Abstract: I: Is Choice Determined by the Strongest Motive? -- A. Motive and choice -- II: Agency, Attention and Choice -- A. Agency -- III: Freedom Without a Substantive Self -- A. A libertarian interpretation of freedom -- B. Some objections -- IV: Freedom and Responsibility -- A. Responsibility and causation -- B. Responsibility and the non-voluntary -- V: Responsibility and Practice -- A. Praising, blaming and dispraising -- B. Punishment -- VI: Responsibility and Obligation -- A. “Ought implies can” -- B. “Ought implies can” and common sense -- C. “Ought implies can” and the determinism-libertarianism controversy -- Works Cited.

Abstract: This work is conceived as a modem study of the relationships of the concept of human freedom with the moral concepts of responsibility and obligation and other closely allied notions. One pitfall into which writers on my sub­ jects have occasionally fallen has been that of spending too much time in critically examining positions and arguments which no sane philosopher has ever offered. In order to guard against the danger of debating with "straw men," I have attempted to engage in critical conversations with several twentieth century writers on my theme. I have attempted to pay special at­ tention to a handful of writers who have written extremely important and influential discussions and who are representatives of a diversity of per­ spectives on the issues involved. In particular, I have taken note of the work of two determinists, Sir David Ross and Hastings Rashdall, a libertarian, C. A. Campbell, and a reprel〉entative of the more recent linguistic-analytic approach, P. Nowell-Smith. Many other important writers have been brought in at crucial points in the conversation. But this is not a history of the problem in the 20th century. Rather, it is a critical, systematic study of a problem or set of related problems. This work may be divided roughly into two parts, a metaphysical-psycho­ logical part comprising the first three chapters, and a metaethical-ethical part consisting of the last three chapters.

Abstract: I: The threefold basic towards understanding conditioned being’s quest for the unconditioned -- 1. Identification and evaluation of the theme -- 2. The problematic of Tillich’s “quest” -- 3. The axial concepts in this problematic of the “quest” -- II: Three fundamental approaches to resolve the problematic of Tillich’s “quest” -- 1. The first approach: Tillich’s so-called “answering theology” -- 2. The second approach: Tillich’s two formal criteria and his material norm for all systematic theology -- 3. The third approach: Tillich’s existentialism -- III: Idealistic components in Tillich’s interpretation of the God-man relationship -- 1. German idealism in general -- 2. Tillich’s interpretation of the God-man relationship and Kant’s analysis of finitude -- 3. Tillich’s interpretation of the God-man relationship and Fichte’s dynamic view of the subject-object structure -- 4. Tillich’s prius of ultimate concern and Schleiermacher’s prius of “Das schlecht- hinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl -- 5. Tillich’s interpretation of the God-man relationship and Schelling’s explanation of the transition from essence to existence -- 6. Tillich’s interpretation of the God-man relationship and Hegel’s explanation of dialectic -- IV: Tillich’s interpretation of old being -- 1. Old being as reason and the quest for revelation -- 2. Old being as finite essence and the question of God -- 3. Old being as existence and the quest for the Christ -- 4. Old being as ambiguous life and the quest for unambiguous life -- 5. Old being as history and the quest for the kingdom of God -- 6. Conclusion concerning old being and the God-man relationship -- V: New Being in Jesus as the Christ -- 1. What does Tillich find in adequate or false in the chalcedonian formula? -- 2. What does Tillich mean by the incarnation? -- 3. What does Tillich mean by redemption? -- 4. What does Tillich mean by redemption applied to men? -- VI: General conclusions and evaluations regarding Tillich’s interpretation of the God-man relationship -- 1. General criticisms -- 2. Positive and valid aspects of Tillich’s interpretation of the God-man relationship -- Excursus: Tillich’s explanation of the two streams of philosophical thought since the renaissance.

Abstract: The following study on Tillich's theology is based on a doctoral dissertation, presented to the Ludwig-Maximilian University at Munich in December, 1967. Tillich's theology, however, is not a simple structure to analyze, since it is so systematically interrelated. Certainly every major area of his theo­ logical system involves all other major areas, and even the minor areas have complex ramifications to the total system itself. The following pages, there­ fore, can only be construed as one among many viewpoints of his system. Tillich's theological structure might be compared to a painting or some other work of art: one must view it now from this direction, now from that. in order to appreciate the total effect. Certain points should, however, be mentioned here. First of all, a key­ notion in this system is "essentialization. " This concept rounds off and com­ pletes Tillich's entire work. Unfortunately, Tillich himself did not write extensively on this topic, nor did he actually correlate it to the beginning and middle of his system, although it expresses the final telos of his entire theo­ logical work. I have drawn out of the Systematic Theology as much as possi­ ble on the subject of "essentialization," and have tried to analyze it in light of other key-concepts in his system.

Abstract: I. The Italian Revolution -- I. The Emergence of the Roman Question -- 2. The Restoration -- II. Disruption of Church and State -- 3. Rise of the National Movement -- 4. The Austro-Sardinian War of 1859 -- 5. The Unification of Italy -- III. Conciliation and Disengagement -- 6. The First Ministry of Ricasoli -- 7. The Revival of Democracy -- 8. Dissolution of the European Consensus -- 9. The Franco-Italian Settlement.

Abstract: There are two factors in the Revolution and the Risorgimento during the nineteenth century which have dictated the organization of this book and conditioned as well the presentation of its contents. One is the advent of a revolution which, abortive in r849, threatened continually thereafter to break out again; the second is the ideology of a ruling class, whose basic funds of values and conscious aims were abruptly and profoundly altered by the sudden appearance of revo­ lution and the equally swift decay of this same movement. From these two points of view it becomes mandatory that the story of the Risorgimento and the Revolution commence in the year r848. The mastery of the Revolution, as one sees with hindsight, was attained by r861. That achievement, not frequently recognized for what it was in terms of motivation and historical necessity, is of central interest in this book. I have consequently sought to give a rather full picture of events, with particular attention for the internal politics of the revo­ lutionary countries involved. The attitude of a class of men, threatened in their lives and in their property, is the attitude of the counter-revo­ lution. There was a willingness to accept revolutionary progress out of the need to direct its course.

Abstract: I: Introduction -- II: Historical Background -- 1. Pre-Partition Plans for the Jordan Waters -- 2. Post-Partition Plans -- 3. The Dispute before the United Nations Security Council -- III: Geographic and Economic Dimensions of the Dispute -- 1. Syria -- 2. Lebanon -- 3. Jordan -- 4. Israel -- IV: The Jordan River and International Law -- 1. International Character of the Jordan River and Tributaries -- 2. The Practice of States: Treaties -- 3. Adjudication -- 4. Opinions of Scholars -- 5. Conclusion -- V: The Political Dimensions of the Dispute -- 1. Israeli Interests -- 2. Arab Reaction to Israel: Inter-Arab Politics -- 3. Major Power Interests in the Dispute -- VI: Solutions Attempted or Proposed -- 1. Multilateral Development of the Jordan Basin -- 2. Unilateral Development of the Jordan Waters -- VII: Assessment of Alternative Solutions -- 1. Peaceful Adjustment of Disputes: Direct Agreement -- 2. Peaceful Adjustment of Disputes: Indirect Agreement -- 3. Stalemate -- 4. Force -- VIII: Prospects -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: In spite of the importance of the Jordan River dispute, there has been no comprehensive and systematic study of the problem. What few articles have been written so far have been fragmentary and essentially dealt with the history of the dispute. M. G. Ionides, in "The Disputed Waters of Jordan," Middle East Journal, Vol. 7 (I953), pp. I53 ff., Georgiana Stevens, in the "Jordan River V alley," International C on­ ciliation, No. 506 (I956), and more recently, Kathryn B. Doherty, in "The Jordan Waters Conflict," International Conciliation, No. 533 (I965), elaborate this theme. H. A. Smith, in the "Waters of the Jordan: a Problem of International Water Control," International Affairs, Vol. 25 (I949), pp. 4I5 ff. has been the exception. However, his work is outdated in that many other factors have entered the picture since I949. My purpose in writing this study is twofold. First, I have sought to update the writings in this field. Second, it is hoped that the findings of this study will give a clearer and a more objective insight into the problems involved. Primary sources for this study include United Nations documents, Arab and Israeli government publications, federal and international law cases dealing with river disputes, treaties, and newspapers. Sec­ ondary source materials include books, articles in learned journals, and others.

Abstract: I: Background -- I: A Short History of German Socialism -- II: Ideological Development in the Postwar Period -- II: The New Program -- III: How the Program was Adopted -- IV: How the Program was Adopted [continued] -- III: The New Leadership; the New Style -- V: How the Guard was Changed -- VI: How the Guard was Changed (continued) -- VII: The Evolution Completed -- IV: Socialism in the New Europe -- VIII: Conclusions -- Epilogue -- Epilogue -- Appendices.

Abstract: On November 15, 1959, an extraordinary conference of the German Social Democratic Party adopted a new program, one which departed abruptly from the party's ninety-year tradition. One year later, on November 25, 1960, the party conference in regular session applauded the party's new "team," a group of personable candidates headed by Willy Brandt. In the fall of 1961, this team, with Brandt as chancellor candidate, led the SPD in a campaign based on the most modern techniques, many copied frankly from the American presidential campaign of the previous year. This three-fold change of program, leadership, and style was unlike any other in the party's long evolution. I t was the culmination of a conscious effort to adapt the party to chang­ ing times, an effort, in short, to modernize socialism. This development is of obvious interest to the observer of postwar West German politics. The SPD, oldest and formerly strongest of the German political parties, after 1949 became the second party in an essentially three-party system. As such it assumed the unhappy role of apparently perpetual opposition. Its escape from the role would depend to a large extent on the appeal of the new package offered the German voter. The success or failure of the party's effort of modern­ ization would thus greatly affect the subsequent course of German politics.

