Abstract: I: The Evolution of Irony -- I: The Ironic Vision in Modern Literature -- II: Tragic Irony: Ancient and Modern -- II: The Philosophers Set the Stage for the Ironic Vision -- III: Schopenhauer: The Implicit Irony of Pessimism -- IV: The Dilemma of the Superman -- III: Religious Irony -- V: Irony and the Religious Quest -- VI: Death the Supreme Ironist -- IV: Irony in Modern Poetry, Fiction, and Drama -- VII: Thomas Hardy the Cosmic Ironist -- VIII: Anatole France and Aesthetic Irony -- IX: Chekhov’s Naturalistic Irony -- X: Illusion Versus Reality -- V: Irony and the Diabolical -- XI: The Devil as Ironist -- XII: The Irony of Thomas Mann -- VI: The Nihilism of the Absurd and the Absurdity of Art -- XIII: The Irony of the Absurd -- VII: Conclusion -- XIV: Conclusion.

Abstract: Table des Matières / List of Contents -- Première séance (plénière) -- 1. Paroles de bienvenue -- Prof. Dr. W. Brundert, Oberbürgermeister -- Prof. Dr. E. Schütte, Kultusminister -- Dr. H. Lohse, Präsident, Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare. -- 2. Discours d’ouverture du Président de la Fédération -- 3. Rapport financier du Trésorier -- 4. Rapport du Secrétaire général -- 5. Rapport du représentant de I’UNESCO -- 6. Rapport du représentant de la FID -- Deuxième séance (plénière) -- 7. « Le livre et la bibliothèque dans une société industrielle — Books and libraries in an industrial society » -- a) Prof. Dr. W. RÜEGG -- b) Dr. J. E. MORPURGO. -- c) Mr. V. ORLOV (document distribué). -- Troisième séance (plénière) -- 8. Rapports et résolutions des Sections et Commissions -- Associations internationales: AIL, IATUL -- A. Résolutions des Sections (de types de bibliothèques) -- la. Bibliothèques nationales et universitaires -- 1b. Sous-section des bibliothèques universitaires -- 2. Bibliothèques de lecture publique -- 2a. INTAMEL -- 2b. Sous-section des bibliothèques d’enfants -- 2c. Sous-section des bibliothèques d’hôpitaux -- 3. Bibliothèques spécialisées -- 3a. Sous-section des bibliothèques d’observatoires astronomiques -- 4. Bibliothèques parlementaires et administratives -- B. Résolutions des Commissions (problèmes de bibliothéconomie) -- 1. Unification des règles de catalogue -- 2. Catalogues collectifs et prêt international -- 3. Echange de publications -- 3a. Echange de publications officielles -- 4. Périodiques et publications en série -- 5. Statistique -- 6. Fonds et documents rares et précieux -- 7. Formation professionnelle -- 8. Construction des bibliothèques -- 9. Mécanisation -- 10. Bibliographie -- 9. Communications du Bureau exécutif -- a) Le prix Sevensma -- b) La commission de la statistique -- c) Changements de fonctionnaires -- d) Charte de livre -- e) Sessions futures du Conseil général -- 10. Discours de clôture du Président -- Annexes -- Rapports Annuels Et Détails des Associations-Membres Annual Reports and Details of Member-Associations -- UDC (100) Associations internationales -- Association of Libraries of Judaica and Hebraica in Europe -- International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists (IAALD) -- International Association of Technological University Libraries (IATUL) -- International Association of Law Libraries -- Association of International Libraries -- Membres nationaux UDC (4) Europe -- Allemagne: -- Bundesrepublik: Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare, 1967/1968 -- Verein der Bibliothekare an öffentlichen Büchereien (vormals: Verein Deutscher Volksbibliothekare) 1967/1968 -- Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare an wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken, 1967/1968 -- Deutscher Büchereiverland -- Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spezialbibliotheken 1967/1968 -- D.D.R. Deutscher Bibliotheksverband, 1967/1968. -- Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, 1967 -- Deutsche Bücherei, 1967/1968 -- Nationale Forschungs-und Gedänkstätten, Weimar -- Autriche:Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekare, 1967/1968 -- Verband Österreichischer Volksbüchereien -- Association des archivistes et bibliothécaires de Belgique, et Vlaamse Vereniging van Bibliothek -en archiefpersoneel -- Croix-Rouge de Belgique. Conseil national des Bibliothèques d’hôpitaux -- Union des Bibliothécaires auxiliaires sociaux. -- Association nationale des Bibliothécaires d’expression française de Belgique -- Bulgarie: Libraries in Bulgaria, 1967/1968 -- Danemark: Libraries in Denmark, 1967/1968 -- Danmarks Biblioteksforening -- Danmarks Videnskabelige og Faglige Bibliotekers Sammenslutning -- Espagne:Asociación nacional de Archiveros, bibliotecarios y arqueólogos de España -- Finlande: Suomen Kirjastoseura, 1967/1968 -- Suomen tieteellinen Kirjastoseura. Finlands Vetenskapliga Bibliotekssamfund -- France: Association des bibliothécaires français -- Grande-Bretagne: The Library Association, 1967 -- Hollande: Libraries in the Netherlands in 1967 -- Rijkscommissie van advies inzake het bibliotheekwezen -- Centrale Vereniging voor openbare Bibliotheken -- Nederlandse Vereniging van Bibliothecarissen -- Hongrie: Association of Hungarian librarians, 1967. -- Islande: Association of Icelandic Librarians -- Italie: Associazione Italiana Biblioteche, 1967/1968 -- Luxembourg: Bibliothèque nationale du Grand-Duché -- Monaco: Bibliothèque de Monaco -- Norvège: Norsk bibliotekforening, 1966 and 1967 -- Norsk bibliotekarlag -- Norsk forskningsbibliotekarers forening -- Pologne: Association des bibliothécaires polonais, 1968 -- Portugal: Direcçäo-Geral do Ensino superior e das Belas-artes -- Roumanie: Asociatia hibliotecarilor din Republica Populara Romîna -- Suède: Svenska Bibliotekariesamfundet -- Sveriges Allmänna Biblioteksforening -- Sveriges Vetenskapliga Specialbiblioteks förening -- Svenska Folkbibliotekarieförbundet -- Swedish libraries, 1967/1968 -- Suisse: Vereinigung Schweizerischer Bibliotekare, 1967/1968 -- URSS: USSR Library Council. Library activities in the USSR (Russian text) -- English summary -- Vatican: Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana -- Yugoslavie: Savez drustava bibliotekara Jugoslavije, 1966/1967 -- (4) Asia -- Hong Kong: Hong Kong Library Association -- Inde: Indian Library Association -- Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers (IASLIC), 1967 -- Israel: Israel Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Japon: Japan Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Jourdain: Jordan Library Association, 1967 -- Liban: Lebanese Library Association, 1968/1969 -- Thailande: Thai Library Association -- Turquie: Türk Kütüphaneciler Dernegi -- (6) Afrique -- Afrique du Sud: The South African Libraries, 1967/1968 -- Ghana: Ghana Library Association -- Tunisie: Association tunisienne des Documentalistes, Bibliothécaires et Archivistes -- (7) Amérique du Nord -- Canada: Canadian Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Association canadienne des bibliothécaires de langue française, 1968 -- Ontario Library Association -- Quebec Library Association -- Etats-Unis d’Amérique American Library Association, 1967/1968 -- Medical Library Association -- Special Libraries Association, 1967/1968 -- American Association of Law Libraries -- Association of Research Libraries -- Puerto Rico: Sociedad de Bibliotecarios de Puerto Rico -- (5) Amérique latine -- Brésil: Associaçâo Paulista de Bibliotecârios -- Associaçâo Brasileira de Bibliotecâ.rios -- Federaçâo Brasileira de Associaçóes de Bibliote-cârios (FEBAB) -- Instituto Brasileiro de Bibliografia e Documentaçâo -- Mexique: Asociación Mexicana de Bibliotecarios -- Pérou: Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecarios -- Uruguay: Asociación de Bibliotecarios del Uruguay -- (9) Australasie -- Australie: Library Association of Australia, 1967 -- Nouvelle-Zélande: New Zealand Library Association, 1967/1968 -- * * * -- Associate members / Membres associés.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. The Lateran Pacts and the Constituent Assembly -- Introductory Statement -- Initial Skirmishes -- The Debate on Lateran -- The Statisti and Left Parties -- The Vatican Position -- Determining Attitudes: Christian Democrats and Communists -- III. The Catholic Church and the Italian State: The Case of the Bishop of Prato -- Development of the Case -- Preliminary Hearings -- The Trial Begins -- The Case for the Plaintiff -- The Public Prosecutor -- The Case for the Defendant -- The Verdict -- Appeal and Reversal -- IV. Freedom of Religion I: Pre-War Background and Postwar Developments -- The Theory of Freedom of Religion -- The Creation of the Constitutional Court -- The Former Policy -- The New Era and the Pentecostal Sect -- V. Freedom of Religion II: Aggiornamento -- Intervention Ex-officio -- The Impact of the 1953 elections -- The Paden Case -- The Lasco Case -- VI. The Needed Relationship -- Tables -- Appendices.

Abstract: Italy is left out of most contemporary comparative studies of political systems. This omission can be due neither to any intrinsic unimportance of Italy in Europe, nor to the absence of parallel similarities and differ­ ences - the prerequisites of comparative explanation - between the Italian and other Western political systems. It may be due to the paucity of case studies of Italian politics, upon which comparisons would have to be based. Professor Bucci's book will contribute toward overcoming this scarcity. Not only is Italy under-represented in comparative studies of post­ war European politics, but there is also a shortage of monographs dealing with particular aspects of Italian politics since the founding of the Republic, especially in English. I hope that Dr. Bucci's work, which is based exclusively upon original Italian sources, signals the beginning of exploration, more systematic than hitherto, of the goldmine for case studies which post-war Italian politics presents to political scientists.

Abstract: Approaches of the concept of style -- The hand of the artist -- Personality and work of the artist -- Awareness of the history of art -- The idea of progress -- The concepts old and new -- Seeing and describing works of art -- Comparisons -- References to pictures.

Abstract: to ethnomusicology -- Training possibilities for ethnomusicologists -- Illustrations -- Index of subjects -- Index of regions and peoples the music of which has been studied and/or recorded -- Index of authors, collectors and musicians -- Index of periodicals and of some publications containing articles by various authors.

