information Semantics on the Resolution of Antinomies -- De Finetti’s Probabilism -- Probability Functions and Their Assumption Sets — The Binary Case -- Logic and Reasoning -- Paradoxes -- Referential and Nonreferential Substitutional Quantifiers -- Foundations for Analysis and Proof Theory -- Chameleonic Languages -- Relational Model Systems: The Craft of Logic -- Realizability and Intuitionistic Logic.
    Kurzfassung: The more traditional approaches to the history and philosophy of science and technology continue as well, and probably will continue as long as there are skillful practitioners such as Carl Hempel, Ernest Nagel, and th~ir students. Finally, there are still other approaches that address some of the technical problems arising when we try to provide an account of belief and of rational choice. - These include efforts to provide logical frameworks within which we can make sense of these notions. This series will attempt to bring together work from all of these approaches to the history and philosophy of science and technology in the belief that each has something to add to our understanding. The volumes of this series have emerged either from lectures given by authors while they served as honorary visiting professors at the City College of New York or from conferences sponsored by that institution. The City College Program in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology oversees and directs these lectures and conferences with the financial aid of the Association for Philosophy of Science, Psychotheraphy, and Ethics. MARTIN TAMNY RAPHAEL STERN PREFACE The papers in this collection stem largely from the conference 'Foun­ dations: Logic, Language, and Mathematics' held at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York on 14-15 November 1980.
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  • 2
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    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400960893
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 13
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Mathematics. ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Ontology without Axioms -- Le?niewski’s Analysis of Russell’s Paradox -- Logic and Existence -- Le?niewski’s Calculus of Names -- On Le?niewski’s Ontology -- Ontology: Lesniewski’s Logical Language -- On Le?niewski’s Elementary Ontology -- Studies in Le?niewski’s Mereology -- On the Definition of Mereological Class -- Consistency of Le?niewski’s Mereology -- The Dependence of a Mereological Axiom -- Relation of Le?niewski’s Mereology to Boolean Algebra -- Index of Names.
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  • 3
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    Online-Ressource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400964044
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 23
    Serie: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 23
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    Schlagwort(e): Linguistics ; Semantics ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Semiotics.
    Kurzfassung: Boolean Semantics: An Overview -- 1. Sketch of the Semantics -- 2. On the Relation between English Form and Logical Form -- 3. An Ontological Innovation -- I: The Extensional Logic -- A. The Core Language, L -- I: The Extensional Logic -- B. Extending the Core Language -- II: The Intensional Logic.
    Kurzfassung: In the spring of 1978, one of the authors of this book was sitting in on a course in logic for linguists given by the other author. In attempting to present some of Montague's insights in an elementary way (hopefully avoid­ ing the notation which many find difficult at first), the authors began dis­ cussions aimed towards the construction of a simple model-theoretical semantic apparatus which could be applied directly to a small English-like language and used to illustrate the methods of formal logical interpretation. In these discussions two points impressed themselves on us. First, our task could be simplified by using boolean algebras and boolean homomorphisms in the models; and second, the boolean approach we were developing had much more widespread relevance to the logical structure of English than we first thought. During the summer and fall of 1978 we continued work on the system, proving the more fundamental theorems (including what we have come to call the Justification Theorem) and outlining the way in which an intensional interpretation scheme could be developed which made use of the boolean approach (which was originally strictly extensional). We presented our findings in a monograph (Keenan and Faltz, 1978) which the UCLA Linguistics Department kindly published as part of their series called Occa­ sional Papers in Linguistics; one of the authors also presented the system at a colloquium held at the Winter Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America in December 1978.
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  • 4
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962590
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (788p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 165
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic.
    Kurzfassung: to Volume II -- II.1. Basic Modal Logic -- II.2.Basic Tense Logic -- II.3. Combinations of Tense and Modality -- II.4. Correspondence Theory -- II.5. Quantification in Modal Logic -- II.6. Philosophical Perspectives on Quantification in Tense and Modal Logic -- II.7. C. General Intensional Logic -- II.8.Conditional Logic -- II.9.Modal Logic and Self-reference -- II.10. Dynamic Logic -- II.11. Deontic Logic -- II.12. The Logic of Questions -- Name Index.
    Kurzfassung: The chapters in the present volume go beyond 'classical' extensional logic with respect to one important factor: they all include among the semantic constituents representations of so-called 'possible worlds'. The inclusion of such 'indices' has turned out to be the semantic mainstay in dealing with a number of issues having to do with intensional features of natural and artificial languages. It is, of course, an open question whether 'possible world' semantics is in the final analysis the proper solution to the many problems and puzzles intensional constructions raise for the logical analysis of the many varieties of discourse. At present, there seem to be about as many opponents as proponents with regard to the usefulness of having the semantics of intensional languages based on possible world constructs. Some attempts to come to grips with intensional phenomena which are not couched in the possible world framework are discussed in Volume IV of the Handbook. Chapter 1 is an extensive survey of the main systems of (propositional) modal logic including the most important meta-mathematical results and the techniques used in establishing these. It introduces the basic terminology and semantic machinery applied in one way or another in many of the subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 discusses the most significant developments in (propositional) tense logic which can of course be regarded as a special kind of modal logic, where the possible world indices are simply (ordered) moments of time.
