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  • 1975-1979  (29)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (29)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
  • Social sciences Philosophy  (17)
  • Sociology—Methodology.  (13)
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Language
Years
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993532
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (273p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 29
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 29
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Marxist Social Theory and the Challenges of Our Time -- The Concept of Class Interest -- The Conception of Culture According to Karl Marx -- The Problem of Explanation in Karl Marx’s Capital -- The Methodological Foundations of Marx’s Theory of Class: A Reconstruction -- Structuralism as an Intellectual Current -- Marxism, Functionalism and Systems-Approach -- Methodological Dilemmas of Contemporary Sociology -- Strategy of Theory-Construction in Sociology -- On So-called Historicism in the Social Sciences -- Sociology and Models of Rational Behavior -- Adaptational Superstructure — The Problem of Negative Self-regulation -- Biographical Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Modern philosophy has benefited immensely from the intelligence, and sensitivity, the creative and critical energies, and the lucidity of Polish scholars. Their investigations into the logical and methodological foundations of mathematics, the physical and biological sciences, ethics and esthetics, psychology, linguistics, economics and jurisprudence, and the social science- all are marked by profound and imaginative work. To the centers of empiricist philosophy of science in Vienna, Berlin and Cambridge during the first half of this century, one always added the great school of analytic and methodol­ ogical studies in Warsaw and Lwow. To the world centers of Marxist theoretical practice in Berlin, Moscow, Paris, Rome and elsewhere, one must add the Poland of the same era, from Ludwik Krzywicki (1859-1941) onward. American socialists and economists will remember the careful work of Oscar Lange, working among us for many years and then after 1945 in Warsaw, always humane, logical, objective. In this volume, our friend and colleague, Jerzy J. Wiatr, has assembled a representative set of recent essays by Polish social scientists and philosophers. Each of these might lead the reader far beyond this book, to look into the Polish Sociological Bulletin which has been publishing Polish sociological studies in English for several decades, to study other translations of books and papers by these authors, and to reflect upon the interplay of logical, phenomenological, Marxist, empiricist and historical learning in modern Polish social understanding.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789400993556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (456p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 36
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I/Philosophy, Dialectics, and Historical Materialism -- Dialectic Today -- The Meaning of Marx’s Philosophy -- A Tension in Historical Materialism -- Some One-Sided Conceptions of Social Determinism -- Historical Science and the Philosophy of History -- II/Society, Politics and Revolution -- Homo Politicus -- Political Dictatorship: The Conflict of Politics and Society -- Revolution and Terror -- The Philosophical Concept of Revolution -- III/Culture, Ideas and Religion -- Culture as a Bridge Between Utopia and Reality -- Between Two Types of Modern Culture -- Ideas and Life -- The Withering Away of Religion in Socialism -- Culture and Revolution -- IV/Socialism, Bureaucracy and Self-Management -- Theoretical Foundations for the Idea of Self-Management -- Some Contradictions and Insufficiencies of Yugoslav Self-Managing Socialism -- Institutionalization of the Revolutionary Movement -- Bureaucracy — Reified Organization -- Bureaucracy and Public Communication -- Social Equality and Inequality in the Bourgeois World and in Socialism -- Middle Class Ideology -- Ecstasy and Hangover of a Revolution -- Notes on Contributors by Gajo Petrovi? -- Bibliographical Details of the Essays appearing in this Volume -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This volume of the Boston Studies is a distillation of one of the most creative and important movements in contemporary social theory. The articles repre­ sent the work of the so-called 'Praxis' group in Yugoslavia, a heterogeneous movement of philosophers, sociologists, political theorists, historians, and cul­ tural critics, united by a common approach: that of social theory as a critical and scientific enterprise, closely linked to questions of contemporary practical life. As the introductory essay explains, in its history and analysis of the development of this group, the name Praxis focuses on the heart of Marx's social theory - the conception of human beings as creative, productive makers and shapers of their own history. The journal Praxis, which appeared regularly in Yugoslavia at Zagreb, and also in an International Edition for many years, is the source of many of these articles. The journal had to suspend publication in 1975 because of political pressures in Yugoslavia. Eight members of the group were dismissed from their University posts in Belgrade, after a long struggle in which their colleagues stood by them staunchly. Yet the creativity and productivity of the group continues, by those in Belgrade and elsewhere. Its contributions to the social sciences, and to the very conception of social science as critical and applied theory, remain vivid, timely and innovative. The importance of the theoretical work of the Praxis group is perhaps at its height now.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994591
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (291p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 59
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 59
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Presuppositions, Problems, Progress -- I: Metaphysics and the Development of Science -- Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge -- A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics -- Dialogue on Method -- Presuppositions and limits of Science -- II: Research Programs and the Development of Science -- A Combined Approach to the Dynamics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures -- Reflections on Lakatos’ Methodology of Scientific Research Programs -- The Lattice of Growth in Knowledge -- Justifying a Theory Versus Giving Good Reasons for Preferring a Theory On the Big Divide in the Philosophy of Science -- Methodology in Non-Empirical Disciplines -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.
    Abstract: TIus is the second, and fmal, volume to derive from the exciting Kronberg conference of 1975, and to show the intelligent editorial care of Gerard Radnitzky and Gunnar Andersson that was so evident in the first book, Progress and Rationality in Science (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 58). Together they set forth central themes in current history and philosophy of the sciences, and in particular they will be seen as also providing obbligatos: research programs, metaphysical inevitabilities, methodological options, logical constraints, historical conjectures. Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 T T ABLE OF CONTENTS v EDITORIAL EDITORIAL PREFACE PREFACE ix PREFACE PREFACE INTRODUCTION GUNNAR ANDERSSON / Presuppositions, Problems,Progress 3 PART I: METAPHYSICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE NICHOLAS RESCHER / Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the limits of Scientific Knowledge 19 MAX JAMMER / A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics 41 PAUL FEYERABEND / Dialogue on Method 63 PETER HODGSON / Presuppositions and limits of Science 133 PART II: RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE WOLFGANG STEGMULLER / A Combined Approach to the Dynam­ ics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures 151 JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS / Reflections on Lakatos' Methodology of Scientific Research Programs 187 P A TRICK A.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789401576291
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 715 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 21
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Introductory Survey -- The Foundations of a Positive Theory of Choice involving Risk and a Criticism of the Postulates and Axioms of the American School -- CriticaI Examination of the New Foundation of Utility -- A Short Confirmation of My Standpoint -- Utilities, Psychological Values, and Decision Makers -- Some Reflections on Utility -- A Reply to Allais -- Utility and Stochastic Dominance -- Maximizing Expected Utility and the Rule of Long Run Success -- Adaptive Utility -- On the Nature of Expected Utility -- The St. Petersburg Puzzle -- Towards a Positive Theory of Preferences Under Risk -- The Naturalistic Versus the Intuitionistic School of Values -- Utility Theory: Axioms versus ‘Paradoxes’ -- Comparison of Decision Models and some Suggestions -- The So-called Allais Paradox and Rational Decisions Under Uncertainty -- Subject Indexes -- - Parts I (Foreword), II and V -- - Allais’ notation -- - Parts I (Introductory Survey), III and IV -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Utility theory or, value theory in general, is certainly the cornerstone of decision theory, game theory, microecon~mics, and all social and political theories which deal with public decisions. Recently the American School of utility, founded by von N eumann­ Morgenstern, encountered a far-going criticism by the French School of utility represented by its founder Allais. The whole basis of the theory of decisions involving risk has been shaken and put into question. Consequently, basic research in the fundamentals of utility and value theory evolved into a crisis. Like any crisis in basic research, and this one was not an exception, it was very fruitful. One may simply say: Allais versus von Neumann-Morgenstern, or the French School of utility versus the American School, became one of the battlefields of scientific development which proved to be a most creative source of new advances and new developments in all those sciences which are based on evaluation of utilities.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993570