Abstract: This booklet hardly needs a preface; the contents, I think, speak for themselves. It contains a short and carefully brought up to date resume of all that I, as a private University Lecturer in Amsterdam, have tried to teach my pupils. It is intended as a general introduction to ethnomusicology, before going on to the study of the forms of separate music-cultures. I sincerely hope that those, who wish to teach themselves and to qualify in this branch of knowledge, will find a satisfactory basis for self tuition in the matter here brought together. Regarding the possibility of a new edition, any critical remarks or infor­ mation as to possible desiderata would be very gratefully received. J. K. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION My request for critical remarks and desiderata has not been ignored. My sincere thanks to all who took the trouble to let me know what they missed in my booklet. Through their collaboration the contents have undergone a considerable improvement and enlargement as compared to the original edition issued in 1950 by the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, under the title 'Musicologica'. I have taken care to add many particulars from non-European sources, with the result that now the book is no longer so Europe-centric as it was.

Abstract: Approaches of the concept of style -- The hand of the artist -- Personality and work of the artist -- Awareness of the history of art -- The idea of progress -- The concepts old and new -- Seeing and describing works of art -- Comparisons -- References to pictures.

Abstract: I. The Moon and Man -- 1. Man Moves into the Universe -- 2. Human Consequences of the Exploration of Space -- 3. From Alamogordo to Apollo: Will Man Heed the Lesson? -- II. The Politics of Spacefaring -- 4. Man on the Moon: The Columbian Dilemma -- 5. An American “Sputnik” for the Russians? -- 6. The Lunar Landing and the U.S.-Soviet Equation -- 7. Prospects for International Cooperation on the Moon: The Antarctic Analogy -- 8. Post-Apollo Policy: A Look into the 1970s -- III. The Future of Lunar Studies -- 9. Origin and History of the Moon -- 10. A Space Age Phenomenon: The Evolution of Lunar Studies -- 11. Manned Landings and Theories of Lunar Formation -- 12. A View from the Outside -- IV. The Technological Impact -- 13. The Industrial Impact of Apollo -- 14. Saturn/Apollo as a Transportation System -- 15. Apollo: A Pattern for Problem Solving -- 16. Automatic Checkout Equipment: The Apollo Hippocrates.

Abstract: AFTER THE LUNAR LANDING Our concern in this volume is the impact upon science, technology and international cooperation of man's emer­ gence from the "cradle," the biosphere of Earth, to visit the surface of another planet. The editors invited experts in the physical and social sciences who had been think­ ing, talking and writing about space programs for a long time. Some had been critical of manned space flight, its motives and its costs. Some have been or are currently involved in Project Apollo. Some had not committed themselves to value judgments but were fascinated by probable results. In general, the authors regard the moon landing as a climactic event in man's evolution. Sir Bernard Lovell is likely to have a cataclysmic effect on society suggests it and that an international effort should be mounted to send men to Mars in the 1980s. The question of how Project Apollo relates to a scheme of priorities which takes into account such needs as housing, health, pollution and the problems of urbaniza­ tion enters the discussion from several points of view. Eugene Rabinowitch suggests that Apollo may stimulate the development of a system of establishing national priorities in the application of the nation's resources. Freeman Dyson, on the other hand, does not believe that ix PREFACE x any "hierarchy of committees" can devise an accepted order of priorities.

Abstract: I. The Man -- Foreword. Death of a Hero -- I. The Path selected -- II. The Debate -- Prologue to a Debate -- 2. Genesis of the Unified Military Doctrine -- 3. A Battle of Articles -- 4. A Blossom in the Hotbed -- 5. The Debate at the Eleventh Party Congress -- III. The Doctrine -- The End to a Debate -- 6. Wars of the Future -- 7. Arms, Technology, and the Masses -- 8. The Regular Army and Militia -- 9. Inside the Academy and Out -- IV. Some Conclusions -- Ritualism and Reality -- 10. Frunze Today and in 1984 -- 11. Frunze’s Testament -- Epilogue: Who won? -- Appendices -- Appendix 1. ”Front and Rear in War of the Future” -- Appendix 2. ”Our Military Construction and the Tasks of the Military-Scientific Societies” -- Appendix 3. A Note on Frunze’s Campaigns -- Bibliographical note.

Abstract: Alongside the names of such giants of Soviet history as Brezhnev, Khrush­ chev, Kirov, Kosygin, Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky, the name of Mikhail Vasil'evich Fronze may seem to be out of place. In spite of a most impres­ sive flowering of Western scholarship on various aspects of the Soviet Union, the figure of Fronze remains relatively undeveloped. It is, in fact, quite possible to produce a history of the Soviet Union in which he is not 1 mentioned. It has been done several times. The Western neglect of Fronze is not duplicated in works produced in the Soviet Union. There, Frunze is almost invariably treated as a major figure and is popularly regarded as one of the great strategists of the early days of the Soviet republic. He holds, as well, a high place in the ranks of the "Old Bolsheviks. " How are these constrasts between the Western and the Soviet scholarly positions to be explained? Several factors account for the high position occupied by Frunze in Soviet historiography. He was a military hero. He had a long record of revolution­ ary activity. He died at an early age and did not become involved in the purges and other excesses of Stalin's later career. In short, Frunze's short, active life and his contributions to the revolution suited him almost ideally to the role of historical hero. Western scholars have neglected him, probably, for a number of reasons.

Abstract: I: Introduction -- II: Religious Positivism -- III: Religious Empiricism -- IV: The Faith Protected -- V: The Role of Reason in Religion -- Epilogue -- Appendix: Previous Work on Mansel.

Abstract: Henry Longueville Mansel published his Bampton Lectures in 1858, twenty­ seven years after Hegel's death and twelve years before the publication of Ritschl's Rechtfertigung und Versoehnung. The timing is significant. As a sweeping critique of liberalism, frequently symbolized by the work of Hegel, the lectures react to the slow but inexorable permeation of English religious thought by German ways of thinking. By 1858, the process was sufficiently widespread that Mansel felt justified in devoting the principal portion of his work to the attack. Ritschl marks the effective end of Hegel's direct influence on theology and a return to a more Kantian mode of thinking. His gambit had already been made, for Mansel is in many ways a more cautious version of Ritschl. Mansel, however, wrote in English and had the misfortune to say what he did at the beginning of a movement so strong that it allowed no quali­ fication. Thus Mansel's thought was rarely accepted. He was certainly not ignored, at least at the time. The lectures, entitled "The Limits of Religious Thought," were an immediate sensation. They were quickly reprinted both on the Continent and in America and went through two editions in 1858, two more in 1859, and a fifth in 1867. For a period they became "almost a textbook in the schools of the University. " 1 Few leading divines of the day were silent and fewer yet were neutral.

Abstract: III Sermons and Religious Treatises -- John Alcock -- St John Fisher -- Desiderius Erasmus -- John Colet -- Hugh Latimer -- John de Feckenham -- William Atkinson Richard Whytford -- Jacobus de Gruytroede -- Richard de Methley -- John Colet -- St John Fisher -- King Henry VIII -- The Bible -- William Tyndale -- Miles Coverdale -- Desiderius Erasmus -- St Thomas More -- William Tyndale -- John Frith -- The Book of Common Prayer -- IV Chronicles and Histories -- Robert Fabyan -- John Bourchier, Lord Berners -- ‘The Translator’ -- John Rastell -- Jan van Dvesborch -- Peter Martyr D’Anghiera -- St Thomas More -- Edward Hall -- George Cavendish -- John Bouge -- Nicholas Harpsfield -- V Romances and Tales -- Anonymous -- Anonymous -- Anonymous -- Philippe Camus -- Jean D’Arras -- Anonymous -- John Capgrave -- Anonymous -- Anonymous -- Anonymous -- Notes -- Bibliographies -- Suggested Reading.

Abstract: I Basic Texts and General Information -- I. Basic Texts -- II. The European Commission of Human Rights -- III. The European Court of Human Rights -- IV. Principal Developments in the Council of Europe Concerning the Protection of Human Rights -- II Decisions of the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights -- I. Cases Before the Commission -- II. Case Struck off the List After Being Declared Admissible -- III. Case Having Resulted in a Friendly Settlement -- IV. Cases Brought Before the Court -- III The Convention within the Member States of the Council of Europe -- I. The Convention in the Parliaments of the Member states -- II. The Convention in the Domestic Courts of the Contracting Parties -- Appendix Documentation and Bibliography -- A. Council of Europe Documents -- B. Selective Bibliography of Publications Concerning the European Convention on Human Rights -- Alphabetical Index.

Abstract: One: The Indian States in India -- Two: The State of Jammu and Kashmir -- Section I. The Land and the People -- Section II. History -- Section III. British Interest in Kashmir -- Section IV. The Economy -- Three: The Democratic Struggle -- Section I. In India -- Section II. In Kashmir -- Section III. India, Pakistan and the Indian States -- Four: Kashmir Accedes to India -- Section I. The Maharaja’s Dilemma -- Section II. The Invasion of the Tribesmen and Accession to India -- Five: In the United Nations -- Section I. The International Posture of India and Pakistan in 1948 -- Section II. The United Nations Mediation -- Section III. The Role of the United Nations Commission 1948–1949 -- Section IV. The McNaughton Proposals and Dixon’s Mediation -- Six: The Continued Deadlock -- Section I. The Commonwealth Mediation -- Section II. Dr. Graham’s Mediation, 1951–1953 -- Section III. Direct Negotiations -- Seven: The Internal Dynamics of Kashmir -- Section I. Constitutional Developments -- Section II. Economic Developments in Kashmir -- Section III. Political Constellations -- Section IV. The Aligned and the Non-Aligned in Kashmir -- Section V. Kashmir and her Constitution -- Section VI. Azad Kashmir -- Eight: The Kashmir Imbroglio -- Section I. The Security Council, 1957–1958 -- Section II. The Home Front -- Section III. The International Perspective -- Nine: The Chinese Intervention -- Section I. The Security Council, 1962 -- Section II. Cold War in Kashmir -- Section III. Tumult in Kashmir -- Section IV. The Security Council, 1964 -- Ten: The Arbitrament of the Sword -- Section I. Sadiq, Abdullah and Bakshi -- Section II. The Arbitrament of the Sword -- Section III. The Security Council, 1965 -- Section IV. 1966 and After -- Epilogue -- Treaty of Amritsar, 1846 -- Supplement to Treaty of Lahore, 1846 -- Text of the “agreement” signed by China and Pakistan in Peking on March 2, 1963 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 17, 1948 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 20, 1948 -- Resolution of the Security Council of April 21, 1948 -- Resolution of the Commission of August 13, 1948 -- Resolution of the Commission of January 5, 1949 -- Resolution of the Security Council of March 14, 1950 -- Resolution of the Security Council of March 30, 1951 -- Resolution of the Security Council of January 24, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of February 21, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of December 2, 1957 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 4, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 6, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of September 20, 1965 -- Resolution of the Security Council of November 5, 1965 -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: This study is primarily meant for readers outside India, and that explains the lengthy background which it provides. Although literature on the issue is growing daily, each work is written from a certain angle, and that is quite understandable. Every mind has a particular drawing bias; the information supplied is therefore necessarily coloured by tpe views a writer holds. There are to the author's mind two ways of approaching a subject: One would attempt to fit the facts into the value system of the writer, the other would try to draw values from the mass of materials under study. In either case there is no escaping the subjective evaluation of the narrator; and the present writer does not claim any immunity from the process. Kashmir's present history has two aspects. One of them is international, and here the ups and downs in the fortunes of the two States are to be seen against the complexity of power relations in the multinational world body. The other is the internal dynamics, which have their own compelling logic. An attempt has been made in this study to correlate the two into some sort of unity, but it is not for the writer to evaluate its success.

