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  • 1985-1989  (114)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Economic Dynamics of an Ageing Population : The Case of Four OECD Countries (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.62
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Demographic changes, such as those anticipated in most OECD countries, have many economic effects that impinge on a country's fiscal viability. Evaluation of the effects of associated changes in capital-labour ratios and the welfare and behaviour of different generations requires the use of a dynamic general equilibrium model. This paper uses an overlapping generations demographic simulation model, which incorporates bequest behaviour, technological change, the possibility that the economy is open to international trade, and government consumption expenditures that depend on the age composition of the population. The model has been further adapted to study the effects of anticipated demographic changes in Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden and the United States. The simulation results indicate that these changes could have a major impact on rates of national saving, real wage rate and current accounts. One of this paper's fundamental lessons is that allowing for general ...
    DOI: 10.1787/054502801660
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  • 2
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    Modelling Business Sector Supply for the Smaller OECD Countries (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.71
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents business sector supply blocks for thirteen smaller OECD economies. The starting point is the approach adopted by the Economics and Statistics Department for the major economies. The structure of the supply blocks is explained and estimation results are presented. Results from several diagnostic simulations using the new blocks are also presented. Finally the way the supply blocks can be used to compare aggregate supply and demand is set out ...
    DOI: 10.1787/615253815306
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  • 3
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    On the Sequencing of Structural Reforms (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 129 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.70
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Both OECD and developing economies have embarked on structural reforms aimed at dismantling regulations and reducing the extent of distortions affecting different sectors of their economies. Regardless of the marked differences, both groups have to deal with the problems of the appropriate sequencing and speed of reforms. This paper first critically reviews the LDC related literature on sequencing and speed of structural reforms drawing out features which are of relevance for OECD economies. The paper then develops a formal framework based on a welfare criterion for evaluating different sequencing scenarios. The framework emphasises the microeconomic or efficiency effects of structural policies paying particular attention to the way in which distortions interact both intra and inter temporally. The framework is then used to discuss some of the important issues such as the sequencing of micro and macro reforms ("competition of instruments"), broad front versus sequential ...
    DOI: 10.1787/544185060882
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  • 4
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    Systems of Road Infrastructure Cost Coverage : Report of the Eightieth Round Table on Transport Economics, 9-10 February 1989 (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (185 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Systèmes de couverture des coûts d'infrastructures routières ; rapport de la quatre-vingtième table ronde d'économie des transports, 9-10 février 1989
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Too much traffic? Road networks are increasingly unable to cope with ever-expanding requirements. Already severe in densely populated areas, the problem is becoming even more so as road traffic grows substantially. Since road congestion can jeopardise vital economic interests, some specialists are advocating a process of user selection, essentially by means of a price mechanism. This Round Table examines the introduction of "road pricing" or a similar method in the form of tolls and compares approaches adopted in a number of countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104781-en
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  • 5
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    Resources for Tomorrow's Transport : Eleventh International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics, Brussels, 12th-14th September 1988. Introductory reports and summary of discussions (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282107348
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (524 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les ressources pour les transports de demain ; Onzième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Bruxelles, 12-13 septembre 1988. Rapports introductifs et synthèse des discussions
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This book contains the proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics, held in Brussels, 12th-14th September 1988. The conference focused on resources for tomorrow's transport.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282107348-en
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  • 6
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    Ajustement et distribution des revenus : Application d'un modèle macro-micro au Maroc (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.7
    Keywords: Development ; Morocco
    Abstract: This paper presents the first application of a macro-micro model introduced in Technical Paper No. 1 "Macroeconomic Adjustment and Income Distribution. A Macro-micro Simulation Model". Here, the model is applied to Morocco from 1980 to 1986. A stabilization programme was undertaken by Morocco in 1983. We first looked at the immediate effects of each macroeconomic measure implemented by the state on main macroeconomic variables and on unemployment, income inequality, percentage of poor and the poverty gap. Other simulations show the effects on the same variables of exogenous shocks, like droughts or price increases of imports, over one year. Dynamic simulations (on 3- to 5-year periods) were the second step of this analysis, in order to estimate the effects of a package of stabilization measures. We thus simulated three scenarios: a pre-emptive adjustment; a different policy in 1983 and the absence of adjustment in 1983-85. The first lesson we can draw from these simulations is that ...
    DOI: 10.1787/106628388818
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  • 7
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    Efficiency, Welfare Effects, and Political Feasibility of Alternative Antipoverty and Adjustment Programs (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.6
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This document presents an exploratory contribution to the understanding of the political economy of poverty alleviation. Usually, governmental decisions to apply macroeconomic measures that minimise the negative effects of adjustment on the poor, or to implement programmes specifically aimed at reducing poverty, assume that the majority of the population will support them. While there are many studies on the rationality of public choices, there are very few on the political conditions required for the implementation of anti-poverty programmes. This paper presents an indicator for assessing the political feasibility of such programmes. To take into account the influence weights of each social group, the authors have retained seven elements. Among these are: exercise of economic power, group size and the expectations of gains from the policy. Taking as an example alternative policies in India and Ecuador, the authors show that coalitions comprising a majority of non-poor will ...
    DOI: 10.1787/338341746054
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  • 8
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    Revised Groupings for Non-OECD Countries in OECD's Macroeconomic Model INTERLINK (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.64
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides details of the regrouping of non-OECD countries which has been carried out for the purposes of the forecasting and modelling work in the Department of Economics and Statistics. The new groups were used for the first time in OECD Economic Outlook no. 44 ...
    DOI: 10.1787/362227216417
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  • 9
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    Le rééquilibrage entre le secteur public et le secteur privé : Le cas du Mexique (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: French
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.4
    Keywords: Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: The policy of readjustment between the public and private sectors in Mexico comes under the definition of the country's development model, a process in which the priority traditionally given to import substitution would go instead to international competitiveness. The resulting structural changes include two aspects. First, they are intended to rescale the public sector by reducing the number of quasi-public firms. This objective is being pursued by closing them, letting them go to the wall, transferring them to regional entitites or selling them to the private sector. Second, through industrial restructuring, the firms kept in the public sector must be modernised, balance their books and become competitive. The readjustment policy is still in a transitional phase for, in addition to the shortcomings of the techniques used and the lack of transparency, this process is encountering opposition from both the "social" sector and a part of the politicial establishment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/682062580582
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  • 10
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    Macroeconomic Adjustment and Income Distribution : A Macro-Micro Simulation Model (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.1
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a macro simulation model to quantify the effects of stabilisation packages on the distribution of income and wealth. It is a macro-micro model since it combines macroeconomic aspects with the microeconomic optimising behaviour characteristic of computable general equilibrium models. It can be applied to many developing countries by changing the institutional characteristics that describe commodity markets, financial markets and labour markets. Since the simulation package incorporated quite a large number of closures, the model is referred to as a "maquette." The paper closes with illustrative simulations of the maquette showing how the distribution of income and wealth of a primary exporting economy is likely to be affected by alternative fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies in response to a reduction in the availability of external funds to finance a fiscal deficit ...
    DOI: 10.1787/240474544283
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  • 11
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    The Impact of Budget Retrenchment on Income Distribution in Indonesia (including Statistical Annex) : A Social Accounting Matrix Application (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.3
    Keywords: Development ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This document sets out a new method for assessing the implications of public expenditure cuts for income distribution. The instrument is a social accounting matrix providing the appropriate conceptual framework for estimating all the direct and indirect effects of changes in any given category of public expenditure (e.g. agricultural investment or education spending). By using this matrix it is possible to calculate the upstream effects of an adjustment measure on income distribution. It shows, for instance, that a decline in agricultural investment reduces employment and wages in the building sector. Similarly, a fall in education spending depresses the incomes of the skilled dependent labour force. The downstream effects have also been estimated: in the case of education this means cutbacks in free services to families and so a fall in their incomes. This method has been applied to Indonesia in 1984-88 by comparing the observed effects of lower public spending due to structural ...
    DOI: 10.1787/867347160101
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  • 12
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    Saving Trends and Behaviour in OECD Countries (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.67
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: National saving ratios are generally lower now than in the 1960s or 1970s. This paper first reviews developments in national and international saving and investment trends in OECD countries since the 1960s. It then examines sectoral saving trends and considers the links between them. There are seen to be important offsets between government and private sector saving and, within the latter, between the business sector and households, so that national and private saving rates tend to be more stable than their component parts. The paper looks in particular at the reasons lying behind the volatile behaviour of household saving in certain countries in recent years ...