Abstract: I. Civil-Military Jurisdiction with Respect to United States Military Forces in the Philippines, 1898–1947 -- War and Insurrection, 1898–1902 -- The Territorial Period, 1902–1935 -- The Commonwealth Period, 1935–1942 -- The Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945 -- United States Reoccupation and the Postwar Period -- Summary -- II. Arrangements for Postwar Bases in the Philippines -- Pre-Independence Developments—Background to Negotiations -- Independence and the Beginning of Negotiations -- Negotiation of the Bases Agreement of 1947 -- Summary -- III. Criminal Jurisdiction under the Military Bases Agreement of 1947 -- Base Arrangements in General -- Criminal Jurisdictional Arrangements -- Major Differences between the NATO SOFA and the Philippine Agreement -- The Constitutional Test -- Continuity in Jurisdictional Arrangements -- IV. Criminal Jurisdictional Problems under the 1947 Bases Agreement -- Philippine Prosecution of United States Personnel for Off-Base Offenses -- Enforcement of Philippine Laws on the Bases -- Offenses by United States Personnel against Filipinos on the Bases -- Exercise of Jurisdiction over Filipinos by the United States 67 Killing and Injury of Filipinos by Security Guards on the Bases -- Summary -- V. Revision of the 1947 Agreement -- The Security-Sovereignty Dilemma -- Presidential Overtures—First Attempts at Negotiation, 1953–1954 -- Pelaez-Bendetsen Talks, 1956 -- Serrano-Bohlen Talks, 1958–1959 -- Mendez-Blair Talks, 1965 -- VI. Criminal Jurisdictional Arrangements under the 1965 Agreement -- General Principles of Jurisdiction -- Exclusive Jurisdiction -- Concurrent Jurisdiction -- Waiver of Jurisdiction -- Base Security -- Arrest and Confinement -- Search and Seizure -- Procedural Guarantees -- Potential Problems -- Conclusion -- VII. Toward a Conjurisdictional Law -- List of Cases Cited.

Abstract: The peace time stationing for collective security purposes of large numbers of military personnel of one country in the territory of an­ other country constitutes one of the most significant developments of postwar international relations. The United States, for example, has stationed nearly one half of its active military forces in over seventy 1 countries since the Korean War broke out. Stambuk noted that al­ though the theories rationalizing this situation have changed, "the overseas bases and forces remain. "2 As a direct result of this stationing of large numbers of troops in foreign countries numerous bilateral and multilateral status of forces agreements have been put into force. One aspect of these agreements which has attracted considerable attention is the provisions dealing with the right to exercise criminal juris­ 3 diction. As might be expected, a host of jurisdictional problems has arisen concerning whether jurisdictional rights lie with the states sending or the states receiving military personnel, the accompanying civilian component, and their dependents. As Snee and Pye have pointed out: "For the first time in the modern era, the sometimes radically different systems of law of two sovereign nations are operating within the same territory and in respect to the same individuals. "4 Thus a situation has arisen in which the relationships between the military authorities of the 1 George Stambuk, American Military Forces Abroad (Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Vni­ versity Press, 1963), pp. 3-4.

Abstract: I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yuan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism vs. Republicanism: Political institutions Under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shih-K’ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k’ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k’ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 4. The Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan’s Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament’s Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China Under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People’s Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek’s Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People’s Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions during the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao’s Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People’s Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People’s Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of “Democratic Centralism”: Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People’s Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People’s Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People’s Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book is prepared primarily for students who are interested in studying the constitutional development and government structure of twentieth-century China. Since the emergence of the Chinese consti­ tutional movement at the end of the nineteenth century, political institutions in China have undergone constant changes. The first four chapters treat of constitutional development and government systems from the latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty to the re-unification of China by the Nationalist Party in 1928. The other eight chapters deal with the policies, programs, and institutions of the Nationalist and Commu­ nist governments up to 1962. While treatises on various subjects have been consulted, the sources of this book are chiefly based on the official documents from the collections as indicated in the bibliography. Materials in the first few chapters are partly drawn from my previous works on government and politics in China. Because of the immense scope of the subject and the intricacy of the problems involved, this work is not intended to be exhaustive, but is rather a brief description and discussion of each topic under consideration. As there are many valuable works on China in general as well as on her history and inter­ national relations, I have tried not to cover what has already been dealt with by others. In my presentation of facts and views, I have endeavored to be as objective as possible, personal political convictions notwithstanding.

Abstract: I. The Unity Theory VS. Socialism in One Country -- From “Proletarian internationalism” to “Socialism in One Country” -- II. The Soviet View of the Socialist World State: Development and Control Factor Aspects -- The Soviet Conception of the Communist Camp Future -- III. A Consideration of Chinese Contributions to “Marxism,” Including “Prolonged Struggle” and “revolutionary Fervor” -- The Chinese Communist View of Permissible and Impermissible “Paths to Socialism” -- IV. The Sino-Soviet Dispute, and Some Implications for the Future of the World Communist Movement -- The Dialectics of Dispute: Tactics and Strategy of Communist Concepts in the Thermonuclear Age -- Unity or Diversity -- Factors Tending Toward Unity in the Communist Camp -- The Breakdown in Communications -- The Changing Political Realities -- The Italian and German Party Congresses, 1962 and 1963 -- Communist Dogma or “Creative Marxism”? -- V. The Soviet Union and East Europe: Conflict, Support and Opposition -- Institutionalized Divergence: The Case of Yugoslavia -- Albania: China’s Window to Europe -- Poland: Nationalism Contained by Territorial Claims -- Hungary: From Repression to Permissiveness? -- Rumania: Path to Economic Independence -- Bulgaria: Unconditional Support for the U.S.S.R. -- Czechoslovakia: Politics take Precedence over Ideology -- East Germany: The Permanent Satellite -- Conclusion -- VI. The International Communist Movement: A Reappraisal of Some Theoretical Concepts.

Abstract: The current conflict which threatens the very existence of the inter­ national communist movement as a single coherent entity must be looked for in the roots of Marxian philosophy. The central concept of pre-Leninist communism is contained in the notion of "proletarian internationalism. " Yet the emergence of the communist party-states has been squarely predicated on the requirements of single national states, as viewed through the training and experience of the various communist leaders. Thus the Soviet version has been shaped by the nationalism of Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev. The only aberrant case, the internationalism of Trotsky, was doomed to failure. The Chinese version of "communism" has as its root concepts the spirit of "prolonged" struggle against a superior enemy, whose ultimate defeat is ensured through the dialectics of political growth. The non­ communist societies are by definition "decadent. " The movement came to power by exploiting the nationalism engendered within China by the Japanese invasion. Its mass support was based on the peasantry, although the transparent fiction of "proletarian leadership" was strictly maintained. Further, "communism" is a term which has lost its original encompassing definition. Peking now narrowly defines it as policies consonant with "the thought of Mao Tse-tung. " Thus both the Soviet and the Chinese interpretation of "commun­ ism" are based on a concept which was anathema to the intellectual founders of the movement.

Abstract: I. Communism in its Malaysian Setting -- Historical and Social Background -- Constitutional Contrasts -- The Chinese and Communal Problems -- The Nationalist Movement -- The Rise of Communism -- II. Singapore -- Post-War Communist Policy -- The Question of “Merger” -- The Communist Front Complex -- The Anti-Communist Drive -- New Communist Initiatives -- The Effect of Secession -- III. Malaya -- The Socialist Front and its Allies -- The Border Rebels -- The “Malayan National Liberation League” -- The Clash between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur and its Effects -- IV. Sarawak -- The “Clandestine Communist Organization” -- The Sarawak United Peoples Party -- The Chinese Community: its Problems and Aspirations -- The CCO-SUPP Axis -- The Problem of Chinese Education -- The New Communist Offensive and Government Counter-Measures -- The Strains in SUPP and the Pattern of Communal Politics -- The Effect of Singapore’s Secession and Continuing Confrontation -- V. Sabah and Brunei -- Communal and Political Patterns in Sabah -- Indonesian Subversion -- Sabah’s Future -- Brunei and Azahari’s Rebellion -- Communism in Brunei Today -- VI. Between Djakarta and Peking -- “Confrontation”: its Origins and Influence -- The Dynamics of Indonesian Expansionism -- “Gestapu” and the Shift to Peking -- VII. Conclusion: A Look Ahead -- Malaysian Communism: Appeals and Obstacles -- The Pattern of Recent Events.

Abstract: Although in the past few years occasional brief monographs on se­ lected aspects of the Communist movement in some parts of the Singapore-Malaysian area have been published, a comprehensive booklength study has not appeared thus far. The present volume is an initial step in that direction. It is, in the main, a political survey which has taken account of social and economic factors only when the par­ ticular focus of the book demanded it. Since most of what has been written up till now about Communism in Singapore and Malaysia has concerned itself with the Malayan guerilla insurgency and its various ramifications in the late forties and fifties, the following pages have placed primary emphasis on events in the last five years, especially on the period since the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on Sep­ tember 16, 1963. The absence, moreover, ofa formal "above ground" Malaysian Communist Party today has of necessity structured this inquiry in terms of the operations of various shifting Communist fronts and their relationship to the problems of the present Singapore and Malaysian political environment upon which they feed. Communism in Malaysia today, as Malaysian security officials whom this writer interviewed, repeatedly emphasized, is a matter of scattered eruptions and comparatively isolated front activity with few if any inter-organizational linkages. Research certainly confirms a picture of a rather fragmented movement. Along with Malaysia's geographic peculiarities this circumstance has dictated a region by region approach in the following pages.