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  • 5
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401727945
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 555 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 169
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: One / Background -- Two / Analytic Modal Tableaus and Consistency Properties -- Three / Logical Consequence, Compactness, Interpolation, and Other Topics -- Four / Axiom Systems and Natural Deduction -- Five / Non-Analytic Logics -- Six / Non-Normal Logics -- Seven / Quantifiers -- Eight / Prefixed Tableau Systems -- Nine / Intuitionistic Logic -- Special Notation.
    Kurzfassung: "Necessity is the mother of invention. " Part I: What is in this book - details. There are several different types of formal proof procedures that logicians have invented. The ones we consider are: 1) tableau systems, 2) Gentzen sequent calculi, 3) natural deduction systems, and 4) axiom systems. We present proof procedures of each of these types for the most common normal modal logics: S5, S4, B, T, D, K, K4, D4, KB, DB, and also G, the logic that has become important in applications of modal logic to the proof theory of Peano arithmetic. Further, we present a similar variety of proof procedures for an even larger number of regular, non-normal modal logics (many introduced by Lemmon). We also consider some quasi-regular logics, including S2 and S3. Virtually all of these proof procedures are studied in both propositional and first-order versions (generally with and without the Barcan formula). Finally, we present the full variety of proof methods for Intuitionistic logic (and of course Classical logic too). We actually give two quite different kinds of tableau systems for the logics we consider, two kinds of Gentzen sequent calculi, and two kinds of natural deduction systems. Each of the two tableau systems has its own uses; each provides us with different information about the logics involved. They complement each other more than they overlap. Of the two Gentzen systems, one is of the conventional sort, common in the literature.
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  • 6
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970694
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 168
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: I: Signs and Signalling -- I.1. Lewis on Signalling Systems -- I.2. Signs and Meaning -- I.3. Sign Systems and the Possibility of Deceit -- I.4. Generalization of Rules of Information -- I.5. ISS’s and Lewis Indicative Signalling Systems -- I.6. Conventions of Truthfulness and Trust v. Rules of Information -- II: A Formal Language -- II.1. LC: its Syntax and the General Form of its Semantics -- II.2. Action Modalities -- II.3. Normative Modalities -- II.4. The Belief Modality -- II.5. Mutual Belief -- II.6. The Modality Va -- II.7. Deontic Modalities -- II.8. Knowledge that p -- II.9. On the Alleged Circularity of Possible-World Semantics -- III: Some Features of Communication Situations -- III.1. Truthfulness and Trust -- III.2. Moore’s Paradox of Saying and Disbelieving -- III.3. Informing and Asserting -- III.4. Trust of Type No-Deceit, Communicators’ Intentions and “Saying One Thing and Meaning Another” -- III.5. Non-Deceiving Performances and the Implementation of Rules of Information -- IV: Non-Indicatives -- IV.1. Non-Indicatives and Truth Conditions -- IV.2. Performatives -- IV.3. Sketch for a Logic of Imperative Inference -- IV.4. Other Types of Non-Indicatives -- IV.5. Non-Indicative Usage of Indicatives -- V: Intention-Dependent Evidence -- V.1. Bennett’s Defence of the Gricean Theory -- V.2. The Modality Shall and the Analysis of Signalling -- VI: The Double Bind -- VI.1. General Features of a Double-Bind Situation -- VI.2. The Illustration from Clinical Data — a Formal Description -- VI.3. Bateson’s Theory of Communication -- VI.4. The Double Bind and Levels of Communication -- Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: This essay contains material which will hopefully be of interest not only to philosophers, but also to those social scientists whose research concerns the analysis of communication, verbal or non-verbal. Although most of the topics taken up here are central to issues in the philosophy of language, they are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from topics in descriptive social psychology. The essay aims to provide a conceptual framework within which various key aspects of communication can be described, and it presents a formal language, using techniques from modern modal logic, in which such descriptions can themselves be formulated. It is my hope that this framework, or parts of it, might also turn out to be of value in future empirical work. There are, therefore, essentially two sides to this essay: the development of a framework of concepts, and the construction of a formal language rich enough to express the elements of which that framework is composed. The first of these two takes its point of departure in the statement quoted from Lewis (1972) on the page preceding this introduction. The distinction drawn there by Lewis is accepted as a working hypothesis, and in one sense this essay may be seen as an attempt to explore some of the consequences of that hypothesis.
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  • 7
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970663
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (504p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 164
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Mathematical logic. ; Computational linguistics.
    Kurzfassung: to Volume I -- I.1. Elementary Predicate Logic -- I.2. Systems of Deduction -- I.3. Alternatives to Standard First-order Semantics -- I.4. Higher-order Logic -- I.5. Predicative Logics -- I.6. Algorithms and Decision Problems: A Crash Course in Recursion Theory -- Name Index -- Table of Contents to Volumes II, III, and IV.