Abstract: One: Historical Background -- One: Pre-Islamic Arabia -- Two: Evolvement of Muslim International Law -- Two: Muslim Legal Legacy -- One: Nature and Genesis of International Law -- Two: Sources and Methods of Interpretation of Muslim International Law -- Three: Subjects and Domain of Muslim International Law -- Three: The Muslim Conception of International Law -- One: Muslim Classical Conception of International Law -- Two: The Classical Doctrine Considered -- Three: Towards a Conventional Interpretation -- Epilogue -- Epilogue.

Abstract: The traditional doctrine of Islamic law in regard to international re­ lations is well known. The Shari'a includes many excellent provisions about declarations of war, treaties of peace, armistices, diplomatic envoys, negotiations and guarantees of safe conduct. But the fact remains that it divides the world, broadly speaking, into the "Abode of Islam" and the "Abode of 'War," and that it envisages the continu­ ance of intermittent war between them until the latter is absorbed in the former. In the course of such fighting, and in the intervals in be­ tween, many civilities were to be meticulously observed; but prisoners of war could be killed, sold or enslaved at the discretion of the Muslim authorities, and the women of those who resisted the advance of Islam could be taken as slave-concubines, regardless of whether they were single or married. The "Abode of Islam" did not, indeed, consist ex­ clusively of Muslims, for those whose religion was based on a book accepted by Islam as originally inspired and in practice, indeed, those other religions too - were not forced to embrace Islam but only to accept Muslim rule. They were granted the status of dhimmis, were protected in their persons and their property, were allowed to follow their own religion in an unobtrusive fashion, and were accorded the position of essentially second-class citizens. They were also of course, perfectly free to embrace Islam; but for a Muslim to be converted to another faith involved the death penalty.

Abstract: Table des Matières -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le statut juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du «Tavignano» -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Confêrence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: I:Marxism -- The Person -- The Dialectic -- Freedom -- II:Catholicism -- The Person -- Authority -- The World -- III:Coexistence -- What the Marxists Must Do -- What the Catholics Must Do -- Epilogue.

Abstract: This is an authentic book. Its style fits its situation. The encounter between Marxism and Catholicism was yesterday diatribe, is today dialogue, and tomorrow will be epilogue. The virtue of Father Adelmann's writing is to make us aware that we are in via. Happenings are everywhere, not just in hippieland. In Salzburg and South Bend, in Chiem see and Cambridge conversations are going on - conversations that are no less than con­ fessions. For Catholics and Marxists are listening to each other and are changing their minds. It has been the peculiar good fortune of the author of this book to have been both recorder and participant in these changes. He has experienced the transition from diatribe to dialogue in his own thoughts and feelings, and he has here written not an outsider's account, but an insider's recounting. He is not simply this volume's author, but also one of its case of characters. Hence the style of his writing is apperceptively autobiographical. It fits the situation. He is a character in a play, who is also that drama's author. His essay, then, is not simply a discussion of the relation between Catholicism and Marxism today, but is a contribution to­ ward a new relation between them and tomorrow.

Abstract: I. The Low Countries During the Middle Ages -- 1. The Geographic and Ethnic Background -- 2. The Political Constellations -- 3. The Cultural Life -- 4. The Religious Life -- 5. Faith, Life, and Leaders -- 6. Asceticism and Monasticism -- 7. The Administration of the Church -- II. The Dawn of a New Day -- A. The Soil and the Seed -- B. In the Embrace of a World Revolution (1517–1530) -- III. The Evangelical Sacramentarian Reformation -- A. From Sacrament to Symbol -- B. The Evangelical Movement -- IV. Melchior Hofmann: A Prophetic Layman -- A. From Wittenberg to Strassburg -- B. The Anabaptist Apostle to the North -- V. Anabaptism at the Crossroads -- A. In Search of the City of God -- B. Münster: The New Jerusalem -- VI. Gathering a Christian Fellowship -- A. Sifting and Gathering -- B. The Covenanted Church of God -- VII. Growth and Molding of the Brotherhood -- A. From Antwerp to Danzig -- B. Defining and Defending the Faith -- VIII. Conclusion -- 1. In the Context of the Reformation -- 2. The Swiss and Dutch Anabaptists -- 3. At the Crossroads -- 4. Covenanters of Christ -- 5. The Ministry and the Ordinances -- 6. The Disciplined Brotherhood -- 7. The Christian and his Citizenship -- 8. Lasting Contributions -- Footnotes -- I. The Low Countries During the Middle Ages -- II. The Dawn of a New Day -- III. The Evangelical Sacramentarian Reformation -- W. Melchior Hofmann: A Prophetic Layman -- V. Anabaptism at the Crossroads -- VI. Gathering a Christian Fellowship -- VII. Growth and Molding of the Brotherhood -- VIII. Conclusion -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: IFLA/FIAB -- Programme -- Premiere Séance / First Session -- Comptes de la Fédération -- Deuxième Séance / Second Session -- Troisième Séance / Third Session -- Séance Spéciale/Special Session -- Annexes -- Membres Nationaux / National Members -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, III: Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare an Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken e. V -- Bundesrepublik Deutschland, IV: Deutscher Büchereiverband e.V.: -- Deutsche Demokratische Republik I. Deutscher Bibliotheksverband -- Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin -- Deutsche Bücherei, Leipzig -- Autriche / Austria, I: Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekare -- Belgique / Belgium -- Bulgarie / Bulgaria -- Danemark / Denmark -- Finlande / Finland. I: Suomen Kirjastoseura / Finnish Library Association -- Grande-Bretagne / Great Britain -- Hollande / Holland -- Hongrie / Hungary -- Italie / Italy -- Pologne / Poland -- Suéde / Sweden -- Suisse / Switzerland -- UDC (5) ASIE / ASIA -- Israël / Israel -- Japon / Japan -- UDC (6) Afrique / Africa -- UDC (7) Amérique du Nord / North America -- États-UNIS D’Amérique / United States of America, I -- UDC (8) Amérique Latine / Latin America -- UDC (9) Australasie / Australasia.

Abstract: Table Des MatiÈres -- Transformation des principes généraux en règles positives du droit international -- Remarques sur l’interdiction d’intervention -- Les problèmes de la subjectivité internationale -- Le status juridique des partisans et des mouvements de résistance armée: évolution historique et aspects actuels -- Die Vereinigten Nationen und das Kriegsrecht -- International Freedom of Information. New Dimensions -- Observations sur une enquête internationale: L’affaire du „Tavignano” -- La souveraineté dans l’histoire du droit des gens. De Vitoria à Vattel -- Norwegian Attitude to International and Foreign Judgments. Recent Developments -- The Evolution of Space Law Continues -- Contribution à l’étude des rapports entre le droit international public et le droit international privé -- Betrachtungen zum Europäischen Niederlassungsabkommen vom 13. Dezember 1955 -- Le rôle de la condition des mains propres de la personne lésée dans les réclamations devant les tribunaux internationaux -- Unverbindliche Abmachungen im zwischenstaatlichen Bereich -- La non-reconnaissance des actes contraires au droit -- La motivation et la révision des sentences arbitrales à la Conférence de la paix de la Haye (1899) et le conflit frontalier entre le Royaume-Uni et le Vénézuéla -- The Problem of the Application of Military Measures by the General Assembly of the United Nations -- Politique et droit dans les Balkans. Etude d’histoire de la diplomatie et du droit international -- The Special Function of the Principle of Restrictive Interpretation -- La règle juridique, le droit subjectif et le sujet de droit en droit international. Essai d’une nouvelle théorie -- Der Primat des Völkerrechts und die Vereinten Nationen -- Bibliographie des travaux scientifiques de Juraj Andrassy.

Abstract: I: Equality of Treatment, Trade Discrimination and International Law -- I: Introduction -- II: Trade Discrimination and International Law -- II: Most-Favoured-Nation Clause vs. Discrimination in Gatt -- III. Background to M. N. F. Clause in Gatt -- IV: Equality of Treatment vs. Discrimination in Gatt: Article I(I) -- V: Exceptions to M. F. N. Clause in Article I (I) and Discrimination -- VI: Exceptions in Favour of Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions, Free Trade Areas and Discrimination -- VII: Equality of Ttreatment vs. Discrimination in Other Articles of GATT -- VIII: Quantitative Restrictions and Non-Discrimination -- IX: Remedies and Organisational Structure -- X: Conclusions.

Abstract: Doctor Hyder's meticulous and comprehensive study throws much­ needed light on the often invoked but little understood concept of "discrimination" in international law. It is also of great practical value to those who are concerned with the law of international trade. "Discrimination" is a word with bad connotations. It suggests un­ fairness, prejudice and favouritism. It seems to point to adeparture from the ideal of equal opportunities, equal rewards and even-handed legal protection of all human beings without regard to differences of race, religion, ethnic origin or sex. Similarly, in public international law "discrimination" suggests violation of the principle of equality of states. Yet there are vast areas of international relations in whieh states are regarded as being legally free, except as specially provided in treaties, to make distinctions between other states or their nationals. The principle of equality of states merely means that the many rules constituting what is often called "general (or universal) international law" apply equally to all independent states. Hence, by definition, such states have equal rights and duties under general international law. But the latter leaves vast areas of transnational activity to be regulated by states at their discretion either unilaterally or by special agreement with other states. No state has, in fact, exactly the same totality of rights and duties as other states, since no two states are parties to exactly the same treaties. By treaty, astate often grants to another state a right which it may withhold from third states.

Abstract: Ein anthropologisches Modell -- An Anthropological Model -- Un Modèle Anthropologique (Sommaire) -- Sociologie et Psychanalyse -- Sociology and Psychoanalysis -- Sociología y Psicoanálisis -- A Technology of the Emotions? -- Une Technologie des Emotions? -- From Psychoanalytic Naturalism to Phenomenological Anthropology (Daseinsanalyse) -- Documents and Reports -- Book Reviews.