Abstract: I. Radical, Liberal, and Socialist Interpretations -- Radicalism, Liberalism, and Foreign Policy -- Socialist Origins and Socialist Alternatives -- II. The Beginnings of Labour’s Foreign Policy -- The New Liberalism -- The Rise of the Labour Party -- The Labour Party and Foreign Policy Before the First World War -- Labour, Socialism, and the First World War -- III. Labour’s Plan for the Peace -- Leonard Woolf and a Fabian Plan -- Towards International Government: Hobson and Brailsford -- The Socialist Organizations and a League of Nations -- Woodrow Wilson and British Labour -- Further Development of Labour’s Plans for the Peace -- The Labour Party at the Close of the First World War -- IV. After the Peace -- Labour and the Peace Settlement -- Labour and Post-War Europe -- Secret Diplomacy, Armaments, and Other International Problems -- A General Election and a New Government -- The Labour Government and European Problems -- The Labour Government and the League of Nations -- The End of the First Labour Government -- The Record of the First Labour Government -- V. Lost Opportunities -- Labour and Locarno -- A Post-Mortem on the Late Government -- The Question of Disarmament -- Great Britain and the Soviet Union -- Great Britain, the United States, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact -- Other Aspects of British Foreign Policy -- The Indictment and the Verdict -- VI. The Second Labour Government -- Anglo-Soviet Problems -- Great Britain, France and Germany -- Security Through Arbitration -- The Problem of Disarmament -- Labour and International Organization -- New European Problems -- The End of the Second Labour Government -- VII. Socialist Ideology and Labour’s Foreign Policy -- Liberal Principles and Labour’s Foreign Policy -- Socialist Principles and Labour’s Foreign Policy -- Ideology and Foreign Policy -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: This book is intended as a contribution to the study of the relation of political ideas and governmental policies. It seeks to examine and evaluate the British Labour Party's early efforts to apply socialist theories to foreign policy actions. Since I have focused on these ideas and events, I have not attempted to take into account happenings on the British domestic front that, though important to the Labour Party and the trade unions, did not directly affect foreign policy. Nor are matters of imperial or Commonwealth policy considered, except as they relate to the development of socialist theories and interpretations or as they influenced Great Britain's relations with other independent states. I must express my appreciation for their assistance to Drs. Malcolm Moos, Thomas 1. Cook, and Carl B. "Swisher, under whose direction this project first began at the Johns Hopkins University; to Mrs. E. Rickman of the Labour Party's Library and to Mrs. Gladys D. Cremer of the Fabian Society, for access to various Labour and socialist ma­ terials; to the Rutgers University Research Council for grants in support of some of the research; and to Mrs. Edward Teifeld and Mrs. Boris Pritsky for the wearisome efforts of typing various versions of the manuscript. The responsibility for errors is, of course, mine. The book is dedicated to my wife Marilyn, who aided so greatly in its preparation, not least by a tactful and appropriate balance of patience and impatience.

Abstract: 1. Rebel -- 2. Onlooker -- 3. Participant -- 4. Ideologue — The Critique -- 5. Ideologue — The Positive Formulation -- 6. Politician -- 7. Knight-Errant -- Appendices -- A. Le Plan du Travail -- B. “Les Thèses de Pontigny” -- C. Programme du 19 juin 1940 -- D. The Official Accusation -- E. Exchange of Letters Between de Man and Mussolini -- F. Summary of Political Reforms Urged by de Man in 1939 -- Primary -- Secondary.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Early History of Formosa -- Original Inhabitants of Formosa -- Early Settlers -- Kingdom of Koxinga -- Legality of China’s Acquisition of Formosa -- Formosa Under Chinese Rule -- Japanese Acquisition of Formosa -- III. Conferences and Declarations: Their Effect on the Status of Formosa -- Cairo Conference -- Potsdam Conference -- Instrument of Surrender -- The Effect of the Cairo, Potsdam Declarations and the Instrument of Surrender on the Status of Formosa -- IV. Claims of the Formosan Nationalists -- Chinese Law on Nationality -- Republic of Formosa -- Formosa as A Province of China -- The Right of the Nationalist Government to Establish Its Seat on Formosa -- The Right of Self-Determination -- Validity of Formosan Claims -- V. International Opinions on the Status of Formosa -- The British Position -- The Russian Position -- The American Position -- The Japanese Position -- The Indian Position -- The Irish Position -- The Two-China Theory -- The Conlon Report -- VI. Claims of the Chinese Communists -- Russia and Its Relations with the Chinese Communists Before the End of World War II -- Russia’s Interference in the Domestic Affairs of China After World War II -- The Legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Government -- China Representation Question and Legal Status of Formosa are Separate but Closely Related Issues -- Chinese Communist Position on the Status of Formosa and the Representation Question -- Validity of Communist China’s Claims -- VII. Claims of the Republic of China -- Nationalist Government is the Legitimate Government of China -- Succession of Governments -- Succession of States -- The Republic of China Has Never Extended Recognition to the Chinese Communists in any Form -- State of Hostilities Still Exists -- San Francisco Treaty of Peace -- Sino-Japanese Treaty of April 28, 1952 -- Nationalist Government’s Views on Status of Formosa -- Legitimacy of Nationalist China’s Claims -- Transfer of Title Through A Treaty of Cession -- Title Through Prescription -- VIII. Present Status of Formosa.

Abstract: Can two-Chinas co-exist in the present world order? In a sense they co-exist now-Free China in Taiwan (Formosa) and Communist China on the mainland. Barring a military showdown, this situation could remain for years to come. However, if we seek to put Free China and Communist China on some permanent basis and give them interna­ tional juridical status as abiding and separate entities, then we are faced with serious difficulties. Free China and Communist China co­ exist at present simply because neither can effectively alter the situa­ tion. Each is backed by a power bloc that recognizes the legal existence of only one of these political regimes. The United States does not re­ cognize Peiping, even though it has conducted meetings on the ambas­ sadorial level with the Regime for several years. In a corresponding way, the Soviet bloc of nations refuses to recognize Nationalist China. The situation is very similar to that of two-Germanys, two-Koreas and two-Vietnams. To seek a solution to this political impasse, it is suggested that a "Sino-Formosan State" or some kind of "self-determination" by the Formosans be instituted. This was first expressed by Chester Bowles in his article "The China Problem Reconsidered" (Foreign Affairs, April 1960), and supported by John Carter Vincent in his letter to the editor of the New York Times (December 7,1961). The Conlon Report of 1959 held the same posi. tion. Also, Arnold J.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Geographical and Historical Description of Northern Asia -- 1. Geographical Conditions -- 2. Historical Background -- III. Expansions of Russia and China in Northern Asia -- 1. Russian Expansion in Siberia, 1552–1700 -- 2. Manchu-Chinese Expansion in Mongolia, 1635–1697 -- 3. Manchu-Chinese Expansion in the Amur Area, 1616–1643 -- IV. The Role of the Mongols in Sino-Russian Relations -- 1. The Kalmuk Sungars, 1606–1616 -- 2. The Altin Khans of the Khalkhas, 1616–1655 -- 3. Sino-Russian Rivalry over the Mongols, 1665–1697 -- V. Early Contacts Between Russia and China -- 1. The Alleged Russian Embassy to China in 1567 -- 2. The Abortive Russian Caravan Embassy to China in 1608 -- 3. Petlin and Mundoff’s Mission to China, 1618–1619 -- 4. Sino-Russian Conflicts on the Amur, 1643–1675 -- VI. Russian Attempts at Establishing Diplomatic Relations With china I -- 1. Baikoff’s Embassy, 1653–1657 -- 2. Mission of PerfiUeff and Ablin, 1658–1662 -- VII. Russian Attempts at Establishing Diplomatic Relations With China II -- 1. Milovanoff’s Mission, 1670 -- 2. Spathary’s Embassy, 1675–1677 -- VIII. Sino-Russian War on the Amur -- 1. Growing Tension on the Amur, 1676–1684 -- 2. The Albazin War, 1685–1686 -- IX. The Treaty of Nerchinsk -- 1. The Dispatch of Embassies, 1685–1689 -- 2. The Negotiation of Treaty -- 3. The Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689 -- 4. The Confirmation of the Treaty, 1693–1695 -- X. Economic and Cultural Relations -- 1. Trade between Russia and China, 1608–1700 -- 2. Russian Missionaries in China, 1655–1700 -- XI. Summary and Conclusion -- Appendixes -- I. The treaty of Nerchinsk -- II. The form of oath taken by the Chinese ambassador at Nerchinsk -- Chinese Glossary.

Abstract: The seventeenth century was a momentous epoch. While western European countries were busy expanding westward and eastward, Russia, quietly crossed the Ural Mountains, absorbed Siberia and reached as far as Alaska. Russia did not expand toward the East with­ out opposition from the western European countries. In the last half of the sixteenth century, inspired by the "gorgeous East," the Dutch and the English made many efforts to find a northern passage to China l to attain gold, gems, silks, pearls and spices. They attempted to reach China by land routes but were hindered by continual wars between the Kazaks and Mongol tribes, as is indicated in a letter written by an 2 English traveler, Jenkinson, in 1559. They also attempted to reach China by way of the Northern Ocean, but the Arctic weather foiled all of these efforts. The English hoped to find a way to China as well as to India by the Ob River. They knew of the Ob as early as 1555, and the next year Stephen Burrough was sent to find it. He reached the Kara Strait but ice prevented him from passing through it. In 1580 Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman left England with two ships in search of a northeast passage. Pet went through the Kara Strait. Jackman followed him in 1581, encountering much ice. Eventually Pet's expedition succeeded in returning westward again through the Kara Strait, but Jackman and his men were never heard from again.