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 398 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 48
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 48
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism (1966) -- 2. Reduction, Explanation and Ontology (1962) -- 3. Models, Metaphysics and the Vagaries of Empiricism (1965) -- 4. Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science (1965) -- 5. Matter, Action and Interaction (1973) -- 6. Towards a Critical Materialism (1971) -- 7. The Relation Between Philosophy of Science and History of Science (1977) -- 8. Telos and Technique: Models as Modes of Action (1968) -- 9. From Praxis to Logos: Genetic Epistemology and Physics (1971) -- 10. Pictures, Representation, and the Understanding (1972) -- 11. Perception, Representation, and the Forms of Action: Towards an Historical Epistemology (1973) -- 12. Rules and Representation: The Virtues of Constancy and Fidelity Put in Perspective (1978) -- 13. Action and Passion: Spinoza’s Construction of a Scientific Psychology (1973) -- 14. Nature, Number and Individuals: Motive and Method in Spinoza’s Philosophy (1978) -- 15. Hume’s Concept of Identity and the Principium Individuationis (1961) -- 16. Diderot and the Development of Materialist Monism (1953) -- 17. Art and Technology: Conflicting Models of Education? The Uses of a Cultural Myth (1973) -- 18. Art as Humanizing Praxis (1976) -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Marx Wartofsky has been working for many years within an unusual confluence of philosophical problems. He brings to these intersecting problems his comprehensive intelligence, at once imaginative and rigorous, analytic and historical. He is a philosopher's philosopher, but also Everyman's. Wartofsky is philosopher of the natural and the social sciences, of perception, esthetics and the creative arts, of the 18th century French and the 19th century Germans, of politics and morality, ofthe methods and morals of medicine, and it is plain, of all human existence. To a colleague, he seems Jack-of-all-philosophical-trades, and master of them too. The reader soon will learn that Wartofsky is a genial, lucid and relaxed philosophical companion, deeply serious but without noticeable anxiety. I need not highlight these selected epistemological papers gathered as, and about, Models, since Wartofsky's own introductory remarks are helpful and stimulating in that respect. I need only, after 21 years of friendship and collaboration with him, warn the reader to beware of how profound and provocative these papers will show themselves to be beneath their good-humored and swiftly-flowing surface. And I must publicly note the pleasure with which I welcome Marx Wartofsky's volume to our Boston Studies. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science September 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE VII xi AC K NOWLEDGEMENTS xiii INTRODUCTION The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism 1.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (491p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 20
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Some Principles of Ethnogeography -- Erewhon or Nowhere Land -- A Framework for Examination of Theoretic Viewpoints in Geography -- Thirteen Axioms of a Geography of the Public Sector -- On the Set Theoretic Foundations of the Regionalization Problem -- Reality, Process, and the Dialectical Relation Between Man and Environment -- Signals in the Noise -- Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science -- Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography -- Social Geography and the Taken-For-Granted World -- Dialectics and Geography -- Beyond the Census: Data Needs and Urban Policy Analysis -- Social Science and Human Action or on Hitting Your Head Against the Ceiling of Language -- Problems in the Psychological Modelling of Revealed Destination Choice -- An Open Letter on the Dematerialization of the Geographic Object -- Land Use and Commodity Production -- Spatial Interaction and Geographic Theory -- Cellular Geography -- Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective -- A Periodic Table of Spatial Hierarchies -- Unconventional Name Index -- Reference List -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In any edited volume most credit is due to the individual authors. The present case is no exception and we as editors have done little apart from serving as coordinators for a group of friends and colleagues. For once, the responsi­ bilities are shared. We feel that the collection gives a fair representation of the activities at the frontier of human geography in North America. Whether these premonitions will be further substantiated is of course to be seen. In the meantime, we take refuge in Vico's saying that "doctrines must take their beginning from that of the matter of which they treat". And yet we also know that new treatments never lead to fmal ends, but rather to new doctrines and to new beginnings. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge those publishers and authors who have given permission to reprint copyrighted materials: Association of American Geographers for Leslie J. King's 'Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 66,1976; Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. for Yi-Fu Tuan's 'Space and Place: Human­ istic Perspective', in Christopher Board et al. (eds. ), Progress in Geography, Vol. 6, 1974; Economic Geography for David Harvey's 'Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science' ,Economic Geography, Vol. SO, 1974; Institute of British Geographers for David Ley's 'Social Geography and the Taken-for-Granted World', Transactions of the Institute of British Geogra­ phers, Vol. 2, 1977; and North-Holland Publishing Company for Allen J.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789400993860
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 201 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 18
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Behavioral Decision Theory -- 1.2. Introduction to Detection of Change -- 1.3. Plan of the Book -- 2. The Optimal Policy -- 2.1. Problems TDC and DC -- 2.2. Sufficient Statistics -- 2.3. The Probability of Change -- 2.4. The Optimal Policy -- 2.5. The Nature of the Optimal Policy -- 2.6. Examples -- 3. A Response Model with a Fixed Probability Boundary -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Problem TDC -- 3.3. Problem DC -- 3.4. Relationships between Problems DC and TDC -- 3.5. Recursive Equations for Mean Values -- 3.6. Relation of Model FPB to the Optimal Policy -- 4. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Observations -- 4.1. Model FNOB -- 4.2. The Case of No Information -- 4.3. Problem TDC -- 4.4. Problem DC -- 4.5. Parameter Estimation -- 5. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Successive Observations -- 5.1. Model FNSOB -- 5.2. Problem TDC -- 5.3. Problem DC -- 6. Sensitivity Analysis -- 6.1. Validation by Cupidity -- 6.2. The Curse of Insensitivity -- 6.3. Within Model Insensitivity -- 6.4. Between Model Insensitivity -- 6.5. The System Operating Characteristic (SOC) -- 6.6. Conclusions -- 7. Multi-State Detection of Change -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Problem Formulation -- 7.3. The Optimal Policies -- 7.4. Discussion -- 8. Experimental Research -- 8.1. An Experimental Comparison of the Models -- 8.2. A Psychophysical Experiment -- 8.3. Applications to Performance Evaluation -- 9. Extensions -- 9.1. Arbitrary Distribution of Trial of Change -- 9.2. Further Research -- Appendix. Solution Program for Optimal Policy -- Glossary of Symbols -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book reports our research on detection of change processes that underlie psychophysical, learning, medical diagnosis, military, and pro­ duction control situations, and share three major features. First, the states of the process are not directly observable but become gradually known with the sequential acquisition of fallible information over time. Second, the mechanism that generates the fallible information is not stationary; rather, it is subjected to a sudden and irrevocable change. Thirdly, in­ complete, probabilistic information about the time of change is available when the process commences. The purpose of the book is to characterize this class of detection of change processes, to derive the optimal policy that minimizes total expected loss, and, most importantly, to develop testable response models, based on simple decision rules, for describing detection of change behavior. The book is theoretical in the sense that it offers mathematical models of multi-stage decision behavior and solutions to optimization problems. However, it is not anti-empirical, as it aims to stimulate new experimental research and to generate applications. Throughout the book, questions of experimental verification are briefly considered, and existing data from two studies are brought to bear on the validity of the models. The work is not complete; it only provides a starting point for investigating how people detect a change in an uncertain environment, balancing between the cost of delay in detecting the change and the cost of making an incor­ rect terminal decision.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789400997615
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (518p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 4a
