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  • 1
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in the United States (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.398
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: Regulatory reform efforts in a broad range of industries have resulted in increased importance of competitive forces as a means to allocate resources and improve economic efficiency. A number of indicators suggest that such forces have been stronger in the United States than in most other OECD countries for some time. This has contributed to sizeable productivity gains and good economic performance over the past decade or so. Nonetheless, despite the generally pro-competitive thrust of policies, a number of challenges remain. Although there are few sectors of the economy from which competition policy and law are completely excluded, given the high risk of sanctions and damages for violation, many anomalous exemptions and special regimes have found their way into US legislation. Contrary to other OECD countries, government related firms are exempted from competition enforcement. Intellectual property rights create special challenges for competition policy and some problems have followed their strengthening over the past two decades, such as the soaring cost of patent litigation. The generally favourable experience with deregulation created pressures for liberalisation in network industries, where the United States has rather been a laggard, at least in the electricity sector. Reforms in the 1990s have entailed some positive results but also some setbacks, reflecting both the difficulties in ensuring competition in such industries and policy mistakes.
    DOI: 10.1787/334545122257
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  • 2
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Korea (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.399
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Maintaining rapid economic growth depends increasingly on productivity gains, particularly in the service sector. Competition has an important role to play in achieving such gains. However, Korea’s development strategy has tended to weaken competition and has left a legacy of government intervention. Strengthening competition requires upgrading competition policy, increasing openness to international trade and foreign direct investment and improving the regulatory framework in network industries. In particular, the power of the Korea Fair Trade Commission should be expanded, while raising the level of sanctions and scaling back special treatment for certain sectors. Barriers to imports remain above the OECD average, particularly in agriculture, while the stock of inward direct investment is among the lowest in the OECD area. Restructuring plans in the network industries, notably electricity and gas, have lagged behind schedule. Price distortions and the absence of independent ...
    DOI: 10.1787/634035868056
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  • 3
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Norway (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.389
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Norwegian growth has been strong over the past decade. This development has been supported by the off-shore sector, but depleting oil reserves implies that growth will have to rely increasingly on the mainland economy. Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. Recognising the benefits of competition, the government wants to introduce regulatory reforms to stimulate economic growth. However, the promotion of competition has often conflicted with other policy objectives, such as maintaining a regionally dispersed population and a high degree of public ownership. This has lead to weak competition in a number of sectors, resulting in high prices, weak innovative activity and inefficient resource allocation. Reforms to promote product market competition in Norway should therefore inter alia focus on separating the public sector’s roles and functions as owner and regulator. This requires an increase in the independence of sector ...
    DOI: 10.1787/610454227534
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  • 4
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    Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Royaume-Uni (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 67-172
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 108 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in the United Kingdom
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 67-172
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les institutions de politique de concurrence du Royaume-Uni sont inhabituellement complexes. Elles comportent une commission qui se préoccupe « d’intérêt public » dans les monopoles et pratiques de marché, le directeur général du commerce équitable (Fair Trading) qui applique la législation de la concurrence désormais modelée sur la législation européenne, et de nombreux régulateurs qui sont également responsables de la mise en œuvre de la même législation dans leur secteur respectif. Des pouvoirs plus forts, au titre de la loi de 1998, rendent plus crédible maintenant l’application de la loi mais davantage de changements sont encore probables, notamment s’agissant des fusions et des monopoles...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art11-fr
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  • 5
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Finland (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.413
    Keywords: Wettbewerbspolitik ; Wettbewerbsrecht ; Deregulierung ; Finnland ; Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: Following the deep recession in the early 1990s growth has been strong, but the scope for economic catch-up remains considerable and cross-country empirical evidence suggests that enhancing competition is an important means of achieving this. Structural reforms to strengthen competition in the early 1990s did boost growth and were also ahead of similar developments in the EU. However, indicators suggest that relatively weak competition remains in a number of sectors. Moreover, potential competition is reduced by a sparse population and relative long distances to large markets, which together with the prevalence of local monopolies and public ownership in many network industries, point to the need for greater vigilance to sustain and promote competition. Further reforms to promote product market competition should focus on fundamental changes in the regulatory approach as well as more incremental measures to intensify competition. The competition authority should concentrate ...
