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  • 2010-2014  (285)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (285)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Finance and Investment  (285)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264209091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Financing state-owned enterprises
    DDC: 350.0092
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Unternehmensfinanzierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This book sheds light on how financing decisions are made regarding state-owned enterprises and synthesises national policies and practices. It also examines a broad range of financial transactions and conditions which might make the cost of operating SOEs materially different than for private competitors, and identifies whether any mechanisms are in place to neutralise such differences.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264206441
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD investment policy reviews
    DDC: 346.0920261
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Myanmar ; Finance and Investment ; Myanmar ; Bericht ; Birma ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: This comprehensive review of Myanmar's policies regarding inward direct investment covers such issues as trends in investment in Myanmar, responsible business conduct, regulation and protection of investment, investment promotion and facilitation, tax policy, the financial sector in Myanmar, infrastructure in Myanmar, and sustainable investment in Myanmar's agriculture.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224964
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Un Panorama de las Pensiones en America Latina y el Caribe
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Um Panorama dos Sistemas Previdenciários na América Latina e no Caribe
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pensions at a glance
    Keywords: Altersvorsorge ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Bericht ; Lateinamerika ; Karibik ; Pensionskasse ; Altersversorgung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: This comprehensive examination of pension systems in Latin America and the Caribbean looks at recent trends in retirement and working at older ages, evolving life expectancy, design of pension systems, and pension entitlements before providing a series of country profiles. The special chapter analyses the coverage and adequacy of Latin American pension systems.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264220652
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.)
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Improving corporate governance in India
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Indien ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; India
    Abstract: A concern that many markets around the world share in relation to poor corporate governance is the abuse of related party transactions (RPTs). This is particularly true in markets where controlling ownership is predominant. Judging by the frequent reporting of RPTs, this calls for the relevant authorities and companies to be vigilant and have in place an effective oversight framework through which abusive RPTs can be identified, prevented or stopped. This book presents the findings of an OECD policy dialogue with Indian stakeholders on policies to improve the monitoring and prevension of abusive RPTs in India.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264203501
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Illicit financial flows from developing countries
    Keywords: Kapitalmobilität ; Geldwäsche ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: This publication identifies the main areas of weakness and potential areas for action to combat money-laundering, tax evasion, foreign bribery, and to identify, freeze and return stolen assets. It also looks at the role of development agencies and finds that the potential returns to developing countries from using ODA on issues like combating tax evasion or asset recovery are significant. Finally, it identifies some opportunities for a scaled-up role for development agencies.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264207790
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan d'action concernant l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aktionsplan zur Bekämpfung der Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan de acción contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Russian version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Este plano de ação (i) identifica ações necessárias para enfrentar a erosão da base tributária e a transferência de lucros; (ii) estabelece prazos para a implementação dessas ações; e (iii) identifica os recursos necessários e a metodologia adequada para implementar as ações.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 47-71 | volume:14 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:47-71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 47-71
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:14
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:47-71
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Against the background of the recent financial crisis that in many countries metastasised into significant fiscal stress, this article reviews the analysis, management and mitigation of fiscal risks. On the basis of the classification of specific, general and systemic types, fiscal risks have been estimated directly, and more recently, through sensitivity tests on baseline macro-fiscal projections. Although still at an experimental stage, valuable insights have been gained for implementation of various stochastic methods. The article draws a number of lessons for improved management and mitigation of fiscal risks from a recent OECD survey of country practices. This suggests scope for improvement on a number of fronts: disclosure and estimation of risks; assignment of such tasks within the public sector; adoption of various insurance schemes; building special-purpose reserves; and enacting well-designed fiscal rules, along with effective no-bailout provisions. At the policy level, it is necessary to adopt a countercyclical policy stance especially during economic booms; to enforce transparent accounting and forecasting practices; and where necessary, to undertake structural reform in key areas. An additional overarching lesson from the financial crisis is the need to assess and prevent systemic fiscal risk through close co-ordination with an independent macroprudential supervisory authority. JEL classification: H5, H12, H41 Keywords: Fiscal risk, fiscal rules, countercyclical policy, systemic risk, stochastic methods
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 109-122 | volume:14 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:109-122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 109-122
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:14
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:109-122
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Austerity has become a widely used term in economic research and popular media as many countries have recently implemented deficit reduction policies. This article begins by exploring definitions of austerity used in research and the ways these different definitions impact analysis of policy effects. The article then takes into account a number of factors that can affect the outcome of these so-called austerity measures, including economic conditions, time period, and parties impacted by the policies. Without a clear definition of austerity and the contexts under which it is implemented, a conclusive analysis of austerity’s effects cannot be conducted. This article concludes that the term “austerity” will remain a confusing term that can breed misunderstanding, social uprisings, political unrest, and ill-prescribed solutions to economic problems. JEL classification: H10, H12, H41, H60 Keywords: Austerity, spending cuts, deficits, tax increases, recession
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264209688
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan d'action concernant l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan de acción contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plano de ação para o combate à erosão da base tributária e à transferência de lucros
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Russian version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Nationale Steuergesetze haben nicht mit der Entwicklung global agierender Unternehmen und Firmen Schritt gehalten. Schlupflöcher, die zwischen den einzelnen nationalstaatlichen Regimen entstehen, können somit von multinationalen Unternehmen dazu genutzt werden, ihre Abgaben durch trickreiche Steuergestaltung zu minimieren. Der OECD-Aktionsplan, der sich gegen die Erosion von Steuerbemessungsgrundlagen und die Gewinnverlagerung (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting - BEPS) richtet, benennt 15 Maßnahmen, durch die Regierungen in Zukunft verhindern können, dass internationale Firmen wenig oder gar keine Steuern zahlen.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264212619 , 9789264226821
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (245 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD investment policy reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Mauritius ; Finance and Investment ; Mauritius
    Abstract: This review illustrates the significant progress made by the government of Mauritius in improving its investment climate in recent years. It highlights major initiatives and specific policy measures undertaken, as well as areas that need further reforms to attract more and better investment, both domestic and foreign. While numerous policy advances have been achieved, this review identifies remaining challenges and policy options.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 35-45 | volume:14 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:35-45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 35-45
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:14
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:35-45
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: commission has reviewed all the guarantees, loans and financial interventions provided by the Dutch government. This review shows that policy makers often perceive these measures as a “free lunch”, do-not-ask (sufficiently high) premiums and do-not-build reserves to cover potential damages. The commission concluded that the Dutch government needs to reduce these measures where possible (e.g. by including sunset clauses), implement policies that reduce implicit risks, increase transparency, and consider asking for an external opinion regarding premiums in case of large and complex risks. Also internationally, an increased focus on budget systems that ensure transparency and provide the right incentives is necessary, as in recent years contingent liabilities increased while government finances deteriorated, making countries less resilient to these risks. Countries seem to use very different definitions and reporting methods with regard to contingent liabilities, making an international comparison and monitoring very difficult.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 49-79 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:49-79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 49-79
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:49-79
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Performance budgeting (PB) emerged more than 60 years ago as a key driver of budgetary innovation in the United States. Due to its often lofty goals, PB initiatives were rarely successful, but have instead reappeared, in different forms and with new labels. This article focuses on contemporary PB transformations, explains their rationale and objectives, and assesses their prospects in eight sections. Due to the fact that PB defies standardisation and countries differ in their approaches, the versions discussed here do not fit all venues, nor would all observers agree that they are sufficiently distinguishable from one another to warrant distinctive labels. PB, however, has some basic features that cut across all its mutations, though the way they are framed or applied may differ among the various approaches. JEL classification: H60, H61, H68 Keywords: Budget allocation, budget framework, expenditures, implementation, line items, performance budgeting
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 73-107 | volume:14 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:73-107
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 73-107
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:14
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:73-107
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The OECD has created a Joint Network on Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems. This article, developed as input to that project, seeks to summarise both why budgeting for healthcare is particularly challenging and why the challenge is often misunderstood. I argue that sustainability is a political, not fiscal, issue; that common explanations of increased spending, such as “ageing” and “technology”, are either inaccurate or unhelpful; and that the nature of public support for healthcare means that standard budgetary worldviews may not be appropriate in a representative system. For example, both a focus on “fiscal space” and distrust of dedicated revenues may be contrary to budgetary values of both representation and balance. I offer explanations of why demand for healthcare spending both is peculiarly intense and tends to expand because notions of “necessary” care expand. Budget-making is made more difficult by a uniquely confusing proliferation of ideas about how to control spending, many of which are supported more by disciplinary biases than by hard evidence. I conclude by considering the impact of two structural features: whether services are delivered by a bureau or as an entitlement, and whether it is funded by dedicated revenues. The challenges can be met, but hardheaded and sceptical budget analysis is especially important. JEL classification: H51, H6, E62, H2, I1, J11, O33, P16, Z18 Keywords: Budgeting, healthcare spending, ageing society, Baumol’s disease, dedicated revenues, efficiency, entitlements, redistribution, technology, unsustainability
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 69-98 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:69-98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 69-98
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:69-98
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Bank regulatory reform is expected to limit the value of implicit bank debt guarantees, even if not plainly targeting such values. According to the responses from 35 countries to a survey on implicit bank debt guarantees, there is however no one specific policy capable of fully eliminating the market perception that bank debt is “special”. A mixture of several different and complementary policy measures is considered more helpful, with recurrent elements including the implementation of internationally agreed capital and liquidity standards, the tightening of micro- and macro-prudential supervision and making bank failure resolution more effective. As regards the overall thrust of bank regulatory reform efforts, most respondents suggest “strengthening banks” and “strengthening the capacity to withdraw the guarantee function” describes best their own efforts. By contrast, labelling certain policy measures as “effectively charging a user fee” is considered problematic as it might make explicit what currently is at most implicit.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 43-68 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:43-68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 43-68