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Memories of Hans Reichenbach -- 1. Autobiographical Sketches for Academic Purposes -- 2. Memories of Wendeli Erné, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister -- 3. At the End of School Days: A Look Backward and a Look Forward (1909) -- 4. Letter from Reichenbach to His Four Years Older Brother Bernhard -- 5. From a letter of Bernhard Reichenbach to Maria Reichenbach (1975) -- 6. Memories of Ilse Reichenbach, Hans Reichenbach’s Sister-in-Law -- 7. Memories of Uncle Hans: Nino Erné -- 8. Hans’ Speech at the Funeral of His Father -- 9. Aphorisms of a Docent Formally Admitted to Teach at a University (1924) -- 10. University Student: Carl Landauer -- 11. University Student: Hilde Landauer -- 12. Memories of Hans Reichenbach, 1928 and Later: Sidney Hook -- 13. A Young University Teacher [from a letter of Carl Hempel to Maria Reichenbach, March 21, 1976] -- 14. A Professor in Turkey, 1936: Memories of Matild Kamber -- 15. Concerning Reichenbach’s Appointment to the University of California at Los Angeles: Charles Morris -- 16. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Rudolf Carnap -- 17. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Herbert Feigl -- 18. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: Ernest Nagel -- 19. U.C.L.A.: Donald Kalish -- 20. U.C.L.A.: Paul Wienpahl -- 21. U.C.L.A.: Norman Dalkey -- 22. U.C.L.A.: Hermann F. Schott -- 23. A Blind Student Recalls Hans Reichcnbach: H. G. Burns -- 24. Recollections of Hans Reichenbach: David Brunswick -- 25. U.C.L.A., 1945–1950: Cynthia Schuster -- 26. U.C.L.A., 1949: W. Bruce Taylor -- 27. 1950: Donald A.Wells -- 28. U.C.L.A., 1951–53: Ruth Anna Putnam -- 29. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Frank Leroi -- 30. Hans Reichenbach’s Definitive Influence on Me: Adolf Grünbaum -- 31. At the Chapel, 1953: Abraham Kaplan -- 32. Hans Reichenbach, a Memoir: Wesley C. Salmon -- 33. Memories of Hans Reichenbach: Maria Reichenbach -- I / Early Writings on Social Problems -- Student Years: Introductory Note to Part I (M.R.) -- 1. The Student (1912–13) -- 2. The Student Body and Catholicism (1912) -- 3. The Free Student Idea: Its Unified Contents (1913) -- 4. Why do we Advocate Physical Culture? (1913) -- 5. The Meaning of University Reform (1914) -- 6. Platform of the Socialist Students’ Party (1918) -- 7. Socializing the University (1918) -- 8. Report of the Socialist Student Party, Berlin and Notes on the Program (1918) -- II / Popular Scientific Articles -- 9. The Nobel Prize for Einstein (1922) -- 10. Relativity Theory in a Matchbox: A Philosophical Dialogue (1922) -- 11. Tycho Brahe’s Sextants (1926) -- 12. The Effects of Einstein’s Theory (1926) -- 13. An Open Letter to the Berlin Funkstunde Corporation (1926) -- 14. Laying the Foundations of Chemistry: The Work of Marcellin Berthelot (1927) -- 15. Memories of Svante Arrhenius (1927) -- 16. A New Model of the Atom (1927) -- 17. On the Death of H. A. Lorentz (1928) -- 18. Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (1928) -- 19. Space and Time: From Kant to Einstein (1928) -- 20. Causality or Probability? (1928) -- 21. The World View of the Exact Sciences (1928) -- 22. New Approaches in Science: Physical Research (1929) -- 23. New Approaches in Science: Philosophical Research (1929) -- 24. New Approaches in Science: Mathematical Research (1929) -- 25. The New Philosophy of Science (1929) -- 26. Einstein’s New Theory (1929) -- 27. Johannes Kepler (1930) -- 28. The Present State of the Sciences: The Exact Natural Sciences (1930) -- 29. One Hundred Against Einstein (1931) -- 30. Is the Human Mind Capable of Giange? (An Interview) (1932) -- III / General Scientific Articles -- 31. Metaphysics and Natural Science (1925) -- 32. Bertrand Russell (1929) -- 33. The Philosophical Significance of Modern Physics (1930) -- 34. The Königsberg Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences (1930) -- 35. The Problem of Causality in Physics (1931) -- 36. The Physical Concept of Truth (1931) -- 37. Heinrich Scholz’History of Logic (1931) -- 38. Aims and Methods of Modern Philosophy of Nature (1931) -- 39. Kant and Natural Science (1933) -- 40. Carnap’sLogical Structure of the World (1933) -- 41. Theory of Series and Gödel’s Theorems (Sections 17–22) (1948) -- IV / Ethical Analysis -- 42. The Freedom of the Will (1959) -- 43. On the Explication of Ethical Utterances (1959) -- Bibliography of Writings of Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These two volumes form a full portrait of Hans Reichenbach, from the school boy and university student to the maturing and creative scholar, who was as well an immensely devoted teacher and a gifted popular writer and speaker on science and philosophy. We selected the articles for several reasons. Many of them have not pre­ viously been available in English; many are out of print, either in English or in German; some, especially the early ones, have been little known, and deal with subject-matters other than philosophy of science. The genesis and evolu­ tion of Reichenbach's ideas appeared to be of deep interest, and so we in­ cluded papers from four decades, despite occasional redundancy. We were, for example, pleased to include his extensive review article from the encyclo­ pedic Handbuch der Physik of 1929 on 'The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge', written at a time of creative collaboration between Reichenbach's Berlin group and the Vienna Circle of Schlick and Carnap. Reichenbach was a pioneer, opening new pathways to the solution of age-old problems in many fields: space, time, causality, induction and probability - philosophical analysis and interpretation of classical physics, relativity and quantum physics - logic, language, ethics, scientific explanation and methodology, critical appreciation and reconstruction of past metaphysical thinkers and scientists from Plato to Leibniz and Kant. Indeed, his own philosophical journey was initiated by his passage from Kant to anti-Kant.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789401094313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 15
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Do Scientists Need Epistemology? -- 1.2 Towards a Philosophy of Applied Science -- 1.3 Management Science and the Philosophy of Applied Science -- 1.4 Conclusion -- 2 Systems Analysis as a Tool of Philosophical Investigation -- 2.1 In Need of an Expanded Analytical Superstructure -- 2.2 The Essence of the Systems Approach -- 2.3 Incorporating and Externalizing Value Judgements -- 2.4 The Method of Neutralizing Systems -- 2.5 Management Science as a System: Normative or Positive? -- 2.6 Reduction of Value Judgements -- 2.7 Institutionalized Facts as Values -- 2.8 Institutions as Systems -- 3 Philosophy and Evolution of Logic from a Systems Point of View -- 3.1 Some Ontological Considerations -- 3.2 On the Nature of Logic -- 3.3 Historical Development of Modern Logic -- 3.4 Some Highlights in the Evolution of Semantics -- 4 Modern Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Sentence Logic or the Theory of Truth Functions -- 4.2 Predicate Logic -- 4.3 Multivalued and Modal Logic -- 4.4 Imperative Arguments and Deontic Modalities -- 5 The Controversy Around Inductive Logic -- 5.1 Essence and Early Evolution of Induction -- 5.2 Modern Views on Induction -- 5.3 Probability and Its Interpretation -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6 Decision Theory and the Economists’ Methodological Endeavors -- 6.1 An Appraisal of Carnap’s Inductive Logic -- 6.2 Formal Decision Theory and Its Evolution -- 6.3 Information Economics as an Extension of Decision Theory -- 6.4 Episterno-Economics -- 6.5 Other Methodological Explorations by Economists -- 7 Philosophy of Science and the Systems Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Epistemology: The Received View -- 7.3 Reaction and Alternatives -- 7.4 The Systems Approach, Its Criticism, and Its Potential -- 7.5 Systems Approach as a Methodology -- Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Indices -- Some Journals of Philosophy, Applied and Social Sciences -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book has been written primarily for the applied and social scientist and student who longs for an integrated picture of the foundations on which his research must ultimately rest; but hopefully the book may also serve philosophers interested in applied disciplines and in systems methodology. If integration was the major motto, the need for a method­ ology, appropriate to the teleological peculiarities of all applied sciences, was the main impetus behind the conception of the present work. This need I felt a long time ago in my own area of analytical and empirical research in accounting theory and management science; later I had the opportunity to teach, for almost a decade, graduate seminars in Methodology which offered particular insight into the methodological needs of students of such applied disciplines as business administration, education, engineering, infor­ matics, etc. Out of this effort grew the present book which among other things tries, on one side, to illuminate the difference and relationship between methods of cognition and methods of decision and on the other, to sketch a framework suitable for depicting means-end relationships in a holistic setting. I believe that a systems methodology which incorporates recent endeavours of deontic logic, decision theory, information economics and related areas would be eminently suited to break the ground for such a future framework. Yet systems theory has two major shortcomings which might prevent it from evolving into the desired methodology of applied science.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789400998551
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (446p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 4b