    Kurzfassung: The aim of the first volume of the present Handbook of Philosophical Logic is essentially two-fold: First of all, the chapters in this volume should provide a concise overview of the main parts of classical logic. Second, these chapters are intended to present all the relevant background material necessary for the understanding of the contributions which are to follow in the next three volumes. We have thought it to be of importance that the connections between classical logic and its 'extensions' (covered in Volume 11) as well as its most important 'alternatives' (covered in Volume Ill) be brought out clearly from the start. The first chapter presents a clear and detailed picture of the range of what is generally taken to be the standard logical framework, namely, predicate (or first-order quantificational) logic. On the one hand, this chapter surveys both propositionai logic and first-order predicate logic and, on the other hand, presents the main metalogical results obtained for them. Chapter 1. 1 also contains a discussion of the limits of first-order logic, i. e. it presents an answer to the question: Why has predicate logic played such a formidable role in the formalization of mathematics and in the many areas of philo­ sophical and linguistic applications? Chapter 1. 1 is prerequisite for just about all the other chapters in the entire Handbook, while the other chapters in Volume I provide more detailed discussions of material developed or hinted at in the first chapter.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789401576680
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (268 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 16
    Serie: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 16
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Anthropological linguistics
    Kurzfassung: Formal Semantics and the Psychology of Meaning -- The Autonomy of Semantics -- Belief-Sentences and the Limits of Semantics -- Computational Models of Belief and the Semantics of Belief Sentences -- The Mental Representation of Quantifiers -- Questions and Answers in Montague Grammar -- Linearization in Describing Spatial Networks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: SECTION I In 1972, Donald Davison and Gilbert Hannan wrote in the introduction to the volume Semantics of Natural Language: "The success of linguistics in treating natural languages as formal ~yntactic systems has aroused the interest of a number of linguists in a parallel or related development of semantics. For the most part quite independently, many philosophers and logicians have recently been applying formal semantic methods to structures increasingly like natural languages. While differences in training, method and vocabulary tend to veil the fact, philosophers and linguists are converging, it seems, on a common set of interrelated problems. " Davidson and Harman called for an interdisciplinary dialogue of linguists, philosophers and logicians on the semantics of natural language, and during the last ten years such an enterprise has proved extremely fruitful. Thanks to the cooperative effort in these several fields, the last decade has brought about striking progress in our understanding of the semantics of natural language. This work on semantics has typically paid little attention to psychological aspects of meaning. Thus, psychologists or computer scientists working on artificial intelligence were not invited to join the forces in the influential introduction of Semantics of Natural Language. No doubt it was felt that while psychological aspects of language are important in their own right, they are not relevant to our immediate semantic concerns. In the last few years, several linguists and logicians have come to question the fundamental anti-psychological assumptions underlying their theorizing.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789400977402
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 3
    Serie: Culture, Illness and Healing 3
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    Schlagwort(e): Social sciences ; Humanities ; Logic ; Anthropology
    Kurzfassung: 1: Introduction -- 1.1. The Study -- 1.2. The Setting -- 1.3. Methodology -- 1.4. Theoretical Perspectives on Health Care Decisions -- 2: The Cultural Context of Therapeutic Choice -- 2.1. Bariba Conceptions of the Order of the Universe -- 2.2. Diagnosis and Treatment -- 2.3. Divination -- 2.4. The Use of Substances -- 2.5. Medicines -- 3: Beliefs and Practices Surrounding Reproductive Processes -- 3.1. Menstruation and Clitoridectomy -- 3.2. Conception -- 3.3. Development of Fetus -- 3.4. Contraception -- 3.5. Abortion -- 3.6. Sterility -- 4: Status Among the Bariba: The Roles and Responsibilities of Women -- 4.1. Status in Bariba Society -- 4.2. Position of Women -- 4.3. Economic Subsistence -- 4.4. Political Arena -- 4.5. Domestic Relations -- 4.6. Household Responsibilities -- 5: Sociological and Career Attributes of Midwives -- 5.1. Healers: Midwives and Medicine People -- 5.2. Implications of Role Expectations for Birth Assistance -- 5.3. Recruitment of Matrones and Method of Skill Acquisition -- 5.4. Sources of Medical Knowledge -- 5.5. Matrones Own Reproductive Histories -- 5.6. Age at Unsupervised Delivery -- 5.7. Assistance at Own Child’s Delivery -- 5.8. Remuneration -- 5.9. Comprehensive Care by Matrones -- 5.10. Pregnancy Counseling -- 5.11. Matrone’s Role Variability -- 5.12. Spirit Possession -- 5.13. Inheritance of Spirits -- 5.14. Healing and Sambani -- 5.15. The Matrone Prototype -- 6: The Meaning of Efficacy in Relation to Obstetrical Care Preferences -- 7: Birth Assistance in the Rural Area: Patterns of Delivery Assistance -- 7.1. Delivery Assistance: Patterns of Selection in the Rural Area -- 7.2. Midwifery as a Therapeutic System -- 7.3. Structured Interviews with Matrones -- 8: Client-Practitioner Encounters -- 8.1.1. The Case of Adama -- 8.1.2. The Case of Sako -- 8.1.3. The Case of the Prolapsed Cord -- 8.1.4. The Case of the Terrifying Breech 120 -- 8.1.5 The Case of Bona -- 8.2. Pain as a Cultural Phenomenon -- 8.3. Pregnancy (by Nicole) -- 8.4. Conclusion -- 9: Utilization of National Health Services for Maternity Care in the District of Kouande -- 9.1. Clinic vs. Home Delivery: A Pehunko Sample -- 9.2. Utilization of the Pehunko Dispensary -- 9.3. Pehunko Women at the Kouande Maternity Clinic -- 9.4. The Kouande Maternity Clinic: General Utilization -- 10: Conclusion -- 10.1. Implications of the Bariba Study for the Cross-Cultural Study of Midwifery -- 10.2. The Involvement of Indigenous Midwives in National Health Systems -- 10.3. Training Programs -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Demographic Data -- Appendix B: Female Circumcision Songs -- Notes.