    DOI: 10.1787/006737401012
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  • 13
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    Environment and Transport Infrastructure : Report of the Seventy-Ninth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 8-9 December 1988 (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105283
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.79
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environnement et infrastructures de transport ; Rapport de la soixante-dix-neuvième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 8 et 9 décembre 1988
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Both personal mobility and freight traffic are increasing in our societies. At the same time, the quality of our lives and our environment now becoming matters of vital concern is impaired in many ways by transport related disamenities: noise, pollution, vibration and visual intrusion. Such disamenities can, however, be curbed if due account is taken of them in transport infrastructure planning for example, by proposing alternative routes, noise screens, conservation of the archaeological heritage and nature (flora and fauna). Round Table 79 examines the environmental studies carried out when infrastructures are being built and shows how the findings can be incorporated in the decision-making process, for example, by final choice of route, measuring degrees of disamenity, threshold values, and the assignment of a monetary value to effects.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105283-en
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  • 14
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    Delinquency and Vandalism in Public Transport : Report of the Seventy-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 8-9 October 1987 (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105269
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (165 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.77
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La délinquance et le vandalisme dans les transports publics ; Rapport de la soixante-dix-septième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 8 et 9 octobre 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Acts of vandalism or violence and the defacing of facilities are increasing in public transport systems. This report provides an analysis of the social and psychological causes which is a prerequisite to formulate corrective measures. A comparison of what a number of systems have experienced focuses attention on the scale of the problems involved and different ways of resolving them. The recommendations that can be made differentiate between the responsibilities of the operators, national governments and the various local authorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105269-en
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  • 15
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    Telematics in Goods Transport : Report of the Seventy-Eighth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 13-14 October 1988 (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105276
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.78
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La télématique dans les transports de marchandises ; Rapport de la soixante-dix-huitième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 13 et 14 octobre 1988
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: While offering great promise for the future, the use of telematics in goods transport has so far been the focus of little research, although the many applications ranging from logistics to computer aids for drivers and electronic data interchange (EDI) will radically change freight transport markets. International specialists at Round Table 78 compare notes on such vital issues as: the strategies adopted in the sector; forms of standardization called for; productivity gains and the obstacles involved.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105276-en
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  • 16
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    Les ressources pour les transports de demain : Onzième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Bruxelles, 12-13 septembre 1988. Rapports introductifs et synthèse des discussions (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282107638
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (512 p.)
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Resources for Tomorrow's Transport; Eleventh International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics, Brussels, 12th-14th September 1988. Introductory reports and summary of discussions
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce livre comprend les rapports introductifs et une synthèse du Onzième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Bruxelles, 12-13 septembre 1988. Cette conférence était consacrée aux ressources pour les transports de demain.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282107638-fr
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  • 17
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    A Post Mortem on OECD Short-term Projections from 1982 to 1987 (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 85 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.65
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the accuracy of OECD projections over the 1982-1987 period. It is shown that, although the evolution of the economic climate was correctly projected, projection errors for economic activity and inflation varied significantly both through the period under consideration and between countries. But the average absolute error in GNP over the entire 1982/87 period was less than 1 percentage point. The biggest errors were made in the first half of the period and were more important for the smaller countries. An attempt is made to assess the likely impact of differences between assumed and realised economic policies, energy prices and exchange rates on the size and direction of the projection errors ...
    DOI: 10.1787/203318237015
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  • 18
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    International Interactions in Food and Agricultural Policies : The Effect of Alternative Policies (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.2
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a model of longer term interactions in the international markets for cereals, soybeans and meat, and draws policy conclusions for developing countries. The model is comparative static in nature and, largely, partial equilibrium, incorporating constant elasticity demand and supply functions. It is an extension of earlier similar models: commodity interdependence is modelled explicitly and long-run effects, of productivity growth on domestic production and of income growth on demand, are incorporated. Moreover, demand for feed, as derived from livestock production, is separated from food demand. The focus is on policy analysis and on developing countries. The results are somewhat surprising. First, real prices of wheat and coarse grains would continue to fall under liberalisation assumptions. Second, developing countries' agricultural policies emerge as more important (in relation to OECD countries' policies) than expected, and as ...
    DOI: 10.1787/460786230174
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  • 19
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    Systèmes de couverture des coûts d'infrastructures routières : rapport de la quatre-vingtième table ronde d'économie des transports, 9-10 février 1989 (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104699
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.80
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Systems of Road Infrastructure Cost Coverage; Report of the Eightieth Round Table on Transport Economics, 9-10 February 1989
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Trop de circulation ? Les réseaux routiers sont de moins en moins capables de répondre à des exigences toujours plus fortes. Déjà grave dans les zones densément peuplées, ce problème s’intensifie avec l’augmentation considérable du trafic routier. Puisque la congestion de la circulation peut porter préjudice aux intérêts économiques vitaux, certains experts préconisent un processus de sélection des usagers, , essentiellement au moyen du mécanisme des prix. La quatre-vingtième Table ronde examine l'instauration de la tarification routière ou une méthode similaire sous forme de péage et compare les approches adoptées dans un certain nombre de pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104699-fr
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  • 20
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    The Information Content of the Term Structure of Interest Rates : Theory and Practice (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.69
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper is devoted to an empirical examination of the information content in the term structure of nominal interest rates for future inflation. Tests of the ability of the term structure to forecast future changes in the inflation rate are carried out for six major OECD countries using monthly data. These tests demonstrate that the term structure does have considerable forecasting ability, particularly for rates taken from the short end of the maturity spectrum. However, with one exception, forecasting power tends to fade or disappear completely when the term structure in question is formed using yields on increasingly distant maturities as the long rate. This suggests that changes in the nominal term structure using such rates reflect mostly changes in the term structure of (ex post) real interest rates ...
    DOI: 10.1787/748671027822
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  • 21
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    Potential Output in the Seven Major OECD Countries (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.66
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper outlines the concepts and methods used by the OECD Secretariat to derive estimates of potential output and capacity utilisation for the major seven countries. While there are many alternative definitions of potential output, the one which is currently being used by the OECD Secretariat refers to the level of output that is consistent over the medium-term with stable inflation. The paper also contrasts the OECD approach and estimates with those published recently by the IMF. Finally, it presents the results of some INTERLINK simulations designed to illustrate some of the possible effects of faster productivity and potential output growth on macroeconomic performance ...
    DOI: 10.1787/756608308425
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  • 22
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    Emerging Maize Biotechnologies and their Potential Impact (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.8
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Between 1955 and 1985 world maize production almost doubled. With little new land available, future growth in world production must come from higher yields and, hence, from new technologies. This paper describes some of the emerging maize biotechnologies, outlines progress made in R & D and discusses their possible impact on maize production. At present, the new biotechnologies are directed more towards quality enhancement (modification of starch, protein or oil content) and towards endowing plants with particular properties (herbicide tolerance, resistance to pests or adverse weather conditions) than towards increasing yields per se. They offer hope for reduced environmental stress through reduced levels of application of agricultural chemicals. Like earlier technologies, however, most new biotechnologies will be incorporated in seeds and will therefore complement and continue to depend on, traditional plant breeding. A new maize research and technology development system is ...
    DOI: 10.1787/823651435434
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  • 23
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    Rebalancing the Public and Private Sectors : The Case of Malaysia (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.5
    Keywords: Development ; Malaysia
    Abstract: Although the objectives of the Privatisation Programme in Malaysia were clearly stated from the start, there was no overall implementation plan during the first few years. Thus, the early targets of privatisation as well as the specific methods applied were chosen in an ad hoc manner. A major constraint for the implementation of this programme was the political necessity to protect and promote Bumiputra interests. Following a description and a critical analysis of the various measures and techniques used in both the liberalisation and the privatisation process, with a particular reference to the Port Kelang privatisation experience, the author underlines some major lessons such as: legal changes take time to be materalised; each transaction related to a privatisation programme is different; the private sector must be willing to expand its role; the scarcest resource is skilled technical expertise; the importance of government organisation is often underestimated; developing a ...