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: V / Philosophy of Physics -- 44. The Present State of the Discussion on Relativity (1922) -- 45. The Theory of Motion According to Newton, Leibniz, and Huyghens (1924) -- 46. The Relativistic Theory of Time (1924) -- 47. The Causal Structure of the World and the Difference between Past and Future (1925) -- 48. The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge (1929) -- 49. Current Epistemological Problems and the Use of a Three-Valued Logic in Quantum Mechanics (1951) -- 50. The Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1952) -- 51. The Philosophical Significance of the Wave-Particle Dualism (1953) -- VI/Probability and Induction -- 52a. The Physical Presuppositions of the Calculus of Probability (1920) -- 52b. Appendix: A Letter to the Editor (1920) -- 53. A Philosophical Critique of the Probability Calculus (1920) -- 54. Notes on the Problem of Causality [A Letter from Erwin, Schrödinger to Hans Reichenbach] (1924) -- 55. Causality and Probability (1930) -- 56. The Principle of Causality and the Possibility of Its Empirical Confirmation (1932) -- 57. Induction and Probability: Remarks on Karl Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935) -- 58. The Semantic and the Object Conceptions of Probability Expressions (1939) -- 59. A Letter to Bertrand Russell (March 28, 1949) -- Bibliography of Writings oF Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names to Volumes One and Two.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789400998384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 17
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 / Philosophy and Ethical Principles -- Rule Utilitarianism and Decision Theory -- Marx and the Utility Approach to the Ethical Foundation of Microeconomics -- Endogenous Changes in Tastes: A Philosophical Discussion -- 2 / Social and Collective Choice Theory -- Nice Decision Schemes -- The Distribution of Rights in Society -- Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries -- Social Decision, Strategic Behavior, and Best Outcomes -- Cyclically Mixed Preferences—A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Transitivity of the Social Preference Relation -- Comparative Distributive Ethics: An Extension of Sen’s Examination of the Pure Distribution Problem -- Rawls’s Theory of Justice: An Impossibility Result -- Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem: Some New Aspects -- Two Proofs of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem on the Possibility of a Strategy-Proof Social Choice Function -- 3 / Special Topics in Social Choice -- Ethics, Institutions and Optimality -- Complexity and Social Decision Rules -- Discrete Optimization and Social Decision Methods -- The Equity Principle in Economic Behavior -- The Distributive Justice of Income Inequality -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ethics, as one of the most respectable disciplines of philosophy, has undergone a drastic and revolutionary change in recent time. There are three main trends of this development. The first trend can be described as a tendency towards a rigorous formal and analytical language. This means simply that ethics has created beside its own formalized set­ theoretical language a variety of new formalized, logical and mathemati­ cal methods and concepts. Thus ethics has become a formalized meta­ or epidiscipline which is going to replace the traditional concepts, principles and ethical methods in the realm of social sciences. It is clear that a formalized form of ethics can be used more easily in social, economic and political theories if there are ethical conflicts to be solved. This first trend can be regarded as a conditio sine qua non for application in, and imposing ethical solutions on, social scientific theories. The second trend may be characterized as an association- or unification-tendency of a formalized and analytical ethics with decision theory. Decision theory as a new interdiscipline of social sciences is actually an assemblage of a variety of subtheories such as value-utility theory, game theory, collective decision theory, etc. Harsanyi has called this complex of subtheories a general theory of human behavior. Analytical or formal ethics is actually using this general theory of human behavior as a vehicle simply because this theory deals from the beginning with conflict solution, i. e.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789400998940
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philisophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 19
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: The Evaluation of Revolutions -- The Evaluation of Revolutions: a Comment on Michael Scriven’s Paper -- Systems Analysis in Politics and Its Critics -- A Note on Mr. Easton’s Revolutions -- The Economics of Revolution -- Self-Interest in Times of Revolution and Repression: Comment on Professor Tullock’s Analysis -- Ethics and Politics -- Reply to Professor Taylor -- Ethics and Politics: a Rejoinder to Professor Rapoport -- The Logic and Metaphysics of Evaluation in Political Theory: a Response to Professor Rapoport -- Attending to Interdependencies -- Politics, Political Philosophy and the Politics of Philosophy -- On the Choice between Reform and Revolution -- Commentary on Professor Nielsen’s Paper.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789400997899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (476p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 13a
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 13a
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The ‘Tracing Procedure’ and a Theory of Rational Interaction -- Variety Among Hierarchies of Preference -- Conflict and Structure in Multi-Level Multiple Objective Decision-Making systems -- Inadequacies in the Decision Analysis Model of Rationality -- Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility -- Coordination Theory -- A Piagetian Approach to Decision and Game Theory -- Axiomatizing the Logic of Decision -- On Indeterminate Probabilities -- Irrelevance -- On a Decision Theoretic Method for Social Decisions -- Consensus and Comparison: A Theory of Social Rationality -- Conjoint Measurement: A Brief Survey -- The Minimax Theory and Expected-Utility Reasoning -- Newcomb’s Many Problems -- Newcomb’s Problem, Dominance and Expected Utility -- The Copernican Revelation -- Prolegomena to a Theory of Rational Motives -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri­ buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result­ ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT or OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio­ graphy - certain 'classics' aside. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of deciSion-making, induding social, political and economic theory and applica­ tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789400997929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 13b
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 13b
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Policy-Formation with Issue-Processing and Transformation of Issues -- A Diagrammatic Exposition of the Logic of Collective Action -- Decision-Theoretic Analysis of Rawls’ Original Position -- The Social Contract: Individual Decision or Collective Bargain? -- On Relating Individual and Social Decisions -- Distributive Justice -- Toward a Theory of Sociality -- Evolution and Fine-Grained Environmental Runs -- Power in Electoral Games -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: 1. INTRODUCTION In the Spring of 1975 we held an international workshop on the Foundations and Application of Decision Theory at the University of Western Ontario. To help structure the workshop into ordered and manageable sessions we distri­ buted the following statement of our goals to all invited participants. They in turn responded with useful revisions and suggested their own areas of interest. Since this procedure provided the eventual format of the sessions, we include it here as the most appropriate introduction to these collected papers result­ ing from the workshop. The reader can readily gauge the approximation to our mutual goals. 2. STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE (Attached to this statement is a bibliography; names of persons cited in the statement and writing in this century will be found referenced in the biblio­ graphy - certain 'classics' aSide. ) 2. 1. Preamble We understand in the following the Theory of Decisions in a broader sense than is presently customary, construing it to embrace a general theory of decision-making, including social, political and economic theory and applica­ tions. Thus, we subsume the Theory of Games under the head of Decision Theory, regarding it as a particularly clearly formulated version of part of the general theory of decision-making.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401012713
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (217p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Hallett, Garth [Rezension von: Aune, Bruce, Reason and Action (Philosophical Studies in Philosophy)] 1978
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 9
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I Theories of Action -- 1. Prichard’s Theory of Voluntary Activity -- 2. Prichard, Davidson, and the Notion of Agency -- 3. Objections and Qualifications -- 4. Secondary Uses of Action Language -- 5. Three Theories of Action -- 6. The Metaphysics or Ontology of Action -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- II The Springs of Action -- 1. Preliminary Remarks on Volition -- 2. Intentions and Other Pro Attitudes -- 3. Intention, Belief, and Action -- 4. A Conception of Volition -- 5. Reasons and Purposive Explanations -- 6. Voluntary and Intentional Action -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- III Deliberation -- 1. Aristotle on Deliberation -- 2. Decision and Choice -- 3. Deliberation and Ends -- 4. The Question of Validity -- 5. Deliberation and Choice -- 6. Bayesian Deliberation -- 7. Concluding Remarks -- IV The Logic of Practical Reasoning -- 1. Sellars’s Theory of Practical Inference -- 2. Binkley’s Theory of Practical Reasoning -- 3. Castañeda’s General Theory of the Language of Action -- 4. Normative Statements and Practical Reasoning -- 5. Concluding Remarks.