Abstract: A New Guinea Annexations, 1828–1885 -- 1 The Van Delden Proclamation of 1828 -- 2 Description of Tidore’s territories in New Guinea, 1865 -- 3 Description of Tidore’s territories in New Guinea, 1875 -- 4 The Erskine Proclamation of 1884 -- 5 The amended Erskine Proclamation -- 6 The Schutzbrief of 1885 -- B The Queensland Boundary, 1879–1919 -- 1 The Queensland Coast Islands Act of 1879 -- 2 John Douglas to the Colonial Secretary, 1885 -- 3 Sir Samuel Griffith to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 4 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman, 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895 -- 6 Order in Council directing that certain islands attached to the colony of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1896 -- 7 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington, 1896 -- 8 Hugh M. Nelson to Lord Lamington, 1898 -- 9 Order in Council directing that certain islands and reefs to the northward of Queensland shall become part of the possession of British New Guinea, 1898 -- 10 A. H. Jiear to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1903 -- 11 Memorandum of Acting Administrator C. S. Robinson to the Governor-General, 1903 -- 12 Governor-General’s Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1904 -- 13 Governor-General’s Office to the Secretary, Department of External Affairs, 1906 -- 14 Alfred Deakin to William Kidston, 1906 -- 15 William Kidston to Alfred Deakin, 1906 -- 16 A. P. Lyons to the Government Secretary, Port Moresby, 1919 -- C The Anglo-German Boundary, 1885–1909 -- 1 Arrangement between Great Britain and Germany relative to their respective spheres of action in portions of New Guinea, 1885 -- 2 Declaration between the governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the demarcation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1886 -- 3 Sir William MacGregor to Lord Lamington. Despatch recommending that the Gira River be made the boundary between German and British New Guinea, 1897 -- 4 Convention and declaration between Great Britain and Germany for the settlement of the Samoan and other questions, 1899 -- 5 Proclamation by the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, declaring a British protectorate over Choiseul, etc., 1900 -- 6 Exchange of Notes between Great Britain and Germany relating to the re-delimitation of the British and German spheres of influence in the Western Pacific, 1904 -- 7 British New Guinea: Negotiations for making Gira River free for navigation, 1906, 1908 -- 8 George Le Hunte to Atlee Hunt, 1908 -- 9 Gustavus Sabine to the Australian Minister for External Affairs, 1909 -- 10 Staniforth Smith to Lieutenant-Governor of Papua, 1909 -- 11 An Act to approve the placing of the Territory of New Guinea under the International Trusteeship System, 1949 -- D The Anglo-Dutch Boundary, 1892–1901 -- 1 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1892 -- 2 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch respecting expedition undertaken to repel Tugeri invasion, 1892 -- 3 Dr G. van Tienhoven to Sir Horace Rumbold, 1893 -- 4 The Koloniaal Verslag of 1893 (extract), 1893 -- 5 Sir William MacGregor to Sir Henry Norman. Despatch reporting the proceedings in connection with the delimitation of the boundary between British and Dutch New Guinea, 1893 -- 6 Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands defining the boundaries between the British and Netherland possessions in the island of New Guinea, 1895 -- 7 Presentation of the Convention of 1895 in the Second and First Chambers of the States General, 1895 -- 8 Order in Council applying the laws of Her Majesty’s possessions in New Guinea to the territories acquired under the Convention with the Netherlands of May 16, 1895, 1896 -- 9 Sir Henry Howard to W. H. de Beaufort, 1900 -- 10 W. H. de Beaufort to Sir Henry Howard, 1900 -- 11 Sir Henry Howard to the Marquess of Lansdowne, 1900 -- 12 W. Rooseboom to G. R. Le Hunte 1901 -- E The German-Netherlands Boundary, 1902–1911 -- 1 Memorandum of the German Foreign Office to the Netherlands Legation, 1902 -- 2 H. L. von Tschirschky to W. J. M. van Eysinga, 1906 -- 3 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to H. L. von Tschirschky, 1906 -- 4 W. A. F. Baron Gevers to W. von Schön, 1908 -- 5 W. von Schön to W. A. F. Baron Gevers, 1909 -- 6 The recommendations of the Netherlands Commission of the German-Netherlands Boundary Commission (extract), 1911 -- F The Boundary between the Australian and Netherlands Possessions, 1928–1962 -- 1 Memorandum of J. I. Merrylees to the Government Secretary, Rabaul, concerning the border between the Mandated Territory and Netherlands New Guinea, 1928 -- 2 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1933 -- 3 R. de Marees van Swinderen to S. M. Bruce, 1934 -- 4 Exchange of Notes between His Majesty’s government in the Commonwealth of Australia and the Netherlands government, 1936 -- 5 J. P. Count van Limburg Stirum to S. M. Bruce, 1939 -- 6 Border Conference. Ingembit Village, 1954 -- 7 Discussions between Sydney Elliott Smith and Sj. van der Goot concerning the Waris border area, 1956 -- 8 Brief report of the visit of the District Commissioner of Daru to Merauke from 2 to 6 June 1956, 1956 -- 9 Australian-Dutch Conference on Survey and Mapping, 1960 -- 10 Report and Recommendations of the Australian-Dutch Technical Commission, 1961 -- 11 Questions in the Netherlands Parliament about the Waris and Jaffi Enclaves, 1962 -- 12 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Angamarut), 1962 -- 13 Roggeveen-Dent Declaration (Domongi), 1962 -- 14 Roggeveen Declaration (Bensbach River), 1962 -- G Material concerning the Australian-Indonesian Border -- 1 West Irian/Papua and New Guinea border, 1964 -- 2 Parliamentary Question and Reply concerning the Irian boundary, 1965 -- 3 Parliamentary Questions and Replies concerning the free navigation on the Fly River, 1965.

Abstract: This series of documents is a companion volume to Search for New Guinea's Boundaries: From Torres Strait to the Pacific (Australian National University Press, 1966). It brings together not only scattered, previously published documents, but also some of the correspondence surrounding them and reports and memoranda dealing with the bounda­ ries in general. The latter include material up to 1962. The documents have been arranged chronologically within sections. Material in sections A, B, and C corresponds respectively with matters dealt with in Chapters 2 (New Guinea Annexations), 3 (Papua Irredenta), and 4 (The Former Anglo-German Boundary), that in sections D, E, and F with those in Chapter 5 (The Irian Boundary), while that in section G is touched upon in the concluding chapter. The selection of published documents was simple: all were in­ eluded. Choice of unpublished material available in the archives was an individual one. Documents in Dutch, French, and German have been translated. Personal comments and queries have been entered in foot­ notes to the English translations which in all cases precede the original text. Cross references to Search for New Guinea's Boundaries, using the abbreviation S. N . G. B ., are made for the convenience of the reader.

Abstract: I. Scheler on Philosophy -- Life and Writings -- Meaning and Method of Philosophy -- II. Man and Metaphysics -- “Man’s Place in Nature” -- Spirit and Person -- Person and I -- Man the Microcosm -- III. Man’s Knowledge of Man -- Critical Survey on the Notion of Sympathy -- Questions concerning the Perception of Others -- The Perception of Others -- IV. Man and Society -- Sociology -- Forms of Sociality -- The Sociology of Knowledge -- V. Man and Community -- Sympathy -- Shame -- Love -- Person-Community -- VI. Conclusion -- Attempted Synthesis -- Critical Summary -- Final Comments on Community.

Abstract: My own serious study of Max Scheler began in 1958 when I pre­ sented a Master's thesis to St. Louis University under the direction of Professor Vernon]. Bourke on Scheler's value-theory. Three years later when I returned to complete my doctorate work at St. Louis University I returned also to the study of Max Scheler. In the meantime, several more volumes of the Gesammelte Werke had appeared, several new translations of Scheler were published and the whole area ofphenome­ nology began to be more favorably accepted by the American intel­ lectual community. My doctoral dissertation was on Scheler's theory of community under the expert and careful direction of Professor James Collins. The bulk of the present work is a direct result of my work at St. Louis University. I have never regretted the time and effort spent on the study of Scheler. He can be classified as nothing short of a genius, not only in the breadth of his interests but also in the vitality, unity and depth of his thought. Most students of Scheler criticize his lack of unity; I claim to find strong lines of inner consistency throughout his writings. In the second place, my study of Scheler has put me into contact with many of the most dominant intellectual influences of the day.

Abstract: I wish first to express my gratitude to the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, which has kindly arranged for this book to be printed. My thanks also include Professor Dr. C. Hooykaas, who has interested himself in this treatise and has accorded it his support. I should like to render my sincere thanks to Dr. J. Noorduyn, Secre­ tary of the Institute, who has given me a miscellany of good suggestions for the compilation of the editorship of the Introduction. Further I desire to thank my former assistants, Mr. J. Tammu and Mr. L. Pak an, warmly for their work in noting down the text of the Chants for the Deceased and for their help in seeking for an explanation of various difficult places in it. Once more I owe a very great debt of gratitude to Jeune Scott-Kemball, who has been able to accomplish casting my Dutch translation in prose of the lines in trochaic metre of the Chants for the Deceased into a very elegant English verse form. This was not always very simple in view of the metaphorical manner of expression in the Toradja lines of verse.

Abstract: It is becoming increasingly evident that the existence together, in a diminishing world, of rich nations and very poor nations, is the critical problem of our time; and indeed other questions of international relations are rapidly taking on the appearance of being merely aspects of this central crux. According to some authorities it may only be a matter of a few years before the food and population question takes on such alarming proportions as to make our present troubles on the international scene seem slight by comparison. It is only against this background that we can fully appreciate the significance of the United Nations institutions and procedures for the mediation of aid, whether financial or technical, to developing coun­ tries; and indeed also for the flow of credit and skills between countries generally, for few nations or none belong wholly to one side in this matter, and the whole question is one that vitally affects the immediate futures of every one of the members of the international community.

Abstract: Design of the Investigation -- 1. Purpose of the investigation -- 2. Methods of the investigation -- 3. Composition of the investigated group of refugees and its former position within the Indonesian community -- Results of the Investigation -- 4. Subjects talked about, how often and in what way -- 5. A framework for the description of the refugees’ way of life -- 6. Specified description of the refugees’ evaluations of his new way of life as experienced throughout the successive phases of the investigation -- Interpretation of the Results of the Investigation -- 7. Indicators for the modality of the Course of adjustment -- 8. Factors promoting or hindering adjustment -- 9. General sketch of the course of adjustment -- Conversation questions.