    DOI: 10.1787/247565525333
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  • 24
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    The Impact of Increased Government Saving on the Economy (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: An increase in long-term economic growth requires higher investment in the OECD economies if it is to be achieved, otherwise faster growth will generate unsustainable pressure on resources. Higher investment can only occur if there is higher saving which could perhaps be generated by an increase in public sector saving. This paper looks at the consequences for five major economies of the OECD of a continued reduction in government deficits, or increase in surpluses, using the OECD econometric model. The conclusion of the paper is that using conventional economic relationships, a fall in government expenditure should increase national savings and lead to higher private sector investment. Over the longer term, the higher investment will raise the actual and potential output level of the economy -- more than compensating for the lower short-term level of output associated with the cuts in government expenditure ...
    DOI: 10.1787/452441446653
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  • 25
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    Ageing Populations : Economic Effects and Implications for Public Finance (1989)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.61
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Recent swings in fertility rates, combined with anticipated increases in life expectancy, are expected to result in a significant increase in the number and proportion of elderly persons in the first half of the next century. This "ageing" of OECD populations is expected to have widespread impacts, affecting labour markets, the composition and level of consumption and output, national rates of saving and the rate of capital accumulation, etc. A widely recognized effect of ageing will be the pressures it will place on public sector finances as the share of future output transferred to a large dependent population rises. This paper discusses some of the potential economic impacts of ageing. It also presents an analysis of its impacts on public pension financing requirements, with particular emphasis on selected OECD countries -- Germany, Japan, Sweden and the United States. It is shown that, where desirable, future increases in retirement age and benefit reductions could help reduce ...
    DOI: 10.1787/401111720150
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  • 26
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    Tests of Total Factor Productivity Measurement (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Although considerable effort has been expended on constructing measures of total factor productivity, there has been little subsequent effort at verifying that the constructed data have the expected properties. This paper proposes a number of tests to determine whether total factor productivity is measured correctly. A similar approach can be used for other economic data ...
    DOI: 10.1787/136767018028
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  • 27
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    An International Sectoral Data Base for Thirteen OECD Countries (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.57
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes an international sectoral data base, the ISDB, which has been created at the OECD as part of the continuing study of industrial structure and economic performance in OECD Member countries. This data base is one which relates primarily to sectoral output and factor resource use in thirteen OECD Member countries. In the context of recent OECD work, substantial use was made of the ISDB in preparing the recent OECD study, "Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance" (1987), and in other studies. Part II of the paper reports an analysis of a number of summary statistics derived from the data base for the period 1970 to 1985; specifically those related to economic structure and sectoral growth over the period ...
    DOI: 10.1787/855248781015
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  • 28
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    Private Consumption, Inflation and the "Debt Neutrality Hypothesis" : The Case of Eight OECD Countries (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 99 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.50
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the empirical basis for the debt-neutrality hypothesis in an international cross-section of eight major OECD countries over the period 1961-85. The analysis uses a dynamic demand system for durable and non-durable goods derived from individual optimizing behaviour. The model nests three specifications corresponding to different degrees of consumer rationality: the traditional life-cycle consumption model, the case of inflation-adjustment of disposable income (no money illusion) and the case of full "tax discounting" (no fiscal illusion). In addition, the model incorporates explicitly the role of a variable interest rate and substitution between public and private consumption. The model is estimated using three different consumption aggregates at the single-country level and over the pooled data set. Estimates of the inflation-adjustment and fiscal illusion parameters are provided and specification tests opposing the three versions of the model are performed. The ...
    DOI: 10.1787/012554655282
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  • 29
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    The OECD Compatible Trade and Production Data Base 1970-1985 (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 119 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.60
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The Compatible Trade and Production data base (COMTAP) consists of annual statistics on production, imports and exports of manufactured goods. The key feature of this data base is that both the production and trade statistics are classified according to the same nomenclature, namely, the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The conversion of both trade and production statistics to the ISIC is approximate because there is usually no direct correspondence between the ISIC and the classification in which the trade and production data are reported to the OECD. This report describes the contents of COMTAP, some of the analytic uses to which it can be put, and the problems encountered in setting up the COMTAP data base. Finally, some examples are given of how the data base can be used to calculate "market penetration" and "export performance" ratios for 23 OECD countries over the period 1970 to 1985 ...
    DOI: 10.1787/864667824380
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  • 30
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    Are Commodity Prices Leading Indicators of OECD Prices? (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.49
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the hypothesis that commodity price trends are useful indicators of OECD price developments. After a discussion of statistical techniques to assess the time series properties of individual price indices, integration and cointegration tests are conducted on a wide set of individual and aggregate commodity price indices and consumer price indices for the major seven OECD countries. The results of the analysis suggest that there is no clear evidence of any equilibrium relationship between levels of consumer and commodity prices. But relations between changes in a number of commodity prices such as metals and agricultural raw material prices and consumer prices may be established. The stability over time of such relationships is also tested ...
    DOI: 10.1787/577218573683
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  • 31
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    Empirical Research on Trade Liberalisation with Imperfect Competition : A Survey (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.58
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Orthodox trade theory rests on a number of unrealistic assumptions which include, among others, constant returns to scale in production and perfect competition in product and factor markets. This has led many commentators to express strong skepticism about the policy conclusions flowing from the orthodox framework. In response to these concerns, a rapidly-growing literature has developed over the past decade which incorporates more realistic features of the trading system such as imperfect competition, increasing returns to scale and product differentiation. This paper presents a review of the empirical research on the "new trade" theories. Section II outlines briefly the theoretical framework for the empirical research. The results from a series of partial and general equilibrium studies are surveyed in Section III. The final section suggests some directions for future work in this area ...
    DOI: 10.1787/576532716180
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  • 32
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    Quantifying the Economy-Wide Effects of Agricultural Policies : A General Equilibrium Approach (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 99 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.55
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a progress report on the Economics and Statistics Department's applied general equilibrium model -- the WALRAS model. This model has been developed with the explicit objective of quantifying the economy-wide effects of agricultural policies in OECD countries. The common specification of the model for the major OECD agricultural trading countries/regions (Australia, Canada, EEC, Japan, New Zealand and the United States) is described in detail. Results are presented for some preliminary simulations of the effects of removing the 1979-81 levels of agricultural assistance in these countries/regions. The initial results relate only to unilateral liberalisation experiments with the unlinked country/region models, with no account being taken of feedback effects through changes in world agricultural prices and trade volumes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/574100212533
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  • 33
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    On Aggregation Methods of Purchasing Power Parities (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 137 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.56
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The development of purchasing power parities as converters of national accounts aggregates to comparable volume figures is important for international economic comparisons. This study is primarily concerned with the aggregation of price relativities to basic heading level: that is, the level below which there are no expenditure weights available across all of a given group of countries. Eight possible methods of aggregation to basic heading level are identified and appropriate summary statistics developed to assist in the subsequent practical investigation of these methods. This is undertaken using price data for 37 basic headings in ten OECD countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/020451668452
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  • 34
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    The So-Called "Non-Economic" Objectives of Agricultural Policy (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.52
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Agricultural support costs OECD countries billions of dollars per year in lost income. It is frequently argued, however, that this is not waste, but is rather a fair price to pay for a number of "non-economic" objectives such as thriving rural communities and increased national security. This paper analyses these objectives and their relationship with agricultural policy. It draws three conclusions: first, the so-called non-economic objectives (SNOs) are, in fact, economic; second, being economic they are amenable to quantification and economic analysis; and, third, present forms of agricultural support may be inefficient means to achieve these objectives ...