    Kurzfassung: This book examines the factors influencing women's choices of obstetrical care in a Bariba community in the People's Republic of Benin, West Africa. When selecting a research topic, I decided to investigate health care among the Bariba for several reasons. First, I had served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in northern Benin (then Dahomey) and had established a network of contacts in the region. In addition, I had worked for a year as assistant manager of a pharmacy in a northern town and had become interested in the pattern of utilization of health care services by urban residents. This three-year residence proved an invaluable asset in preparing and conducting research in the northern region. In particular, I was able to establish relationships with several indigenous midwives whose families I already knew both from prior research experience and mutual friend­ ships. These relationships enabled me to obtain detailed information regarding obstetrical practice and thus form the foundation of this book. The fieldwork upon which the book is directly based was conducted between June 1976 and December 1977 and sponsored by the F ord-Rockefeller Popula­ tion Policy Program, the Social Science Research Council, the National Science Foundation, and the FUlbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Program. The Ford-Rockefeller Population Policy Program funded the project as a collab­ oration between myself and Professor Eusebe Alihonou, Professor Agrege (Gynecologie-Obstetrique) at the National University of Benin.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789401098687
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 156
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Computational linguistics ; Mathematical logic.
    Kurzfassung: I/Temporal Ontology -- I.1./Primitive Notions -- I.2./Points -- I.3./Periods -- I.4./Points and Periods -- I.5./Events -- II/Temporal Discourse -- II.1./Choice of Languages -- II.2./Instant Tense Logic -- II.3./Extended Tense Logic -- II.4./Point Talk and Period Talk -- Appendix A/On Space -- Notes -- List of Important Principles -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: That philosophical themes could be studied in an exact manner by logical meanS was a delightful discovery to make. Until then, the only outlet for a philosophical interest known to me was the production of poetry or essays. These means of expression remain inconclusive, however, with a tendency towards profuseness. The logical discipline provides so me intellectual backbone, without excluding the literary modes. A master's thesis by Erik Krabbe introduced me to the subject of tense logic. The doctoral dissertation of Paul N eedham awaked me (as so many others) from my dogmatic slumbers concerning the latter's mono­ poly on the logical study of Time. Finally, a set of lecture notes by Frank Veltman showed me how classical model theory is just as relevant to that study as more exotic intensional techniques. Of the authors whose work inspired me most, I would mention Arthur Prior, for his irresistible blend of logic and philosophy, Krister Segerberg, for his technical opening up of a systematic theory, and Hans Kamp, for his mastery of all these things at once. Many colleagues have made helpful comments on the two previous versions of this text. I would like to thank especially my students Ed Brinksma, Jan van Eyck and Wilfried Meyer-Viol for their logical and cultural criticism. The drawings were contributed by the versatile Bauke Mulder. Finally, Professor H intikka's kind appreciation provided the stimulus to write this book.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789401727662
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIV, 332 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 146
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Why Do We Find the Origin of a Calculus of Probabilities in the Seventeenth Century? -- Some Remarks on the Calculus of Probability in the Eighteenth Century -- Probability and the Problem of Induction -- Probabilities and Causes: On Life Tables, Causes of Death, and Etiological Diagnoses -- From the Emergence of Probability to the Erosion of Determinism -- John Venn’s Logic of Chance -- Robert Leslie Ellis and the Frequency Theory -- Reduction as a Problem: Some Remarks on the History of Statistical Mechanics from a Philosophical Point of View -- Boltzmann’s Conception of Theory Construction: The Promotion of Pluralism, Provisionalism, and Pragmatic Realism -- The Mach-Boltzmann Controversy and Maxwell’s Views on Physical Reality -- Boltzmann, Mach and Russian Physicists of the Late Nineteenth Century -- An Example of a Theory-Frame: Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- What Have the History and Philosophy of Science to Do for One Another? -- A Comment on E. Agazzi, ‘What Have the History and Philosophy of Science to Do for One Another?’ -- Methodology and the Functional Identity of Science and Philosophy -- On Making History -- A Comment on J.D. North, ‘On Making History’ -- Reply to J.D. North, ‘On Making History’ -- Influences of Some Concepts of Biology on Progress in Philosophy -- Philosophy of Science, History of Science, and Science of Science -- Interrelations between History of Science and Philosophy of Science in Research in the Development of Technical Sciences -- From History of Science to Theory of Science: An Essay on V.I. Vernadsky’s Work (1863–1945) -- Utility versus Truth: At Least One Reflection on the Importance of the Philosophy of Science for the History of Science -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The two volumes to which this is apreface consist of the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on History and Philosophy of Science. The Conference was organized by the Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) under the auspices of the IUHPS, the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, and the Domus Galilaeana of Pisa, headed by Professor Vincenzo Cappelletti. Domus Galilaeana also served as the host institution, with some help from the University of Pisa. The Conference took place in Pisa, Italy, on September 4-8, 1978. The editors of these two volumes of the Proceedings of the Pisa Conference acknowledge with gratitude the help by the different sponsoring organizations, and in the first place that by both Divisions of the IUHPS, which made the Conference possible. A special recognition is due to Professor Evandro Agazzi, President of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, who was co­ opted as an additional member of the Organizing Committee. This committee was otherwise identical with the Joint Commission, whose members were initially John Murdoch, John North, Arpad Szab6, Robert Butts, Jaakko Hintikka, and Vadim Sadovsky. Later, Erwin Hiebert and Lubos Novy were appointed as additional members.
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  • 12
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401712538
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XIV, 436 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 9
    Serie: Melbourne International Philosophy Series 9
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Abstraction operator -- Algebraic structures -- Algorithms -- Analyticity -- Antinomies -- Arithmetic -- Automata -- Automata, finite -- Categorial grammar -- Classes, theory of -- Combinatory logic -- Completeness -- Computability abstract theory -- Consequence -- Consistency -- Counterexample, the method of -- Decidability -- Deduction theorem -- Deductive method -- Definability -- Definition -- Deontic logic -- Description, definite -- Dialogic logic -- Dot notation -- Duality -- Elementary theory -- Entailment and relevance -- Extension -- Formalization -- Gödel’s theorem -- Grammar, formal -- Independence -- Intension -- Intuitionistic logic -- Lambda-operator -- Legniewski’s systems -- Logical form -- Logic, modern, history of -- Many-valued logic -- Mappings -- Meaning -- Modality -- Modal logic -- Modal semantics -- Model theory -- Name -- Natural deduction -- Normal form -- Polish notation -- Pragmatics, logical -- Predicate logic -- Probability -- Programming languages -- Quantifiers -- Questions -- Recursive functions -- Relations, theory of -- Semantics, logical -- Sentence -- Sentence logic -- Sequent calculus -- Sets, infinite -- Sets, ordered -- Set theory, axiomatizations of -- Syntax, logical -- Tense logic -- Topology -- Trees -- Truth -- Truth-table method -- Types, theory of -- General bibliography -- Subject index and glossary -- Index of symbols.
    Kurzfassung: 1. STRUCTURE AND REFERENCES 1.1. The main part of the dictionary consists of alphabetically arranged articles concerned with basic logical theories and some other selected topics. Within each article a set of concepts is defined in their mutual relations. This way of defining concepts in the context of a theory provides better understand­ ing of ideas than that provided by isolated short defmitions. A disadvantage of this method is that it takes more time to look something up inside an extensive article. To reduce this disadvantage the following measures have been adopted. Each article is divided into numbered sections, the numbers, in boldface type, being addresses to which we refer. Those sections of larger articles which are divided at the first level, i.e. numbered with single numerals, have titles. Main sections are further subdivided, the subsections being numbered by numerals added to the main section number, e.g. I, 1.1, 1.2, ... , 1.1.1, 1.1.2, and so on. A comprehensive subject index is supplied together with a glossary. The aim of the latter is to provide, if possible, short defmitions which sometimes may prove sufficient. As to the use of the glossary, see the comment preceding it.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789400983847
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (290p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 147
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Tense Logic, Second-Order Logic and Natural Language -- Extensions of the Modal Calculi MCv and MC?. Comparison of Them with Similar Calculi Endowed with Different Semantics. Application to Probability Theory -- An Irreflexivity Lemma with Applications to Axiomatizations of Conditions on Tense Frames -- Expressive Functional Completeness in Tense Logic (Preliminary Report) -- “Locally-at” as a Topological Quantifier-Former -- Ambiguity of Pronouns: A Simple Case -- Presupposition and Context -- The Paradox of the Heap.