Abstract: People are not so firmly rooted as they used to be. The greater frequency, at least in the Western world, with which people move house can be seen from the statistics. Many migrate voluntarily, or under compulsion, to build up new existences in other parts of the country or in other parts of the world. The problems which face people who are obliged to settle elsewhere have become matters of national and international political importance. Of recent years they have also become the subjects of sociological and socio-psychological research. The psychological research of which this book gives an account took place among families who some years ago emigrated from what was then known as the Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands. Dutch is the language spoken from their youth. Born and bred in another part of the world they embarked in groups to the Nether­ lands, which they had never seen before, when the country they lived in became independent. No doubt they had a vivid image of the Netherlands. It was the Mother country; they had heard a great deal about it in the course of the simple education they had received. They were acquainted with it through pictures and through the contact, however superficial, with representatives of the ruling country. The military service which had played such an important part in the lives of the male adults had made them feel bound up with the country of the House of Orange.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 New Guinea Annexations -- 3 Papua Irredenta -- 4 The Former Anglo-German Boundary -- 5 The Irian Boundary -- 6 Epilogue -- Appendixes -- I Some Notes on Administrative Nomenclature -- II The Spelling of Place Names -- III Sources used in the Compilation of the Maps -- References.

Abstract: The paucity of published material on the borders of New Guinea and the international significance of the Irian boundary led me to bring together the information I had gathered over the past few years. Ideally, a book of this kind should cover the subject in its total historical and geographical context. The aim of this work is more modest: it intends merely to throw some light on the birth and development of New Guinea's boundaries. With this purpose in mind, after an introductory chapter attention is given to the historical events leading up to the parti­ tion of New Guinea among three European powers. In subsequent chapters the development of the boundaries between the various parts of the island is discussed. It is realized that this approach may tend to convey the impression that each particular border is in some way unique. This, however, is not intended and it is hoped that the reader will recognize some of the common underlying themes and problems which are given attention in the introductory and concluding chapters. It was intended originally to present in a brief appendix those docu­ ments which define the borders. It soon appeared desirable to include also the unpublished records of more recent border conferences and relevant correspondence leading up to the actual treaties, exchange of notes, Orders in Council, or (as the case might be) lack of action.

Abstract: I. Biographical sketch -- II, Philosophical viewpoint -- III. Chinese conditions -- IV. Democratic revolution -- V. Socialist revolution -- VI. State and government -- VII. The Communist party -- VIII. Nationalism and internationalism -- IX. Sino-Soviet ideological conflict -- Conclusions.

Abstract: A proper examination of the world political situation makes it necessary to consider the fact of the increasing importance of Commu­ nist China in world affairs. It seems that this big and ancient country expects to be considered not only as the most important country of Asia, not to say of the communist world, but as one of the great powers of the second half of this century. Being one of the largest countries in the world, with a larger popu­ lation than that of the United States and the Soviet Union combined (the two recognized powers of this era), China plays a significant role in world affairs at the same time that she tries to challenge the leader­ ship of communism. As the years have passed and Communist China has been kept out of the United Nations, her attitude has changed to such a point that one fears the possibility of her forming a new organi­ zation that may evolve in rivalry with the work of the United Nations. Therefore, there is a deservedly great concern about the way China conducts her international policy. Under these circumstances, it goes without saying that it is important to ascertain the kind of political thought that has motivated Commu­ nist leaders in China, and the ultimate goal of their revolutionary movement, which has been for some time now responsible for dangerous situations in the Far East and in other areas of the world.

Abstract: I The Man and his Mission -- II From Vienna to Gastein -- III Prelude to Sadowa -- IV Mediation at Nikolsburg -- V The French Compensation Proposals -- VI The Luxemburg Compensation Project -- VII A Search for a Modus Vivendi -- VIII The Hohenzollern Candidacy -- IX Diplomacy of Distortion -- X Ambassador in Retrospect -- Appendices -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: The historical significance of the period 1864-1870, epitomized by the establishment of Prussian hegemony in Gennany, has been per­ petuated in numerous studies. The diplomatic history of these decisive years has proven especially fascinating, for the fundamental changes in Gennany's political frame had a momentous influence upon the course of European history. The war of 1866 destroyed the last vestiges of Austrian supremacy in Gennany and inaugurated a reorganization under Prussian domination. The international repercussions of this transfonnation in the heart of Europe are fully reflected in the diplo­ macy of the period, in view of the disruptive effect upon the existing power equilibrium. The manner in which Napoleon III and his govern­ ment reacted to the events was of crucial portent for the future of his empire. An inquiry into Ambassador Benedetti's mission to Berlin contributes materially to an understanding of imperial diplomacy, primarily as related to Prussia, in this critical period. The present study was suggested by Dr. Lynn M. Case and began to take shape in his seminars on European diplomatic history. Bene­ detti's constant association with French diplomacy between 1864 and 1870 seemed to warrant a detailed and critical examination of his mission. Despite the advent of the telegraph diplomatic representa­ tives continued to fonn an important part of the diplomatic appa­ ratus and Benedetti was no exception. Past studies based exclusively on his career are very few. Frensdorff's Preussische Jahrbucher article appeared shortly after the outbreak of the war in 1870.

Abstract: I. Diplomatic Background -- II. Joseph II, Bavaria and France -- III. Death of the Elector Max Joseph and Austrian Occupation of Bavaria -- IV. Frederick II’s Counter Measures -- V. European Reactions -- VI. Preparations for War -- VII. The Potato War -- VIII. The Peace of Teschen -- IX. The Diplomacy of Joseph as Emperor -- X. Plans for a Bavarian Exchange -- XI. Exchange Negotiations -- XII. Continuing Negotiations -- XIII. Failure of the Exchange -- XIV. Epilogue.

Abstract: they represented a congeries of varied languages, cultures and traditions. Moreover the status of Germany, in theory ruled by the Hapsburgs in their capacity of Holy Roman Emperors, had since the conclusion of the Thirty Years War been in some doubt. In practice the Hapsburgs could count on obedience always in their family dominions, not particularly extensive and mostly concentrated in the West (Vorderosterreich); sometimes in the South German Catholic states; and virtually not at all in the Protestant North. Then, too, in the second half of the seventeenth century Prussia had emerged as a power, which although still technically a part of the Empire, was increasingly capable and willing to pursue a thoroughly independent course. The position of Charles VI was thus not an entirely happy one. The long run alternatives which would seem to have confronted him were either to acquiesce in the continuing erosion of Hapsburg influence in Germany, which ultimately might well have resulted in his ruling over a Danubian Empire with a German-speaking minority; or to try to buttress his position in Germany, which would have required eventually a viable modus vivendi between his German and non-German subjects.

Abstract: I. A Post-War Phenomenon -- Emigration Prior to 1940 -- The Second World war -- The Situation in the Netherlands Immediately after the war -- Factors Connected with the Urge to Emigrate -- The General Situation in 1948 -- A Lost Generation? -- The Unsettled Emigration Climate -- II. The Government Versus Private Organizations -- Government Concern with Emigration Prior to 1940 -- The Denominational Emigration Organizations Prior to 1940 -- Clay and Sand: The two Poles of Agrarian Emigration -- Growing Government Interference after 1945 -- Two Guiding Principles for the Granting of Subsidies -- Collision with the Social Organizations -- Compromise and Strategy -- III. Policy, Planning and Prognoses -- The Fear of Poverty -- The Fear of “Over-Population” -- Population Problems and Emigration Policy -- Industrialization and Emigration -- The Bottle-Neck of “Emigration Planning” in a Democratic System -- “Planned Migration” in the Light of Actual Developments -- IV. Organized Emigration in Practice -- Vertical Ideological Pluralism in the Netherlands -- The Organization of the Voluntary Agencies -- Emigration Procedure -- Government Policy and Group Policy -- V. Socioreligious Group Characteristics -- Religious Denomination and Country of Destination -- Registration Organ and Country of Destination -- Registration Organ and Religious Denomination -- Emigrant, Registration Organ and Religious Denomination -- Socioreligious Structure and the Continuity of Emigration -- VI. At Group Level: Points of View and Attitudes Adopted with Reference to Emigration -- The Roman Catholics -- The Calvinists -- Remaining Groups -- VII. The Dynamics of Social Change -- Increased Prosperity and Communication -- The Integration of Parts. a New Frame of Reference -- New Conceptions Regarding the Population Problem -- The Netherlands and European Migration -- VIII. Adaptation of the Emigration Policy -- Increasing Isolation -- Two Specific Drawbacks -- Those who Returned -- Criticism of the Emigration Policy -- The Defence -- From “Active” Policy to “Positive” Policy -- Summary and Conclusions -- Thwarted Exodus -- The Group Character of Netherlands Emigration -- The Conservative Type of Migration -- Appendices -- 1. Adjoining chapter V, “Emigrant, registration organ and religious denomination.” Primary and/or sociologically relevant data -- 2. Idem. Questions directly connected with emigration -- 3. Migration to and from the Netherlands, 1900–1962 -- References.