    DOI: 10.1787/148132766818
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  • 35
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    The Effects of Monetary Policy on the Real Sector : An Overview of Empirical Evidence for Selected OECD Economies (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 125 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.51
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the current state of understanding about the effects of monetary policy, both at the conceptual level and in the light of the experience of the seven major OECD countries (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Canada) and three selected smaller open economies (Australia, the Netherlands and Sweden) since the early 1970s (1). Over this period, there have been substantial developments in the policy making environment and in the conduct and implementation of monetary policy which may have significantly affected the way monetary variables influence the real sector of the economy. A. Changes in the macroeconomic and financial environment and their implications for policy making Since the early 1970s there has been a general deterioration in the macroeconomic situation in OECD countries. These have been subjected to large supply shocks, to substantial changes in the rate of inflation, to slow economic growth, to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/076618776054
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  • 36
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    Eliminating the U.S. Federal Budget Deficit by 1993 : The Interaction of Monetary and Fiscal Policy (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.59
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper uses the OECD's economic model, INTERLINK, to examine the consequences of eliminating the U.S. federal government deficit. Such action could lead to either lower real interest rates, lower inflation rates or a smaller current account deficit, depending on the stance of monetary policy. The elimination of the U.S. Federal deficit over the medium term could significantly lower the U.S. inflation rate and improve the current account deficit, if nominal interest rates were held constant in the face of falling inflation rates. In the absence of a reduction in the fiscal deficit, a significant increase in interest rates would be necessary to achieve the same reduction in the inflation rate. If, however, policy tightening is not necessary to contain inflation, a reduction in the fiscal deficit might be accompanied by a fall in nominal and real interest rates. In this case, a reduction in the fiscal deficit would not necessarily result in an improvement in the current account ...
    DOI: 10.1787/384731238002
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  • 37
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    Modelling Housing Investment for Seven Major OECD Countries (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.63
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents new housing equation estimates for the major seven countries in INTERLINK, the OECD world econometric model. Theoretical and empirical aspects of housing investment behaviour are discussed in a model context. Estimation results using an adjustment model for the stock of houses are presented and discussed, together with simulations comparing the performances of the old and new housing blocks in the model. The results embody an important improvement in understanding the aggregate determination of aggregate residential investment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/062214542760
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  • 38
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    Alternative Solution Methods in Applied General Equilibrium Analysis (1988)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.53
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of alternative solution methods in applied general equilibrium (AGE) analysis. The particular focus is not on the technical properties of solution algorithms, but instead deals with the general issue of using linearised approximation methods, more popularly referred to as the Johansen class of AGE models, relative to models which are solved in level form via solution of a system of non-linear equations. Particular attention is given to the practical aspects of AGE empirical work with special emphasis on problems encountered in multi-country modelling.
    DOI: 10.1787/830687701718
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  • 39
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    Test No. 402: Acute Dermal Toxicity (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070585
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 402; Toxicité cutanée aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 402: Toxicité cutanée aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to a test chemical by dermal route. Test chemicals should not be administered at doses that are known to cause marked pain and distress due to potential corrosive or severely irritant actions. Groups of animals, of a single sex, are exposed via the dermal route to the test chemical in a stepwise procedure using the appropriate fixed doses. The initial dose level is selected at the concentration expected to produce clear signs of toxicity without causing severe toxic effects or mortality. Further groups of animals may be tested at higher or lower fixed doses, depending on the presence or absence of signs of toxicity or mortality. This procedure continues until the dose causing toxicity or no more than one death is identified, or when no effects are seen at the highest dose or when deaths occur at the lowest dose. Subsequently, observations of effects and deaths are made. Animals which die during the test are necropsied, and at the conclusion of the test the surviving animals are sacrificed and necropsied. The method provides information on the hazardous properties and allows the substance to be classified for acute toxicity according to the Globally Harmonised System of classification and labelling of chemicals.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070585-en
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  • 40
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    The Medium-Term Macroeconomic Strategy Revisited (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.48
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses several aspects of the medium-term orientation of OECD countries' economic policies in the 1980s, concentrating on monetary and fiscal instruments. The developments that led to the adoption of such a "medium-term strategy", and the apparent analytical rationale for it, are first described. The paper then examines the way the strategy was actually implemented, attempting to judge how closely policies have in fact followed medium-term objectives, and assesses the results. Some lessons from experience with the strategy are outlined in conclusion ...
    DOI: 10.1787/432567751277
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  • 41
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    Essai n 402: Toxicité cutanée aigue͏̈ (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070592
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 402; Acute Dermal Toxicity
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 402: Acute Dermal Toxicity
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette méthode fournit des informations sur le danger pour la santé humaine résultant de l’exposition à court terme à un produit chimique par voie cutanée. Les produits chimiques d'essai ne doivent pas être administrés à des doses connues pour provoquer une douleur importante ou une détresse par un mécanisme potentiellement corrosif ou fortement irritant. Des groupes d'animaux d'un même sexe sont exposés par voie cutanée pendant une courte période au produit chimique d'essai suivant une procédure séquentielle, avec les concentrations prédéterminées appropriées. La dose initiale est choisie pour que des signes clairs de toxicité soient attendus avec cette concentration, mais pas d'effets toxiques graves ni de mortalité. D'autres groupes d'animaux peuvent être testés à des doses supérieures si aucun signe de toxicité manifeste n'est observé à une concentration moindre. Ce mode opératoire est poursuivi jusqu'à ce que soit atteinte une concentration qui provoque une toxicité manifeste ou la mort/l'état moribond d'un seul animal, lorsqu'aucun effet n'est observé à la concentration maximale, ou encore si des morts/états moribonds sont observés à la concentration la plus basse. Les effets observés et la mortalité sont consignés. Les animaux qui meurent lors de l’essai subissent une autopsie générale, et à la fin de l’essai les animaux qui restent en vie sont sacrifiés et autopsiés. La méthode fournit des informations sur les propriétés dangereuses et permet à la substance d'être classée pour la toxicité aiguë selon le Système Général Harmonisé de Classification et d'Étiquetage des Produits Chimiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070592-fr
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  • 42
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    Environnement et infrastructures de transport : Rapport de la soixante-dix-neuvième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 8 et 9 décembre 1988 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104682
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (163 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.79
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment and Transport Infrastructure; Report of the Seventy-Ninth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 8-9 December 1988
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La mobilité personnelle et le transport des marchandises augmentent dans nos sociétés. Dans le même temps, la qualité de vie et celle de notre environnement, désormais sujets d'importance capitale, est diminuée à bien des égards par les nuisances du transport : nuisances sonores, pollution, vibrations et intrusion visuelle. De telles nuisances peuvent cependant être diminuées si elles sont dûment prises en compte lors de la planification des infrastructures de transport par exemple, en proposant des itinéraires alternatifs, des écrans anti-bruit, en préservant l’héritage archéologique et la nature (la faune et la flore) La soixante-dix-neuvième Table ronde examine les études environnementales menées pendant la construction des infrastructures et montre comment les résultats peuvent être intégrés au processus décisionnel. Par exemple, en procédant au choix définitif des itinéraires, en évaluant le degré des nuisances et en définissant des valeurs seuils et en donnant une valeur monétaire aux effets.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104682-fr
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    Le transport international par autocar : Rapport de la soixante-douzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 26 et 27 mars 1987 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104613
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.72
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Coach Transport; Report of the Seventy-Second Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 26-27 March 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde comprend trois rapports sur le transport international par autocars : un sur L’Italie, un sur les Pays-Bas et un sur la Suède.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104613-fr
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  • 44
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    Monetary Policy in the Second Half of the 1980s : How Much Room for Manoeuvre? (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.39
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses how monetary policy might assist macroeconomic performance in the second half of the 1980s in the G-10 countries, without compromising the medium-term objective of price stability. From this perspective, the recent stance of monetary policy is assessed, as well as its possible effects on output and inflation. The paper also examines the gains that might be expected from a short-run monetary stimulus, internationally coordinated, against the risks that might be implied for central bank credibility ...
    DOI: 10.1787/510533234501
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  • 45
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    Test No. 401: Acute Oral Toxicity (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264040113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 401; Toxicité orale aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 401: Toxicité orale aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the test 401 ‘Acute Oral Toxicity’ was deleted on 17th December 2002.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264040113-en
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  • 46
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    Tracking the U.S. External Deficit, 1980-1985 : Experience with the OECD INTERLINK Model (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.38
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper provides an analysis of the recent evolution of the U.S. current account external deficit in the context of the OECD Secretariat world model, INTERLINK. It seeks to assess to what extent developments in the U.S. current balance since 1980 might be viewed as being surprising, at least by the standards of the relationships embodied in the current U.S. trade block of that model ...