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:43-68
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The main hallmarks of the global financial crisis were too-big-to-fail institutions taking on too much risk with other people’s money: excess leverage and default pressure resulting from contagion and counterparty risk. This paper looks at whether the Basel III agreement addresses these issues effectively. Basel III has some very useful elements, notably a (much too light “back-up”) leverage ratio, a capital buffer, a proposal to deal with pro-cyclicality through dynamic provisioning based on expected losses and liquidity and stable funding ratios. However, the paper shows that Basel risk weighting and the use of internal bank models for determining them leads to systematic regulatory arbitrage that undermines its effectiveness. Empirical evidence about the determinants of the riskiness of a bank (measured in this study by the Distance-to-Default) shows that a simple leverage ratio vastly outperforms the Basel Tier 1 ratio. Furthermore, business model features (after controlling for macro factors) have a huge impact. Derivatives origination, prime broking, etc., carry vastly different risks to core deposit banking. Where such differences are present, it makes little sense to have a one-size-fits-all approach to capital rules. Capital rules make more sense when fundamentally different businesses are separated. JEL classification: G01, G15, G18, G20, G21, G24, G28 Keywords: Financial crisis, Basel III, derivatives, bank business models, distance-todefault, structural bank separation, banking reform, GSIFI banks
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 69-91 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:69-91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 69-91
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:69-91
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The main hallmarks of the global financial crisis were too-big-to-fail institutions taking on too much risk with other people’s money while gains were privatised and losses socialised. It is shown that banks need little capital in calm periods, but in a crisis they need too much – there is no reasonable ex-ante capital rule for large systemically important financial institutions that will make them safe. The bank regulators paradox is that large complex and interconnected banks need very little capital in the good times, but they can never have enough in an extreme crisis. Separation is required to deal with this problem, which derives mainly from counterparty risk. The study suggests banks should be considered for separation into a ring-fenced non-operating holding company (NOHC) structure with ring-fencing when they pass a key allowable threshold for the gross market value (GMV) of derivatives, a case which is reinforced if the bank has high wholesale funding and low levels of liquid trading assets. The pricing of derivatives and repos would become more commensurate with the risks if the NOHC proposal were to be pursued as a unifying strategy for the different national approaches. Most of the objections to this structure are summarised and rebutted. Other national proposals for separation in Switzerland, the Volcker rule, the Vickers rule, and the Liikanen proposal are argued to be inferior to the ring-fenced NOHC proposal, on the grounds that empirical evidence about what matters for a safe business model is not taken properly into account. JEL classification: G01, G15, G18, G20, G21, G24, G28 Keywords: Financial crisis, derivatives, bank business models, distance-to-default, structural bank separation, banking reform, GSIFI banks
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 29-42 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:29-42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 29-42
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:29-42
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The results of an IMF study on controls on capital inflows in emerging economies, using a probit regression approach, are first replicated and tested for stability. The IMF results, downplayed by the authors, have been used by others to suggest controls can be helpful in a crisis situation. However, the stability findings suggest the results are not sufficiently robust to make strong claims in this regard. The same 37 countries and the IMF capital control measures are then used in a panel regression study to examine the impact of capital inflows on annual real GDP growth around the Global Financial Crisis. The results between the pre-crisis and the crisis periods are inconsistent with the IMF study – finding that capital restrictions on inflows (particularly debt liabilities) are most useful in good times when inflows to emerging markets are strong and upward pressure on managed exchange rates and reserves accumulation is greatest. However, lower controls on bonds and on FDI inflows seem to be associated with better growth outcomes during the crisis period studied. These findings are more consistent with studies that see capital controls as part of exchange rate targeting policies and concerns about excess reserves accumulation. JEL Classification: C23, C25, F21, F43, G01 Keywords: Capital controls, economic growth, emerging economies, financial crisis
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 115-148 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:115-148
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 115-148
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:115-148
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: After a brief overview of current financing difficulties for SMEs and policy measures to support SME lending during the crisis,this article presents a literature review related to difficulties in SME’s access to finance during the crisis, against a background of a sharp decline in bank profitability and an erosion of bank capital that negatively affected lending. The articles reviewed are classified according to four main issues of interest:the impairment of the bank-credit channel and its economic effects;factors potentially attenuating the effect of a financial squeeze;the role of global banking in mitigating but also transmitting financial shocks; and,looking ahead,issues related to so-called “credit-less recoveries” that should be relevant in guiding policy makers in the current environment of financial deleveraging. All the results hold important implications for policy making given the bail-outs and the large injections ofliquidity by central banks during the crisis.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 99-121 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:99-121
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 99-121
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:99-121
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Since the 1980s OECD investment-saving correlations – as an inverse measure of economic openness – indicate a very wide disparity of openness between the OECD and emerging market economies (EMEs) with an absence of open markets in the latter. Given the increasing weight of EMEs in the world economy this pattern of growth with disparity of openness is ultimately unsustainable. This approach to development is not in the interests of EMEs in the post-crisis global environment. Various studies show how the absence of capital mobility inhibits development though private sector capital expenditure at the firm level. This paper generalises those findings in a panel study, showing that in the period since 2008 the increased presence of capital controls is associated with highly significant negative effects on business investment. It suggests that the world economy could be entering a more dangerous phase of potential instability that is not in the interests of either the advanced or the emerging world. There is scope for better policies to encourage more openness; the OECD Codes of Liberalisation could be an effective tool for managing the reform process.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 7-28 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:7-28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 7-28
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:7-28
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The paper explores the issue of macro-prudential policies in the light of empirical evidence on the determinants of bank systemic risk, and the effectiveness of capital controls. In many ways this reflects a step back in time towards sector approaches to monetary policy that were so prevalent in the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. Complexity and interdependence is such that proposals on these issues should be treated with care until much more is understood about the issue. JEL Classification: C23, C25, F21, F43, G01. Keywords: Macro-prudential policies, capital controls, economic growth, emerging economies, financial crisis.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220102 , 9789264208636
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Risk management and corporate governance
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Risikomanagement ; Privatwirtschaft ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; OECD-Staaten ; Norwegen ; Singapur ; Schweiz ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This sixth peer review of the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance analyses the corporate governance framework and practices relating to corporate risk management, in the private sector and in state-owned enterprises. The review covers 26 jurisdictions and is based on a general survey of all participating jurisdictions in December 2012, as well as an in-depth review of corporate risk management in Norway, Singapore and Switzerland. The report finds that while risk-taking is a fundamental driving force in business and entrepreneurship, the cost of risk management failures is often underestimated, both externally and internally, including the cost in terms of management time needed to rectify the situation. The reports thus concludes that corporate governance should ensure that risks are understood, managed, and, when appropriate, communicated.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264207837
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan d'action concernant l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aktionsplan zur Bekämpfung der Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan de acción contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plano de ação para o combate à erosão da base tributária e à transferência de lucros
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Taxation is at the core of countries' sovereignty, but in recent years, multinational companies have avoided taxation in their home countries by pushing activities abroad to low or no tax jurisdictions. The G20 asked OECD to address this growing problem by creating this action plan to address base erosion and profit shifting. This plan identifies a series of domestic and international actions to address the problem and sets timelines for the implementation.
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  • 23
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264207813
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan d'action concernant l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aktionsplan zur Bekämpfung der Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plano de ação para o combate à erosão da base tributária e à transferência de lucros
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Russian version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Este Plan de acción demanda cambios fundamentales en los mecanismos actuales y la adopción de nuevos enfoques basados en el consenso, incluyendo disposiciones anti-abuso, diseñados para evitar y contrarrestar la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264221864
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. SME Policy Index; The Mediterranean Middle East and North Africa 2014; Implementation of the Small Business Act for Europe
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Ce rapport fournit une évaluation des politiques publiques en faveur des PME, dans huit économies du Moyen-Orient et d'Afrique du Nord. L’évaluation est structurée selon les dix principes (dimensions) du Small Business Act pour l’Europe. Le rapport conclut que la région dans son ensemble a au cours des cinq dernières années progressé dans les domaines clés de la politique en faveur des PME en dépit de la crise politique et économique. Cependant, les progrès furent modestes, progressifs et inégaux entre les économies et les dimensions. Les progrès ont été plus marqués dans les économies ayant mis en place un cadre institutionnel solide et bien structuré pour leur politique en faveur des PME.
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  • 25
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195547
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Scaling-up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Ce rapport examine les six mécanismes de financement novateurs tels que définis par la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB). Il s’agit de la réforme fiscale environnementale, des paiements pour services écosystémiques, de la compensation des atteintes à la biodiversité, des marchés de produits verts, de la biodiversité dans le financement climatique, ainsi que de la biodiversité dans le financement international du développement. Cette publication, qui s’est inspirée de la littérature existante et de plus de 40 études de cas réalisées dans le monde entier, examine les questions suivantes : Quels sont ces mécanismes et comment fonctionnent-ils ? Quelles ressources financières ont-ils mobilisées et quelles sont les possibilités de les accroître ? Enfin, quelles sont les considérations clés de conception et de mise en oeuvre – y compris les mesures de sauvegarde environnementale et sociale – dont il faut tenir compte pour que les pouvoirs publics puissent garantir l’efficacité environnementale, l’efficience économique et l’équité redistributive de ces mécanismes ?
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  • 26
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264215610
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The size and sectoral distribution of SOEs in OECD and partner countries
    DDC: 332
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Betriebsgröße ; Betriebsgrößenstruktur ; Branche ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses a dataset detailing the size of national state-owned enterprise (SOE) sectors (by number, value and employment) and their composition by sector and corporate forms. The data relates to end-2012 and is based on questionnaire responses from government delegates to the OECD Working Party on State Ownership and Privatisation Practices. The authorities of 34 countries (of which 31 OECD member and three partner countries) contributed to the dataset.