    Kurzfassung: This volume constitutes the Proceedings of a workshop on formal seman­ tics of natural languages which was held in Tiibingen from the 1st to the 3rd of December 1977. Its main body consists of revised versions of most of the papers presented on that occasion. Three supplementary papers (those by Gabbay and Sma by) are included because they seem to be of particular interest in their respective fields. The area covered by the work of scholars engaged in philosophical logic and the formal analysis of natural languages testifies to the live­ liness in those disciplines. It would have been impossible to aim at a complete documentation of relevant research within the limits imposed by a short conference whereas concentration on a single topic would have conveyed the false impression of uniformity foreign to a young and active field. It is hoped that the essays collected in this volume strike a reasonable balance between the two extremes. The topics discussed here certainly belong to the most important ones enjoying the attention of linguists and philosophers alike: the analysis of tense in formal and natural languages (van Benthem, Gabbay), the quickly expanding domain of generalized quantifiers (Goldblatt), the problem of vagueness (Kamp), the connected areas of pronominal reference (Smaby) and presupposition (von Stechow) and, last but not least, modal logic as a sort of all-embracing theoretical framework (Bressan). The workshop which led to this collection formed part of the activities celebrating the 500th anniversary of Tiibingen University.
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  • 14
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400984844
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (265p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 152
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: I. Deontic Logic, the logic of Action, and Deontic Paradoxes -- On the Logic of Norms and Actions -- The Paradoxes of Deontic Logic: The Simplest Solution to All of Them in One Fell Swoop -- Quantificational Reefs in Deontic Waters -- II. Norms and Conflicts of Norms -- The Expressive Conception of Norms -- Hierarchies of Regulations and Their Logic -- Non-Kripkean Deontic Logic -- III. Deontic Logic and Tense Logic -- Deontic Logic as Founded on Tense Logic -- Deontic Logic and the Role of Freedom in Moral Deliberation -- Some Theorems about a “Tree” System of Deontic Tense Logic -- IV. History of Deontic Logic -- The Emergence of Deontic Logic in the Fourteenth Century -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: The present volume is a sequel to Deontic Logic: Introductory and Systematic Readings (D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht 1971): its purpose is to offer a view of some of the main directions of research in contemporary deontic logic. Most of the articles included in Introductory and Systematic Readings represent what may be called the standard modal approach to deontic logic, in which de on tic logic is treated as a branch of modal logic, and the normative concepts of obligation, permission and prohibition are regarded as analogous to the "alethic" modalities necessity, possibility and impossibility. As Simo Knuuttila shows in his contribution to the present volume, this approach goes back to late medieval philosophy. Several 14th century philosophers observed the analogies between deontic and alethic modalities and discussed the deontic interpretations of various laws of modal logic. In contemporary deontic logic the modal approach was revived by G. H. von Wright's classic paper 'Deontic Logic' (1951). Certain analogies between deontic and alethic modalities are obvious and uncontroversial, but the standard approach has often been criticized on the ground that it exaggerates the analogies and tends to ignore those features of normative concepts which distinguish them from other modalities.
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  • 15
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400990104
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (194p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 142
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Social sciences
    Kurzfassung: 1. Concerning Justice -- Five Lectures on Justice -- 2. Justice and Its Problems -- 3. Equity and the Rule of Justice -- 4. On the Justice of Rules -- 5. Justice and Justification -- 6. Justice and Reason -- 7. Justice and Reasoning -- 8. Equality and Justice -- 9. Justice Re-examined -- 10. The Use and Abuse of Confused Notions -- 11. The Justification of Norms -- 12. Law and Morality -- 13. Law and Rhetoric -- 14. Legal Reasoning -- 15. Law, Logic and Epistemology -- 16. Law, Philosophy and Argumentation -- 17. What the Philosopher May Learn from the Study of Law -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: This collection contains studies on justice, juridical reasoning and argumenta­ tion which contributed to my ideas on the new rhetoric. My reflections on justice, from 1944 to the present day, have given rise to various studies. The ftrst of these was published in English as The Idea of Justice and the Problem of Argument (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1963). The others, of which several are out of print or have never previously been published, are reunited in the present volume. As justice is, for me, the prime example of a "confused notion", of a notion which, like many philosophical concepts, cannot be reduced to clarity without being distorted, one cannot treat it without recourse to the methods of reasoning analyzed by the new rhetoric. In actuality, these methods have long been put into practice by jurists. Legal reasoning is fertile ground for the study of argumentation: it is to the new rhetoric what mathematics is to formal logic and to the theory of demonstrative proof. It is important, then, that philosophers should not limit their methodologi­ cal studies to mathematics and the natural sciences. They must not neglect law in the search for practical reason. I hope that these essays lead to be a better understanding of how law can enrich philosophical thought. CH. P.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789400990456
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 145