    DOI: 10.1787/602500188875
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  • 47
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    Tax Reform in OECD Countries : Economic Rationale and Consequences (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 130 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.40
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the question of tax reform in OECD countries. First, the reasons for tax reform are reviewed. These include economic efficiency arguments as well as concerns about equity which are often a major consideration. Next, the paper considers the many factors which constrain governments in their effort to reform the tax system (such as inherent conflicts between efficiency and equity, and the non-revenue objectives of taxation), and how those constraints might be reduced. Finally, the paper reviews the extent of tax reform in OECD countries, noting some of the remaining problems ...
    DOI: 10.1787/082177701741
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  • 48
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    Systèmes d'observation des transports de marchandises : Rapport de la soixante-quatorzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4-5 décembre 1986 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104637
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.74
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Monitoring Systems for Goods Transport; Report of the Seventy-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 December 1986
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine les systèmes d'observation des transports de marchandises et comprend des rapports sur la France et les Pays-Bas.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104637-fr
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  • 49
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    Research Relevant to Trends in Transport Over the Coming Decade : Report of the Seventy-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 28-29 January 1987 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recherches convenant aux tendances des transports pour la décennie à venir ; Rapport de la soixante-quinzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 28-29 janvier 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines research relevant to trends in transport in the coming decade examining the political and economic context, financing, demand and supply and methodological issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105801-en
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  • 50
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    Essai n 401: Toxicité orale aigue͏̈ (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061804
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 401; Acute Oral Toxicity
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 401: Acute Oral Toxicity
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 401 “Toxicité orale aiguë” a été supprimé le 17 décembre 2002.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061804-fr
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  • 51
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    Import and Export Price Equations for Manufactures (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.43
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a new system for the consistent determination of import and export prices of manufactured products for use in the world trade block of the OECD INTERLINK model. It uses a system design which directly couples the bilateral determinants of export prices with the bilateral determinants of import prices. The results, however, will be obtained without the need for specific bilateral information other than the bilateral exchange rate. The model allows for price discrimination between different markets for the same exporter and features less than full pass-through of exchange rate movements into import prices ...
    DOI: 10.1787/807537836402
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  • 52
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    A Revised Supply Block for the Major Seven Countries in INTERLINK (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.41
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: While the philosophy behind the supply block has not changed since its initial version, each of the block's behavioural equations as well as the parameters of the production functions have been substantially modified. These modifications have been motivated, in general, by a wish to improve the consistency of the block and to relax some of the constraints imposed. Consistency has been improved via a minor modification to the procedure for estimating the parameters of the production function, as well as from the inclusion of a measure of "normal" inventory growth in the demand term in the output equation. In the new version, the equilibrium stock/output ratio is no longer treated as a constant; tax considerations and domestic price effects are now included in the business energy price equations, and the dynamic adjustment of the factor demand equations has been made more general. Finally, some research on potential output, based on the revised production model, is reported ...
    DOI: 10.1787/780384187533
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  • 53
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    La télématique dans les transports de marchandises : Rapport de la soixante-dix-huitième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 13 et 14 octobre 1988 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104675
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (125 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.78
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Telematics in Goods Transport; Report of the Seventy-Eighth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 13-14 October 1988
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Alors que ses possibilités dans le futur sont prometteuses, l’usage de la télématique dans le transport des marchandises a jusqu’à présent suscité peu d'intérêt, bien que de nombreuses applications allant de la logistique aux aides informatiques pour les conducteurs et l'échange électronique de données (EDI) changeront radicalement les marchés de transport des marchandises. Les experts internationaux de la soixante-dix-huitième Table ronde comparent des données relatives à des sujets fondamentaux liés à la télématique tels que : les stratégies adoptées dans ce secteur, les formes de standardisation nécessaires, les gains de productivité et les obstacles que cela comporte.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104675-fr
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  • 54
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    La délinquance et le vandalisme dans les transports publics : Rapport de la soixante-dix-septième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 8 et 9 octobre 1987 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104668
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.77
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Delinquency and Vandalism in Public Transport; Report of the Seventy-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 8-9 October 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les actes de vandalisme ou de violence et la dégradation des installations augmentent dans les systèmes de transport public. Ce rapport fournit une analyse des causes sociales et psychologiques, qui est un préalable à la formulation de mesures correctives. En comparant les expériences acquises par un certain nombre de systèmes, l’attention est portée sur l’ampleur de ces problèmes et sur les différents moyens pour les résoudre. Les recommandations formulées font la différence entre les responsabilités des opérateurs, les gouvernements nationaux et les différentes autorités locales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104668-fr
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  • 55
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    Recherches convenant aux tendances des transports pour la décennie à venir : Rapport de la soixante-quinzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 28-29 janvier 1987 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104644
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.75
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Research Relevant to Trends in Transport Over the Coming Decade; Report of the Seventy-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 28-29 January 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine les recherches convenant aux tendances des transports pour la décennie à venir en analysant le contexte économique et politique, le financement, l’offre et la demande et les enjeux méthodologiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104644-fr
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  • 56
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    International Coach Transport : Report of the Seventy-Second Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 26-27 March 1987 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.72
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport international par autocar ; Rapport de la soixante-douzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 26 et 27 mars 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table features three reports on international coach service: one from italy, one from the Netherlands and one from Sweden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105825-en
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  • 57
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    Monitoring Systems for Goods Transport : Report of the Seventy-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 December 1986 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.74
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Systèmes d'observation des transports de marchandises ; Rapport de la soixante-quatorzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4-5 décembre 1986
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines monitoring systems for goods transport and includes papers from France and the Netherlands.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105849-en
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  • 58
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    L' emploi dans les transports : Evolution quantitative et qualitative, possibilités de substitution : rapport de la soixante-treizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 27-28 novembre 1986 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104620
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.73
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Employment in Transport; Quantitative and Qualitative Evolution, Substitution Possibilities. Report of the Seventy-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 27-28 November 1986
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine l'évolution quantitative et qualitative et les possibilités de substitution de l'emploi dans les transports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104620-fr
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  • 59
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    The Role of Shippers and Transport Operators in the Logistics Chain : Report of the Seventy-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 29-30 April 1987 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (102 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.76
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle des chargeurs et des transporteurs dans la logistique ; Rapport de la soixante-seizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 29-30 avril 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the role of shippers and transport operators in the logistics chain and includes reports from France, Sweden, and the Netherlands.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105818-en
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  • 60
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    L' évasion et la fraude fiscales internationales : Quatre études (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264399907
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (122 p.)
    Series Statement: Questions de fiscalité internationale no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe International Tax Avoidance and Evasion: Four Related Studies
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Le premier rapport montre pourquoi l'évasion et la fraude fiscales internationales par Ie recours à des paradis fiscaux préoccupent les autorités fiscales des pays Membres de I'OCDE et passe en revue les mesures defensives que ceux-ci ont adoptées. Le deuxieme rapport est consacré aux problèmes auxquels doivent faire face les administrations fiscales du fait que leurs contribuables résidents font usage de sociétés «écrans» (en général des sociétés filiales), situées dans les paradis fiscaux, pour y détourner les revenus ayant leur source ailleurs (parfois Ie pays de résidence du contribuable lui-même) et faire ainsi échapper ces revenus à l'impôt auquel ils seraient normalement soumis dans Ie pays de résidence du contribuable. Le troisième rapport aborde les problèmes que la recherche des dispositions conventionnelles les plus favorables (souvent qualifiée en langue anglaise de «treaty shopping») pose aux autorités fiscales du pays de la source de revenus. Le dernier rapport a pour objet les relations entre la fiscaliét et l'usage abusif du secret bancaire. II examine les aspects fiscaux et non fiscaux du secret bancaire ainsi que les améliorations qui pourraient etre apportées au niveau de la coopération internationale.
    DOI: 10.1787/e5d87800-fr
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    Recent Developments in OECD's International Macroeconomic Model (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.46
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper summarizes recent empirical studies contributing towards the OECD Secretariat INTERLINK world macroeconomic model. For a number of topics, it reviews work which is described in more detail in recent Economics and Statistics Department Working Papers. It also covers a number of areas where recent changes have been relatively less substantial in terms of changes in model structure, but nonetheless influential in the evolution of model properties. A final section reviews current Secretariat macroeconometric modelling work which is yet to be implemented in the model and also discusses possible future developments. A separate companion paper, ESD Working Paper No. 47, analyses the single- and multi-country simulation properties of a recent version of the model, one which includes most of the research reported here ...