Abstract: I: International Custom: its Statics and Dynamics -- Some Traditional Criteria of the Growth of International Custom -- The Law of the Continental Shelf in Theory -- II: The Continental Shelf, its Utilization and Control -- The Continental Shelf and its Riches -- National Shelf Policies -- Industrial Involvement on the Shelf -- The Shelf and the State -- Political and Industrial Limits of the Shelf -- III: Political and Legal Problems of the Continental Shelf: an Outline -- Political and Legal Aspects of the Doctrine: 1945 -- Conceptual Enlargement of the Shelf Doctrine: 1945–1958 -- The 1958 Conference on the Law of the Sea -- IV: Bilateral Perspectives of the Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf -- American and British Shelf Practice in the 1940’s -- Coastal Right of Exclusive Control in Bilateral Perspectives -- Shelf Utilization and Responsibility of States: From Bilateral to Multilateral Perspectives -- Provisional Conclusions -- V: The Continental Shelf and International Custom: Assessment and Conclusions -- The Continental Shelf Regime -- International Custom: Aspects of Growth -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: One of the reasons for the speed with which international law has been changing in recent years has been the acceleration in the development of technology. New technological capabilities create opportunities for new kinds of economic activities which in turn require new legal norms to regulate them. Many such norms are formulated by express agreement and embodied in multilateral treaties. Much of contemporary air and space law is being developed by this method. For various reasons, however, the treaty­ making process is not always adequate for the development of new law, at least in its initial stages. Express agreement of a substantial majority of states on norms formulated with some precision requires much time and effort. Eighteen years have passed, for example, since the United Nations International Law Commission began its work on the law of the sea which led to the formulation of four conventions at the Geneva Conference of 1958 on this subject. Ten years after this Conference, none of the four conventions has been ratified or acceded to by a majority of the states of the world. It is not surprising, therefore, that in some fie1ds new law first emerges as a set of customary norms of varying degrees of c1arity and general accep­ tance. But the nature of the process of development and change of customary norms has remained inadequately understood and explained in the theory of intemationallaw. Some eminent jurists have called it "a mystery.

Abstract: I. The Postwar Setting -- II. Reparation or Hegemony? The Background and Development of Poincaré’s Ruhr Policy -- III. Opposition and the Retreat from Hegemony -- IV. Britain and the Policy of Benevolent Neutrality -- V. The Abandonment of Benevolent Neutrality -- VI. Weimar Germany and the Ruhr Struggle -- VII. Stresemann and the Fulfilment Policy -- VIII. United States Policy: The Wilson Administration and the Developing Ruhr Question -- XI. Charles Evans Hughes and the Emergence of the Dawes Plan -- X. Some Conclusions -- Appendices -- Bibliographical Essay -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Given the atmosphere of the time, given the passions aroused in all democracies by years of war, it would have been impossible even for supermen to devise a peace of moderation and righteousness .•..• human error is a permanent and not a periodic factor in history. Harold Nicolson, writing in I933 of the Treaty of Versailles 1 Although the period of history from 1918 to 1925 has been the subject of considerable analysis and interpretation by historians, journalists, and students of international politics, there are certain aspects of this postwar era which are greatly in need of further study and evaluation. The occupation of the Ruhr area of Germany by French and Belgian troops in 1923 is one of these. While it is not the intention of the present writer to deal definitively or exhaustively with all possible sources, either for the era in general or for the Ruhr episode itself, he does seek to note and compare some influential French, British, German, and American attitudes.

Abstract: I. The Viability of the Epic -- II. After 1848 and during the “Gründerjahre”: The Flight from Reality -- III. The Idyll: A World within the World -- IV. History -- V. The Creation of new Myths and the Reappearance of the Epic Imagination -- Conclusion.

Abstract: The almost complete disregard of the verse epic as a genre still worthy of meaningful discussion and earnest investigation is all too apparent in German literary criticism. The only attempt to view the genre in its evolution through the centuries is Heinrich Maiworm's valuable but necessarily somewhat perfunctory historical survey of the German epic which appeared in the second volume of Deutsche Philologie im Auf,iss. There is as yet, however, no literary study of the German verse epic in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a period which is of particular interest to such a study and indeed crucial to the genre itself, since it was during this period that the novel claimed its final and apparently irrevocable victory over its predecessor, a form which had once been hallowed but was now declared a dead genre. It is not the lack of sufficient material that could explain this neglect, for in terms of sheer quantity and, we believe, not quantity alone, there is enough material for more than one study. The prime purpose of this work, then, is to attempt, if not to fill this conspicuous gap, at least to begin narrowing it somewhat, and in so doing to determine in how far the continuing existence of this vacuum in German literary appreciation is in fact justified.

Abstract: I. His Life and Work -- 1. Roots in Europe -- 2. Life and Ministry in the New World -- II. His Theology: Experimental Divinity -- 3. Of God and Man -- 4. Of the Church -- Appendices.

Abstract: The word "pietism" usually conjures up a host of ambivalent im­ pressions. It has seemed to me increasingly clear that many of the strengths of pietism have been swept aside by reactions against the excesses of the movement. To properly assess the structures of pietism, it is important to comprehend its matrix and to understand its ex­ ponents. In preparing this study, therefore, I have sought to recapture something of the person of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen as well as the gist of his thought; something of his environment as well as the institutions of his day. To achieve this I have traveled many by-paths and knocked on many doors. But the past has not always yielded its secrets; much is lost forever. Hagen in Westphalia, Frelinghuysen's birthplace, is now a modern city and only in a few isolated particulars is it reminiscent of Hagen in 1693. In the nearby village of Schwerte, however, the ancestral church of his forebears remains as it was nearly three hundred years ago. The gymnasium he attended in Hamm was destroyed in the bombings ofW orld War II, though the library he used during his study at Lingen is still largely intact. In the tiny East-Frisian village of Loegumer Voorwerk, Frelinghuysen's first parish, one can still stand in the pulpit where he first preached his awakening gospel. Yet oddly enough, in America, where his name is most remembered, most physical traces of his life have disappeared.

Abstract: Première Séance / First Session -- Discours d’ouverture du Président de la Fédération -- Rapport du Secrétaire général -- Rapport financier du Trésorier -- Report of UNESCO’s Division of Libraries, Documentation and Archives -- Report of FID -- Deuxième Séance / Second Session -- Libraries and documentation / Les bibliothèques et la documentation -- Troisième Séance / Third Session -- Communications et résolutions des Sections et Commissions -- Communications du Bureau exécutif -- Discours de clôture du Président -- Report of the Joint Meeting of FID and IFLA Officers and Committee Chairmen.

Abstract: I: Introduction -- 1. Outline -- 2. Ships -- 3. Nationality -- II: The Meaning of Allocation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The term jurisdiction -- 3. Which international person may have the power to prescribe rules of conduct, to threaten sanctions, and to enforce sanctions with regard to the ship-users? -- 4. The right to prescribe rules for ship-users -- 5. The right to enforce sanctions against ship-users -- 6. The right of protection -- 7. The duties of the flag state -- III: Acquisition of Allocation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Terminology -- 3. The relation between immatriculation, “nationality”, “registration”, “documentation” and “flag” -- 4. The cognoscible decision to immatriculate -- 5. Multiple allocation -- 6. Fraud -- 7. Evidence of allocation -- IV: Sufficient Authority -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of the third sentence of article 5 -- 3. Exclusive authority -- 4. The purpose of the “genuine link” -- 5. “Genuine link” — the expression and its concretion -- 6. Means — government agencies outside the flag state -- 7. Means — government agencies within the flag state -- 8. A complete and a partial irrelevance -- 9. The “genuine link” a condition and a precept -- 10. Some conclusions with respect to the application of the “genuine link” rule -- V: Three Particular Questions -- 1. Loss and change of allocation -- 2. Statelessness -- 3. International Organizations -- VI: Summary -- Cases Mentioned in the Text -- General Index.

Abstract: It gives me great pleasure to introduce this work by Dr. H. Meyers. The problem of "The Nationality of Ships" has long been one of the most difficult problems in the international law of the sea. It has been made more acute recently by the growth of "flags of convenience". Legally, the problem has been complicated or simplified-according to one's point of view-by the emergence of the concept of the "genuine link" associated with the Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Nottebohm case (second phase) in 1955. Other develop­ ments have included the thorough preparatory work of the Internation­ al Law Commission leading up to the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, held in Geneva in 1958; the debates at that Con­ ference and particularly its adoption of the Convention on the High Seas; and finally the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice in the case concerning the Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation in 1960. All these developments have thrown light on the problem ofthe allocation of ships to one or other of the politically organised territorial communities (or States) of which the present international society is largely composed. But an agreed solution acceptable to all the interests concerned seems as far away as ever. The question of ships operated by international institutions such as the United Nations is another problem which awaits a satisfactory answer.

Abstract: One The Family Background and Formal Education of R. G. Collingwood -- I. Introduction: A Sketch of R. G. Collingwood’s Career and Major Interests -- II. John Ruskin as an Inspiration for W. G. Collingwood and R. G. Collingwood -- III. The Literae Humaniores Program at Oxford and R. G. Collingwood’s Response to It -- IV. R. G. Collingwood’s Research in the Archaeology of Roman Britain -- Two The Unfolding of Collingwood’s Approach to Philosophy 1913–1923 -- V. Collingwood’s Religion and Philosophy (1916) -- VI. Two Pivotal Essays: “The Devil” (1916) and Ruskin’s Philosophy (1919/1922) -- VII. Benedetto Croce as a Foil to R. G. Collingwood -- VII. The Influence of Croce, Gentile, and Vico on Collingwood During the Early 1920’s -- Three Speculum Mentis (1924): A Description of the five Forms of Experience -- IX. General Characteristics of Speculum Mentis -- X. Art and Religion as Elementary Forms of Experience -- XI. Science as the Third Form of Experience -- XII. History and Philosophy as the Culminating Forms of Experience -- Four R. G. Collingwood’s Isolation in Twentieth Century Thought -- XIII. R. G. Collingwood’s Place in the History of Ideas (1900–1925) -- XIV. Conclusion: R. G. Collingwood’s Intellectual Loneliness after 1924 and its Roots in His Ruskinian Education -- Appendices.

Abstract: Collingwood and Hegel R. G. Collingwood was a lonely thinker. Begrudgingly admired by some and bludgeoned by others, he failed to train a single disciple, just as he failed to communicate to the reading public his vision of the unity of experience. This failure stands in stark contrast to the success of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who won many disciples to a very similar point-of-view and whose influence on subsequent thought, having been rediscovered since 1920, has not yet been adequately explored. Collingwood and Hegel share three fundamental similarities: both men held overwhelming admiration of the Greeks, both possessed uniquely broad knowledge of academic controversies of their day, and both were inalterably convinced that human experience consti­ tutes a single whole. If experts find Collingwood's vision of wholeness less satisfactory than Hegel's, much of the fault lies in the atmosphere in which Col­ lingwood labored. Oxford in the 1920'S and 1930's, sceptical and specialized, was not the enthusiastic Heidelberg and Berlin of 1816 to 183I. What is important in Collingwood is not that he fell short of Hegel but that working under adverse conditions he came so elose. Indeed those unfamiliar with Hegel will find in Collingwood's early works, especially in Speculum M entis, a useful introduction to the great German.