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Section I: The Structure of Theory Change -- The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach -- Logic and the Theory of Scientific Change -- What Have They Done to Kuhn? An Ideological Introduction in Chiaroscuro -- Comment on Zev Bechler’s Paper ‘What Have They Done to Kuhn?’ -- Comments on Bechler, Niiniluoto and Sadovsky -- The Sociological and the Methodological in the Study of Changes in Science -- Section II: The Early History of the Axiomatic Method -- Concerning the Ancient Greek Ideal of Theoretical Thought -- Was There an Eleatic Background to Pre-Euclidean Mathematics? -- Aristotelian Axiomatics and Geometrical Axiomatics -- On the Early History of Axiomatics: The Interaction of Mathematics and Philosophy in Greek Antiquity -- Some Remarks on the Controversy between Prof. Knorr and Prof. Szabó -- On the Early History of Axiomatics: A Reply to Some Criticisms -- Limitations of the Axiomatic Method in Ancient Greek Mathematical Sciences -- On Axiomatic and Genetic Construction of Mathematical Theories -- On the Role of Axiomatic Method in the Development of Ancient Mathematics -- Section III: The Philosophical Presuppositions and Shifting Interpretations of Galileo -- Galilée et la Mécanisation du Système du Monde -- Galileo and the Post-Renaissance -- Galileo and the Methods of Science -- Philosophical Presuppositions and Shifting Interpretations of Galileo -- Creative Work as an Object of Theoretical Understanding -- Galileo and the Emergence of a New Scientific Style -- Philosophy of Science and the Art of Historical Interpretation -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789400990562
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (496p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 149
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: 1: Introduction -- The General Sense and Character of Modern Logic -- The Growth of Logic Out of the Foundational Research in Mathematics -- 2: Pure Logic -- Proof Theory -- Model Theory -- Constructivist Approaches to Logic -- Inflnitary Logics -- Many-Valued Logics -- Modal and Relevance Logics: 1977 -- 3: The Interplay Between Logic and Mathematics -- Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics -- Logic and Set Theory -- Recursion Theory -- The Interplay Between Logic and Mathematics: Intuitionism -- Logic and Probability -- Logic and Category Theory -- 4: The Relevance of Logic to Other Scientific Disciplines -- Logic and Methodology of Empirical Sciences -- Standard Vs. Nonstandard Logic: Higher-Order, Modal, and First-Order Logics -- Logic and Computers -- Logic and Linguistics -- Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics -- Inductive Logic 1945–1977 -- 5: Logic and Philosophical Topics -- Logic and Ontology -- Problems and Prospects of Deontic Logic — A Survey -- Report on Tense Logic -- Logical Semiotic -- Logic and Rhetoric -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Kurzfassung: Logic has attained in our century a development incomparably greater than in any past age of its long history, and this has led to such an enrichment and proliferation of its aspects, that the problem of some kind of unified recom­ prehension of this discipline seems nowadays unavoidable. This splitting into several subdomains is the natural consequence of the fact that Logic has intended to adopt in our century the status of a science. This always implies that the general optics, under which a certain set of problems used to be con­ sidered, breaks into a lot of specialized sectors of inquiry, each of them being characterized by the introduction of specific viewpoints and of technical tools of its own. The first impression, that often accompanies the creation of one of such specialized branches in a diSCipline, is that one has succeeded in isolating the 'scientific core' of it, by restricting the somehow vague and redundant generality of its original 'philosophical' configuration. But, after a while, it appears that some of the discarded aspects are indeed important and a new specialized domain of investigation is created to explore them. By follOwing this procedure, one finally finds himself confronted with such a variety of independent fields of research, that one wonders whether the fact of labelling them under a common denomination be nothing but the contingent effect of a pure historical tradition.
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  • 18
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400988200
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (VIII, 85 p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: International Institute of Philosophy Symposium in Düsseldorf / Institut International de Philosophie Entretiens de Düsseldorf, 27 August - 1 September 1979/ 27 août - 1er septembre 1978 5
    Serie: Institut International de Philosophie 5
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Contents/Table des Matières -- Intuitionistic Logic: A Philosophical Challenge -- Comments on Professor Prawitz’s Paper -- Some Epistemological Interpretations of Modal Logic -- Hilpinen’s Interpretations of Modal Logic -- Two Successor Concepts to the Notion of Statistical Explanation -- Some Remarks on Statistical Explanations -- Comment on “Some Remarks on Statistical Explanations” by Professor Suppes -- Epistemic Reasoning and the Logic of Epistemic Concepts -- On Certainty, Evidence and Probability -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: The Entretiens of the Institut International de Philosophie for 1978 were held in connection with the World Congress of Philosophy in Dusseldorf, from August 27 to September 1. The theme of the Entretiens was Logic and Philosophy (Logique et philosophie). The undersigned, then President of LI.P., was responsible for the planning of the programme. The programme was designed to consist of four sections with the headings Classical and Intuitionist Logic, Modal Logic and its Applications, Inductive Logic and its Applications, and Logic and Epistemology. The aim was also to convey to philosophers who are not experts in logic an informative and representative impression of some of the main sectors of the vast and rapidly expanding field of philosophical logic. At the same time it was thought that this impression should not be conveyed in the form of a series of survey papers but through presentations and discussions of specific topics falling under the main headings men­ tioned above. For each section a rapporteur was nominated to read a paper and an interlocuteur to comment on it. The programme chairman is grateful that he was able to engage a representative selection of front rank philosophi­ cal logicians to perform the various tasks. The papers and the comments are printed in this volume in the order in which they appeared in the Programme of the Entretiens.