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  • 27
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264201842
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Interconnected Economies; Benefiting from Global Value Chains
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cette publication examine comment les chaînes de valeur mondiales ont évolué et les défis politiques qu'elles ont engendrés.
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  • 28
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264212916
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (86 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Policy Framework for Investment in Agriculture
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Le Cadre d’action pour l’investissement agricole (CAIA) a vocation à aider les pays à évaluer et concevoir des politiques visant à attirer l’investissement privé vers l’agriculture et à optimiser la contribution de cet investissement à la croissance économique et à un développement durable. S’appuyant sur les bonnes pratiques de pays membres et non membres de l’OCDE, ce Cadre d’action propose des questions et des orientations dans dix domaines de politiques publiques identifiés comme cruciaux en vue d’attirer des investissements dans le secteur agricole.
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  • 29
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 9-47 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:9-47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 9-47
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-47
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: In the course of the prolonged economic crisis that started in 2008, fiscal space has become a scarce commodity in OECD countries. This has not only broadened the appeal of a concept originally raised by emerging countries in the early 2000s, but has also extended its meaning to recognise its intertemporal nature and to highlight its endogenous features. Current projections indicate that fiscal consolidation needs and the effect of demographic change on social security may shrink non-pension fiscal space in OECD countries by some 18% between 2011 and 2030, exceeding current consolidation plans in many countries. The response to these needs should take place increasingly through budgets rather than ad hoc consolidation packages. To this end, the quest for fiscal space needs to be mainstreamed into budgeting by developing appropriate tools and procedures; the effort needs to extend beyond the annual budget process both in timeframe and scope; and many actors need to contribute to this effort in addition to ministries of finance and budget offices. In other words, generating fiscal space at the required scale needs not only a substantial revamping of budget practices, but also revisiting the temporal and institutional framework within which budgeting takes place. JEL classification: H50, H61, H83 Keywords: Budget practices, budget framework, economic crisis, fiscal space, fiscal consolidation, incrementalist, performance, recession
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  • 30
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 9-33 | volume:14 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:9-33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 1, p. 9-33
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:14
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-33
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Japan experienced a major change of government in September 2009. It was a remarkable political event, because Japanese politics was dominated by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in almost all the years following the end of World War ll. The new coalition government led by the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) tried to overhaul and restructure public administration and policy making in order to strengthen political leadership. In particular, they wanted to reform budgetary institutions as they fully recognised the LDP governments’ wasted public money that brought about huge fiscal deficits. They introduced new medium-term fiscal targets and planning, programme reviews, and tax expenditure report, and legislated laws to increase the rate of consumption tax from 5% to 10%. However their reforms were not successful as expected and ended in larger fiscal deficits. This paper analyses the economic and fiscal management of the DPJ Administration and why they couldn’t succeed in reforming budgetary institutions.
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  • 31
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 3, p. 1-29 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:1-29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 3, p. 1-29
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-29
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Many governments have enacted health cost-containment policies in recent years, and many are currently considering further reform alternatives to tackle growing health spending and promote efficiency in the health system, particularly in light of projections regarding future cost pressures in this sector. The focus of this study is to assess the most robust empirical evidence on the public spending effects of health policy alternatives to contain excess cost growth in the system. A stylised theoretical framework of the relationships between potential cost-containment measures, economic incentives and quantities, and health expenditure is suggested. The developed framework provides structural guidance for reviewing the evidence on the cost-containment impacts of various reforms implemented in OECD countries in the last decades. The accumulated evidence indicates that there are various alternative policies in a government’s toolkit that can be combined to achieve better cost control in the health system, provided institutional aspects and policy interactions are carefully considered. JEL classification: I10, I18, H51. Keywords: Health financing, cost containment, provider payment, health system reform.
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  • 32
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 123-189 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:123-189
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 123-189
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:123-189
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Albania
    Abstract: The Republic of Albania is located in south-eastern Europe and has a population of 2.8 million (2011 census). It was established as a unitary parliamentary republic in 1991 after 46 years of Communist rule. This review of the budget process of the Republic of Albania was carried out as part of the work programme of the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials. In preparation for the review, a team for the OECD Secretariat led by Knut Klepsvik undertook a mission to Tirana from 29 October to 2 November 2012. The substance of this review is divided into 4 sections which details the budgeting process in Albania and includes an Annex summarising recent budget reviews that have taken place in the country. JEL classification: H50, H61, H83, O21, O52 Keywords: Annual budget, budgetary process, budget structure, fiscal policy, fiscal rules, parliamentary budget, procurement.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 123-138 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:123-138
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 123-138
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:123-138
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The infrastructure financing market has gone through a process of radical transformation starting from the mid-2000s. Different reasons – including a changed macroeconomic environment, more stringent regulations on financial intermediaries, and a modified appetite for long-term asset investments – have led to a reallocation of flows from the banking sector to the institutional investors sector. This article provides an overview of international trends in infrastructure finance. It proposes a map of the different investment channels that private investors can use to access the infrastructure investment on the equity and debt side, highlighting the historical evolution of these segments in the past few years. Recently designed financial structures, such as different forms of partnership between banks and institutional investors, securitisation models and debt/credit fund vehicles, are also taken into consideration. JEL classification: E2, G1, G11, G2, G3, H44, H54, H81 Keywords: infrastructure financing, long-term investment, institutional investors, public-private partnerships, bank institutional investors partnerships, syndicated loans, project bonds, securitisation, debt/credit fund vehicles, financial market regulation
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 3, p. 1-29 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:1-29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 3, p. 1-29
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-29
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The strength of the United Kingdom’s central finance agency (H.M. Treasury) has been attributed to its broad and powerful influence on policy issues; the high intellectual standards of its staff; the relatively clear division between the “official” treasury and the political level; and the important role played by the permanent secretary as an anchor and point of communication between officials and ministers. To maintain its power the Treasury has to adapt quickly to changing economic and political circumstances, most recently the global financial crisis. It has also engaged in two major reorganisations over the past 20 years, which have resulted in a substantial streamlining of the organisation, a flattening of the management structure, and a casting out of functions regarded as peripheral to its core finance and economic mandate. Some critics, however, have argued that the performance of the Treasury has failed, and that the department needs to be cut back to its traditional role as a budget and finance ministry. JEL classification: H50, H54, H80, H83. Keywords: Treasury, finance ministry, central finance agency, public finance, organisation, change management.
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  • 35
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 81-122 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:2 | pages:81-122
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 2, p. 81-122
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:81-122
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article focuses on the optimal design of spending review processes. It contents that sending review should be an integral part of the government budget preparation process, in order to support aggregate fiscal discipline and to increase the fiscal space available for essential new spending initiatives. The article discusses the appropriate focus and coverage of spending review, the assignment of roles and responsibilities during the process, and the information base of spending review. JEL classification: H500, H610. Keywords: Baseline expenditure, fiscal space, savings options, efficiency reviews, strategic reviews, bottom-up review, joint review, top-down review, comprehensive review, selective review.
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 39-67 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:39-67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 39-67
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:39-67
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Implicit guarantees of bank debt create economic costs and distortions, which is why policy makers have clearly announced their intention to rein in the value of implicit guarantees. This report identifies key findings from the responses from 35 countries to a survey on implicit guarantees. The survey shows that while authorities have not settled on the best way of measuring such guarantees, it is important to produce estimates of the value of these guarantees to facilitate the task of assessing progress in bank regulatory reform and in reducing the value of these guarantees. Whatever method is used, the value of implicit bank debt guarantees is substantial. In absolute terms, the estimated funding cost advantages can amount to about USD 10 billion on an annual basis for banking sectors in some jurisdictions and, in many cases, they are estimated to represent the equivalent of 1% of domestic GDP; in crisis situations, this value could rise to close to 3% of domestic GDP.
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  • 37
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    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 139-162 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:139-162
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 139-162
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:139-162
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Reducing bank dependence in financing small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are key contributors to economic growth and job creation should help making them more resilient to financial shocks. Various non-bank debt financing alternatives are available and were the focus of a Roundtable discussion that this article draws on. Revitalising securitisation, tarnished during the crisis, is important, by making it safer, simpler and more transparent, and perhaps also by offering some (initial) government and regulatory support. Similarly, covered bonds can be attractive instruments for SME finance. For mid-sized companies, bond issuance and private placements may also provide useful alternatives. All these instruments can and should be tailored to fit the investors’ needs. There is no “silver bullet” for SME finance which is exceptionally complex due to the diversity of SMEs themselves. Data transparency, standardisation, regulatory support and raising awareness about available financing options should be among the issues to be addressed. JEL classification: G1, G2, G23, G28 Keywords: SME finance, non-bank finance, (high-quality) securitisation, asset-backed securities (ABS), SME CLO (collateralised loan obligation), (covered) bonds, private placements, European DataWarehouse, Prime Collateralised Securities (PCS) initiative.
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  • 38
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 3, p. 1-26 | volume:13 | year:2014 | number:3 | pages:1-26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 3, p. 1-26
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-26
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Sweden
    Abstract: Elements of the Swedish pension reform enacted in the 1990s have served as a model for reform initiatives in a number of other countries. Sweden’s experience suggests that a Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) pension reform can be sustained in a supportive political environment, but it has not been immune to electoral pressures to prevent visible cuts in pension benefits. Moreover, efforts to lengthen working lives have encountered major barriers both in the way that the state pension system is perceived and in the structure of the occupational pension system. Design of Sweden’s individual account tier has major successes in lowering administrative costs and in providing information across sources of retirement income, but efforts to increase active engagement in selecting retirement savings portfolios have faltered. Sweden has modified its new pension system in several ways over the past decade to address perceived problems and political concerns, and debates are now arising on a “Pension Reform 2.0” package of more comprehensive changes. JEL classification: H5, H55. Keywords: Pension reform, pension system, income contribution, retirement, stabilising mechanisms.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 3, p. 1-19
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-19
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: In this article, past forecast errors are used to construct confidence intervals around Australian Government Budget forecasts of key economic and fiscal variables. These confidence intervals provide an indication of the extent of uncertainty around the point estimate forecasts presented in the Budget. JEL classification numbers: E17, H68. Keywords: Confidence intervals, forecast errors, government budget, nominal GDP, real GDP, treasury, uncertainty.