Abstract: I. Von Hartmann’s Life, His Relation to Kant, Schoperhauer, Hegel, and Schelling -- II. Method of Inquiry -- III. Discovery and Realm of Operation of the Unconscious -- IV. Division and Kinds of the Unconscious -- V. Historical Genesis of the Notion of the Unconscious -- VI. Pessimism and Axiology -- VII. Philosophy of Morals -- VIII. Philosophy of Religion -- Conclusion.

Abstract: No man can live without ideas, for every human action, internal or external, is of necessity enacted by virtue of certain ideas. In these ideas a man believes; they guide his actions, and ultimately his whole life. Study of these ideas and principles is one of the distinctive tasks of the history of philosophy. But were we to restrict the field of interest of the history of philosophy to a mere detached academic "cataloguing" of past ideas, the history of philosophy itself would have joined long ago the interminable line of barren catalogued ideas. The study of the wisdom of past ages, however, is very much alive. Not only is it alive, but in the words ot Wilhelm Dilthey: "What man is, he learns through history. "l Thus, the culture of every generation is inevitably related, whether thetically or antithetically, to the previous one, and the politi­ cal and economic struggles of any present are always the consequences of an earlier and perhaps even fiercer battle of ideas. I t is imperative to know the history of the philosophies that nourish the present if we wish to know ourselves and the world about us. The Socratic call to self-knowledge is as indispensable a condition of a truly human existence today as it was in the fifth century B. C.

Abstract: The origins of this book go back to I956 when it was suggested to me that a study on the philosophy of Gianfrancesco Pico della Mirandola would furnish an important addition to our knowledge of the philoso­ phy of the Italian Renaissance. It was not, however, until I960 that I could devote a significant portion of my time to a realization of this goal. My work was essentially completed in 1963, at which time it was presented in its original form as a doctoral dissertation in the Phi­ losophy Department of Columbia University. Since then I have made many minor improvements and several chapters have been extensively reworked. This study represents the first attempt in fifty years to give a detailed account of even a portion of Gianfrancesco Pico's life and thought. The most comprehensive previous study, Gertrude Bramlette Richards, "Gianfrancesco Pico della lv1irandola" (Cornell University Dissertation, I 9 I 5), which I have found very useful in preparing my own book, is largely based on secondary literature and is mistaken in a number of details. Furthermore, Miss Richards' treatment of Gian­ francesco Pico as a thinker is very sketchy and is not an exhaustive study of his own writings. It is hoped that my present study, built in part on her extensive bibliographical indications, brings forth a certain amount of new information which will be of value for further research.

Abstract: I. the Loss of Faith -- I. Modern Literature and the Death of God -- II. God and the Alienated Self -- III. Eros and the Death of God -- II. the Search for God -- IV. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche -- V. Dostoevski and the Problem of Religion -- VI. The Literature of Suicide -- VII. The Numinous in Fiction -- VIII. Religion and the Novel -- IX. Catholicism in Fiction -- X. The Dialectics of Tragedy in an Age of Unfaith -- III. the Summing up -- XI. Conclusion.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Early History of Formosa -- Original Inhabitants of Formosa -- Early Settlers -- Kingdom of Koxinga -- Legality of China’s Acquisition of Formosa -- Formosa Under Chinese Rule -- Japanese Acquisition of Formosa -- III. Conferences and Declarations: Their Effect on the Status of Formosa -- Cairo Conference -- Potsdam Conference -- Instrument of Surrender -- The Effect of the Cairo, Potsdam Declarations and the Instrument of Surrender on the Status of Formosa -- IV. Claims of the Formosan Nationalists -- Chinese Law on Nationality -- Republic of Formosa -- Formosa as A Province of China -- The Right of the Nationalist Government to Establish Its Seat on Formosa -- The Right of Self-Determination -- Validity of Formosan Claims -- V. International Opinions on the Status of Formosa -- The British Position -- The Russian Position -- The American Position -- The Japanese Position -- The Indian Position -- The Irish Position -- The Two-China Theory -- The Conlon Report -- VI. Claims of the Chinese Communists -- Russia and Its Relations with the Chinese Communists Before the End of World War II -- Russia’s Interference in the Domestic Affairs of China After World War II -- The Legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Government -- China Representation Question and Legal Status of Formosa are Separate but Closely Related Issues -- Chinese Communist Position on the Status of Formosa and the Representation Question -- Validity of Communist China’s Claims -- VII. Claims of the Republic of China -- Nationalist Government is the Legitimate Government of China -- Succession of Governments -- Succession of States -- The Republic of China Has Never Extended Recognition to the Chinese Communists in any Form -- State of Hostilities Still Exists -- San Francisco Treaty of Peace -- Sino-Japanese Treaty of April 28, 1952 -- Nationalist Government’s Views on Status of Formosa -- Legitimacy of Nationalist China’s Claims -- Transfer of Title Through A Treaty of Cession -- Title Through Prescription -- VIII. Present Status of Formosa.

Abstract: Can two-Chinas co-exist in the present world order? In a sense they co-exist now-Free China in Taiwan (Formosa) and Communist China on the mainland. Barring a military showdown, this situation could remain for years to come. However, if we seek to put Free China and Communist China on some permanent basis and give them interna­ tional juridical status as abiding and separate entities, then we are faced with serious difficulties. Free China and Communist China co­ exist at present simply because neither can effectively alter the situa­ tion. Each is backed by a power bloc that recognizes the legal existence of only one of these political regimes. The United States does not re­ cognize Peiping, even though it has conducted meetings on the ambas­ sadorial level with the Regime for several years. In a corresponding way, the Soviet bloc of nations refuses to recognize Nationalist China. The situation is very similar to that of two-Germanys, two-Koreas and two-Vietnams. To seek a solution to this political impasse, it is suggested that a "Sino-Formosan State" or some kind of "self-determination" by the Formosans be instituted. This was first expressed by Chester Bowles in his article "The China Problem Reconsidered" (Foreign Affairs, April 1960), and supported by John Carter Vincent in his letter to the editor of the New York Times (December 7,1961). The Conlon Report of 1959 held the same posi. tion. Also, Arnold J.

Abstract: I Introduction -- II The basis of and reason for a sociological approach -- III The method of the sociological approach -- IV International law and sociology -- V The “sociological jurists” -- VI The theory of international relations -- VII The sociological theories -- I. The philosophical systems of sociology -- II. The middle and small range theories -- VIII The concepts of formal and informal structure -- IX The reality structure of world society -- X The formal structure of world society -- XI The interaction between formal and informal structure -- XII The “change” factor in world society -- XIII About the image of the future.

Abstract: The academic or scientific occupation with international relations is not always an encouraging task. At times one gets an image of the enormous psychic and physical forces which operate in the international realm, and it then seems that the role of the publicist is almost a negligible one. If one, in addition, arrives at the conclusion that human social action is not really a volitional process, then there is indeed ample room for pessimism and despair. Nevertheless, in the complexity of our consciousness, the different elements of which life is made of blend into a unity of which the idea is as much a part or even more so than the deed or action. The stress on action expresses the crudeness of our times but the idea has been much more the motivation of history and its cohesive force over long periods. Action in terms of force is never in itself the entire solution because it carries no conviction or understanding, at least unless its role is a very moderate one.

Abstract: I The Personal Question -- II Metaproblematic Inquiry -- III The Existential Situation -- IV The Fellowship of Being -- Conclusion.

Abstract: This book is the fruit of a critical inquiry into the nature and scope of Marcel's philosophie achievement. As such, it is concerned less with affixing the appropriate label (personalist or existentialist) to Marcel's thought -and with it making it stick - than with discovering the precise impulse and tenor ofhis philosophy. In the process ofthat more general inquiry, the writer found being forced upon hirn a central concept as integrating focus of Marcel's philosophie investigations. This eoneept was that of the person. Gradually it emerged as a concept not only of prime importance for understanding the underlying harmony that pervades Marcel's professedly unsystematic researches, but equally as one of profound significanee for any philosophy that pretends adequately to aecount for human experienee. Furthermore, it seemed that the eoneept derived much ofthat significance from its acceptance precisely in the context of Marcel's thought. This feature ofMareel's philosophie writings alone is warrant enough for overeoming any initial embarrassment aroused in Anglo-Saxon breasts by his style. For, to speak candidly, that style is of a generation and a climate whose tastes little aecord with palates trained to a greater astringeney. Nor will Marcel's evident and unashamed coneern with life and its problems necessarily evoke a warm response in minds aceustomed to operate in an atmosphere of stricter and more aeademic reserve.

Abstract: I Declarations and the Development of International Law -- 1. The Nature of the Declarations -- 2. Significance of Declarations in Relation to Specific Powers of the Assembly under the Charter -- 3. Significance of Declarations as Interpretation and Application of International Law -- 4. Declarations as Subsequent Practice and as Aid in the Judicial Interpretation of the Charter -- 5. Declarations as Evidence of Custom or General Principles of International Law -- 6. Declarations as Agreements Within the United Nations System -- 7. Factors Affecting the Significance of Declarations -- II Declarations Which Purport to State Existing Principles of International Law -- 1. Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Wealth and Resources -- 2. The Declaration on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear and Thermo-Nuclear Weapons -- 3. The Resolution Affirming Principles of International Law embodied in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal -- III Declarations Which Purport to Create New Principles of International Law -- 1. Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space -- IV Declarations Intended to Promote Specific Charter Programs -- 1. The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples -- 2. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- 3. The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- 4. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child -- V Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States and of International Organizations -- 1. Significance of Declarations in the Practice of States -- 2. Significance of Declarations in International Organizations -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Mr. Asamoah's book is concerned with an area of growing importance in the evolution of contemporary international law. The traditional division of the sources of International law into custom and treaties has already been supplemented in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice by the "general principles of law re­ cognized by civilized nations" and-as subsidiary sources, the judicial decisions and the teachings of highly qualified publicists. But in order to cope with the diversity of international law in our time, we have to look to a far greater variety of sources of international law, and we shall have to recognize that, in accordance with the many-sided character of international law, these sources may vary greatly in intensity. In recent years, Declaratory Resolutions of the General Assembly have been much concerned with the general princi­ ples of international law. Sometimes these Declarations are interpre­ tations of the Charter and other instruments; sometimes they are evi­ dence of state practice and a developing customary international law ; sometimes they formulate new principles which, in some cases will eventually lead to international treaties or new custom, or in other cases will be accepted as authorative statements of international legal principles, in circumstances where a formal treaty cannot be attained. There are many reasons--often of an internal character-which prevent the conclusion of a treaty but not the acceptance of the principles contained in it.