    Abstract: Philosophers writing on the subject of human action have found it tempting to introduce their subject by raising Wittgenstein's question, 'What is left over if you subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm?' The presumption is that something of particular interest is involved in an action of raising an arm that is not present in a mere bodily movement, and the philosopher's task is to specify just what this is. Unfortunately, such an approach does not take us very far, since a person could properly be said to raise his (or her) arm while asleep or hypnotized even though he (or she) would not be performing an action in the sense of 'action' with which philosophers are particularly concerned. To avoid this kind of difficulty I shall approach the subject of human action is a more academic way: I shall expound some important rival theories of human action, and introduce the relevant issues by commenting critically on those theories. One of the issues I eventually introduce is a metaphysical one. A theory of action makes sense, I contend, only on the assumption that there are such 'things' as actions (or events). After considering some key arguments bearing on the issue I conclude that, as matters currently stand in philosophy, a metaphysically noncommittal attitude toward actions and events seems justified.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401095211
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (475p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 54
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 54
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Section 1 — Testing Theories of Empirical Phenomena -- to Section 1 -- 1.1. Symmetric Tests of the Hypothesis That the Mean of One Normal Population Exceeds That of Another -- 1.2. Statistical Tests as a Basis for ‘Yes—No’ Choices -- 1.3. Prediction and Hindsight as Confirmatory Evidence -- 1.4. On Judging the Plausibility of Theories -- Section 2 — Causes and Possible Worlds -- to Section 2 -- 2.1. Causal Ordering and Identifiability -- 2.2. On the Definition of the Causal Relation -- 2.3. Spurious Correlation: A Causal Interpretation -- 2.4. Cause and Counterfactual (with Nicholas Rescher) -- Section 3 — The Logic of Imperatives -- to Section 3 -- 3.1. The Logic of Rational Decision -- 3.2. The Logic of Heuristic Decision Making -- Section 4 — Complexity -- to Section 4 -- 4.1. Theory of Automata: Discussion -- 4.2. Aggregation of Variables in Dynamic Systems (with Albert Ando) -- 4.3. The Theory of Problem Solving -- 4.4. The Organization of Complex Systems -- Section 5 — Theory of Scientific Discovery -- to Section 5 -- 5.1. Thinking by Computers -- 5.2. Scientific Discovery and the Psychology of Problem Solving -- 5.3. The Structure of Ill-Structured Problems -- 5.4. Does Scientific Discovery Have a Logic? -- 5.5. Discussion: The Meno Paradox -- Section 6 — Formalizing Scientific Theories -- to Section 6 -- 6.1. The Axioms of Newtonian Mechanics -- 6.2. Discussion: The Axiomatization of Classical Mechanics -- 6.3. Definable Terms and Primitives in Axiom Systems -- 6.4. A Note on Almost-Everywhere Definability -- 6.5. The Axiomatization of Physical Theories -- 6.6. Ramsey Eliminability and the Testability of Scientific Theories (with Guy J. Groen) -- 6.7. Identifiability and the Status of Theoretical Terms -- Name Index.
    Abstract: We respect Herbert A. Simon as an established leader of empirical and logical analysis in the human sciences while we happily think of him as also the loner; of course he works with many colleagues but none can match him. He has been writing fruitfully and steadily for four decades in many fields, among them psychology, logic, decision theory, economics, computer science, management, production engineering, information and control theory, operations research, confirmation theory, and we must have omitted several. With all of them, he is at once the technical scientist and the philosophical critic and analyst. When writing of decisions and actions, he is at the interface of philosophy of science, decision theory, philosophy of the specific social sciences, and inventory theory (itself, for him, at the interface of economic theory, production engineering and information theory). When writing on causality, he is at the interface of methodology, metaphysics, logic and philosophy of physics, systems theory, and so on. Not that the interdisciplinary is his orthodoxy; we are delighted that he has chosen to include in this book both his early and little-appreciated treatment of straightforward philosophy of physics - the axioms of Newtonian mechanics, and also his fine papers on pure confirmation theory.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789401012768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 16
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I: Approaches to Real-Life Situations: Problems of Improvement -- Editors’ Introduction -- Cognitive Processes and Societal Risk Taking -- Cognitive Processes and Societal Risk Taking/Comments -- The Use of Credible Intervals in Temperature Forecasting: Some Experimental Results -- Decisions Concerning Job Choice -- The Application of Multi-Attribute Utility Models to some Uncertain Decision Situations in Areas of Business and Public Policy -- Influence of Attribute Formulation on the Evaluation of Apartments by Multi-Attribute Utility Procedures -- Modelling Preferences among Distributions Using Fuzzy Relations -- Subjective Probability Elicitation: A Comparison of Performance Variables -- Rewarding Expertise in Probability Assessment -- The Psychology of the Ouija Board -- II: Analysis and Improvement of Models and Methods -- Editors’ Introduction -- Application of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory 165 -- Applications of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory/Comments -- “Motivational” Components of Utility -- Methods for Aggregating Opinions -- Methods for Aggregating Opinions/Comments -- The Continuous Ranked Probability Score in Practice -- Calibration of Probabilities: The State of the Art -- Calibration of Probabilities: The State of the Art/Comments -- Consistency of Future Event Assessments -- A Study of Intransitive Preferences Using a Think Aloud Procedure -- III: Perspectives for Further Inquiry in Decision Theory -- Editors’ Introduction -- Measurement and Interpretation of Beliefs -- Measurement and Interpretation of Beliefs/Comments -- Decision Making and Cognition -- Decision Making and Cognition/Comments -- Cognitive Functions in Decision Making -- Optimal Policies, Degradation, and Cognition -- Optimal Policies, Degradation, and Cognition/Comments -- Decision Making and Numerical Structuring -- Bayesian Statistics and Efficient Information Processing Constrained by Probability Models -- Praxiology and Decision Theory -- Cultural Differences in Viewing Uncertainty and Assessing Probabilities -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: It is only just recently that people have the tools to judge how well they are doing when making decisions. These tools were conceptualized in the seventeenth century. Since then many people have worked to sharpen the concepts, and to explore how these can be applied further. The problems of decision-making and the theory developed correspondingly have drawn the interest of mathematicians, psychologists, statisticians, economists, philosophers, organizational experts, sociologists, not only for their general relevance, but also for a more intrinsic fascination. There are quite a few institutionalized activities to disseminate results and stimulate research in decision-making. For about a decade now a European organizational structure, centered mainly around the psy­ chological interest in decision-making. There have been conferences in Hamburg, Amsterdam, Uxbridge, Rome and Darmstadt. Conference papers have been partly published+. The organization has thus stabilized, and its re­ latively long history makes it interesting to see what kind of developments occurred, within the area of interest.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401011174
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (521p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 82
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 82
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. The Formulation of the Research Problem and the Choice of the Right Methods -- II. Social Phenomena and Processes -- III. Concepts and Indicators -- IV. Kinds of Propositions -- V. Substantiation of Statements. Empirical Verification of Hypotheses -- VI. Explanation of Events -- VII. Construction of Theories -- VIII. Prediction of Events and Practical Applications of Research Results -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This is the first part of a textbook for students of sociology, and for those students of other social sciences who wish to make use in their work of the research methods elaborated in the course of the develop­ ment of empirical sociology over the last few decades. The development of empirical sociological research in our country and the growing demand both for a practical application of its results and for graduates of sociological studies in various fields of social practice testifies to a much broader trend. It is evidence of a desire to base our understanding and conscious transformation of social phenom­ ena on a sound, scientific perception of social processes and the mechanisms governing them. The increasing volume of studies in Poland is accompanied by a growing need for a particular type of re­ search method, namely one in which questions addressed to the socio­ logist would be answered in a manner as free as possible of conclusions based on impressions and defining as unambiguously as possible both the limits of the generality and the degree of validity of the inferences drawn from the results of the research. These conditions are met by the so-called standardized methods of investigating social phenomena which, together with statistical methods of analyzing collected material, consti­ tute the principal means of conducting sociological research in the world today.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789401011358
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 103
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 103