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  • 40
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    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 93-114 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:93-114
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 2, p. 93-114
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:93-114
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This article provides a framework for analysing the character and degree of ownership engagement by institutional investors.It argues that the general term “institutional investor” in itself doesn’t say very much about the quality or degree of ownership engagement. It is therefore an evasive “shorthand” for policy discussions about ownership engagement. The reason is that there are large differences in ownership engagement between different categories of institutional investors. There are also differences in ownership engagement within the same category of institutional investors such as hedge funds, investment funds,etc. These differences arise from the fact that the degree of ownership engagement is determined by a number of different features and choices that together make up the institutional investor’s “business model”. When ownership engagement is not a central part of the business model,public policies and voluntary standards aiming to improve the quality of ownership engagement among institutional investors are likely to have limited effect. Based on an empirical overview of the relative sise of different categories of institutional investors, the article identifies a set of 7 features and 19 choices that in different combinations define the institutional investor’s business model. These features and choices are then used to establish a taxonomy for identifying different degrees of ownership engagement ranging from “no engagement” to “inside engagement”.
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  • 41
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    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 7-37 | volume:2014 | year:2014 | number:1 | pages:7-37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2014, no. 1, p. 7-37
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2014
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:7-37
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The value of implicit guarantees has declined from its peak at the height of the financial crisis, which is consistent with progress made regarding the bank regulatory reform agenda, as one would expect that many of the reform measures imply a more limited value of implicit guarantees for bank debt. Implicit guarantees persist however and their value continues to be significant, estimated here to be equivalent to EUR 50 billion of annual funding costs savings for a sample of more than 100 large European banks. This estimated funding cost advantage is a conservative estimate as it only focuses on one type of debt that can be measured in “real-time”, that is as data on credit ratings, debt issuance and prices of debt become available. In any case, bank debt continues to be considered “special” by market participants and this observation implies that the substantial economic distortions, including distortions to risk-taking incentives and competition, arising from this situation also persist.
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264206090
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Competition Assessment Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD competition assessment reviews
    Keywords: Wettbewerb ; Griechenland ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Greece
    Abstract: The work undertaken by the Greek authorities in recent years to reinforce competition law and the Hellenic Competition Commission, to simplify business administration and to liberalise professional services have demonstrated the political willingness to address the problem of existing regulatory barriers to competition that have contributed to holding back the economic recovery. The OECD Competition Assessment Project, through the scrutiny of legislation in four sectors of the Greek economy, food processing, retail trade, building materials and tourism, has identified 336 areas where particular reform can be undertaken, from a total of 539 provisions that were selected using the OECD Competition Assessment Toolkit. If our recommendations are implemented, benefits to consumers in Greece and to the Greek economy should arise in all four sectors. Throughout this report, we seek to identify the sources of those benefits and where possible provide quantitative estimates. Estimates are made on the basis of experiences of deregulation in other countries in some instances, or by relating conservative estimates of efficiency gains to the overall size of the business activity affected.
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  • 43
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264212725
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action pour l'investissement agricole
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Policy framework for investment in agriculture
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Investitionspolitik ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Landwirtschaft ; Investition
    Abstract: By proposing questions in ten policy areas, the Policy Framework for Investment in Agriculture supports host countries in evaluating and designing policies to mobilise private investment in agriculture and maximise its positive contribution to economic growth and sustainable development. It draws on the Policy Framework for Investment developed at the OECD in 2006 by 60 OECD and non-OECD countries.
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  • 44
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Financial education for youth
    DDC: 332
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finanzwissen ; Schule ; Schüler ; Unterricht ; Jugendliche ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Finance and Investment ; Schüler ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Bildung ; OECD
    Abstract: The importance of financial literacy and specifically the need to promote financial education has been recognised as an important contributor to improved financial inclusion and individuals’ financial well-being as well as a support to financial stability. The relevance of financial education policies is acknowledged at the highest global policy level: in 2012, G20 Leaders endorsed the OECD/INFE High-level Principles on National Strategies for Financial Education that specifically identify youth as one of the priority targets of government policies in this domain. That same year, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Ministers of Finance identified financial literacy as a critical life skill. The publication addresses the challenges linked to the introduction of financial education in schools, and provides practical guidance and case studies to assist policy makers, and a comparative analysis of existing learning frameworks for financial education in the formal school system.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264226623
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Foreign Bribery Report; An Analysis of the Crime of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Informe de la OCDE sobre Cohecho Internacional ; Análisis del delito de cohecho de servidores públicos extranjeros
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Ce rapport essaie de quantifier, et de décrire la corruption transnationale sur la base des informations révélées dans les 427 affaires de corruption transnationale terminées depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention de l’OCDE sur la lutte contre la corruption en 1999.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264226616
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport de l'OCDE sur la corruption transnationale ; Une analyse de l'infraction de corruption d'agents publics étrangers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Informe de la OCDE sobre Cohecho Internacional ; Análisis del delito de cohecho de servidores públicos extranjeros
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD Foreign Bribery Report
    Keywords: Korruption ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This report endeavours to measure, and to describe, transnational corruption based on data from the 427 foreign bribery cases that have been concluded since the entry into force of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 1999.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264209695
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter contre l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lucha contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combate à Erosão da Base Tributária e à Transferência de Lucros
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Russian version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Ziel dieses Berichts ist es, die mit der Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung zusammenhängenden Sachverhalte objektiv und umfassend darzustellen. Im Rahmen des Berichts werden zunächst öffentlich verfüg-bare Studien und Daten zum Vorkommen und Ausmaß der Gewinn-verkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung beschrieben (Zusammenfassungen der Studien sind in Anhang B enthalten). Im Anschluss daran folgt ein Überblick über globale Entwicklungen, die sich auf die Unternehmens-besteuerung auswirken. Der Hauptteil des Berichts umfasst einen Überblick über die Grundprinzipien der Besteuerung von grenzüberschreitenden Aktivitäten sowie die Gelegenheiten zur Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung, die sich aus diesen Prinzipien ergeben können. Ferner werden einige bekannte Unternehmensstrukturen (die in Anhang C näher beschrieben sind) analysiert und die wichtigsten Problemstellungen im Zusammenhang mit diesen Strukturen erläutert.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264222748
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mortality assumptions and longevity risk
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sterblichkeit ; Versicherungsökonomik ; Versicherungsmathematik ; Pensionskasse ; Finance and Investment ; OECD ; Sterblichkeit ; Lebenserwartung ; Versicherungsmathematik
    Abstract: Pension funds and annuity providers need to effectively manage the longevity risk they are exposed to. Individuals receiving a lifetime income may live longer than expected or accounted for in the actuarial calculations to provision for these liabilities. Mismanaged longevity risk can deteriorate finances, cause bankruptcy and expose individuals to the risk of losing their retirement income. To safeguard against this risk, pension funds and annuity providers must provision for future improvements in mortality and life expectancy. The regulatory framework can support the effective management of longevity risk. This publication assesses how pension funds, annuity providers such as life insurance companies, and the regulatory framework account for future improvements in mortality and life expectancy. The study then examines the mortality tables commonly used by pension funds and annuity providers against several well-known mortality projection models with the purpose of assessing the potential shortfall in provisions. The final part of the publication identifies best practices and discusses the management of longevity risk, putting forward a set of policy options to encourage and facilitate the management of longevity risk.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264217409
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Public enforcement and corporate governance in Asia
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Asien ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This book presents a study of the corporate governance legal framework and enforcement by capital market regulators in participating Asian jurisdictions. The study focuses on the following areas: the legal framework and adequacy of laws, with a focus on related-party transactions, disclosure of ownership and control, and fiduciary duties of directors; the structure of enforcement authorities; the authority to monitor, supervise, investigate, enforce and impose sanctions; disclosure of enforcement actions and practices; the role of the courts and the judicial system; and cross-border enforcement.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264203365
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD investment policy reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Botsuana ; Finance and Investment ; Botswana ; Botswana ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of investment policy in Botswana. After an overview of the country, the review examines investment policy, investment promotion and facilitation as well as infrastructure in Botswana.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202382
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action pour l'investissement agricole au Burkina Faso
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Policy framework for investment in agriculture in Burkina Faso
    Keywords: Landwirtschaft ; Investitionspolitik ; Burkina Faso ; Agriculture and Food ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Burkina Faso ; Burkina Faso
    Abstract: Burkina Faso is the first country to apply the OECD Policy Framework for Investment in Agriculture to assess its policies to attract and benefit from investment in the sector. This whole-of-government assessment involved 17 Ministries and institutions, as well as the private sector, and has identified short- to medium-term measures to improve and strengthen the country's capacity for policy design.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202719
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plan d'action concernant l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Action plan on base erosion and profit shifting
    RVK:
    Keywords: Globalisierung ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Steuervermeidung ; Doppelbesteuerung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Taxation is at the core of countries' sovereignty, but in recent years, multinational companies have avoided taxation in their home countries by pushing activities abroad to low or no tax jurisdictions. The G20 asked OECD to address this growing problem by creating this action plan to address base erosion and profit shifting. This plan identifies a series of domestic and international actions to address the problem and sets timelines for the implementation.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264204577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiscal federalism 2014
    Keywords: Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: This book offers an overview on recent trends and policies in intergovernmental fiscal relations and sub-central government. Accessible chapters provide: insight into how sub-central governments are managing ongoing consolidation, as well as how fiscal decentralisation fosters economic growth and educational attainment; a balanced account of the virtues and limits of tax competition between jurisdictions; an overview of fiscal equalisation policy; and some fascinating background information about past tax and public service reforms.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264203952
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD investment policy reviews
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Costa Rica ; Finance and Investment ; Costa Rica ; Costa Rica ; Investitionspolitik ; Auslandsinvestition
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of investment policy in Costa Rica. After an overview of the country, the review examines investment policy, investment promotion and facilitation as well as infrastructure in Costa Rica.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264203310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD investment policy reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Mosambik ; Finance and Investment ; Mozambique
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of investment policy in Mozambique. After a country overview, this report examines investment policy, investment promotion and facilitation as well as infrastructure in Mozambique.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264101043
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.)