Abstract: Much has been written about Netherlands emigration since the Second World War. In the course of years opinions on the subject have been advanced by the Government, by political and religious groups, by employers' and workers' organizations and by represent­ atives of the sodal sdences. As times and drcumstances changed, certain of these opinions also changed. Befjer remarks in this connec­ tion : "Opinions as to whether or not it is a good thing to emigrate are divided and are strongly influenced by the good and bad trend of affairs in the political, sodal and economic fields, apart from subjective influences which contribute in considerable measure to the formation of such opinions. "l Thanks to a number of sdentific studies, actual knowledge of the emigration phenomenon in the Netherlands soon after the war gradually increased. But in various quarters stereotyped conceptions, rooted in the prevailing cultural systems, had taken hold round this process. Hence it could not be expected to move aside immediately to make room for the cautiously fotmulated discoveries of sodal research. Among the great merits 2 of Haveman is the fact that not only did he inspire and stimulate this research, he also lost no time in making full use of the results 3 thereof during his period of office.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. The Historical Theoreticians -- Marx and Engels -- Lenin -- Trotsky -- Bukharin -- Stalin -- III. Contemporary Soviet Thought -- Work -- Res Publica -- Social Life -- IV. The Future Society — An Estimate -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Neither of the founders and none of the subsequent leaders of the Communist movement ever wrote a full analysis of what he expected the future society to be. Throughout the vast literature of Marxism there is nothing in general or detail which devotes itself to this goal as such. There are several obvious reasons for this: Marxists, having excoriated utopian, Le. , pre-Marxist, socialism for its idealism and chimeras, for not being based on the only scientific analysis of society, historical materialism, have sedulously avoided going beyond that analysis themselves. The dynamic of this materialism is, consistently, self-restrictive, non-mechanistic, zeitgebunden; it develops the past in terms of actions and counteractions in social time, and sees naturallaw at work in each stage of social-economic organization - Le. , in history. It sees the exhaustion of an era in the completion of its logic and the unconscious creation of its successor. Therefore the discarding of capi­ talism as historically depleted and the rise of socialism-communism as the next stage, the next logic and law of economic development, are forecast. This is the given, the premise, the Naturnotwendigkeit of material society, the reason of social efficiency and of course one of the data of capitalism. According to E. H.

Abstract: I. The policy of non-alignment -- The Indian case -- II. Sino-Indian relations prior to 1954 -- Tibet -- The conference at Simla -- Indian nationalism and China -- Independent India -- Communism in India -- China invades Tibet -- The search for a new relationship -- III. Five principles of peaceful coexistence -- IV. Panchsheel and Afro-Asian cooperation -- The Bandung conference -- V. India’s position in international conflict -- Junagadh and Hyderabad -- Kashmir -- Korea -- Suez and Hungary -- Goa -- Conclusions -- VI. The border dispute with China -- China probes the boundary -- Revolt in Tibet -- Challenge to the entire border -- The Premiers meet (April 1960) -- The Officials report -- Deadlock -- Further proposals -- The fighting starts -- The Colombo proposals -- The question of prisoners -- China’s agreements with other neighbours -- VII. Legal aspects of the border dispute -- The juridical status of Tibet -- Mountain boundaries -- Maps and boundary disputes -- Effective occupation -- Prescription -- Protest, acquiescence and estoppel -- The Western Sector -- The Eastern Sector -- VIII. Political motives in the border dispute -- China changes her evaluation of India -- Marxist ideology -- The Indian assessment of China’s motives -- Conclusions -- IX. Conclusions -- The boundary question -- The implications of the border dispute -- Panchsheel -- Prospects.

Abstract: I. From Autocracy to Democracy: Political Institutions at the End of the Ch’ing Dynasty -- 1. Transformation from Absolute to Constitutional Monarchy -- 2. Causes of the Constitutional Movement -- 3. Preparation for Constitutionalism -- 4. The Principles of Constitution, September 22, 1908 -- 5. The National Legislative Council (Tse-cheng Yüan) -- 6. The Provincial Assembly (Tse-I Chu) -- 7. The Beginning of Local Self-Government -- 8. The Revolution and the Nineteen Articles of November 3, 1911 -- II. Democracy in Experiment: Political Institutions During the Early Republican Period -- 1. Preparations for a Provisional Government -- 2. Analysis of the Organic Law of the Provisional Government -- 3. Inauguration of the Provisional Government at Nanking -- 4. The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, March 11, 1912 -- 5. The Change of the Provisional Presidency and the Seat of Government -- 6. The Establishment of Parliament -- 7. The Drafting of the Constitution and the Election of President -- 8. The Judicial System of the New Republic -- 9. The Local Government System -- III. Monarchism VS. Republicanism: Political Institutions under the Dictatorship of Yüan Shihk’ai -- 1. Yüan Shih-k’ai vs. Constitutional Democracy -- 2. Yüan Shih-k’ai and the Constitutional Compact of 1914 -- 3. The Reorganized National Government Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 4. Th Local Government System Under Yüan Shih-k’ai -- 5. The Rise and Fall of Yüan’s Monarchial Movement -- IV. Split Between the North and the South: Political Institutions During the Period of Internal Dissensions -- 1. Developments Under the Regime in Peking -- 2. The New Parliament and the New Constitutional Draft -- 3. Parliament’s Second Restoration and its Adoption of the 1923 Constitution -- 4. The Constitution-Protecting Government in the Southwest -- 5. The Peking Government Under Provisional Chief Executive Tuan -- 6. The Local Government System -- V. The Nationalist Party in Power: Unification of China under Kuomintang Programs -- 1. The Reorganization of the Nationalist Party in 1924 -- 2. Basic Principles and Programs of the Nationalist Party -- 3. The Northern Expedition and the Unification of China -- 4. The Beginning of Political Tutelage -- VI. The Five-Power Constitution at Work: Political Institutions During the Period of Political Tutelage -- 1. The National Government Before 1928 -- 2. The National Government Since 1928 -- 3. The National People’s Convention and the Promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China for the Period of Political Tutelage -- 4. Nationalist Efforts to Carry Out Party Principles and Programs -- 5. The Preparation for Constitutional Rule in China -- 6. The Local Government System During the Period of Political Tutelage -- VII. Communism Versus Nationalism: The Chinese Communist Party and Soviet Regimes (1921–1945) -- 1. The Formation of Communist Organizations in China -- 2. The First United Front of the Nationalists and Communists -- 3. Armed Uprisings and the Change of Leadership -- 4. The Establishment of Soviet Regimes in China -- 5. The Second United Front and Expansion of the Communist Regimes -- VIII. China at War: Political Institutions During the Period of the Sino-Japanese War -- 1. The Hostilities Between China and Japan -- 2. The Formal Establishment of Chiang Kai-shek’s Leadership -- 3. Wartime Party Alignments -- 4. The Supreme National Defense Council — The Highest Organ of Wartime China -- 5. The Triple-linked Administrative System -- 6. The Wartime National Government -- 7. The People’s Political Council -- 8. The Wartime Local Government -- 9. The Local Representative Bodies -- IX. From the Mainland to Taiwan (Formosa): Political Institutions During the Postwar Period -- 1. Peace Negotiations Through the Political Consultative Conference -- 2. The Convocation of the National Assembly and the Constitution of 1946 -- 3. The Central and Local Governments Under the Constitution of 1946 -- 4. The First Session of the First National Assembly -- 5. The Nationalist Debacle and Retreat to Taiwan -- 6. The National Government in Taiwan -- 7. The Local Government System in Taiwan -- 8. Taiwan Today -- X. The Communist Party in Power: Mao’s Political Thought and the Party Organization -- 1. On the Road to Victory -- 2. The Political Thought and Strategy of Mao Tse-tung -- 3. The Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party and Its Guiding Principles -- 4. The Organization and Functions of the Communist Party -- 5. The Communist Youth League -- 6. The Communist Relationship with Minor Political Parties and Mass Organizations -- XI. Fundamental Laws of the People’s Republic: From the Common Program to the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) -- 2. The Common Program of 1949 in the Nature of a Provisional Constitution -- 3. The Central Government System, 1949–1954 -- 4. The Local Government System, 1949–1954 -- 5. The Adoption of the Constitution by the National People’s Congress -- 6. General Principles of the Constitution of 1954 -- XII. The Government of “Democratic Centralism”: Political Institutions under the Constitution of 1954 -- 1. The Present System of Government -- 2. The National People’s Congress -- 3. The Head of the State -- 4. The State Council -- 5. The People’s Courts and Procuratorates -- 6. Local People’s Congresses and Councils -- 7. Self-Government Organs of National Autonomous Areas -- 8. The Communist Government in Action -- Appendices.

Abstract: This book is prepared primarily for students who are interested in studying the constitutional development and government structure of twentieth-century China. Since the emergence of the Chinese consti­ tutional movement at the end of the nineteenth century, political institutions in China have undergone constant changes. The first four chapters treat of constitutional development and government systems from the latter part of the Ch'ing dynasty to the re-unification of China by the Nationalist Party in 1928. The other eight chapters deal with the policies, programs, and institutions of the Nationalist and Commu­ nist governments up to 1962. While treatises on various subjects have been consulted, the sources of this book are chiefly based on the official documents from the collections as indicated in the bibliography. Materials in the first few chapters are partly drawn from my previous works on government and politics in China. Because of the immense scope of the subject and the intricacy of the problems involved, this work is not intended to be exhaustive, but is rather a brief description and discussion of each topic under consideration. As there are many valuable works on China in general as well as on her history and inter­ national relations, I have tried not to cover what has already been dealt with by others. In my presentation of facts and views, I have endeavored to be as objective as possible, personal political convictions notwithstanding.

Abstract: Introduction: The Pre-legal Foundation of Nationalisation -- 1. The Social Foundation -- 2. The Economic Foundation -- 3. The Political Foundation -- 4. Conclusion -- I. — The Achievement -- Section I: Introduction -- Section II: Industry and Commerce -- Section III: General and Systematic Conclusions -- II. — The Legal Structure -- Section I: Introduction -- Section II: The Socialisation of Law -- Section III: The Socialisation of Property -- Section IV: The Legal Nature of Nationalisation -- Section V: Conclusions -- III. — Operation -- Section I: Introduction -- Section II: The Form of Nationalisation -- Section III: Place and Function -- Section IV: The State Plan -- IV. — International Law -- Section I: Private Property in Public International Law -- Section II: International Status of Nationalisation -- Section III: Compensation -- Section IV: Procedure -- Appendix: “Inter”-Nationalisation.