    DOI: 10.1787/302480486632
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  • 62
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    International Investment-Income Determination in INTERLINK : Models for 23 OECD Countries and Six Non-OECD Regions (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.45
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents the specification of an investment-income model for 23 OECD countries and six non-OECD regions. The basic structure of the model -- an effective rate of return applied to the stock of foreign assets and liabilities -- is relatively simple and straightforward. A central distinction is made between dollar and non-dollar denominated foreign assets and liabilities and matrices giving estimates of the currency composition of these stocks are reported. Estimation and simulation results for the investment-income model are presented ...
    DOI: 10.1787/700735334367
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  • 63
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    OECD Economic Activity and Non-Oil Commodity Prices : Reduced-Form Equations for INTERLINK (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.42
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the determination of non-oil commodity prices in the Economics and Statistics Department's INTERLINK world model. The practical problems which have been encountered, in particular in the context of full simulations are discussed. Based on a number of statistical tests, a new specification of the commodity price block is proposed. Indices of nominal commodity prices measured in dollars are estimated as functions of OECD economic activity and inflation, U.S. interest rates and oil prices. Compared to the previous system, the new equations are better behaved in a number of respects ...
    DOI: 10.1787/385873764137
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  • 64
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    A Review of the Simulation Properties of OECD's INTERLINK Model (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 77 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.47
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the simulation properties of a recent version of the OECD Secretariat's international macroeconomic model, INTERLINK, a version which embodies much of the empirical work reported in recent Working Papers and summarised in a separate companion paper ESD Working Paper No. 46. The material presented is intended to provide a general overview of model properties and some of the key mechanisms involved ...
    DOI: 10.1787/686024507858
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  • 65
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    La sous- capitalisation - L'imposition des artistes du spectacle et des sportifs (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264749467
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Series Statement: Questions de fiscalité internationale no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Thin Capitalisation - Taxation of Entertainers, Artistes and Sportsmen
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Cette publication réunit deux rapports préparés par Ie Comite des Affaires fiscales. Le premier rapport, « La sous-capitalisation », examine les conséquences fiscales des différents modes de financement, par voie d'endettement ou sur fonds propres, des entreprises. Le second, « L’imposition des revenus des activités de divertissement et des activités artistiques et sportives », décrit les problèmes poses aux autorités fiscales par les artistes et les sportifs ainsi que les mesures prises par les pays pour combattre les formes d'évasion et de fraude utilisées par certains de ces contribuables.
    DOI: 10.1787/0ebfdbe4-fr
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    Price Determination in the Major Seven Country Models in INTERLINK (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.44
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents new domestic price blocks for the major seven economies in INTERLINK, the Economics and Statistics Department's world econometric model. Theoretical, statistical and practical aspects of new behavioural price equations are discussed in a model context. Results from a variety of diagnostic simulations using the new price blocks are presented, suggesting some important improvements in the overall simulation properties of INTERLINK compared to previous versions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/443241862143
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    Thin Capitalisation - Taxation of Entertainers, Artistes and Sportsmen (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264975439
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: Issues in International Taxation no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La sous- capitalisation - L'imposition des artistes du spectacle et des sportifs
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: This publication brings together two reports prepared by the Committee on Fiscal Affairs. The first, "Thin Capitalisation", examines the implications for taxation of the different reliance by companies on debt and equity financing. The second, "The Taxation of Income Derived from Entertainment, Artistic and Sporting Activities", describes the problems posed for tax authorities by entertainers and sportsmen and the measures taken by countries to counteract evasion and avoidance schemes used by some of these taxpayers.
    DOI: 10.1787/5b556cb3-en
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  • 68
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    Le rôle des chargeurs et des transporteurs dans la logistique : Rapport de la soixante-seizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 29-30 avril 1987 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104651
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (111 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.76
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Role of Shippers and Transport Operators in the Logistics Chain; Report of the Seventy-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 29-30 April 1987
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce table ronde examine le rôle des chargeurs et des transporteurs dans la logistique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104651-fr
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    Employment in Transport : Quantitative and Qualitative Evolution, Substitution Possibilities. Report of the Seventy-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 27-28 November 1986 (1987)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105832
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.73
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'emploi dans les transports ; Évolution quantitative et qualitative, possibilités de substitution ; rapport de la soixante-treizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 27-28 novembre 1986
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the quantitative and qualitative evolution and substitution possibilities for employment in transport.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105832-en
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    Test No. 481: Genetic Toxicology: Saacharomyces cerevisiae, Miotic Recombination Assay (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071421
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 481; Toxicologie génétique; Saccharomyces cerevisiad, essai de recombinaison mitotique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 481: Toxicologie génétique: Saccharomyces cerevisiad, essai de recombinaison mitotique
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the Test Guideline 481 ‘Genetic Toxicology: Saacharomyces cerevisiae, Miotic Recombination Assay’ was deleted on 2nd April 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071421-en
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  • 71
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    Test No. 485: Genetic toxicology, Mouse Heritable Translocation Assay (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071506
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 485; Toxicologie génétique; Essai de translocation héréditaire chez la souris
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 485: Toxicologie génétique: Essai de translocation héréditaire chez la souris
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mouse heritable translocation test detects structural and numerical chromosome changes in mammalian germ cells as recovered in first generation progeny. The types of chromosome changes detected in this test system are reciprocal translocations. Carriers of translocations and XO-females show reduced fertility which is used to select first generation progeny for cytogenetic analysis. Translocations are cytogenetically observed in meiotic cells at diakinesis metaphase I of male individuals. The test is usually performed by analysis of male first generation progeny. About 500 first generation males per dose level are required. One dose level is tested, usually the highest dose associated with the production of minimal toxic effects, and administered by oral intubation or intraperitoneal injection. A single administration of the test substance or the administration of the test substance on 7 days/week for 35 days, are possible. The test substance can be solid, liquid, vapour or gaseous. For translocation heterozygosity one of two possible methods is used: fertility testing of first generation progeny; or cytogenetic analysis of all male first generation progeny are possible. A test substance producing neither a statistically significant increase in the number of translocations observed for at least one test point, nor a statistically significant, dose-related, increase in the number of translocations observed, is considered non-mutagenic in this system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071506-en
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    Test No. 480: Genetic Toxicology: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gene Mutation Assay (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071407
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 480; Toxicologie génétique; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, essai de mutation génique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 480: Toxicologie génétique: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, essai de mutation génique
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the Test Guideline 480 ‘Genetic Toxicology: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gene Mutation Assay’ was deleted on 2nd April 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071407-en
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  • 73
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    International Road Haulage : Taxation Systems. Report of the Seventy-First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 12-13 December 1985 (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105795
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.71
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trafics internationaux de marchandises par route ; Systèmes de taxation. Rapport de la soixante et onzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 12-13 décembre 1985
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round table examines taxation systems related to international road haulage.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105795-en
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    Essai n 481: Toxicologie génétique: Saccharomyces cerevisiad, essai de recombinaison mitotique (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071438
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 481; Genetic Toxicology; Saacharomyces cerevisiae, Miotic Recombination Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 481: Genetic Toxicology: Saacharomyces cerevisiae, Miotic Recombination Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 481 "Toxicologie Génétique : Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Essai de Recombinaison Mitotique " a été supprimé le 2 avril 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071438-fr
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  • 75
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    Mécanismes de transmission et effets macro-économiques de la politique monétaire en France : Les principaux enseignements économétriques (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.33
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: This paper considers the main transmission channels and macroeconomic effects of monetary policy in France over the last decade, as described by the structure and the simulation properties of contemporary econometric models. In particular the paper emphasizes: a) the larger role attributed by model-builders to interest rates as compared to financial quantity constraints; b) the inadequate consideration given to expectations in the modelling of the wage indexation process and international linkages (especially with respect to the EMS); and c) the significant impact of monetary policy on the real economy and the importance of the real output costs which result from disinflationary policy, at least in the short to medium run. Moreover, policy simulation with some models suggests that a sustained exogeneous rise in nominal interest rates under fixed exchange rates would have a stagflationary impact (lower output, higher prices) because of the assumption that firms, which are highly ...