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Benefits of Investing in Water and Sanitation; An OECD Perspective
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: La fourniture de services d’approvisionnement en eau, d’assainissement et de traitement des eaux usées a des répercussions très favorables sur la santé publique, l’économie et l’environnement. Dans les pays en développement, le rapport avantages/coûts peut aller jusqu’à 7 pour 1 pour les services d’eau et d’assainissement de base. Les actions en matière de traitement des eaux usées, par exemple, peuvent s’accompagner d’effets très positifs en termes de santé publique et d’environnement, ainsi que pour certains secteurs économiques comme la pêche, le tourisme et le marché de l’immobilier. Les retombées favorables des services d’eau sont rarement considérées dans leur pleine mesure pour différentes raisons, notamment la difficulté de quantifier d’importants avantages non économiques tels que les valeurs de non-usage, la dignité, le statut social, la propreté et le bien-être général. Par ailleurs, les informations concernant les avantages liés aux services d’eau sont souvent enfouies dans des documents techniques et échappent aux principaux décideurs des ministères. Ce rapport réunit et résume les informations existantes sur les avantages de l’eau et de l’assainissement.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264200210
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (242 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies; Mexico 2013; Review of the Mexican National Civil Protection System
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies: Mexico 2013; Review of the Mexican National Civil Protection System
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Mexico
    Abstract: La presente revisión del sistema de protección civil de México se centra en la coordinación entre múltiples actores del gobierno federal, sectores público y privado, y gobiernos estatales y municipales para hacer frente de manera efectiva a huracanes, sismos e inundaciones.
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  • 58
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 31-43 | volume:13 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:31-43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 31-43
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:31-43
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article examines the scope and size of adjustments made by statisticians on source data from public accounting systems in EU member states to reach harmonised statistical measures. The article focuses on EDP Table 2 which shows the reconciliation from cash/cash modified or accrual public accounting to ESA 95, analyses the potential changes needed to EDP Table 2 if public accounting is on a full accrual/IPSAS basis, and proposes a possible way forward for better reconciling the relevant reporting balances. The analysis takes into account the study carried out by the European Commission report on the “Suitability of International Accounting Standards for the Public Sector (IPSAS) for the EU member states”, and the differences between statistical reporting and IPSAS highlighted by IPSASB in the consultation paper on “IPSASs and Government Finance Statistics”.
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  • 59
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 35-65 | volume:2012 | year:2012 | number:2 | pages:35-65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 35-65
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:35-65
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: High values of implicit guarantees for bank debt can be taken as signalling the market’s expectation that public authorities will rescue the institution in question in times of severe financial distress. By the same token, declines in the measure would suggest a drop in the perceived likelihood of such a bailout, perhaps reflecting the availability of more effective failure resolution tools (although they could also reflect other factors such an improvement in the asset quality of banks).
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-22 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:3 | pages:1-22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-22
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-22
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This article analyses the Dutch policy evaluation system from a budgetary perspective. It addresses the context and scope of the evaluation system, explains the need for such a system from the perspective of budget decision makers, describes the legislative framework for evaluation, analyses the evaluation instruments and their impact on budgetary decision making in practice, and draws lessons for finance ministries in other countries based on the strengths and weaknesses of the Dutch evaluation system. JEL classification: H500, H610, H830 Keywords: Netherlands, policy evaluation, effectiveness and efficiency of government programmes, budget process, budgetary decision making, evaluation instruments
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  • 61
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-18 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:3 | pages:1-18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-18
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-18
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The increased vulnerability of government finances in many countries underlines the importance of public risk management. We apply a specific risk management tool – stress testing – to public finances. After presenting a general framework for stress testing government finances, we illustrate its application for the case of the Netherlands. Our analysis indicates that high levels of contingent liabilities call for sufficient shock absorption capacity in public finances. JEL classification: E62, H63 Keywords: Fiscal policy, public debt, stress test, risk management, budgetary sensitivity, implicit and explicit guarantees, Netherlands
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 82 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 9
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report highlights the growth in support for financial instruments for seed and early stage firms across OECD member countries. These instruments include grants, loans and guarantee schemes, tax incentives and equity funds. This increased support is linked to the recent financial crisis and the growing concern about young firms’ access to finance. The paper notes that framework conditions play an important role in access to finance and must be taken into consideration as a significant part of the policy mix. Demand-side policies to develop entrepreneurial and investment talent and networks are also critical. The role of evaluation and the need to better link policy objectives and outcomes are also discussed.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 63
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-19 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:3 | pages:1-19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-19
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-19
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article shows how to combine top-down budgeting – in the core sense of the establishment of a hard aggregate expenditure ceiling at the start of the budget preparation process – with flexibility in the allocation of the aggregate ceiling between spending ministries during budget preparation. It argues strongly against determining spending ministry shares of the aggregate expenditure ceiling without any prior opportunity for them to present formal new spending proposals. The keys to reconciling top-down budgeting with allocative flexibility are: the baseline/new policy distinction; good forward estimates; a government-wide new policy pool; and spending review. JEL classification: E620, H610 Keywords: Fiscal policy, budget preparation process, top-down budgeting, expenditure ceiling, bottom-up spending requests, fiscal space, multi-year ceilings, baseline ceilings, allocative efficiency, aggregate fiscal discipline, budgeting techniques
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  • 64
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-39 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:3 | pages:1-39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-39
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-39
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Chile
    Abstract: The Chilean government is exploring several important areas of public sector reform. This article discusses performance budgeting (including spending reviews, efficiency reviews, and the Chilean performance management system), mediumterm budgeting (especially the use of forward estimates and fiscal rules), and flexibility and efficiency in budget execution. Chile’s situation as of May 2012 was analysed in the light of OECD country best practices at the annual meeting of the OECD network on performance and results in November 2012, and the article makes several suggestions for reform. JEL classification: H610 Keywords: Chile, budget structure, programme classification, formula-based performance budgeting, performance-based budgeting, evaluation, fiscal space, productivity savings mechanism, medium-term budgeting framework, MTBF, longterm projections
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  • 65
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 31-38 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:31-38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 31-38
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:31-38
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; France
    Abstract: The crisis has shown that there is no such thing as an optimal banking structure or model. The Liikanen report highlighted excessive risk taking and excessive reliance on short-term funding not matched with adequate capital protection. The French reform of the banking sector builds on this insight as well as the agreement reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the European CRD 4 to foster financial stability. Risky speculative activity will have to be separated from the rest of the banking sector while taking into account the assets of the universal banking model. Further, the reform introduces a strong resolution framework and new macro-prudential powers. JEL Classification: G18; G38; G33; G32. Keywords: Banking system; bank supervision; bankruptcy; liquidation; systemic risk; macro-prudential policy.
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  • 66
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 57-104 | volume:13 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:57-104
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 57-104
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:57-104
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Capital investment is a key function of government. However, for a number of reasons it has proven difficult for governments to ensure that capital investment represents value for money, is affordable, and is budgeted and accounted for in a prudent and transparent manner. This article discusses these challenges facing governments. Using the findings of a survey conducted among OECD countries and enhanced engagement countries in 2012, this article provides an overview of what governments are doing with respect to planning and prioritisation, procurement, construction, operation and management, monitoring and evaluation, and budgeting and accounting for capital projects. The article concludes with a number of recommendations for capital budgeting and procurement. JEL classification: H400, H540, H570 Keywords: Capital investment, capital budgeting, capital projects, value for money, budgeting systems, accounting systems, transparency, procurement, public-private partnerships, PPPs, TIP, traditional infrastructure procurement
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  • 67
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 105-140 | volume:13 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:105-140
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 105-140
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:105-140
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: Governments need to be able to quickly and flexibly reallocate resources from one priority to another. This article addresses this dimension of strategic agility in terms of managing the reallocation of resources in the public sector through the use of various budgetary tools. The focus is on recent fiscal consolidation efforts, the use of performance information and spending reviews, and automatic productivity cuts. This article draws on the OECD survey on performance and results that was conducted in 2011/12; the data are accurate as of November 2012.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264205376
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (66 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de sensibilisation au paiement de pots-de-vin et à la corruption à l'intention de vérificateurs fiscaux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbuch „Bestechung und Korruption" für den Innen- und Außendienst der Steuerverwaltung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bribery and Corruption Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors; (Greek version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Kukuļdošanas un korupcijas apzināšanas rokasgrāmata nodokļu pārbaudēm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicatoren van corruptie en omkoping, Handboek voor medewerkers van de Belastingdienst
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bribery and corruption awareness handbook for tax examiners and tax auditors
    Keywords: Korruption ; Anti-Korruption ; Steuerfahndung ; Finanzverwaltung ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Korruption ; Bestechung ; OECD
    Abstract: This Handbook is designed to raise the awareness of tax examiners and auditors of issues concerning bribery and other forms of corruption. It provides guidance on how to recognise indicators of possible bribery or corruption in the course of regular tax examinations and audits.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264201224
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter contre l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung - Situationsbeschreibung und Lösungsansätze
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combate à Erosão da Base Tributária e à Transferência de Lucros
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Russian version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: La erosión de bases imponibles constituye un grave riesgo para los ingresos tributarios, la soberanía fiscal y la equidad tributaria de muchos países. Si bien existen numerosas formas de erosionar las bases imponibles dentro de cada jurisdicción, una fuente significativa de la erosión es el traslado de beneficios al exterior. En este informe se describen los estudios y datos de carácter público relativos a la existencia y magnitud de estos fenómenos, se presenta un panorama general de los acontecimientos internacionales con repercusión en la tributación de las empresas, y se incluye un panorama general de los principios fundamentales de la imposición de las actividades transfronterizas, así como de las posibilidades de erosionar la base imponible y trasladar los beneficios a que tales principios pudieran dar lugar. A modo de conclusión, el informe sostiene que las reglas vigentes permiten manipular los beneficios a base de estructuras jurídicas artificiosas y de derechos y obligaciones intangibles, y trasvasar legalmente los riesgos intragrupo, con la consecuencia de reducir la parte de los beneficios relacionados con las actividades productivas. Este informe recomienda la elaboración de un plan de acción a escala mundial para resolver el problema de la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios.