Abstract: In this book Professor Katzarov has made the first comprehensive study 0/ nationalisation /rom the legal point 0/ view. The author's knowledge 0/ European languages, in addition to his mother tongue 0/ Bulgarian, has enabled him to draw on material/rom England, France, the U.s.S.R. and the other communist countries 0/ Eastern Europe, and many countries 0/ Asia and Latin America. The book ranges widely in another sense. Professor Katzarov is a jurist in the best Continental tradition in that his work does not spring /rom a narrow technical outlook, but is a synthesis 0/ historical, philo­ sophic, political, economic and legal elements. Thus, he shows the way in which the constitutional and legal /ramework 0/ nationalisation has been in/luenced by extra-legal elements. It is difficult to imagine a legal scholar trained in one 0/ the Common Law countries producing a work as broadly conceived; and this is one 0/ several reasons why the publication 0/ an English edition is welcome.

Abstract: I. Lobbying in the kaiserreich -- II. Lobbyist in Saxony -- III. The organization of Saxon Business -- IV. Landtag Electoral Reform -- Conclusion.

Abstract: The old saw, "Gennany is the heart of Europe, Saxony the heart of Germany," Treitschke derided as that "favorite, self­ congratulatory phrase" parroted by reactionary Saxons. His ridicule is understandable. He was born a Saxon, yet adored Prussia, which forced his native kingdom into the Kaiserreich. Historians of this century, also loyal in a sense to the German Empire, have dismissed internal affairs of the federal states as parochial. Thus Saxony, though wracked by political agitation more severe than in any other German state during the last two decades of the Wilhelmian era, has been generally looked upon as peripheral to the great national issues of the day. Solid as Treitschke's grounds may in his time have been for scoffing at the anachronism of Saxon particularism, recent history has shown that Saxony was after all the heart of Gennany in more than the geographic sense. It was by far the most Lutheran region of Gennany and was often called the "model land" of Liberalism, a way of life not to be confused with liberal democracy in the M usterliindle, Baden, or in the Kingdom of Wiirttemberg. In Land Sachsen the small independent entre­ preneur did not vanish from the scene during the industrial boom of 1871-g0 as he did in Rhineland-Westphalia.

Abstract: I. The Nominating and Appointing Power -- Establishment of the Practice -- The Change in the President’s Authority -- Summary -- II. Historical Arguments for and Against the Use of the Special Agent -- Arguments Against the Use of Special Agents -- Arguments For the Use of Special Agents -- Summary -- III. The Question of Office -- Marshall’s Opinion -- Later Definitions of Office -- The Problem of Rank -- The Presidential Signature and the United States’ Seal -- The Contingent Fund -- Establishment of the Fund -- Summary -- IV. The President’s Appointing Power with Respect to Special Agents -- Early Attempts at Restrictions -- Restrictions Successfully Passed -- Restrictions With Respect to International Organizations -- The United Nations “Battle” -- Special Agents and the Question of Rank -- Summary -- V. Status of the Regular Diplomatic Agent under International Law -- Agréation -- La Lettre de Créance -- The Nature of Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities -- Duration of Diplomatic Immunities -- Theories on the Basis of Diplomatic Immunity -- Who Receives Diplomatic Privileges and Immunity -- Who Decides the Question of Entitlement to Immunity -- The Basis for the Decision -- The Meaning of Function -- Responsibility for the Protection of Diplomats -- Responsibility for the Acts of a State’s Agents -- Functions of a Diplomat -- Diplomatic Agents Below the Rank of Ambassador -- Summary -- VI. Status of Miscellaneous Agents under International Law -- International Conferences -- International Organizations -- International Commissions -- Summary -- VII. Status of the Special Agent under International Law -- Special Secret Agents -- Special Public Agents -- The Establishment of Special Missions -- Privileges and Immunities -- Freedom of Movement and Communication -- Responsibility for the Protection of Special Agents -- Responsibility for the Acts of the Special Agent -- Functions of the Special Agent -- Summary -- VIII. Conclusions -- Municipal Law Aspect -- International Law Aspect -- Appendix A -- Representative List of Special Agents -- Appendix B -- Provisions for Appointing United States Delegates to International Organizations -- Appendix C -- Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations -- Appendix D -- The Agencies of Colonel House and Harry Hopkins -- Edward M. House -- House’s Background -- The Nature of the House-Wilson Relationship -- His Influence and Methods of Operation -- Five Missions Abroad -- Advantages and Disadvantages in Using House -- Summary -- Harry L. Hopkins -- Hopkins’ Background -- The Nature of the Hopkins-Roosevelt Relationship -- Five Missions Abroad -- His Influence and Methods of Operation -- Advantages and Disadvantages in Using Hopkins -- Summary.

Abstract: The special diplomatic agent has played in the history of American foreign policy an important and, it is safe to say, unique role. The names of Colonel House and Harry Hopkins come, of course, right away to mind. But there have been others: John Quincy Adams, Ber­ nard M. Baruch, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, James Monroe, John Randolph, Daniel Webster, Wendell Wilkie, for instance. At the beginning of American history, the use of the special agent was primarily due to the scarcity of available talent. Later it was due to the low quality of many diplomatic representatives, chosen for political reasons and without regard for their diplomatic qualifications. More recently, the President has availed himself of the special agent in order to make sure that his will prevails in the conduct of American foreign policy. The institution of the special agent is indeed inseparable from the preeminent, contested and uncertain role the President plays in the determination of American foreign policy. Since the Constitution is silent on that point, the ultimate determi­ nation of American foreign policy has been throughout American history a subject ot controversy between the President and Congress.

Abstract: One / A Public Controversy 1790–1792 -- Publication of Reflections; mixed reception -- English opinion of the French revolution; surprise at Burke’s hostility -- Paine’s complaint against Burke; was it justified? -- Two / Thomas Paine: the man and his ideas 1737–1790 -- I. Paine’s Early Life -- II. Paine’s Political Ideas -- III. Paine’s Hopes of a Political Reformation in England. His Return to Europe -- Three / A different outlook: Edmund Burke -- I. Burke and Paine Contrasted -- II. Burke’s Characteristic Ideas -- III. Burke’s Reaction to the French Revolution -- Four / Burke rejects the rights of man -- I. Criticism of the “Rights of Man” Philosophy -- II. The “Rights of Man” Philosophy Incompatible with the Spirit of the English Constitution -- III. Criticism -- Five / Paine replies to Burke: Rights of Man -- Paine plans to write on the revolution -- Paine fails to understand Burke -- Paine’s interpretation of the French revolution -- Man and his rights -- Paine’s attack on the English constitution -- Rejection of the hereditary principle in government -- Rejection of state religion -- Criticism of the English financial system -- Attack on the English crown, and parliamentary system of government -- Conclusion -- Six / Reflections and public opinion, 1791 -- The reaction within Burke’s own party -- Mackintosh and the “New Whigs” -- The reply of the reformers -- Mary Wollstonecraft and the social protest -- Joseph Priestley and the reply of the dissenters -- Burke’s retort: “Either Burke or Paine” -- Seven / Rights of Man and public opinion, 1791 -- I. The Pamphleteers and Reviewers -- II. Rights of Man and the Constitutional Societies -- III. Positive Effect of Rights of Man. Paine and the Working-Class Movement -- Conclusion -- Ouvrages publiés dans la Collection de l’Ecole des Sciences politiques et sociales.

Abstract: At the present day, when there is renewed interest in the concept of human rights and in the application of this concept to the problems of government,! it may be instructive to review an eighteenth-century dispute which was concerned precisely with these themes. Nor should the investigation be any less interesting because the disputants were Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine: both these men have also been the object of renewed attention and study in recent years. Critical work on the biography and bibliography of Paine is being done by Professor Aldridge and Col. Richard Gimbel respectively;2 while Burke is being well looked after, not only by the able team of experts who, under the leadership of Professor Copeland, are engaged in producing the critical edition of his Correspondence, but also by such individual scholars as D. C. Bryant, C. B. Cone, T. H. D. Mahoney, 3 P. J. Stanlis, C. Parkin, F. Canavan, and A. Cobban. But though Burke and Paine are being studied separately, little work appears to have been done on the relationship between them, apart from an 4 essay by Professor Copeland published more than twelve years ago. It is hoped that the present study, while it does not claim to add anything to the facts about Burke and Paine already known to his- 1 See Nehemiah Robinson, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Abstract: I The Liberals Take Office -- II Domestic Problems -- III Belgium in European Diplomacy prior to February, 1848 -- IV The Revolution’s Initial Impact -- V Early Relations with the Provisional Government -- VI Belgian Internal Reaction to the February Revolution -- VII Belgian Diplomacy during March, 1848 -- VIII April and May, 1848 -- IX June and After, 1848 -- Index of Persons.

Abstract: I. The Legality of the Anschluss -- Conventional Obligations and the Anschluss -- The Advent of Anschluss -- The Reaction of the International Community -- Conflicting Views -- II. Austrian Independence -- Constitutional Developments, First Phase -- Constitutional Developments, Second Phase -- Domestic Developments and Austrian Authority -- III. Recognition -- Court Cases -- IV. Nationality -- The War Period -- The Post-War Period -- V. The Public Foreign Debt -- The Anschluss -- Post-World-War-II Arrangements -- VI. Treaties -- The Anschluss Period -- Austria’s Statehood -- The Continuity of the Austrian State -- VII. Austria’s Status in International Organizations -- The League of Nations -- The United Nations -- The Specialized Agencies of the United Nations -- VIII. Conclusions -- The Problem -- The Anschluss and Traditional International Law -- Changing Concepts in International Law -- Appendices -- A. Cases from National Courts -- B. Bilateral Agreements to which Austria has been a Party, 1946–1952 -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Austria was the first victim of Hitler's policy of aggression. The Ger­ man domination of that country (the so-called Anschluss) heralded the beginning of a diplomatie demarche. The event also had deep implications for the legal system of the international community. The Allied occupation of Austria after W orId War II and the long delay in attaining aState Treaty to arrange for the Allied withdrawal from Austrian territory eventually gave rise to some doubts as to the international legal status of the latter. This study is confined to an examination of the international legal problems involved in Austria's changed status from the Anschluss of March 13, I938, until the signing of the State Treaty on May 15, 1955. It is not intended to be a history of the period covered and no attempt is made to treat fully such fascinating topics as the diplo­ matie negotiations leading up to the Anschluss or the story of the long struggle between the occupying powers to attain aState Treaty for Austria. The time span of this work was deliberately chosen in a desire to confine it to an appraisal ofthe legal continuity ofthe Austrian State and an evaluation of the impact of the Austrian question on the traditional law of state succession and recognition. The problem of Austria's new neutralized status resulting from the negotiations in connection with and subsequent to the signing of the Austrian State Treaty is worthy of separate treatment and is not dealt with in the present study.