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: A -- Some problems of formal methodology -- Approximate truth and truthlikeness -- A multiple sentential logic for empirical theories -- An axiomatic foundation for the logic of inductive generalization -- A two-dimensional continuum of a priori probability distributions on constituents -- Inductive logic and theoretical concepts -- A pragmatic approach to the formalization of empirical theories -- Uncertainty, probability and empirical knowledge -- The concept of empirical data -- Interpretation of theoretical terms: In defence of an empiricist dogma -- Definability problems in the methodology of science -- Laws, identities and reduction -- On logical analysis of methods -- Axiomatization in expected utility theory -- A logical model for game-like situations and the transformation of game-like situations -- Indeterminate probabilities -- Theoretical laws -- Causality, ontology and subsumptive explanation -- On the introduction of intensions into set theory -- Types of information and their role in the methodology of science -- Classification and ranking models in the discrete data analysis -- What have physicists learned from experience about inductive inference? -- B (Papers presented by title) -- Verisimilitude: Popper, Miller and Hattiangadi -- On a general scheme of causal analysis -- Logic of quantum mechanics -- On possibilities and limits of the application of inductive methods -- Correspondence principle and the idealization -- Pragmatic meaning and truth -- Semantic complementarity in quantitative empirical sciences -- Marx’s concept of law of science -- The impossibility theorem for universal theory of prediction -- Scientific knowledge-formation -- The methodology of behavioral theory construction: Nomological-deductive and axiomatic aspects of formalized theory -- Intertheory relations on the formal and semantical level.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401012355
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (211p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 10
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I The Problem Of Evil -- 1: Stating the Problem of Evil -- 2: The Irrelevance of the Amount of Evil -- 3: The Standard by which Divine Acts are Appraised -- 4: Suffering as Punishment -- 5: The Question of an Afterlife -- 6: The ‘Soul Making’ Theodicy -- 7: The Question of Moral Evil -- 8: The Justification for Creating Opportunities for Virtuous Response -- 9: A New Solution -- 10: The Removal of Objections to the Last Solution -- II Free Will, Men and Machines -- 11: A Conflict Between Religion and Science -- 12: Newcomb’s Problem of Choice -- 13: The Unpredictability of Some Human Choices -- 14: Some Queries Concerning the Absolute Incompetence of Predictors -- 15: The Predictor as a Diagnostician -- 16: ?-Machines and ?-Machines -- 17: ?-Machines and ?-Machines -- III The Confirmation of Theism -- 18: Pascal’s Wager -- 19: Theism and the Verification Principle -- 20: The Vindication of the Verification Principle -- 21: The Principles Underlying Scientific Method -- 22: Miracles -- 23: The Evidence for Theism -- 24: Theism and Scientific Method.
    Abstract: I With the immense success of modem science it has generally become accepted that the only way to acquire knowledge is by the use of the method uniformly practiced by working scientists. Consequently, the credibility of the claims of religion, which seem to be based on belief in revelation, tradition, authority and the like, have been considerably shaken. In the face of the serious threat provided by the ascendancy of modem scientific method­ ology, religious thinkers have adopted various defensive attitudes. Some have retreated into an extreme position where Theism is completely safe from any attack on it by the use of empirical methods of inquiry, maintaining that contrary to appearances, religion makes no factual claims whatsoever. To be religious, they say, is to subscribe to a certain value system; it is to adopt a set of practices and a given attitude to the meaning and purpose of life without making any assertions about this or that empirical feature of the universe. Others wishing to remain more faithful to what religion traditionally meant throughout the ages, agree that Theism does make factual claims but that these are so radically different from the kind of claims made by science that it is only right that they should be established by a separate method on its own. In matters of faith reliance on widely entrenched tradition and sacred authority is not objectionable according to some.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789401011556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (792p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 13
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Equilibrium -- Equilibrium with Respect to a Simple Market -- On the Role of Complete, Transitive Preferences in Equilibrium Theory -- Equilibrium in a Market with Incomplete Preferences where the Number of Consumers May Be Finite -- Continuity in General Nonconvex Economies (with Applications to the Convex Case) -- Are Core Allocations Obtainable as Exchange Equilibria? -- Equivalence of Competitive and Relative-Core Allocations on a Measure Space of Economic Agents -- Non-Stable Cores of Exchange Economies -- Does Perfect Competition in Spatial Markets Maximize Welfare? -- Walras’ Theory of Capital Formation and the Existence of a Temporary Equilibrium -- 2 Critique of Equilibrium Theory -- Theories of General Economic Equilibrium and Maximum Efficiency -- Towards a Neo-Austrian Theory of Exchange -- Competitive and Controlled Price Economies: the Arrow-Debreu Model Revisited -- 3 Extensions of Equilibrium Theory-Imperfect Competition, Uncertainty, and Money -- Equilibrium and Linear Complementarity — an Economy with Institutional Constraints on Prices -- Marketing Costs and Imperfect Competition in General Equilibrium -- Oligopoly and Its Macroeconomic Implications -- Risk and Uncertainty. Their Importance for the Homogeneity of Demand and Supply Functions and the Dichotomy between Real and Monetary Economies -- Notes on the Economic Consequences of Uncertain Product Quality -- Corporate Policy, Uncertainty, and the Stock Market -- Efficiency, Inessentiality and the ‘Debreu Property’ of Prices -- 4 Problems in Dynamics -- An Approach to the Analysis of Dynamic Processes in Economic Systems -- On Adjustment Dynamics-An Exercise in Traverse -- On the Long-Run Behaviour of a Competitive Firm -- Dynamic Models and Economic Growth -- 5 Disequilibrium and Macroeconomic Theory -- The Qualitative Effects of False Trading -- Non-Tâtonnement and Disequilibrium Adjustments in Macroeconomic Models -- Existence of an Under-Employment Equilibrium -- A Neokeynesian Model of Price and Quantity Determination in Disequilibrium -- The Specification of Disequilibrium in Flow of Funds Models -- Consumption, Income, and Liquidity -- A Model of Dynamic Keynesian Equilibrium -- Many-Good Multiplier Analysis under Traditional, Classical and Neo-Keynesian Conditions -- Stochastic Disequilibrium in a Labor Contracts Economy -- Expectations, the Real Rate of Interest, and Labor Market Behavior in a Macromodel -- Optimal International Adjustment for a Country in a State of Fundamental Dynamic Disequilibrium -- International Trade and Payments when Markets Fail to Clear -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This volume is the result of a conference held at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna. There is still a gap reflected both in fundamental meth­ odological differences and in the style of analysis between the Walrasian (and Edgeworthian) tradition of general equilibrium theory and the theo­ retical and policy problems raised in the framework of Keynesian and post-Keynesian macroeconomics. The conference succeeded in bringing together economic theorists working in fields ranging from abstract prob­ lems of mathematical equilibrium analysis to applied macroeconomic theory, and it is hoped that the present volume will contribute to bridging the above-mentioned hiatus. As organizer of the meeting and editor of its proceedings I want to thank the Institute for Advanced Studies for providing facilities and funds. I am also sincerely grateful to all my colleagues from the Institute for their generous help, in particular to Mrs Monika Herkner without whose assistance and organizational talent the conference would certainly not have been the success it in fact - in the opinion of all participants - turned out to have been. Furthermore, I wish to express my gratitude towards all participants in the meeting and contributors to the volume whose patient support of the whole enterprise proved indispensable. To Mrs Elfriede Auracher I am deeply indebted for her skillful and effective general management of the editorial work and her invaluable assistance in compiling the indexes.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401012683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (139p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 120
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 120
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. Action Modalities -- 1. Some Remarks on the Language L -- 2. On the Semantics of a First-Order Language -- 3. The Semantics for L -- 4. Necessity for something that an Agent does -- 5. Counteraction Conditionality -- 6. Some Defined Action Concepts -- 7. On the Logic of L -- 8. Act Relations -- 9. Act Relations and N-Equality -- 10. Consequences of Action -- 2. Intentions and Reasons -- 11. Belief -- 12. Norms and Normative Positions -- 13. Singular Norms and Intentions to do -- 14. Sets and Systems of Norms -- 15. Intentional Action -- 16. Transmission of Intention -- 17. Acting with a Further Intention -- 18. Reasons for Action and Wants -- 19. Valuations and Value Positions -- 20. Attitudes -- 3. Activities and Proceedings -- 21. Action Complexes -- 22. Structure of Activities: Two Examples -- 23. Finite Automata -- 24. Transmission of Agency -- 25. Determinism and Agency -- 26. Intervention in Norm-Governed Worlds -- 27. Grammars -- 28. Organizations -- 29. L-Grammars and L-Organizations -- 30. Role Structures -- 4. Control, Influence and Interaction -- 31. Control in Relation to an Agent -- 32. On the Power to Act -- 33. Influence and Social Power -- 34. On the Measurement of Influence -- 35. Control over an Agent -- 36. On Communication and Control -- 37. Action in Consequence Relations -- 38. Interaction -- 39. Social Groups and Social Systems -- 40. The Basis of Social Order -- 5. Social Dynamics -- 41. Information-Feedback Control: An Example -- 42. Elementary Information-Feedback Control Loops -- 43. A Dynamic System Model -- 44. Application of the Model to N-Agent Actions -- 45. Elementary Dynamics -- 46. Two-Agent Dynamic Action -- 47. Interdependent Decision -- 48. Interdependent Decision: Metagames -- 49. Metagames and Incomplete Information -- 50. Teleological Systems -- 6. Action-Explanations -- 51. Understanding and Knowledge of Facts -- 52. Understanding and Knowledge of Intentions and Actions -- 53. Meaning and Understanding -- 54. Essential Explanations -- 55. Counterfactuals and Causal Explanations -- 56. Counterfactuals and Explanation of Actions -- 57. Functional Explanation -- 58. Laws and Explanation of Actions -- 59. Free Will and the Validity of Laws -- 60. Agents.