    DOI: 10.1787/853567188731
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  • 76
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    Pure Profit Rates and Tobin's q in Nine OECD Countries (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper extends a previous study of profit trends to consider valuation ratios (Tobin's q) in nine countries. Tobin's q embodies market expectations and is an indicator of expected pure profit rates on the existing capital stock. Since 1982, equity markets have recovered substantially. By end-1985, values of Tobin's q were close to their 1974 levels and close to the symbolic figure of unity. The theoretical and conceptual relevance of q is considered, as well as data and measurement limitations. Real debt and equity costs of finance are considered in the light of buoyant stock markets. The implications of the strong recent recovery in q for investment are also noted ...
    DOI: 10.1787/530230510717
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  • 77
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    The Formulation of Monetary Policy : A Reassessment in the Light of Recent Experience (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.32
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reassesses, in the light of recent experience, the formulation of monetary policy in terms of targets for monetary aggregates in the major countries. A number of difficulties which have arisen are discussed: instability of the money-income relationship; constraints created by fiscal imbalances; exchange rate variability, as well as debt problems and threats to banks' solvency. The responses of monetary authorities to these difficulties are described and some possible options for the formulation of monetary policy in the future are considered (including nominal income and exchange rate targeting) ...
    DOI: 10.1787/025558443125
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  • 78
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    Internationalisation of Financial Markets : Some Implications for Macroeconomic Policy and for the Allocation of Capital (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.37
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of the internationalisation of financial markets on the conduct of macroeconomic policy and the allocation of capital. It first examines the increased integration between domestic and external (or "Euro") financial markets and the recent tendency towards convergence of real interest rates among financially open countries. After briefly touching on the macro policy consequences of financial internationalisation, the paper then deals with long-term implications for the international allocation of capital, with special emphasis on the existence of tax distortions. Using estimated tax wedges for business investment and the supply block of the INTERLINK system, it shows that, under integrated financial markets, the existing tax distortions could generate a large imbalance in the net external asset position which involves a significant welfare cost ...
    DOI: 10.1787/322664267766
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  • 79
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    Method of Calculating Effective Exchange Rates and Indicators of Competitiveness (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 85 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.29
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes the method of calculation of competitiveness indicators and effective exchange rates that are published half-yearly by the Secretariat in the Economic Outlook. This calculation is based on a double-weighting principle: the procedure calculates the relative importance of different countries on each market according to the relative importance of these markets for the country in question. The calculations include the impact of the domestic producer in each market, i.e. a particular country is considered as a competitor to other exporters to its own market. On the other hand, in calculating the importance of each competitor to a given country the share of the country in question is excluded in every market, i.e. a country cannot compete with itself. Weighting matrices have been constructed for each year, starting in 1970, and have been used to define and compute relative indices of costs, prices and exchange rates ...
    DOI: 10.1787/058386106013
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  • 80
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    The OECD Compatible Trade and Production Data Base 1970-1983 (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.31
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The Compatible Trade and Production data base (COMTAP) consists of annual statistics on production, imports and exports of manufactured goods. The key feature of this data base is that both the production and trade statistics are classified according to the same nomenclature, namely, the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The conversion of both trade and production statistics to the ISIC is approximate because there is usually no direct correspondence between the ISIC and the classification in which the trade and production data are reported to the OECD. This report describes the contents of COMTAP , some of the analytic uses to which it can be put, and the problems encountered in setting up the COMTAP data base. Finally, some examples are given of how the data base can be used to calculate "market penetration ratios" for 13 OECD countries over the period 1970 to 1983. The annexes present some of the COMTAP data in summary form ...
    DOI: 10.1787/571481405122
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  • 81
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    Essai n 484: Toxicologie génétique: Spot test chez la souris (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071490
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 484; Genetic Toxicology; Mouse Spot Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 484: Genetic Toxicology: Mouse Spot Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 484 "Toxicologie Génétique : Spot Test chez la Souris" a été supprimé le 2 avril 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071490-fr
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  • 82
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    Trafics internationaux de marchandises par route : Systèmes de taxation. Rapport de la soixante et onzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 12-13 décembre 1985 (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104606
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.71
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Road Haulage; Taxation Systems. Report of the Seventy-First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 12-13 December 1985
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine les systèmes fiscaux relatifs au transport international de marchandises par route.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104606-fr
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  • 83
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    Essai n 485: Toxicologie génétique: Essai de translocation héréditaire chez la souris (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071513
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 485; Genetic toxicology, Mouse Heritable Translocation Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 485: Genetic toxicology, Mouse Heritable Translocation Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai de translocation héréditaire chez la souris détecte les changements chromosomiques structurels et numériques des cellules germinales de mammifères, mis en évidence dans la descendance de première génération. Les types de changements de chromosome détectés dans ce système d'essai sont des translocations réciproques. Les porteurs des translocations et les femelles XO montrent une fertilité réduite, ce qui permet de sélectionner la descendance de première génération pour l'analyse cytogénétique. On observe cytogénétiquement des translocations dans des cellules méiotiques en diacinèse métaphase I des individus mâles. L'essai est habituellement réalisé par l'analyse de la progéniture masculine de première génération. 500 mâles environ de première génération par niveau de dose sont nécessaires. Un niveau de dose, habituellement la dose la plus élevée liée à la production d’effets toxiques minimaux, est administré par intubation orale ou injection intrapéritonéale. Deux programmes de traitement sont possibles, l'administration unique de la substance d'essai ou l'administration de la substance d'essai 7 jours/semaine pendant 35 jours. La substance d'essai peut être sous forme solide, liquide, vapeur ou gazeuse. Pour tester des hétérozygotes de translocation, l’essai de fertilité de progéniture de première génération, ou l’analyse cytogénétique de toute la descendance masculine de première génération sont possible. Une substance d'essai ne produisant ni une augmentation statistiquement significative du nombre de translocations observées pour au moins un des points de l’essai, ni une augmentation du nombre de translocations observées, liée à la dose, statistiquement significative, est considérée non mutagène dans ce système.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071513-fr
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  • 84
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    Test No. 484: Genetic Toxicology: Mouse Spot Test (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071483
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 484; Toxicologie génétique; Spot test chez la souris
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 484: Toxicologie génétique: Spot test chez la souris
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the Test Guideline 484 ‘Genetic Toxicology: Mouse Spot Test’ was deleted on 2nd April 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071483-en
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  • 85
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    Test No. 479: Genetic Toxicology: In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange Assay in Mammalian Cells (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 479; Toxicologie génétique; Essai in vitro d'échange de chromatides-sœurs sur cellules de mammifère
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 479: Toxicologie génétique: Essai in vitro d'échange de chromatides-sœurs sur cellules de mammifère
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the Test Guideline 479 ‘Genetic Toxicology: In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange Assay in Mammalian Cells’ was deleted on 2nd April 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071384-en
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  • 86
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    Essai n 480: Toxicologie génétique: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, essai de mutation génique (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071414
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 480; Genetic Toxicology; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gene Mutation Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 480: Genetic Toxicology: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gene Mutation Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 480 " Genetic Toxicology: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gene Mutation Assay " a été supprimé le 2 avril 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071414-fr
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  • 87
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    Exchange Rates and Real Long-Term Interest-Rate Differentials : Evidence for Eighteen OECD Countries (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.28
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The bivariate relationship between real exchange rates and the real long-term interest rate differential has been investigated in a number of recent studies. By exchange-rate-equation standards, this specification does a relatively good job of tracking the historical movements in the dollar-Deutschemark and the dollar-yen bilateral exchange rates, and the dollar effective exchange rate; but does a poor job for the dollar-sterling rate. This paper extends the analysis to 18 OECD countries, in bilateral as well as effective terms. Results from earlier studies are confirmed, but in general the estimation results are sufficiently mixed to suggest that the absence of any risk premia variables may be an important omission ...
    DOI: 10.1787/407414641637
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  • 88
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    Public Debt in a Medium-Term Context and Its Implications for Fiscal Policy (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.30
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the problems raised by the recent sharp increases in the ratio of public debt to GNP in most OECD Member countries. When interest rates exceed growth rates, this development appears as a symptom of instability in public finances. The paper also analyses the evolution of public debt within the wider framework of the government sector's net worth. One particular aspect of this approach -- the implicit pension liabilities of governments -- is seen to have a significant bearing on the debt outlook in several countries. Finally, the paper assesses the sensitivity of the public debt profile under alternative fiscal policy settings ...