Abstract: I. Aung San’s Hour -- II. U Saw and His Men -- III. The Trial -- IV. The Approver’s Story -- V. U Saw’s Story -- VI. Speeches and Decisions -- VII. The Long Journey.

Abstract: Crime does not pay, and politics by assassination pays even less. That is perhaps the one sharp lesson which stands out from the trial of U Saw and his men for the murder of Bogyoke Aung San and his colleagues. The trial is a historie one, and the murders undoubtedly altered the course of Burma' s modem history. I present the judgement of the Special Tribunal in full and the story of the assassinations for the record, in the hope that they will serve historians and our peoples in Burma in several ways. Mr. ]ustice Mya Thein of the High Court gave me the records which he compiled of the trial while serving on the prosecution. That was a few years ago, and I have, since then, wanted to edit and publish a book of the trial. Dr. Myint Thein, Chief ]ustice of the Union, also gave his file of the records to the Defence Services Historical Research Institute, and I was able to check and compare the papers. To both I owe and sincerely acknow­ ledge thanks. I am also grateful to Mr. ]ustice Aung Tha Gyaw of the Supreme Court who answered my questions with kindness and courtesy, and to U Kyaw Soe, Director of Information, and his staff, who dug up the pictures which are published in this book.

Abstract: I. The Political Background -- II. The Industrial Transformation of the Habsburg Monarchy -- III. The Migrations in Bohemia -- IV. Nationalism among the Workers -- V. The Deutsche Arbeiterpartei -- VI. Conclusion -- Maps.

Abstract: This book is an account of the emergence of a National Socialist party from the German nationalist labor movement in the multi­ national Austrian empire. Made up of unions chiefly concerned with protecting workers of German nationality from the competition of cheap Czech labor, the German nationalist labor movement was strongest in Bohemia, where the rivalry between Czechs and Germans in the labor market was most acute. Much of Austrian industry was in northern Bohemia, and as it expanded in the latter half of the nineteenth century large riumbers of Czechs moved from the countryside into the industrial centers. Many German workers were displaced by the Czech immigrants, who were accustomed to lower standards of living and therefore willing to accept lower pay. The anger of the German workers developed into an intense hatred of the Czechs, the Czechs resented German domination, and as a result of the mutual enmity, the Socialist international unions split into German and Czech sections. Some of these became separate German and Czech nationalist unions. Other German nationalist unions grew out of the protective associations that were organized by gro. ups of German workers against the Czech danger. Around the turn of the century the leaders of some of the more militant German nationalist unions decided that they could further the members' interests more effectively if the unions were affiliated with a political party under their own control: collaboration with radical nationalists had proved disappointing.

Abstract: One -- I. Introduction: Geographical, cultural, and language areas outlined -- II. The Music and Some Preliminary Considerations -- III. Musical Ethnology of Central Africa -- IV. The Music—Analysis and Discussion -- V. Singing Style -- VI. Conclusion -- Two -- Preface to Transcriptions Transcriptions -- Melody Type Chart -- Cent-Frequency Charts -- Numerical-Territorial Index of Transcriptions -- Tribal Index -- Index-Glossary -- Illustrations following.

Abstract: Under the inspiring guidance of my mentor, Curt Sachs, this work was conceived, planned, and executed. It gained in dimension under the acute and patient perusal of Gustave Reese to whose brilliant propensity for clarity of thought and of style I owe a huge debt. Furthermore, the helpful suggestions made by Martin Bernstein and by J an LaRue are gratefully acknowledged. If Jaap Kunst had not kindly gone to the trouble of ordering, supervising the con­ struction of, and mailing to me from Amsterdam his personally designed monochord, an important section of this work could not have taken form. This preface is not complete, of course, without final thanks to my husband, Harvey B. Natanson, for his sustained interest and encouragement. R. B. Note As the present work goes to press, the political map of Africa is flowing into a new mold. Several countries have obtained independence, and new names and data should be con­ sidered: French Equatorial Africa has become (November 28-December I, 1958) four independent countries - Republic of the Congo: Brazzaville (formerly Middle Congo), Gabon Republic (formerly Gabon) , Central African Republic (formerly Ubangi-Shari), and Republic of Chad (formerly Chad). The Belgian Congo has become (June 30,1960) the Republic of the Congo: Leopoldville.

Abstract: 1. Theoretical Considerations -- General Approach -- Groups -- The Political Activities of Interest Groups -- Factors Affecting the Nature of the Political Activities of Interest Groups -- The Case of the Political Activities of Dutch Agricultural Organisations on International Issues -- 2. International Agricultural Problems -- 3. Background of Dutch Political Life -- 4. Agricultural Organisations in the Netherlands -- 5. Earlier Benelux Problems -- 6. Proposals for a European Organisation of Agricultural Markets -- 7. Negotiation and Ratification of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community -- 8. Implementation of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community I: Institutions and Issues -- Institutional Arrangements -- Policy Issues -- 9. Implementation of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community II: The Political Activities of Dutch Organised Agriculture -- Political Activities Within The Netherlands -- Political Activities Outside The Netherlands -- 10. Later Benelux Problems -- 11. Further Attempts to Co-ordinate Western European Agricultural Policies -- 12. Non-Regional Issues -- 13. Conclusions -- Selected Bibliography.

Abstract: Table de Matieres / Tome II / Table of Contents / Volume II -- I. Amérique Latine / Latin America -- 1. Argentine / Argentina -- 2. Brésil / Brazil -- 3. Mexique / Mexico -- 4. Pérou / Peru -- 5. Uruguay / Uruguay -- II. Europe de l’Est / Eastern Europe -- 6. Hongrie / Hungary -- 7. Pologne / Poland -- 8. Rép. Dém. Allemande / German Dem. Rep. -- 9. Roumanie / Rumania -- 10. Tchéco-Slovaquie / Czecho-Slovakia -- 11. U.R.S.S. / U.S.S.R. -- 12. Yougoslavie / Yugoslavia -- III. Conférence d’Arbitrage New-York 1958 / New York Arbitration Conference 1958 -- A. Convention (texte) Convention (text) -- B. Résolution Resolution -- 13. La Convention / The New York Convention -- 14. Mesures Possibles / Possible Measures -- IV. Règlements d’Arbitrage / Arbitration Rules -- 15. Etude Comparée / Comparative Study -- Liste des Rédacteurs / List of Contributors.

Abstract: I The Missed Opportunity 1871–1873 -- II The ‘Unhappy Reign’ of ‘Philippe VII’ 1883–1894 -- III The Beginnings of the Action Française Charles Maurras -- IV The Action Française Militant 1906–1914 -- V The Action Française Between the Wars 1919–1934 -- VI The Comte de Paris and the Action Française 1934–1937 -- VII The Comte de Paris Doctrines and Politics to 1939 -- VIII The Royalist Movement on the Eve of World War II -- IX World War II -- X The Aftermath 1945–1950 -- XI Maurrassians, The Comte de Paris, and the Fourth Republic -- XII Conclusion -- Genealogical Table.

Abstract: "Let them come forward, they are thirsty for the sight of a King," said Henri IV to his followers who were trying to push back the curious crowds as he entered Paris in February, I594. It is perhaps to be regretted that seven kings (to say nothing of two emperors) have since more than quenched the French's taste for royalty, because they have long been in need of - and periodically have sought - a symbol of national unity. Modern-day France has had far more than her share of revolutions, counterrevolutions, uprisings, days, coups, affairs, crises, scandals - and constitution drafting. While it would be an over­ simplification to interpret this endemie strife as a seesaw conflict between two well-integrated blocs with the ideology of the Great Revolution as the dividing issue, the fact remains that since I789 political divisions and quarrels among Frenchmen have been deep, bitter, and fundamental. may have been the one solution which After I870, a Republic divided Frenchmen the least (to borrow an expression from Monsieur Thiers); but like any and all of the preceding alternatives it was to incur the relentless, irreconcilable opposition of important segments of the population. This study deals with those individuals and organ­ izations which continued to advocate, and sought to bring about a return to the monarchy under the Third and Fourth Republies.

Abstract: Training possibilities for ethnomusicologists -- Selection of L.P.-records of authentic ethnic music issued in 1958 -- Illustrations 65–72 -- Index of subjects -- Index of peoples and regions the music of which has been studied and/or recorded -- Index of authors, collectors and musicians -- Index of periodicals -- Addenda et Corrigenda in the 3rd edition of ‘Ethnomusicology’.

Abstract: Since the appearance of the third edition of 'Ethnomusicology', still more titles have come to my knowledge, all issued before September 1958. The reader will find them in this Supplement. I have used this opportunity to add some more synopses of training possibilities for ethnomusicologists, together with an additional selective list of recordings issued, as far as I know, in 1958. Finally I may express my gratitude to Messrs. Nijhoff who gave me the opportunity to improve my endeavor to give a practically exhaustive survey of what has been published in the field of ethnomusicology up to August 31, 1958. Amsterdam, December 14, 1959. J.K. v CONTENTS Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Training possibilitics for cthnomusicologists. . . . . . . . . . I Selection of L.P.-records of authentie ethnie musie issued in I958 . 5 Bibliography. . . 8 Illustrations 65-72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 . Index of subjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 . Index of peoples and regions the music of which has been studied andjor recorded. . . . . . . . . . . 30 Index of authors, collectors and musicians . . . . . . . . . . 34 Index of periodieals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 .