    Abstract: This book is intended as a contribution to the foundations of the sciences of man, especially the social sciences. It has been argued with increasing frequency in recent years that the vocabulary of social science is to a large extent an action vocabulary and that any attempt to systematize concepts and establish bases for understanding in the field cannot, therefore, succeed unless it is firmly built on action theory. I think that these claims are sub­ stantially correct, but at the same time it seems to me that action theory, as it is relevant to social science, still awaits vital contributions from logic and philosophy. For example, it has often been said, rightly I believe, that situa­ tions in which two or more agents interact constitute the subject-matter of social science. But have we got an action theory which is rich enough or com­ prehensive enough to allow us to characterize the interaction situation? I think not. Once we have such a theory, however, we should be able to give an accurate account of central social phenomena and to articulate our concep­ tions about the nature of social reality. The conceptual scheme advanced in this book consists, in the first instance, of solutions to a number of characterization problems, i. e. problems which may be expressed by questions of the form "What is the nature of . . .
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789401090742
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 97
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 97
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- by the Editors -- 2. Basic Action -- Action, Knowledge, and Representation -- Intention, Practical Knowledge and Representation -- 3. The Volitional Theory Revisited -- Volitions Re-affirmed -- The Volitional Theory Revisited -- 4. The Logic of Action -- The Logic of Action -- The Twofold Structure and the Unity of Practical Thinking -- 5. Events and Actions -- Particulars, Events, and Actions -- Events as Property Exemplifications -- Events and Actions: Some Comments on Brand and Kim -- Reply to Martin -- 6. The Agency Theory -- The Agent as Cause -- How Does Agent Causality Work? -- 7. Abilities and other ‘Cans’ -- ‘Can’ in Theory and Practice: A Possible Worlds Analysis -- Time and Modality in the ‘Can’ of Opportunity -- Comment on Walton’s Paper -- 8. Responsibility and Human Action -- Action and Responsibility -- Action and Responsibility -- 9. Decision Theory and Human Action -- The Morality of Cognitive Decision-Making -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401093279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 12
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: A / Ethics and Welfare Economics -- I. Cardinal Utility in Welfare Economics and in the Theory of Risk-Taking -- II. Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility -- III. Ethics in Terms of Hypothetical Imperatives -- IV. Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls’s Theory -- V. Nonlinear Social Welfare Functions: Do Welfare Economists Have a Special Exemption from Bayesian Rationality? -- B / Rational-Choice and Game Theoretical Models of Social Behavior -- VI. Advances in Understanding Rational Behavior -- VII. Rational-Choice Models of Political Behavior vs. Functionalist and Conformist Theories -- VIII. Game Theory and the Analysis of International Conflicts -- IX. Measurement of Social Power, Opportunity Costs, and the Theory of Two-Person Bargaining Games -- X. Measurement of Social Power in n-Person Reciprocal Power Situations -- XI. A Bargaining Model for Social Status in Informal Groups and Formal Organizations -- C / Scientific Explanation -- XII. Explanation and Comparative Dynamics in Social Science -- XIII. Popper’s Improbability Criterion for the Choice of Scientific Hypotheses.
    Abstract: When John Harsanyi came to Stanford University as a candidate for the Ph.D., I asked him why he was bothering, since it was most un­ likely that he had anything to learn from us. He was already a known scho­ lar; in addition to some papers in economics, the first two papers in this vol­ ume had already been published and had dazzled me by their originality and their combination of philosophical insight and technical competence. However, I am very glad I did not discourage him; whether he learned any­ thing worthwhile I don't know, but we all learned much from him on the foundations of the theory of games and specifically on the outcome of bar­ gaining. The central focus of Harsanyi's work has continued to be in the theory of games, but especially on the foundations and conceptual problems. The theory of games, properly understood, is a very broad approach to social interaction based on individually rational behavior, and it connects closely with fundamental methodological and substantive issues in social science and in ethics. An indication of the range of Harsanyi's interest in game the­ ory can be found in the first paper of Part B -though in fact his owncontri­ butions are much broader-and in the second paper the applications to the methodology of social science. The remaining papers in that section show more specifically the richness of game theory in specific applications.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789401099301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (507p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 94
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 94
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I / Concepts and Indicators in Humanistic Sociology -- II / Verbal Communications As Indicators of Sociological Variables -- III / Meaning and Measurement in Comparative Studies -- IV / Comparative Social Research and Methodological Problems of Sociological Induction -- V / Causal Interpretation of Statistical Relationships in Social Research -- VI / Inductive Inconsistencies and The Problems of Probabilistic Predictions -- VII / Logical and Empirical Assumptions of Validity of Inductions -- VIII / Empirical Knowledge and Social Values in The Cumulative Development of Sociology -- IX / Cultural Norms As Explanatory Constructs in Theories of Social Behavior -- X / Role and Limits of The ‘Functional Approach’ In Formulation of Theories of Attitudes -- XI / The Logic of Reductive Systematizations of Social and Behavioral Theories -- XII / Values and Knowledge in The Theory of Education: A Paradigm for an Applied Social Science -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: One of the more characteristic features of contemporary sociology is an increasing interest in theories. More and more theories are being developed in various areas of social investigation; we observe also an increasing number of verificational studies aimed primarily toward the verification of various theories. The essays presented in this volume deal with theories too, but they approach this problem from a methodological perspective. There­ fore it seems worthwhile in the preface to this volume to make a kind of general declaration about the author's aims and his approach to the subject of his interest, and about his view of the role of methodological reflection in the development of sciences. First let me say what methodology cannot do. It cannot be a substitute for the formulation of substantive theories, nor can it substitute for the empirical studies which confirm or reject such theories. Therefore its impact upon the development of any science, including the social sciences, is only indirect, by its undertaking the analysis of research tools and rules of scientific procedures. It can also propose certain standards for scientific procedures, but the application of these standards is the domain of substan­ tive researchers, and it is the substantive researchers who ultimately develop any science. Nevertheless the potential impact-of methodological reflection, even if only indirect, should not be underestimated.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789401018340
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (432p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 11