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  • 19
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989665
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (180p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 20
    Serie: Philosophical Studies Series 20
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Kurzfassung: 1. The Basic Analysis of Conditionals -- 1.1. Conditionals and Formalization -- 1.2. Hypothetical Deliberation -- 1.3. Some Intuitively Valid Inference Patterns -- 1.4. Formal Semantics for Hypothetical Deliberation -- 1.5. The Weak Conditional Logic W -- 2. Classical vs Non-Classical Logics -- 2.1. Defining the Issues -- 2.2. The Case for Non-Classical Logic -- 2.3. The Non-Classical Logic H -- 2.4. An Evaluation of H -- 3. Alternative Model Theories -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. World-Selection-Function Models -- 3.3. System-of-Spheres Models -- 3.4. Relational Models -- 3.5. Class-Selection-Function Models -- 3.6. Neighborhood Models -- 3.7. Extensional Models -- 3.8. Summary of Equivalence Results -- 3.9. Depth -- 4. Classical Analyses of Conditionals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Stalnaker and the Uniqueness Assumption -- 4.3. Lewis and Systems of Spheres -- 4.4. Gabbay and the Role of Consequents -- 4.5. Pollock and Justification Conditions -- 4.6. Adams and Probabilistic Entailment -- 5. Causation and the Temporal Regularity of Subjunctive Conditionals -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Counterfactual Analysis of Event Causation -- 5.3. A Miraculous Analysis and a Non-Miraculous Analysis -- 5.4. Lewis’s Miraculous Analysis -- 6. Subjunctive Probabilities -- 6.1. A New Species of Conditional Probability -- 6.2. Relative Reasonableness -- 6.3. General Semantics for Subjunctive Probabilities -- 6.4. Subjunctive Probabilities and Probabilistic Entailment -- 6.5. Conditionals, Probability, and Decision Theory -- 7. Algebraic Semantics -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Algebras -- 7.3. Algebras and Models -- 7.4. Some Independence Results -- 7.5. Non-Classical Logics -- List of Rules and Theses -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 20
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989443
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (290p) , digital
    Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Serie: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 135
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
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    Schlagwort(e): Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Kurzfassung: Preface to the English edition -- Preface to the Polish edition -- I Introduction -- 1.1. Mathematical notation -- 1.2. Numerical systems -- 1.3. Elementary systems -- 1.4. States and histories -- 1.5. Complex systems -- 1.6. Empirical phenomena -- 1.7. Phase-space of a phenomenon and some related technical notions -- 1.8. Semi-interpreted languages -- 1.9. Fundamental semantic concepts -- 1.10. Formalized languages and the deductive concept of a theory -- 1.11. A criterion of consistency -- 1.12. The concept of a theory -- II Regularities -- 2.0. Two conventions -- 2.1. Two types of regularities -- 2.2. State-determined phenomena -- 2.3. Mathematical models for state transformations -- 2.4. History-determined phenomena -- 2.5. Definability -- 2.6. Ontological versus semantic definability -- 2.7. Surrounding conditions -- 2.8. Self-determined phenomena -- 2.9. Invariancy -- 2.10. Notes -- III Empirical Theories -- 3.1. Axiomatic versus set theoretical way of defining theories -- 3.2. Theories as deductive systems -- 3.3. The concept of truth -- 3.4. Empirical theories -- 3.5. Two examples of empirical theories -- 3.6. Models and theories of empirical phenomena -- IV Measurement -- 4.1. Semantic conception of measurement -- 4.2. Complete measurement structures -- 4.3. Approximate measurement -- 4.4. Theoretical versus operational conception of measurement -- 4.5. Notes -- V Operational Structures -- 5.0. Introductory assumptions -- 5.1. Verification procedures -- 5.2. Operational structures -- 5.3. A revised notion of regularity -- 5.4. The concept of truth as related to operational structures -- 5.5. Truth by convention -- 5.6. Confirmation procedures -- 5.7. Probabilistic models -- 5.8. Dispersive operational structures -- 5.9. Evolution of empirical theories -- VI Appendix -- 6.1. Complementary tests -- 6.2. Physical systems -- Index of Symbols -- Index of Names.
    Kurzfassung: 11 original. Modifications which I introduced are radical and often far going. In my opinion the Polish text had two main drawbacks. It was overloaded with informal considerations and at the same time formal concepts included in some parts of the book were presented in a too complicated way. Of course one of the motives to revise it was also the fact that much time has passed since I finished writing the Polish version and obviously certain decisions and ideas contained in the first edition seem not quite relevant now. So it is not only the desire to make the exposition clearer but also the reasons of substantial nature which motivated writing a revised version. I do not think it desirable to bother the reader with a detailed discussion of all changes to which the Polish version was subjected and that is why I will confine myself to pointing out only the most significant ones. Explanations concerning logical and set-theoretical notions applied in the book have been shortened as much as possible, in the Polish version one whole chapter was devoted to the discussion of them.
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