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  • 70
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264201262
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter contre l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung - Situationsbeschreibung und Lösungsansätze
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lucha contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combate à Erosão da Base Tributária e à Transferência de Lucros
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
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  • 71
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193833
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (163 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer les mécanismes de financement de la biodiversité
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karousakis, Katia Scaling-up finance mechanisms for biodiversity
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Finanzierung ; Umweltpolitik ; Umwelt ; Ökologie ; Biodiversität ; Ökologisches Gleichgewicht ; Umweltsicherheit ; Fiskalpolitik ; Finanzierung ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Artenreichtum ; Umweltökonomie
    Abstract: This report examines six mechanisms that can be used to scale-up financing for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and to help meet the 2011-20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The mechanisms are environmental fiscal reform, payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity offsets, green markets, biodiversity in climate change funding, and biodiversity in international development finance. Drawing on literature and more than 40 case studies worldwide, this book addresses the following questions: What are these mechanisms and how do they work? How much finance have they mobilised and what potential is there to scale this up? And what are the key design and implementation issues that need to be addressed so that governments can ensure these mechanisms are environmentally effective, economically efficient and distributionally equitable?
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  • 72
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Employment Policy Papers no.3
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Social enterprises have gained importance in the policy debate in many European and non-European countries, as also demonstrated by the European Commission’s recent “Social Business Initiative”. This marks an important milestone for European policy makers and other stakeholders involved in promoting national and sub-national eco-systems for socially oriented business. Putting in place an enabling environment for social enterprises is critical if they are to fulfil their potential in contributing not only to the creation of jobs, but also to addressing wider social and economic needs, and to promoting more cohesive and inclusive societies.
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  • 73
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264204348
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD investment policy reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Tansania ; Agriculture and Food ; Finance and Investment ; Tanzania, United Republic of ; Tansania ; Investition
    Abstract: This review of investment policy in Tanzania evaluates the current policy situation and makes recommendations for enabling Tanzania to attract higher investment to exploit its full potential and become a regional trade and investment hub. The review finds that while private investment in Tanzania has considerably risen since the early 1990s, further progress can be made to improve the business climate and attract more investment in key sectors, such as infrastructure and agriculture. Informed by the subsequent chapters of this report, this overview provides policy options to address these challenges. In particular, investors’ rights and obligations could be rationalised and made more accessible and regulations on foreign investment and investment incentives reviewed. The land legislation could be revised and land rights registration accelerated, notably by providing stronger incentives for registration. The short-term and long-term costs and benefits of the regulatory restrictions imposed by crop boards and of export bans could be closely analysed.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264206564
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bribery and Corruption Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de sensibilisation au paiement de pots-de-vin et à la corruption à l'intention de vérificateurs fiscaux
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bribery and Corruption Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors; (Greek version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Kukuļdošanas un korupcijas apzināšanas rokasgrāmata nodokļu pārbaudēm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicatoren van corruptie en omkoping, Handboek voor medewerkers van de Belastingdienst
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: Das Handbuch liefert praktische Hinweise, die den zuständigen Bediensteten der Steuerverwaltung dabei helfen sollen, auffällige Zahlungen zu identifizieren, bei denen es sich wahrscheinlich um Bestechungsgelder an ausländische Amtsträger handelt, damit die Versagung der steuerlichen Abzugsfähigkeit durchgesetzt werden kann, sowie Schmiergeldzahlungen aufgedeckt und den für die Strafverfolgung zuständigen Stellen des jeweiligen Landes gemeldet werden können.
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  • 75
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193307
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Supporting investment in knowledge capital, growth and innovation
    DDC: 332.024
    Keywords: Innovation ; Wissensmanagement ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Bericht ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Wissensmanagement ; OECD
    Abstract: Knowledge-based capital (KBC) results from business investment in non-physical assets such as R&D, data, software, patents, new business models, organizational processes, firm-specific skills and designs. This publication brings together the results of a two-year programme of work at the OECD on New Sources of Growth and the role of Knowledge-based Capital (NSG-KBC). This work shows that business investment in KBC is a key to future productivity growth and living standards. In many countries, business investment in KBC has increased faster than - and in some countries significantly exceeds - investment in physical capital (like machinery). To promote long-term growth and the jobs of tomorrow, governments must ensure that framework conditions, institutions and policies facilitate business investment in KBC. Emerging economies are also making concerted efforts to help their businesses accumulate KBC. This book sets out policy analyses and recommendations in the fields of: innovation; taxation; entrepreneurship and business development; corporate reporting; big data; competition and measurement.
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  • 76
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202436
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 2011 Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida OCSE destinate alle Imprese Multinazionali 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2011 Edition (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2011 Edition (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: La presente edición 2011 de las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales compromete 42 países a nuevas y más estrictas normas de conducta empresarial. Las Directrices actualizadas incluyen nuevas recomendaciones sobre el abuso de los derechos humanos y responsabilidad empresarial de su cadena de suministro, siendo estas el primer acuerdo intergubernamental en este rubro.Las Directrices establecen, por ejemplo, que las empresas deben respetar los derechos humanos en cada uno de los países en los que tienen operaciones. Las empresas deben también respetar las normas ambientales y laborales, y contar con la debida diligencia de procesos que aseguren que se cumplan. Estas incluyen cuestiones como el pago de salarios decentes, lucha contra la corrupción, las peticiones de soborno y la extorsión, y la promoción del consumo sustentable.Las Directrices son un código de conducta amplio, no vinculatorio que los países miembros de la OCDE y otros adherentes han acordado para promover el sector empresarial. Se ha establecido también un nuevo proceso de mediación más estricto para atender quejas.
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  • 77
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 9-60 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:9-60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 9-60
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-60
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The history of the Netherlands reveals major shifts from centralisation of government tasks towards decentralisation and vice versa. In the 17th century, the Republic of United Provinces was the first federal state in modern history. Many transformations later, the Kingdom of the Netherlands became a big centralised welfare state. Since the 1980s, a reverse development has started: the welfare state is being downsized and decentralised. This article describes and discusses this evolution in view of a broad spectrum of economic theories. Four conclusions are drawn. First, the major changes in Dutch fiscal decentralisation arrangements were introduced as policies to overcome a severe economic and political crisis. Second, many other factors – like the increase in communication, mobility, population density, urbanisation and the role of government – also necessitated changes. Third, in order to ensure efficient and financially solid government, the accountability and transparency of central and local government and their interrelationships have been improved substantially. Fourth, current arrangements are not optimal and should be changed. For example, Dutch municipalities should increase further in scale, and the role of Dutch provinces should be reconsidered.
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  • 78
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 9-30 | volume:13 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:9-30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 9-30
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:9-30
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Canada is a federal country with 14 governments: federal, provincial and territorial. This article presents the results of a survey of institutional arrangements for budgeting that was conducted in 2010 among representatives of those governments. The pan-Canadian survey draws on an OECD questionnaire used in 2007 as part of the OECD International Budget Practices and Procedures Database. The analysis of sub-national government budget practices gives insights on fiscal federalism as well as the methodology for comparing.
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  • 79
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-34 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:3 | pages:1-34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-34
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-34
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This article assesses the experience of the Netherlands with performance budgeting since full programme and performance budgeting was introduced in 1999-2002. The lessons learned so far resulted in 2012 in a reform called “Accountable Budgeting” involving a major overhaul of the performance budgeting structure in order to enable more detailed parliamentary oversight as well as to enhance internal control by the Ministry of Finance and line ministries. The article examines international experience with PBB reform and its use in the context of the Netherlands national government, focusing on the lessons learned concerning the use of performance information in the budgetary process. The “Accountable Budgeting” reform is explained, and the concluding section assesses which PBB assumptions were challenged, abandoned or retained in these reforms and discusses possible future developments in budget presentation. JEL classification: H610 Keywords: Accountable budgeting, Verantwoord Begroten, performance-based budgeting, PBB, parliamentary oversight, budget reform, performance information, budgetary process, budget reform, budget presentation, Netherlands
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  • 80
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-29 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:3 | pages:1-29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-29
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-29
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The Great Recession has been an unplanned but critical stress test of contemporary fiscal policy and financial management. This article seeks to draw lessons from this crisis, whose final chapters have yet to be written. The lessons fall into two broad, overlapping categories: fiscal and economic policy; and budget procedures and practices. Section 1 looks back at the crisis in search of markers that distinguish between fiscally strong and weak countries. Section 2 looks forward to consider how national governments may avert future fiscal meltdowns by incorporating risk assessment and other early warning signals into routine budget work, and by devising more effective rules and procedures to ward off fiscal mischief. The concluding section reflects on how the practice of budgeting might be altered by shocks to established procedures.