    DOI: 10.1787/628367225815
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  • 89
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    Essai n 482: Toxicologie génétique: Lésion et réparation d'ADN - Synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur cellules de mammifère - in vitro (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071452
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 482; Genetic Toxicology; DNA Damage and Repair, Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells in vitro
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 482: Genetic Toxicology: DNA Damage and Repair, Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 482 "Toxicologie Génétique : Lésion et Réparation d'ADN - Synthèse Non Programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur Cellules de Mammifère - in vitro" a été supprimé le 2 avril 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071452-fr
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  • 90
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    The Government Household Transfer Data Base 1960-1984 (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.36
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The Government Household Transfer data base (GHT) consists of annual statistics on social security and welfare transfers to households from government, covering the period 1960-84. Social security benefits are classified by subfunction according to the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG). This report describes the contents of GHT, the sources used and the problems encountered in setting up the data base. Tables are presented showing levels expressed in U.S. dollars per head of population, transfers as a percent of GDP, the distribution by subfunction and elasticities of transfers with respect to GDP. Growth rates are given for the periods 1960-73, 1973-79, 1979-84 and 1960-84. The annexes contain country tables showing the subfunctional breakdown of transfers in national currencies and a description of the items included and the sources used ...
    DOI: 10.1787/768882451333
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  • 91
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    Wealth and Inflation Effects in the Aggregate Consumption Function (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines some alternative specifications of the aggregate consumption function for eight OECD countries. Wealth effects are potentially important as determinants of consumption and as a transmission channel from monetary influences to real variables. However, measurement difficulties prevent direct incorporation of wealth in empirical work on consumption in many countries. Here, wealth effects are incorporated implicitly into estimated functions in a way that differentiates between indexed and non-indexed assets. Results indicate that, while inflation appears to affect measured consumption ratios in all countries examined, an interaction between inflation and interest rates that would be implied by wealth effects is not always present. The implications of different consumption functions are tested within a macroeconomic model, the OECD INTERLINK system. The response of output and consumption to standard fiscal policy shocks generally becomes smaller when inflation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/355210375641
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  • 92
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    Test No. 482: Genetic Toxicology: DNA Damage and Repair, Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells in vitro (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 482; Toxicologie génétique; Lésion et réparation d'ADN - Synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur cellules de mammifère - in vitro
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 482: Toxicologie génétique: Lésion et réparation d'ADN - Synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur cellules de mammifère - in vitro
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the Test Guideline 482 ‘Genetic Toxicology: DNA Damage and Repair, Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells in vitro’ was deleted on 2nd April 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071445-en
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  • 93
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    Essai n 479: Toxicologie génétique: Essai in vitro d'échange de chromatides-sœurs sur cellules de mammifère (1986)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071391
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 479; Genetic Toxicology; In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange Assay in Mammalian Cells
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 479: Genetic Toxicology: In vitro Sister Chromatid Exchange Assay in Mammalian Cells
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 479 «Toxicologie Génétique : Essai in vitro d'Échange de Chromatides-soeurs sur Cellules de Mammifère» a été supprimé le 2 avril 2014.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071391-fr
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  • 94
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    Profits and Rates of Return in OECD Countries (1985)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 109 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.20
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: There is widespread concern, particularly in Europe, about the possibility of a secular decline in profits and rates of return. The purpose of this study is to assess whether there has been a decline and to quantify it as far as possible, taking measurement problems into account. It also considers summarily the significance of observed trends and the reasons for them. Profits are generally seen as an essential feature of market economies. When they are low, it is feared that enterprise and innovation will falter and the rate of investment decline, leading to sluggish growth in output and capacity. Low growth may also lead to low profits. The precise links between profits and economic performance are, however, theoretically complicated and difficult to establish empirically. This is because both economic and accounting definitions of profit cover heterogeneous phenomena and are calculated as a residual. Conceptual and measurement issues are important in assessing the evolution of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/468348310348
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  • 95
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    Les investissements effectués de 1960 à 1980 dans le secteur des transports : Analyse et implications pour le futur. Rapport de la soixante sixième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 27 et 28 septembre 1984 (1985)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104545
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.66
    Keywords: Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104545-fr
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  • 96
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    Foreseeable Cost Trends in Different Modes of Freight Transport : Report of the Seventieth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 10-11 January 1985 (1985)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105900
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.70
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évolution prévisible des coûts des différents modes de transport de marchandises ; Rapport de la soixante-dixième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 10 et 11 janvier 1985
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines foreseeable cost trends in road, rail, and inland waterway transport.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105900-en
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  • 97
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    L' évaluation rétrospective et prospective des mesures de politique des transports : Dixième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Berlin (ouest), 13-15 mai 1985. Rapports introductifs et synthèse des discussions (1985)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282107614
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (496 p.)
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Evaluation of Past and Future Transport Policy Measures; Tenth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics, Berlin (West), 13-15 May 1985; Introductory reports and summary of discussions
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce livre présente les rapports introductifs et une synthèse des discussions du Dixième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports. Cette conférence était consacrée à l'évaluation rétrospective et prospective des mesures de politique des transports.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282107614-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 98
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    Changes in the Composition of Output and Employment (1985)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.23
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the main determinants of compositional changes in private consumption, output and employment in the post-OPEC 1 period compared with earlier developments. An attempt is made to separate cyclical forces from more permanent ones. This, it is hoped, may shed some light on the likely behaviour of employment in a setting of revived economic growth. The first part of the paper presents a brief overview of past trends for major categories of private consumption (food, other goods, private services, and energy), private sector output (mining, agriculture, manufacturing, construction and private services), sectoral employment, productivity and foreign trade shares. The second part shows empirical results from sectoral output-, private consumption- and sectoral productivity functions. Assisted by these findings a third and final part evaluates the likely evolution of sectoral output and employment in a period of faster economic growth and, as well, its implications for ...
    DOI: 10.1787/874716253535
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 99
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    Flexibilité du marché du travail et chocs extérieurs sur les prix (1985)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.24
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: L'évolution récente et prévue du marché du travail se caractérise par une polarisation et un cloisonnement croissants entre les pays de l'OCDE et à l'intérieur des marchés du travail nationaux. On s'attend à ce qu'en Europe, le taux de chômage devienne plus élevé qu'en Amérique du Nord, étant donné qu'il continuera vraisemblablement de s'accroître dans les pays où il est déjà important et qu'il diminuera sans doute encore dans les pays où il est relativement faible. Par ailleurs, c'est en général dans les pays où le taux de chômage est élevé, que le chômage de longue durée et le chômage des jeunes par rapport au chômage total sont les plus importants. On fait souvent valoir que les écarts de taux de chômage entre pays ou régions s'expliquent en partie par des degrés différents de "rigidité" ou, en termes positifs, de "flexibilité" du marché du travail. On estime que les chocs extérieurs sur les prix entraînent un chômage structurel plus élevé lorsque le marché du travail est ...
    DOI: 10.1787/760154127846
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
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    Écarts entre les importations et les exportations dans les statistiques du commerce extérieur du l'OCDE (1985)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.25
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La présente note traite des différences sur échanges, c'est-à-dire de l'écart entre le chiffre d'un flux d'importation et celui qui concerne (apparemment) le même flux considéré comme exportation. Par définition, on posera ici que les différences sur échanges sont égales à (M-X/M) 100, où M et X sont, respectivement, les importations enregistrées dans les statistiques du commerce extérieur d'un pays comme venant d'un partenaire donné et les exportations enregistrées dans les statistiques de ce partenaire comme partant à destination du pays considéré. La présente étude vise à examiner pourquoi des différences existent, à en déterminer l'ampleur et à voir si elles ont varié depuis une dizaine d'années. L'étude s'appuyant sur le fichier de statistiques du commerce extérieur de l'OCDE, se limite aux échanges entre pays de l'OCDE. Par ailleurs, elle ne s'intéresse qu'aux données exprimées en valeur, et jusqu'à présent rien n'a été entrepris pour étudier les écarts entre les notifications ...
    DOI: 10.1787/263600606605
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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