    DOI: 10.1787/064577425651
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  • 6
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Japan (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.387
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. However, in Japan the promotion of competition has long been compromised by ministerial guidance and exemptions from the competition law. Thus, the level and growth of productivity have been low in many domestically oriented sectors and consumer welfare has suffered under high prices and the slow introduction of new goods and services. This misallocation of resources contributes to explaining why the Japanese economy had difficulty in coming out of the quasi-stagnation of the past decade. Recognising that gains from more pro-competition policies are substantial, the Japanese government has now made the promotion of competitive markets a cornerstone of its economic policy. Reforms to promote product market competition in Japan should inter alia focus on strengthening the legal framework by increasing fines to a deterrent level and introducing cartel destabilising measures, such as a leniency ...
    DOI: 10.1787/222508788602
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  • 7
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    Competition Law and Policy in South Africa (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-69
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politique et droit de la concurrence en Afrique du Sud
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-69
    Keywords: Governance ; South Africa
    Abstract: One of the elements of South Africa’s peaceful revolution over the last decade was reform of its competition policy institutions. The previous system had supported the previous economic system, characterised by autarky, protection, government direction, and high concentration. The new system promised to use competition policy to correct the faults of the old system and to promote policy goals of employment and empowerment. South Africa aspires to a modern competition policy regime, to deal with the well-resourced sophistication of much of the South African economy. Its new institutions, whose novelty responds in large part to the post-1994 imperative for fundamental restructuring of government institutions, have shown a capacity to deal confidently with complex structural issues in deciding dozens of merger cases. A legalistic business and government culture has challenged these new bodies to prove their competence and tested their jurisdiction. Now that the merger review process has been established, more attention should be paid to non-merger matters and probably to advocacy as well. Resources are stretched, and there is a critical need to improve the depth and strengthen the capacity of the professional staff. Maintaining consistent competition policy in regulated sectors will requiring reinforcing the relationships with sectoral regulators ...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art14-en
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  • 8
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    Politique et droit de la concurrence en Afrique du Sud (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-79
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 74 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition Law and Policy in South Africa
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 7-79
    Keywords: Governance ; South Africa
    Abstract: L’un des éléments de la révolution pacifique de l’Afrique du Sud au cours de la dernière décennie est la réforme de ses institutions de politique de la concurrence. Le système précédent avait appuyé un régime économique caractérisé par l’autarcie, la protection, le dirigisme et une forte concentration. Le nouveau dispositif comporte deux grands axes : utiliser la politique de la concurrence pour corriger les défauts de l’ancien système et promouvoir les objectifs généraux d’emploi et de partage du pouvoir économique. L’Afrique du Sud aspire à un régime de politique de la concurrence moderne, à la hauteur d’une économie dont une bonne partie est bien dotée en ressources. Les nouvelles instances de la concurrence, répondant dans une large mesure à la nécessité d’opérer à partir de 1994 une restructuration fondamentale des institutions publiques, ont fait la preuve de leur capacité à traiter des questions structurelles complexes lorsqu’il s’est agi de se prononcer sur un grand nombre de fusions. L’extrême juridisme qui régnait dans l’administration et les entreprises a mis ces nouvelles instances au défi de prouver leur savoir-faire et a testé leurs prérogatives. Maintenant que la procédure d’examen des fusions a été mise en place, il conviendrait de prêter davantage attention aux questions autres que les fusions et, probablement aussi à la promotion de la concurrence. Les ressources sont limitées et il est crucial d’élargir et de renforcer les compétences du personnel professionnel. Pour maintenir une politique de la concurrence cohérente dans les secteurs régulés, il est indispensable de consolider les liens avec les organismes sectoriels de régulation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art14-fr
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  • 9
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    Review of Competition Law and Policy in the United Kingdom (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 57-140
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Royaume-Uni
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 57-140
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The unusually complex competition policy institutions of the UK include a Commission that is concerned about the “public interest” in monopolies and market practices, the Director General of Fair Trading who enforces a competition law that is now modelled on European law, and many regulators who are also responsible for enforcing the same competition law in their sectors. Stronger powers under the Competition Act 1998 make enforcement more credible now, but still more changes are likely, notably concerning mergers and monopolies...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art11-en
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  • 10
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    Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Pologne (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 95-149
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 57 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in Poland
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 95-149
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Le droit de la concurrence polonais des années 90 qui a accompagné la restructuration du pays durant la période de transition, suit maintenant en substance les règles du Traité de l’Union européenne. L’application de la législation, cependant, se concentre toujours sur les abus perpétrés par ceux qui ont succédé aux monopoles pré existant à la réforme. L’Office de défense de la concurrence et des consommateurs (OPCC) combine la mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence avec la protection des consommateurs et le contrôle des aides d’État, tandis que le tribunal antimonopole traite des politiques réglementaires à partir de cas portant sur la réglementation d’infrastructure. Clarifier l’indépendance de l’OPCC vis-à-vis du gouvernement confortera l’intégrité de la mise en œuvre de la loi et rendra son plaidoyer en faveur de la concurrence plus visible.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art7-fr