Abstract: I. Implementing Man’s Natural Rights: The Developing International Law -- Failure at the International Level -- The Regional Approach -- Purpose of the Study -- The Natural Rights of Man -- II. The Development of Procedural Remedies -- From Antiquity to the Modern State -- The Status of the Individual under Roman Law -- Present Theories of Individual Procedural Status -- Other Subjects of the Law -- Early International Courts -- III. The Inter-War Period -- The U.S.-Mexican Mixed Claims Commission -- Mixed Claims Commissions -- Arbitral Tribunals -- IV. The Efforts of the United Nations -- Failure at the International Level -- International Labour Organization -- International Court of Justice -- V. The Council of Europe: Political Unification -- The Realization of an Ideal -- The Council of Europe and Unification -- The Individual and the Commission Convention of Human Rights -- Protection of States -- Regional Tribunals and the Individual Commission of Human Rights -- The Court of Human Rights -- Committee of Ministers -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Conclusions: Political Organizations -- VI. European Economic Organizations -- The Common Market -- Economic Integration of Europe -- The European Communities and the Individual -- Combined Community Court -- The Individual and the EEC -- The Role of the Court in an Expanding Legal System -- Treaty Texts and the Individual -- Article 177 and the Individual -- Court Decisions and Individual Rights -- Advisory Jurisdiction -- The Individual as a Beneficiary -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development -- Conclusions: Economic Organizations -- VII. Conclusions -- Individual Right of Action -- Political and Economic Organizations Compared -- The Future Global Efforts -- International Court of Justice -- Private Undertakings -- Trend of World Law -- Table of Cases -- Subject Matter Index -- Index of Authorities.

Abstract: The most important sipgle factor in guaranteeing the effective pro­ tection of human rights - including economic and property interest- is that private individuals and groups be capable of maintaining a judicial action against any sovereign State causing them injury. Thus, individuals must possess the necessary locus standi at both the regional and international levels. A private individual must be able to prosecute an action before an international tribunal - in his own name - against an offending Government, particularly his own. Unfortunately, this necessary right of action was not recognized under traditional internatio­ nallaw. It is only very recently, since the adoption of the European Convention of Human Rights and the Establishing Treaty of the Common Market, that nongovernmental entities have achieved locus standi before international courts. As this book is being written, it is no longer valid to hold that only States are procedural subjects of international law. Nevertheless, it must - tragically - be conceded that individuals do not enjoy the same standing as Member States. This same generalization applies to the United Nations. Starting with the proposition that the individual is a subject of the Law, this book not only analyses examples supporting this viewpoint, but it concentrates on the more important shortcomings, primarily those existing within the Council of Europe, the European Economic Community, and the United Nations. Therefore, recommendations are offered as to the specific improvements that must be made.

Abstract: I. Historical Survey of the Treaty-Making Practice of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Treaty-Making Practice in the Inter-War Period -- C. Development after the Second World War -- II. The Basis of the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Constitutional Provisions -- C. International Personality -- D. The Implied Power Theory -- E. The Basis of Treaty-Making Capacity -- III. The Conclusion of Treaties -- A. Form of Agreements -- B. Constitutional Requirements — Limitation on the Treaty-Making Capacity of International Organizations -- C. Constitutional Requirements — Organs Competent to Conclude Treaties -- D. Procedure of Conclusion -- IV. Certain Kinds of Treaties -- A. Succession Agreements -- B. Relationship Agreements -- C. Institutional Treaties -- D. Trusteeship Agreements -- E. Technical Assistance Agreements -- F. UNICEF, Special Fund, and OPEX Agreements -- G. Loan and Guarantee Agreements -- H. Conclusion -- V. The Legal Character of Agreements Concluded by International Organizations -- A. Introduction -- B. Legal Character in General -- C. Tests to Decide the Legal Character of An Agreement -- Conclusions.

Abstract: Mter an international organization is established, if it is necessary for it to acquire certain rights or assume duties or new functions not provided in its constitution, there are four techniques to achieve that 1 end. The first is to amend the constitution of the organization. If the organization has only a limited number of members, then this technique is not too cumbersome. But, the procedure for amending a constitution is usually complicated and requires a substantial period of time. Thus this technique has at least the disadvantage of delay. 2 The second technique is to conclude a treaty among the member States of the organization. The organization is not a party to that treaty, but it can acquire some rights, assume some duties, or new functions under the treaty. 3 The disadvantage of this technique is similar to the first one, i. e. , the conclusion of a multilateral treaty may mean delay since the procedure involved is so complicated and cumber­ some. 1 E. g. , the Constitution of the ILO, Cmd. No. 393 (T. S. No. 4 of 1919), [1919] 13 Foreign ReI. U. S. : Paris Conf. 695 (1947), was amended on October 9, 1946,62 Stat. 3485, T. I. A. S. No. 1868, 15 U. N. T. S.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- Hamann’s Life -- Interpretation -- II. Hamann’s “Authorship”: Content (Faith) -- “Philosophy” and “Faith” -- Revelation as the Humility of God -- Faith as the Humility of Man -- III. Hamann’s “Authorship”: Form (Style) -- The Passion for Unity and Concreteness -- The Calculated Offense -- IV. Idololatria: Philosophy as a Contrary Faith -- A. The Attack on Philosophy -- V. Idololatria (cont.) -- B. The Abstracting and Denuding of Reality -- Appendix: Hamann’s Concept of Tolerance -- VI. Idololatria (cont.) -- C. The Theological Presuppositions of Hamann’s Attack -- VII. Agnosia: Philosophy Before Faith -- 1. Possibility -- 2. Function -- 3. Limitations -- VIII. Philologia: Philosophy From Faith to Faith -- A. Love of the Word Incarnate -- IX. Philologia (cont.) -- B. Love of the Word in Nature and History -- X. Conclusion -- A Man against the Enlightenment -- A Man of the Enlightenment -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: THE PROBLEM OF THE INTERPRETATION OF HAMANN Johann Georg Hamann is an intriguing but poorly known figure in the contemporary intellectual world. Yet this is the man whom Kierkegaard saluted as "Emperor!", whose writings were to have been arranged for publication by none other than Goethe himself, and whom Dilthey numbered among the primordial figures in the rise of modern historical consciousness. There are reasons for the persistence of this general ignorance. Hamann is deep. And, in addition, there is his forbidding style. The readers of Kierkegaard and Dilthey, two other giants who them­ selves achieved late recognition, have not had to face this kind of imposing obstacle. Not only does Hamann expect his readers to handle themselves in deep water, but to intuit their way between his ideas which bob up like islands with no visible connection between them. Like Kierkegaard too, Hamann has had his troubles with the public. He himself referred to the hope that he would be understood by a "better posterity". In fact only the last few years have seen the printing of some of his more controversial writings, in particular his theories on the nature of human sexuality.

Abstract: Letters -- 1. Lupus to Einhard -- 2. Lupus to Einhard -- 3. Einhard to Lupus -- 4. Lupus to Einhard -- 5. Lupus to Einhard -- 6. Lupus to abbot Bun -- 7. Lupus to bishop Immo -- 8. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 9. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 10. Lupus to brother Altuin -- 11. Lupus and A(dalgaud) to Reginb. -- 12. Lupus to Reginb. -- 13. Lupus to abbot Waldo -- 14. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 15. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 16. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis -- 17. On behalf of abbot Odo to bishop Jonas -- 18. On behalf of abbot Odo to fathers Marcward and Sichard -- 19. The brothers of the monastery of Fernères to emperor Lothaire I -- 20. Lupus and W. to bishop Jonas -- 21. Lupus to Adalgaud -- 22. Lupus to King Charles -- 23. Lupus to bishop Ebroin -- 24. Lupus to bishop Jonas -- 25. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 26. Lupus to bishop Amulus, bishop Guenilo and count Gerard -- 27. Lupus to father Hrabanus -- 28. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil -- 29. Lupus to Emperor Lothaire -- 30. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil -- 31. Lupus to King Charles -- 32. Lupus to abbot Hugo -- 33. Lupus to Marcward -- 34. Lupus to abbot Odacre -- 35. Lupus to Marcward -- 36. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 37. Lupus to King Charles -- 38. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Fernères -- 39. Lupus to Hatto -- 40. Lupus to abbot Usuard -- 41. Lupus to bishop Pruden-tius -- 42. Lupus to King Charles -- 43. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 44. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 45. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 46. Lupus to King Charles -- 47. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 48. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 49. Lupus to King Charles -- 50. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 51. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 52. Lupus to abbot Ratbert -- 53. Lupus to archbishop Orsmar -- 54. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 55. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 56. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 57. Lupus to King Charles -- 58. Lupus to Marcward -- 59. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 60. Lupus to Marcward -- 61. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 62. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Fernères -- 63. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 64. Lupus to an unidentified friend -- 65. Lupus to father Marcward -- 66. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Pardulus -- 67. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Amand -- 68. On behalf of abbot Marcward to abbot Dido -- 69. Lupus to Ansbold -- 70. Lupus to abbot Marcward -- 71. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 72. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 73. Lupus to bishop Pardulus -- 74. Lupus to Rotramnus -- 75. Lupus to bishop Reginfrid -- 76. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 77. Lupus to father Marcward -- 78. Lupus to King Charles -- 79. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 80. Lupus to Gottschalk -- 81. Lupus on behalf of various bishops to Nominoë, duke of Brittany -- 82. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 83. Lupus to father Marcward -- 84. Lupus to King Ethelwulf -- 85. Lupus to Felix -- 86. Lupus to bishop Guigmund -- 87. Lupus to abbot Altsig -- 88. Lupus to father Marcward -- 89. Lupus to abbot Hilduin -- 90. Lupus to abbot Hilduin -- 91. Lupus to a number of bishops at Moret -- 92. Lupus to a number of persons on the death of bishop Ercanrad -- 93. On behalf of various bishops to the clergy of the mother church of Paris -- 94. On behalf of bishop Guenilo to his parishes -- 95. Lupus to bishop Heribold -- 96. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Heribold -- 97. Lupus to bishop Heribold -- 98. Guenilo to the prelates of Italy and Gaul -- 99. Lupus to the bishops of Italy and Gaul -- 100. Lupus to Pope Benedict -- 101. Lupus to Reg. -- 102. To Pope Nicolas, on behalf of bishop Guenilo -- 103. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 104. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 105. Lupus to Bertold -- 106. Lupus to abbot Odo -- 107. Lupus to abbot Odo -- 108. Lupus to bishop Hincmar -- 109. Lupus to archbishop Herard -- 110. Lupus to duke Gerhard and his wife Bertha -- 111. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 112. Lupus to abbot Louis -- 113. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Germain -- 114. Lupus to bishop Arduic -- 115. Lupus to the holy fathers in the monastery of Saint Germain -- 116. Lupus to abbot Ansbold -- 117. Lupus to abbot Ansbold -- 118. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 119. Lupus to bishop Folcric -- 120. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 121. Lupus to bishop Odo -- 122. Lupus to bishop Aeneas -- 123. Lupus to abbot Vulfad -- 124. Lupus to King Charles -- 125. Lupus to Leotald -- 126. Lupus to Leotald -- 127. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 128. Bishop Guenilo to all those who are faithful to Almighty God -- 129. Lupus to his very reverend lords and valiant Christians -- 130. Lupus to bishop Guenilo -- 131. Lupus to Hugo -- 132. Lupus to an unidentified person -- 133. Lupus to Ebrard -- Chronological and numerical tables.