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  • 81
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 7-30 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:7-30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 7-30
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:7-30
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Banks are still dealing with historic losses buried in their balance sheets. As a result, the US economy is picking up only modestly and Europe is sinking further into recession, despite unprecedented low interest rates and policies to compress the term premium. The aim of this study is to explore the business activities of banks, with a special focus on their lending behaviour, and its responsiveness to unconventional monetary policy. The paper shows that deleveraging has been mainly via mark-to-market assets falling in value, and policy is now serving to reflate these assets without a strong impact on lending. A panel regression study shows that GSIFI banks are least responsive to policy. Non-GSIFI banks respond to the lending rate spread to cash rates, the spread between lending rates and the alternative investment in government bonds, and the distance-to-default (the banks solvency). The paper shows that better lending in the USA is a result of safer banks and a better spread to government bonds – yields on the latter are too attractive relative to lending rates in Europe. Finally, the paper comments on the problem of using cyclical tools to address structural problems in banks, and suggests which alternative policies would better facilitate a financial system more aligned with lending, trust and stability and less towards high-risk activities and leverage via complex products. JEL Classification: E50, E51, E52, E58, G20, G21, G24, G28. Keywords: Bank Lending, Bank business model, deleveraging, structural policy, unconventional monetary policy, distance to default, spreads, bank separation, GSIFI.
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  • 82
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 53-84 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:53-84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 53-84
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:53-84
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This article provides both an analytical framework for the role of public policy in corporate governance and a description of the empirical context that influences the conditions for that policy. It underlines the importance of focusing on the overall economic outcome and, in particular, how rules and regulations impact the conditions for companies to grow and create value by accessing public equity markets. In terms of the empirical context, we point to fundamental changes in the functioning of equity markets that may call for a fresh look at the economic effectiveness of corporate governance regulations. Among other things, we document a dramatic shift in listings from developed to emerging markets over the last decade, which means that concentrated ownership at company level has become the dominant form of ownership in listed companies worldwide.We also discuss whether the lack of new listings of smaller companies in developed markets is related to excessive regulatory burdens and unintended consequences of a decade of profound stock market deregulation. The discussion about listings illustrates that corporate governance rules and regulations do not only affect companies that are already listed. From a policy perspective, it is equally important to assess the implications for unlisted companies that may, in the future, require access to public equity markets for growth and job creation. We also document how the lengthened and ever more complex chain of intermediaries between savers and companies may influence the efficiency of capital allocation and the willingness of investors to take an active long-term interest in the companies that they own. It is shown that institutional investors are a highly heterogeneous group and that their willingness and ability to engage in corporate governance primarily depend on the economic incentives that follow from their different business models, investment strategies and trading practices.We provide examples of how regulatory initiatives to increase shareholder engagement may have unintended consequences, and note that the diversity and complexity of the investment chain can render general policies or regulation ineffective. JEL Classification: G30, G32, G34, G38 Keywords: capital and ownership structure, corporate governance, initial public offerings, institutional investors, shareholders
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  • 83
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 45-56 | volume:13 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:45-56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 45-56
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:45-56
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: CPB forecasts for the next year and for the next period of government should be seen as well-motivated estimates based on all recent information, plausible assumptions and expected trends. These assumptions and trends are partly based on econometric estimation methods and insights from economic theory. However, the economy is a chaotic system in which small events can have major effects at short notice. Even when major uncertainties and risks are well understood, it remains impossible to indicate where and when a little spark will kindle a great fire or when the bubble in (e.g.) the housing or stock market will burst. The more distant the look into the future, the more uncertain are the forecasts. For such long-term analyses, the CPB employs scenarios, extended sensitivity analyses and identification of major political choices. Policy making is like sailing in fog. The regular set of CPB forecasts helps to look forward and to monitor whether a change of course is necessary. Despite fundamental uncertainty about the future, the CPB forecasts provide a good base for political discussions and decision making, like a coalition agreement, budget and wage rate negotiations and defining a long-term policy strategy. These forecasts inform Dutch society, reduce transaction costs in economic and political decision making, and foster consensus on economic and fiscal policy.
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  • 84
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 141-174 | volume:13 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:141-174
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 13, no. 1, p. 141-174
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:141-174
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The sustainability of national economies will ultimately require a balance between near-term growth and longer-term fiscal consolidation. The question that is now being raised is whether such actions are politically sustainable. As the OECD area begins to emerge from the recession, another question is whether democratic countries can take pro-active leadership before a crisis forces their hand. This article examines the politics of fiscal consolidations in OECD countries in recent years, assessing whether and how leaders attempted to resolve the tensions between the fiscal and electoral imperatives. JEL classification: H610, H620, H630, H680, P160 Keywords: Fiscal consolidation, sustainability of public finances, deficit, debt, Great Recession, financial crisis, political efficacy, democratic institutions, fiscal austerity, economic growth, role of political institutions, budget cuts, fiscal rules, political outcomes
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  • 85
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 69-140 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:69-140
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 69-140
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:69-140
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This budget review of Ukraine first discusses some general legal, political and economic characteristics of the country and recent institutional reforms. Section 2 examines the budget formulation process with separate attention for the budget structure and classification, the annual budget preparation cycle, medium-term planning, long-term fiscal sustainability, the organisation of the Ministry of Finance, and the funding of local government. Section 3 addresses the parliamentary budget process with special attention for the Budget Committee, the annual parliamentary budget cycle, and the impact of parliament. Section 4 focuses on budget execution with special attention for the annual executive process, cash management, and budgetary discipline. Section 5 looks at the supply side of the budget process: the ministries and agencies that provide for public administration and service delivery at the level of central government, as well as such provision by local governments. Section 5 also addresses public employment, the civil service, public procurement, and the public enterprise sector. Section 6 looks at accounting and audit, with special attention for financial reporting, internal audit, and external audit. JEL classification: H610, H570, H830 Keywords: Budget formulation, budget preparation cycle, budget structure and classification, medium-term planning, long-term fiscal sustainability, parliamentary budget process, parliamentary budget committee, annual budget cycle, budget execution, cash management, budgetary discipline, public administration and service delivery, local government, public procurement, public employment, civil service, public enterprise sector, accounting, audit, financial reporting, internal audit, external audit, Ukraine.
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  • 86
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    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 67-78 | volume:2012 | year:2012 | number:2 | pages:67-78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 67-78
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:67-78
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: From its beginning, Asia has been an important region for the OECD in terms of its members and partners. While the region’s economic performance is still strong, structural reforms, underpinned by coherent macroeconomic polices, need to be put in place to maintain this positive momentum. This note focuses on three specific medium- to long-term issues that are important in shaping the future of the Asian economic and financial community: First, in the area of trade, the importance of measuring trade in value added terms; second, funding long-term investment, especially in infrastructure, and making these investments “greener”; third, regional financial cooperation in Asia that should become more solid and robust. Some further policy challenges are shortly addressed at the end where several areas of co-operation between the OECD and the Asian region are highlighted and further possibilities for joint work are briefly explored.
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  • 87
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    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 39-52 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:39-52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 39-52
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:39-52
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The paper argues that interest rates are at extremely low levels to support banks, and the search for yield has pushed the liquidity driven speculative bubble from real estate, derivatives and structured products markets into the corporate debt market. Equities have rallied strongly too. This asset cycle is certainly helping banks reduce hidden losses on illiquid securities and could also help reduce the cost of equity. But for this to occur at current bond yields would require an unrealistic bubble in equities. Markets are assuming that this transition from low to higher rates (more in line with nominal GDP) can be handled smoothly by policy makers, when in fact this may not be so. Extreme volatility would risk new financial fragility problems. The paper presents a panel model using more than 4 000 global companies and shows that the Capex decision in general depend on the cost of equity, the accelerator and uncertainty, whereas buybacks are driven mainly by the gap between the cost of equity and debt. Right now the incentive structure implied by very low interest rates, which may be sustained for a long time, together with tax incentives, works directly against longterm investment. Debt finance is cheap, while the cost of equity capital needed for risky long-term investment is still high. This combination provides a direct incentive for borrowing to carry out buybacks (de-equitisation). Noting that weak investment reduces potential GDP, the paper makes some policy suggestions. JEL Classification: G15, G32, G28, E52. Keywords: Long-term investment, interest rates, de-equitisation, cost of capital, dividend and buybacks, monetary policy.
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  • 88
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 61-67 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:2 | pages:61-67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 2, p. 61-67
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:61-67
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: This article summarises the conclusions of Gerhard Steger, chair of the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials, which he presented at the 2nd International Policy Forum on Budgeting in Seoul in November 2011.
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  • 89
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-14 | volume:12 | year:2013 | number:3 | pages:1-14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 12, no. 3, p. 1-14
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-14
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: As Portugal is facing strong fiscal pressure, government spending on public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the road sector has become a main budgetary constraint. In this article, we show how the financial crisis has created a unique arbitrage opportunity that provides a solution to this problem. Since the private sector is in urgent need of liquidity, we suggest that the Portuguese government should use some of the bailout funds, borrowed at lower interest rates, to buy back the roads concessions, discounting future payments at the high interest rates currently charged to Portugal. For the roads already in operation, the purchase of the assets would significantly reduce future public payments and would also release money into banks and the economy. For the roads currently under construction, we propose that the government buys only the equity of these companies. That would also reduce future payments, and allow for the postponement or even cancelation of some of these projects, while granting private companies an exit from projects that they are no longer able to finance. This operation would save around half of PPP payments over the next 20 years.