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  • 11
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    Review of Competition Law and Policy in Poland (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Pologne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Poland’s 1990 competition law, which supported its transition restructuring, now substantively follows the rules of the EU treaty. But enforcement still focuses on abuses by successors to pre-reform monopolies. Competition enforcement agency by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (OCCP) is combined with consumer protection and monitoring state aids, while Antimonopoly Court integrates regulatory policies by deciding cases about infrastructure regulation. Clarifying the OCCP’s independence from the government will support the integrity of law enforcement as well as a more publicly visible advocacy role.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art7-en
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  • 12
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    Review of Competition Law and Policy in Canada (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Canada
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Important issues in competition policy in Canada today are the independence and powers of the institutions and the balance between competition policy principles and national interests. The foundations of policy are being tested in merger litigation over the meaning of efficiency. Enforcement against cartels is complicated by a need to show that restraints are “undue.” Canada's “conformity continuum” offers an important, distinctive contribution to enforcement practice. Responses to controversies sometimes appear ad hoc, but the outcomes, such as the laws about banking mergers and about airlines, have recognised competition concerns. Policy options for consideration include finding other means to promote the goals now served by ownership controls, reviewing the scope of federal and provincial regulatory constraints on competition, clarifying the scope of the Commissioner's decision-making independence, and making enforcement more efficient by providing for private action, improving the decision process, and clarifying the anti-cartel principle.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art3-en
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  • 13
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    Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Canada (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 53-127
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 77 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in Canada
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 53-127
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Les questions importantes aujourd'hui au Canada dans le domaine de la concurrence sont l'indépendance et les pouvoirs des autorités, et l'équilibre entre principes de politique de concurrence et intérêts nationaux. Les fondements de la politique ont été mis à l'épreuve s'agissant de la signification de l'efficience dans des procès concernant des fusions. L'application de la loi à l'encontre des ententes se complique de la nécessité de démontrer que les restrictions sont injustifiées. Le « continuum d'observation de la loi » offre au Canada une contribution importante et originale à la façon dont la loi est mise en œuvre. Les réponses apportées aux controverses paraissent ad hoc mais le résultat, comme les lois concernant les fusions bancaires et les compagnies aériennes, prend en compte les préoccupations de concurrence. Les options politiques à examiner comportent la recherche d'autres moyens pour promouvoir les objectifs pour le moment remplis par le contrôle des détenteurs du capital, l'examen du champ des contraintes réglementaires tant fédérales que provinciales, la clarification du degré d'indépendance du Commissaire en matière de pouvoir de décision, une efficacité accrue de l'application de la loi en permettant le recours à l'action privée, l'amélioration du processus de décision et la clarification du principe de lutte contre les ententes.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art3-fr
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  • 14
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    Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en République tchèque (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-64
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Competition Law and Policy in the Czech Republic
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-64
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: La législation de la concurrence en République tchèque repose sur les principaux concepts européens de fond. Les éléments qui étaient essentiels à une économie de transition sont en cours de révision dans le cadre du processus d’accession à l’Union européenne. L’autorité chargée de l’application de la loi était à l’époque un ministère alors que maintenant, le Bureau tchèque de la protection de la concurrence économique est une agence indépendante. Les clauses d’exemption sont bien contrôlées, et les mécanismes d’application fonctionnent bien. Cependant des pouvoirs plus forts pourraient être nécessaires pour traiter les ententes secrètes. L’amélioration de la compétitivité qui passe par l’achèvement de la réforme des structures industrielles héritées, nécessite la résolution des problèmes de financement et de gouvernement d’entreprise. A cet égard, la politique de la concurrence jouera un rôle modeste.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art1-fr
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  • 15
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    Review of Competition Law and Policy in the Czech Republic (2002)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-58
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en République tchèque
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 1, p. 7-58
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The Czech Republic competition law is based on familiar European substantive concepts. Features that were appropriate for a transition setting are being revised in anticipation of EU accession. The enforcement body was at one time a separate Ministry; now, the Czech Office for the Protection of Economic Competition is an independent agency. Provisions for exemption are well controlled, and the processes for applying it are working well; however, stronger enforcement powers may be needed to deal with secret cartels. The major challenge of improving competitiveness by completing the reform of the inherited industrial structure requires solving problems of corporate governance and financing. The role of competition policy in that task will be modest.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art1-en
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