Abstract: This translation ofthe letters of Lupus of Ferrieres is based primarily on the text of Diimmler' s edition, published in the M onumenta Germaniae Historica in 1902. In the arrangement of the letters, however, I have followed Levillain who sought to put them in chronological order on the basis of his own previous research published in a series of articles in the Bibliothcque de l'E:cole des chartes, volumes LXII and LXIII, in 1901 and 1902. A chronological table with suggested dating of the letters is given in this book on pages 151-153. I have attempted to keep the notes brief, confining them chiefly to identification of quoted passages and to proper names, assuming that the reader, if interested, will him­ self seek more detailed information in the standard sources. In a collection of letters of this nature, covering as they do such a wide range of subject matter, it is to be expected that some will have comparatively little general appeal. The few letters, for example, which deal with Latin grammar will be of little interest to most readers. Occasionally a letter may border on the trite or commonplace. It has seemed desirable, however, in view ofthe limited number of such letters, and for the sake of completeness, to include the entire collection.

Abstract: I. Between Arcadia and Karlsschule -- 1. Rebels and scholars -- 2. The freedom to wander -- 3. Romantic polarity -- II. Between Jena and Versailles -- 1. Professional history -- 2. The inaugural address -- 3. The historical writings -- III. Between Parthenon and Bastille -- 1. Political and esthetic roots -- 2. The philosophical essays -- 3. The Esthetic Letters -- Conclusion.

Abstract: I wish to express my gratitude to the following distinguished scholars who have been greatly instrumental in the result of this inquiry. I am most indebted to Professor Peter Gay of Columbia, who has weeded out many errors and ambiguities in the manuscript, and whose vast knowledge, wide interest and profound insights have helped me here, as on previous occasions, to understand the intricacies of the eighteenth century. I should also like to thank Professor Fritz Stern for the keen criticism with which he has read the entire manuscript. A special debt lowe to Dr. Walter Silz who, expert on Schiller as well as on the Romantics, has aided me with great skill, experience and wisdom in the problem of relating both. I further wish to thank Pro­ fessor Walter Sokel of Stanford and Professor Theodore Ziolkowski of Princeton for their assistance in specific problems. Above all, however, I am profoundly indebted to my wife, without whose infinite care and patience, as well as fine linguistic precision this study could not have been written. T ABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1. BETWEEN ARCADIA AND KARLSSCHULE 1. Rebels and scholars 5 2. The freedom to wander 16 3. Romantic polarity 27 PAR T II. BET WEE N J E N A AND V E R SAIL L E S 1. Professional history 45 2. The inaugural address 56 3. The historical writings 70 PAR T III.

Abstract: The Genre -- Lunacharskii Versus the Proletcult -- The Myth of Sten’ka Razin -- Politics Projected into the Past -- The Three Variants of Peter -- Myth Serves the War Effort -- The Transformation of Lermontov -- Conclusion.

Abstract: The taste for history is the most ariswcratic of all tastes. Ernest Rerum "Our century is pre-eminently an historical century . . . . Even art has now become pre-eminently historical. The historical novel and drama interest each and everyone more at present than do similar works belonging to the realm of pure fiction. "! Although Belinskii was writing in 1841, his statement could equally well apply to the Russia of a century later, when the interest in historical fiction had become, if anything, more intense. In fact, the abundance of Soviet historical novels and plays tempts one to believe Heine, when he said that the people want their history handed to them by the poet, not the historian. The infatuation with history to which Belinskii referred was not, however, indigenous to Russia; it was part of a rage, largely inspired by Waiter Scott, which had swept western Europe in the early nine­ teenth century, and which soon spread to Russia. Today, Scott's star has been eclipsed in the West, but it still burns brightly in the Soviet Union. Indeed, it can be said that the West has not only rejected Scott, but, to a considerable extent, the historical novel and playas well. As one writer recently put it: "The reading public, brought up on a strict diet of sex and science, prefers to take its history undiluted­ in the form of unexpurgated memoirs and frank biographies.

Abstract: Table des Matières List of Contents -- Première séance (plénière) -- Discours de M. Saukkonen -- Discours de M. Hosia -- 1. Discours d’ouverture du Président de la Fédération -- 2. Rapport du Secrétaire général -- 3. Rapport financier du Trésorier ad. int. -- 4. UNESCO’s Division of Libraries -- 5. Report of F.I.D. -- Deuxième séance plénière -- Les aspects internationaux et linguistiques du service des bibliothèques, I -- 6. Propositions pour l’amélioration du bilinguisme et du biculturalisme au Canada -- 7. Problems of bilingualism in connection with a union catalogue of Judaïca and Hebraïca -- 8. Report on the use of languages in catalogues and bibliographies in Switzerland -- 9. The Swiss Union Catalogue and linguistic problems -- Troisième séance plénière -- Les aspects internationaux et linguistiques du service des bibliothèques, II -- 10. Report of the Committee on Uniform cataloguing rules -- 11. ISO’s activities in bibliography and documentation -- Discussion -- 12. The international activities of library associations -- Discussion -- Quatrième séance plénière -- 13. Communications et résolutions des sections et commissions -- 14. Communications du Bureau exécutif -- 15. Le Prix Sevensma -- 16. Sessions futures du Conseil général -- 17. Discours de clôture du Président -- Annexes -- Rapports Annuels des Associations-Membres Annual Reports of Member-Associations -- UDC (100): Associations internationales -- I. Association of Libraries of Judaïca & Hebraïca in Europe, 1963/1964 and 1964/1965 -- II. IAALD (International Association of Agricultural Librarians & Documentalists), Working committees, 1960/1965 -- III. IATUL (International Association of Technological University Libraries), 1964/1965 -- IV. Association of International Libraries -- Assemblée générale, le 18 août 1965 -- Membres nationaux/National members UDC (4) Europe -- Allemagne -- Bundesrepublik: Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare, 1964/1965 -- Verein Deutscher Volksbibliothekare, 1964/1965 -- Verein der Diplom-Bibliothekare an wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken, 1964/1965 -- Deutscher Büchereiverband, 1964/1965 -- Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spezialbibliotheken, 1964/1965 -- D.D.R.: Deutscher Bibliotheksverband, 1964/1965 -- Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, 1964 -- Deutsche Bücherei, Leipzig, 1964/1965 -- Autriche: Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekare, 1964/ 1965 -- Belgique: (4 associations) 1964/1965 -- Bulgarie: Libraries in Bulgaria, 1964/1965 -- Danemark: Libraries in Denmark, 1964/1965 -- Finlande: Finnish Library Association, 1964/1965 -- Research libraries in Finland in 1964 -- France: Association des bibliothécaires français, 1964/1965 -- Grande-Bretagne: The Library Association, 1964 -- Hollande: Libraries in the Netherlands in 1964 -- Hongrie: Association of Hungarian Librarians, 1964 -- Italie: Associazione Italiana Biblioteche, 1964/1965 -- Norvège: (Report every 2 years only) -- Pologne: Association des bibliothécaires polonais, 1964/1965 -- Suède: Swedish libraries, 1964/1965 -- Suisse: Association des bibliothécaires suisses, 1964/1965 -- Tchécoslovaquie: Conseil central des bibliothèques, ?SSR, 1964/1965 -- URSS: The activities of Soviet libraries, July 1964–July 1965 -- Yougoslavie: Union des associations des bibliothécaires de la Yougoslavie, 1964/1965 -- (5) Asie -- Hong Kong: Hong Kong Library Association, 1964 & 1965 -- Inde: Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres (IASLIC), 1964 & 1965 -- Israel: Israel Library Association, 1964/1965 -- Japon: Japan Library Association, 1964/1965 -- (6) Afrique -- Afrique du Sud: The South African libraries, 1964/1965 -- (7) Amérique du Nord -- Canada: Canadian Library Association 1964/1965 -- Québec. Service des bibliothèques publiques, 1964 -- Etats-Unis d’Amérique: American Library Association, 1964/1965 -- Special Libraries Association, 1964/1965 -- Association of Research Libraries, 1964/1965 -- (8) Amérique latine -- Argentine: Asociación de Bibliotecarios Graduados, 1964/1965 -- Uruguay: Asociación de Bibliotecarios del Uruguay, 1965 -- (9) Australasie -- Nouvelle-Zélande: New Zealand Library Association, 1964.

Abstract: One Diplomatic Relations, Functions and Privileges -- I. Historical Introduction -- II. Relations between Nations -- III. Establishment and Conduct of Diplomatic Relations -- IV. Functions of a Diplomatic Agent -- V. Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges -- VI. Position in Third States -- VII. Termination of a Mission -- Two Consular Functions, Immunities and Privileges -- VIII. Consular Relations in General -- IX. Consular Functions -- X. Consular Privileges and Immunities -- XI. Termination of Consular Functions and Position in Third States -- Three International Law — Selected Topics -- XII. Diplomatic Protection of Citizens Abroad -- XIII. Passport and Visas -- XIV. Asylum and Extradition -- XV. Commercial Activities of States and Immunities in Relation Thereto -- XVI. Recognition of States and Governments -- XVII. Treaty Making -- Appendices -- I. Extracts from the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 -- II. Extracts from the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 -- Agreements, Treaties and Conventions -- National Laws and Regulations.