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  • 90
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 7-34 | volume:2012 | year:2012 | number:2 | pages:7-34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 7-34
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:7-34
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This study models the distance-to-default (DTD) of a large sample of banks with the aim of shedding light on policy and regulatory issues. The determinants of the distance-to-default in a panel sample of 94 banks over the period 2004 to 2011, controlling for the market beta of each bank, includes house prices, relative size, simple leverage, derivatives gross market value of exposure, trading assets, wholesale funding and cross-border revenue. The Basel Tier 1 ratio finds no support as a predictor of default risk. The un-weighted leverage ratio, on the other hand, finds strong support. At the macro level house prices are a powerful predictor of the DTD. At the business model level, the results appear to be consistent with an approach to policy that focuses on the apparent importance of the “size-derivativesleverage- wholesale funding nexus” in influencing the DTD of banks. While these results are preliminary, it is encouraging that the out-of-sample predictive power of the model improves systematically as each year of new observations is added. The results are also consistent with some central bank involvement in the supervision process, given the importance of the asset price cycle, identified in this study.
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  • 91
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 79-88 | volume:2012 | year:2012 | number:2 | pages:79-88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2012, no. 2, p. 79-88
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2012
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:79-88
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The current crisis with its on-going banking sector problems has brought to the fore various cases of financial fraud and banking scandals that have additionally undermined the already low confidence in the sector. This has raised concerns about structural flaws in the way banks operate and are being regulated and supervised. Restoring investor confidence may require new approaches to redesign the incentives, rules and regulations for the financial sector. This was the backdrop for the discussions at the October 2012 OECD Financial Roundtable that this article summarises. Topics covered the current outlook and risks for banks as well as banking business models, ethics and approaches towards risks. Participants pointed out that, while downsizing and adjusting their business models, banks had already made improvements in their risk management. At the same time, the now observed renationalisation of assets could worsen the situation particularly in the European periphery. This could be attenuated by a European Banking Union that would also help to break the detrimental link between banks and sovereigns. As banks are deleveraging, non-banks are substituting for part of the reduced bank lending, but to do so would need regulatory support – while the shadow banking sector more generally will come under closer regulatory and supervisory scrutiny. Consumer groups in particular regard financial consumer protection as important to help improve the social value of financial activities that had often been unproductive, if not destructive. Bank representatives opposed regulatory separation of bank business on the grounds that it is insufficient to address problems of risk taking and control. Finally, it was pointed out that regulatory reforms need to be targeted and harness market forces by balancing penalties and rewards. Governance of regulation should also be enhanced, and regulation should be proactive and be complemented by strong macro and micro-supervision. Co-ordinating reforms should ensure a level playing field, but a one-size-fits-all approach should be avoided.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202276
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD investment policy reviews
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; Jordanien ; Finance and Investment ; Jordan
    Abstract: This report presents the results of OECD's comprehensive review of Jordan's investment policy. It examines the role of investment in Jordan's economy, Jordan's investment regime and the national treatment instrument, Jordan's policy framework for investment, Jordan's adherence to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterpriese, and its investment framework in support of green growth.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264203204
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 2011 Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida OCSE destinate alle Imprese Multinazionali 2011
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2011 Edition (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264206038
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bribery and Corruption Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbuch „Bestechung und Korruption" für den Innen- und Außendienst der Steuerverwaltung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bribery and Corruption Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners and Tax Auditors; (Greek version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Kukuļdošanas un korupcijas apzināšanas rokasgrāmata nodokļu pārbaudēm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicatoren van corruptie en omkoping, Handboek voor medewerkers van de Belastingdienst
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: Ce manuel a pour but de sensibiliser les vérificateurs fiscaux aux problématiques liées aux pots-de-vin et autres formes de corruption. Il donne des clés pour identifier les indicateurs de pots-de-vin ou autres formes de corruption éventuels lorsqu’ils effectuent régulièrement des contrôles et vérifications fiscales.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195325
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Green growth in cities
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Umweltpolitik ; Internationale Kooperation ; Ballungsraum ; Großstadt ; Ökologische Marktwirtschaft ; Einflussgröße ; Interesse ; Entwicklung ; Unterentwicklung ; Ursache ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Stadtentwicklung ; Umweltqualität ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: This report synthesises the findings from six case studies of urban green growth policies, four at city level (Paris, Chicago, Stockholm, Kitakyushu) and two at the national level (China, Korea). It offers a definition of urban green growth and a framework for analysing how it might play out in different types of cities. It demonstrates the importance of urban policies for achieving national environmental policy goals and discusses the increased efficiency of policy intervention at the urban level. It identifies urban activities to reduce environmental impact that are most likely to contribute to the policy priorities of job creation, urban attractiveness, metro-regional supply of green products and services, and increased urban land values. It also provides guidance on addressing potential financing and governance challenges that may arise in pursuing urban green growth. Finally, the report offers a preliminary proposal for how green growth in cities could be measured.
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  • 96
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202733
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Women and financial education
    Keywords: Frauen ; Finanzwissen ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Education ; Finance and Investment ; Bericht ; Frau ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Bildung ; OECD
    Abstract: Gender equality in terms of economic and financial opportunities is becoming increasingly relevant at both national and international level. The need to address the financial literacy of women and girls as a way to improve their financial empowerment, opportunities, and well-being has been acknowledged by the G20 Leader’s Declaration in June 2012, as well as part of a wider horizontal OECD project on gender equality. The OECD International Network on Financial Education (INFE) established a dedicated workstream in 2010 to address the needs of women for financial education under the support of the Russia/World Bank/OECD Trust Fund for financial literacy and education. This book collects the work carried out within this workstream, including policy guidance to help policy makers address women's and girls' needs for financial education, and a comprehensive analysis of the current status of knowledge on gender differences in financial literacy and policy responses in terms of financial education for women and girls.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192904
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (95 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: L’érosion de la base d’imposition constitue un risque sérieux pour les recettes, la souveraineté et l’équité fiscales pour de nombreux pays. S’il existe de nombreux phénomènes susceptibles d’entraîner une érosion des bases fiscales nationales, le transfert de bénéfices n’est pas l’un des moindres. Le présent rapport s’ouvre sur une description des études et des données publiquement accessibles concernant l’existence et l’ampleur de ce phénomène, il donne ensuite un aperçu des évolutions internationales qui ont un impact sur l’imposition des sociétés, et identifie les principes fondamentaux sur lesquels repose l’imposition des activités transnationales, ainsi que les possibilités d’érosion de la base d’imposition et de transfert de bénéfices auxquelles ils peuvent éventuellement donner lieu. Le rapport conclut que les règles actuelles permettent d’accroître la part des bénéfices associés à des montages juridiques et à des droits et obligations incorporels, et de transférer légalement les risques au sein des groupes, avec pour conséquence de réduire la part des bénéfices associés aux opérations substantielles. Le rapport recommande de développer un plan d’action pour s’attaquer de manière compréhensive au problème de l’érosion de la base d’imposition et du transfert de bénéfices.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192744
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter contre l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Addressing base erosion and profit shifting
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Gewinnverlagerung ; Körperschaftsteuer ; Steuerrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Ertragsteuer ; Steuersystem ; Unternehmenspolitik ; Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Bodenerosion ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Steuerrecht
    Abstract: Base erosion constitutes a serious risk to tax revenues, tax sovereignty and tax fairness for many countries. While there are many ways in which domestic tax bases can be eroded, a significant source of base erosion is profit shifting. This report presents the studies and data available regarding the existence and magnitude of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS), and contains an overview of global developments that have an impact on corporate tax matters and identifies the key principles that underlie the taxation of cross-border activities, as well as the BEPS opportunities these principles may create. The report concludes that current rules provide opportunities to associate more profits with legal constructs and intangible rights and obligations, and to legally shift risk intra-group, with the result of reducing the share of profits associated with substantive operations. The report recommends the development of an action plan to address BEPS issues in a comprehensive manner.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189560
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Interconnected economies
    RVK:
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Internationale Produktion ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Welt ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Wirtschaftskooperation ; Wertschöpfungskette ; Nichttarifäres Handelshemmnis ; Liberalisierung ; Außenhandel ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Erde ; Welt ; Globalisierung ; Weltwirtschaft ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Wertschöpfung
    Abstract: Global Value Chains (GVCs) have exploded in the past decade and refer to the international dispersion of design, production, assembly, marketing and distribution of services, activities, and products. Different stages in the production process are increasingly located across different economies, and intermediate inputs like parts and components are produced in one country and then exported to other countries for further production and/or assembly into final products. The functional and spatial fragmentation that has occurred within GVCs has significantly reshaped the global economic landscape, thereby raising some new major policy challenges for OECD countries and emerging countries alike: trade policy, competitiveness, upgrading and innovation and the management of global systemic risk.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264201248
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: Online-Ressource (94 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter contre l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung - Situationsbeschreibung und Lösungsansätze
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lucha contra la erosión de la base imponible y el traslado de beneficios
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (Russian version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: A erosão da base tributária constitui um grave risco à receita, à soberania e à equidade fiscais de muitos países. Embora essa prática possa afetar o erário nacional de diversas maneiras, a transferência de lucros é uma das mais comuns. Esse relatório apresenta os estudos e dados de domínio público disponíveis com relação à existência e à magnitude da problemática da erosão da base tributária e da transferência de lucros, apresenta também um panorama dos desenvolvimentos globais que podem ter impacto na tributação de pessoas jurídicas e delinea os princípios que norteiam a tributação das atividades transnacionais e as oportunidades de erosão da base tributária e de transferência de lucros que possam daí advir. O relatório conclui que as regras atuais oferecem possibilidades de aumentar os lucros, associando-os a disposições legais, direitos e obrigações intangíveis, bem como de transferir riscos legalmente no interior do grupo, o que, por conseguinte, reduz a parcela dos lucros associados a operações concretas. O relatório recomenda desenvolver um plano de ação de alcance mundial para abordar a problemática da erosão da base tributária e a transferência de lucros.
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