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Section I. Multi-Attribute Utility -- Editors’ Introduction -- Experimental Applications of Multi-Attribute Utility Models -- Multi-Attribute Utility Theory: Models and Assessment Procedures -- How We Can Use the Notion of Semi-Orders to Build Outranking Relations in Multi-Criteria Decision Making -- Multi-Criteria Decision Making: Comments on Jacquet-Lagrèze’s Paper -- An Investigation of Subjective Preference Orderings for Multi-Attributed Alternatives -- Section II. Subjective Probability -- Editors’ Introduction -- Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases -- A Structural Theory of Uncertain Knowledge -- Subjective Probability Forecasting: Some Real World Experiments -- A Three-Step Procedure for Assigning Probabilities to Rare Events -- Section III. Probability in Courtroom Decision Making -- Editors’ Introduction -- Probabilities and the Law -- Probabilistic Analysis of Identification Evidence -- Juror Decisions and the Determination of Guilt in Capital Punishment Cases: A Bayesian Perspective -- Section IV. Some Alternative Views on Decision Behavior -- Editors’ Introduction -- Utility, Welfare, and Probability: An Unorthodox Economist’s View -- Search Behavior in Non-Simultaneous Choice Situations: Satisficing or Maximizing? -- Decision Time as a Function of Task Complexity -- Decision Time and Task Complexity: Comments on Hogarth’s Paper -- Section V. Dynamic Decision Making -- Editors’ Introduction -- Research Paradigms for Studying Dynamic Decision Behavior -- Dynamic Decision Behavior: Comments on Rapoport’s Paper -- Section VI. Problems of Collective Decision Making -- Editors’ Introduction -- Some Observations on Theories of Collective Decisions -- The Use of Decision Analysis in the Public Sector -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Human decision making involves problems which are being studied with increasing interest and sophistication. They range from controversial political decisions via individual consumer decisions to such simple tasks as signal discriminations. Although it would seem that decisions have to do with choices among available actions of any kind, there is general agreement that decision making research should pertain to choice prob­ lems which cannot be solved without a predecisional stage of finding choice alternatives, weighing evidence, and judging values. The ultimate objective of scientific research on decision making is two-fold: (a) to develop a theoretically sound technology for the optimal solution of decision problems, and (b) to formulate a descriptive theory of human decision making. The latter may, in tum, protect decision makers from being caught in the traps of their own limitations and biases. Recently, in decision making research the strong emphasis on well­ defined laboratory tasks is decreasing in favour of more realistic studies in various practical settings. This may well have been caused by a growing awareness of the fact that decision-behaviour is strongly determined by situational factors, which makes it necessary to look into processes of interaction between the decision maker and the relevant task environ­ ment. Almost inevitably there is a parallel shift of interest towards problems of utility measurement and the evaluation of consequences.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401017244
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 9
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I. Preference Orderings and Utility Theory -- 1. Relational Systems -- 2. Preference Relations -- 3. Some Remarks on Utility Theory -- 4. Linear Inequalities -- II. Ordinal Utility -- 1. Some Classical Representation Theorems -- 2. Lexicographic Utility -- 3. Utility Theories with Respect to n?-Sets -- 4. Ultraproducts and Ultrapowers -- 5. Approximating an r*-Valued Utility Function by a Real Valued Function -- 6. Non-Standard Utility Functions Always Exist -- 7. Utility Functions for Partial Orderings -- III. On Numerical Relational Systems -- 1. First-Order Languages -- 2. Some Preliminary Considerations -- 3. Universal and Homogeneous Relational Systems -- 4. Saturated Relational Systems -- IV. Utility Theories for More Structured Empirical Data -- 1. Some Remarks -- 2. The Empirical Status of Axioms -- 3. Utility Theories which are Axiomatizable in an Ordinary First Order Language -- 4. Extensive Utility -- 5. Conjoint Measurement of Utilities -- 6. On Certain Mean Systems -- V. On Utility Spaces, The Theory of Games and the Realization of Comparative Probability Relations -- 1. A Generalization of the Von Neumann/Morgenstern Utility Theory -- 2. Non-Standard Utilities in Game Theory -- 3. Some Aspects of the Realization of Comparative Probability Relations -- Appendix I. Ordinal and Cardinal Numbers -- Appendix II. Some Basic Facts about Filters and Ultrafilters -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: My interest in non-Archimedean utility theory and the problems related to it was aroused by discussions which I have had with Professors Werner Leinfellner and Günter Menges. On the occasion of the Second Inter­ national Game Theory Workshop, Berkeley, 1970, which was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, I had the opportunity to report about a result on non-standard utilities. Work on this subject continued when I was a research assistant of Professor Günter Menges at the Uni­ versity of Heidelberg. The present mono graph is essentially a translation of my habilitation thesis which was accepted on February 15, 1973 by the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the Universtity of Heidelberg. On translating my thesis I took up some suggestions made by ProfessorWerner Böge from the Faculty of Mathematics at the Uni­ versity of Heidelberg. Through lack of time many of his ideas have not been taken into consideration but I hope to do so in a future paper. The first chapter should be considered as a short introduction to pref­ erence orderings and to the notion of a utility theory proposed by Dana Scott and Patrick Suppes. In the second chapter I discuss in some detail various problems of ordinal utility theory. Except when introducing non-standard models of the reals no use is made of concepts of model theory. This is done in deference to those readers who do not wish to be troubled by formal languages and model theory.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789401018319
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 10
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Section A / After the Kuhnian Revolution: New Trends in Metascience -- Prescriptive Theory and the Social Sciences -- Components of Scientific Activities, Their Characteristics and Institutionalisation in Specialties and Research Areas: A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Scientific Developments -- On the Possibility of Objectivity and Moral Determinants in Scientific Change -- The Moral Limits of Scientific Research: An Evolutionary Approach -- Preserving Science: Virtuosity as Virtue -- Section B / Cognition and Communication in Science Development -- A Sociological Theory of Scientific Revolution -- The Social Function of Cognitive Structures: A Concept of the Scientific Community Within a Theory of Action -- The Nature of Scientific Consensus and the Case of the Social Sciences -- Images of the World and Societal Icons -- Section C / Societal Components in Scientific Development -- Measurable Aspects of the Concept of Scientific Career -- Scientists from Rich and Poor Countries -- The Autonomy of Science in Totalitarian Societies: The Case of Nazi Germany -- Philanthropic Foundations and the Production of Knowledge — A Case Study -- Comment on David E. Morrison’s Paper on Philanthropic Foundations and the Production of Knowledge – A Case Study -- The Social Determinants of Reproduction Science and Technology -- Social Technologists and Social Emancipists: Factors in the Development of Sociology -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book constitutes the outcome of an international conference held at the Otto-Mobes-Volkswirtschaftsschule, Graz-Stifting( Austria), from June 16 to 22, 1974. The conference was initiated by a project group working on determinants and controls of social science development at the In­ stitute for Advanced Studies and Scientific Research in Vienna and or­ ganized by the editors of this volume. It was held under the auspices of the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research. The main topics of the conference were those at the forefront of the 'state of argumentation' (to borrow from one of our contributors) in philosophy and sociology of science ever since the controversy between Thomas S. Kuhn and Sir Karl R. Popper has sharpened our awareness for the methodological and substantial presuppositions involved with questions of growth and development in science. Let us give two examples of those topics. The borderline between sociology of science and philo­ sophy of science has become more and more unclear; while the work of at least some philosophers of science comes to have an empirical flavour, sociologists of science are increasingly apt to include logical and methodo­ logical components of the research process as their objects of examina­ tion. Papers included in this volume testify to both tendencies.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789401018234
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (460p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 72
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 72
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I/Approaches to Teleology, Intentionality, and Historical Understanding -- Causal and Historical Explanation -- Against Reductionism and Purism : Tertium Datur -- Is Transcendental Hermeneutics Possible? -- The Intentions of Intentionality -- Comments on Professor Hintikka’s Paper -- Reply to J. N. Findlay -- II/Causality and Intervention -- Causality and Action -- Causality and History -- An Analysis of Causality -- Explanation and Understanding of Human Behavior -- III/Human Action and its Explanation -- Human Abilities and Dynamic Modalities -- On Deciding -- Intention and Practical Inference -- The Causal Theory of Action -- Explanation and Understanding in History -- Inductive Explanation, Propensity, and Action -- IV/Replies to Commentators. Second thoughts on Explanation and Understanding -- Replies -- Determinism and the Study of Man -- Index of Names.
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