Abstract: It gives me great pleasure to write a foreword to :\1r. Sen's excellent book, and for two reasons in particular. In the first place, in producing it, Mr. Sen has done something vvhich I have long felt needed to be done, and which I at one time had am­ bitions to do myself. \Vhen, over thirty years ago, and after some years of practice at the Bar, I first entered the legal side of the British Foreign Service, I had not been working for long in the Foreign Office before I conceived the idea of writing - or at any rate compiling - a book to which (in my own mind) I gave the title of "A ~fanual of Foreign Office Law. " This work, had I ever produced it in the form in which I visualised it, could probably not have been published con­ sistently with the requirements of official discretion. But this did not worry me as I was only contemplating something for private circulation within the Service and in Government circles. :Mr. Sen's aim has been broader and more public-spirited than mine was; but its basis is essentially the same.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- § 1. Basis and Function of Private International Law. Terminology -- § 2. The History of Private International Law in Sweden -- § 3. Sources of Swedish Private International Law -- II. The Material -- § 4. General Observations on the Nature of the Material -- § 5. External Substantive Rules -- § 6. The Choice of Law Rules -- § 7. Foreign Law -- III. How the Material is used -- § 8. General Remarks. The Stages of an International Action -- § 9. The Choice of Law -- § 10. The Applicable Law (lex causae) 186 Enquiry into the Rules of the lex causae -- § 11. Refusal to Apply the lex causae -- § 12. The Decision -- IV. The Swedish Conflict Rules — A Résumé -- § 13. The Personal Law -- § 14. Family Law. Inheritance -- § 15. Property Law -- V. Conflict Avoidance -- § 16. An Excursus -- Table of Swedish Cases.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is to present to lawyers outside Sweden an introduction to Private International Law as applied in Sweden. As in the original Swedish version, (Internationell Privatriitt. Metod och Material, Stockholm 1962), emphazis is put on the structure and func­ tioning of conflict law, and the book does not attempt to present a comprehensive survey of Swedish conflict rules. A resume of these rules has, however, been included in the English edition. The author wants to express his thanks to those who have helped to make possible the publication of this book. Generous support was given by the Swedish State Council for Social Science Research. Dr. Stig Stromholm, Uppsala, prepared the translation into English of the original Swedish text. Some alterations were subsequently made in the, English version, including minor deletions of material which had ap­ peared in the Swedish original and the addition of some new material, including the whole of present chapter IV. The English text as a whole was finally revised by the author with the help, in the case of chapters I, IV, V and part of chapter II, of Mrs. Helen Moats Eek (Ph. D. , University of Chicago) and, in the case of chapter III and part of chapter II, of Mr. Richard Cox (B. Sc. Econ (Hons. ), F. R. Econ. Soc. ). Valua:ble assistance, particularly in the preparation of the bibliography and the index, was given also by Mr. Lars Lindgren (LL.

Abstract: Detailed Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction -- I. The Aims of the Project on International Procedure -- II. United States Procedures of International Cooperation in Litigation -- 2. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Austria -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Austria -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by Austria -- 3. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Belgium -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Rendered by Belgium -- III. Co-Operation Sought by Belgium -- 4. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Denmark -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Denmark -- III. Co-Operation Granted by Denmark -- 5. International Co-Operation in Litigation: England -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Rendered by England -- III. Co-Operation Sought by England -- 6. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Finland -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Finland -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by Finland -- 7. International Co-Operation in Litigation: France -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by France -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by France -- 8. International Co-Operation in Litigation: the Federal Republic of Germany -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Germany -- III. CO-Operation Granted by Germany -- 9. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Greece -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Greece -- III. Co-Operation Rendered in Greece -- 10. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Italy -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Rendered by Italy -- III. Co-Operation Sought by Italy -- 11. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Norway -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Norway -- III. Co-Operation Provided by Norway -- 12. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Portugal -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Portugal -- III. Co-Operation Provided by Portugal -- 13. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Spain -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Spain -- III. Co-Operation Provided by Spain -- 14. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Sweden -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by Sweden -- III. Co-Operation Granted by Sweden -- 15. International Co-Operation in Litigation: Switzerland -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Provided by Switzerland -- III. Co-Operation Sought by Switzerland -- 16. International Co-Operation in Litigation: The Netherlands -- I. Introduction -- II. Co-Operation Sought by the Netherlands -- III. Co-Operation Rendered by the Netherlands -- Appendix A. New Federal Statute -- I. An Act to Improve Judicial Procedures for Serving Documents, Obtaining Evidence, and Proving Documents in Litigation with International Aspects -- II. Report of the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives on the Bill -- Appendix B. New Federal Rules -- I. Rules 4(i), 26(c), and 28(b) of the Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States District Courts -- II. Proposed Amended Rule 44 and New Rule 44.1 of the Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States District Courts -- III. Proposed New Rule 26.1 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure for the United States District Courts -- Appendix C. Uniform Interstate and International Procedure Act.

Abstract: The reports collected in this book were prepared at the initiative and under the auspices of the Project on International Procedure of the School of Law of Columbia University within the framework of its co-operation with the Commission on International Rules of Judicial Procedure, a body created by Act of Congress of September 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1743. The Commission is charged with studying domestic and foreign procedures of international co-operation in litigation with a view to suggesting improvements. Since June 1960, the Project has assisted the Commission in carrying out this statutorily assigned task. Work on the reports here presented was begun in the fall of 1960. The Project invoked the assistance of an active practitioner in each of the foreign countries se1ected and submitted to hirn an extensive questionnaire summarizing American procedures and posing detailed quest ions about foreign practices. The elaborate answers to these questionnaires provided the information on which the American co­ authors relied in drafting the English versions of the reports. By having proceeded in this fashion, the Project hopes to have prepared reports that reflect the knowledge and experience of the foreign practitioners and at the same time are drafted in terms intelligible to common law lawyers. Furthermore, to ensure that the reports would take due account of official views, in almost all instances, final drafts of the reports were submitted for comments and suggestions to appropriate foreign public officials.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. The acquisition of territory: the evolution of the modern concept -- 2. The acquisition of territory: the differing approach of academic and practising lawyers -- 3. The various modes of acquiring territory — Classification -- 4. Plan of the work -- II. Prescription in International Law -- 5. The distinction between acquisitive prescription and extinctive prescription -- 6. Prescription as a private law concept -- 7. Private law concepts in international law -- 8. Divergence of the definition of prescription between the continental and English legal systems -- 9. Prescription in municipal law — Roman law -- 10. Prescription in municipal law — English law -- 11. Prescription in municipal law — Conclusions -- 12. Doctrinal reasons for the existence of prescription in international law -- 13. The existence of prescription in international law ? Opinions of writers -- 14. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by international tribunals -- 15. The existence of prescription in international law — Judicial decisions rendered by municipal courts -- 16. The existence of prescription in international law — Practice of States -- III. Acquiescence as the Juridical Basis of an Historic Title -- 17. General -- 18. The creation of a customary rule of international law — The generality of practice and the time element -- 19. The creation of a customary rule of international law — Opinio jurisand acquiescence -- 20. The consensual basis of customary international law -- 21. Recognition and acquiescence -- 22. The role of the time element in the creation of special customary or “historic” rights -- 23. Some historic rights viewed as remainders of more extensive ancient rights -- 24. Non-exclusive historic rights -- 25. Acquiescence versus prescription as the legal basis of historic rights -- 26. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of writers -- 27. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Opinions of learned bodies -- 28. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of international tribunals -- 29. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — Decisions of municipal courts -- 30. Acquiescence as the juridical basis of historic rights — State practice -- 31. Acquiescence and estoppel -- IV. The Requirements for the Formation of an Historic Title and its Constituent Elements -- 32. Introductory -- 33. Effective display of State authority — General -- 34. Effective display of State authority — The notion of continuity in respect of territorial situations -- 35. Effective display of State authority — Intention and will to act as sovereign -- 36. Effective display of State authority — Manifestations of State sovereignty -- 37. Effective display of State authority — Possession à titre de souverain -- 38. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — General -- 39. Acquiescence in the display of State authority — The meaning of “acquiescence” -- 40. Notoriety of territorial situations -- 41. Is notification a prerequisite of notoriety? -- 42. Constructive knowledge -- 43. The plea of excusable ignorance -- 44. The relevance of protest to the formation of an historic title -- 45. The conditions for the validity of a protest -- 46. Anticipatory protest -- 47. Protest as a bar to the acquisition of an historic title -- 48. The repetition of protest -- 49. The relevance of the protest of a single State -- 50. Lack of protest does not always indicate acquiescence -- 51. The geographical element in the formation of an historic title -- 52. The role of “legitimate interests” in the formation of an historic title -- 53. The role of the time element in the formation of an historic title -- V. Miscellaneous Problems of Interpretation and Evidence Relating to the Acquisition of an Historic Title -- 54. General -- 55. The application of intertemporal law in the interpretation of an historic title -- 56. The selection, of the “critical date” -- 56. 57. The relative strength of competing claims -- 58. The burden of proving an historic title -- 59. Strict geographical interpretation of an historic title -- VI. Juridical Aspects Specifically Related to the Formation of Maritime Historic Titles -- 60. General -- 61. The impact of the principle of the freedom of the high seas on the formation of maritime historic rights -- 62. What is international acquiescence? -- 63. Manifestations of State authority over maritime areas -- 64. Historic waters — Historic bays in general -- 65. Can multinational bays be claimed as historic bays? -- 66. The effects of territorial changes along the coast of a bay -- 67. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights of delimitation -- 68. Historic waters other than historic bays — Water areas lying within and around island formations -- 69. Historic waters other than historic bays — Historic rights to a greater breadth of the territorial sea -- 70. The juridical status of historic waters — Historic waters are internal waters -- 71. The juridical status of historic waters — The distinction between internal inland waters and internal non-inland waters -- 72. The juridical status of historic waters — Multinational bays -- 73. Non-exclusive historic rights over maritime areas -- 74. Historic rights of fishing -- 75. Are claims to the sea-bed and subsoil of an “historic” character ? -- 76. Sedentary fisheries as historic rights -- VII. Conclusions -- 77. Consolidation as the legal root of historic titles -- 78. Critical appraisal of the doctrine of historic titles -- Appendix — Uti possidetis in international law -- Selected bibliography -- Index of Names -- General Indepc.

Abstract: The question of Historic Titles in International Law has been much discussed in recent years. In particular, it was an issue of some im­ portance in several international arbitrations, such as the Gulf of Fon­ seca case, decided by the Central American Court of Justice; the Island of Palmas case, decided by Judge Huber as sole arbitrator, under the auspices of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; the case concerning the Legal Status rif Eastern Greenland before the Permanent Court of International Justice; and, more recently still, the cases concerning Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway); Minquiers and Ecrehos Islets (U nited Kingdom v. France) ; Certain Frontier Land (Belgium v. N ether­ lands); and Temple rif Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand), before the International Court of Justice. Historic Titles are probably also a re­ levant factor in a number of territorial disputes that have not yet been submitted to arbitration or judicial settlement. The recent controversies over the proper breadth for the territorial sea and the exclusive fishing limits of coastal States have brought to the fore new aspects of the problem.