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  • 1980-1984  (45)
  • 1935-1939
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (45)
  • Humanities.  (25)
  • Language and languages—Philosophy.  (20)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789400964990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 178
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Analytical Philosophy in Comparative Perspective: An Introduction -- We Are All Children of God -- The Syncategorematic Treatment of Predicates -- The Paradox of Naming -- Substance and Kind: Reflections on the New Theory of Reference -- The Easy Examination Paradox -- Models for Actions -- Some Problems Concerning Meaning -- Abstraction, Analysis and Universals: The Navya-Ny?ya Theory -- Psychologism in Indian Logical Theory -- A Speech-Act Model for Understanding Navya-Ny?ya Epistemology -- Some Epistemologically Misleading Expressions: “Inference”, and “Anum?na”, “Perception” and “Pratyaksa” -- The Pr?bh?kara Mim?ms? Theory of Related Designation -- Plato’s Indian Barbers -- Proper Names: Contemporary Philosophy and the Ny?ya -- Awareness and Meaning in Navya-Ny?ya.
    Abstract: We are grateful to the authors who wrote papers specially for this volume and kindly gave their permission for printing them together. None of these papers appeared anywhere before. Our special thanks are due to the first six authors who kindly responded to our request and agreed to join this new venture which we are calling 'comparative perspective' in ana­ lytical philosophy. In the introductory essay certain salient points from each paper have been noted only to show how 'com­ parative perspective' may add to, and be integrated with, mod­ ern philosophical discussion in the analytic tradition. Need­ less to say, any mistake, possible mis-attribution or misrepresentation of the views of the original authors of the papers (appearing in the said introductory essay) is entirely the responsibility of the author of that essay. The author apologizes if there has been such unintentional misrepresenta­ tion and insists that the readers should depend upon the orig­ inal papers themselves for their own understanding. For typo­ graphical problems it has not always been possible to use the symbols originally used by the authors, but care has been taken to use the proper substitute for each of them. Bimal K. Matilal ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: AN INTRODUCTION 1. The aim of this volume is to extend the horizon of philosophi­ cal analysis as it is practiced today.
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  • 2
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962361
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 44
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 44
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: First Investigation -- The Indicative Gesture as the Original Form of Consciousness -- Second Investigation -- Syncretic Language -- Third Investigation -- Marxism and Psychoanalysis — The Origins of the Oedipal Crisis -- Notes -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Tran Duc Thao, a wise and learned scientist and an eminent Marxist philoso­ pher, begins this treatise on the origins of language and consciousness with a question: "One of the principal difficulties of the problem of the origin of consciousness is the exact determination of its beginnings. Precisely where must one draw the line between the sensori-motor psychism of animals and the conscious psychism that we see developing in man?" And then he cites Karl Marx's famous passage about 'the bee and the architect' from Capital: ... what distinguishes the worst architect from the best of bees is this, that the architect raises his structure in the imagination before he erects it in reality. At the end of every labor process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the laborer at its commencement. (Capital, Vol. I, p. 178, tr. Moore and Aveling) Thao follows this immediately with a second question: "But is this the most elementary form of consciousness?" Thus the conundrum concerning the origins of consciousness is posed as a circle: if human consciousness pre­ supposes representation (of the external reality, of mental awareness, of actions, of what it may), and if this consciousness emerges first with the activity of production using tools, and if the production of tools itself pre­ supposes representation - that is, with an image of what is to be produced in the mind of the producer - then the conditions for the origins of human.
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  • 3
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400955608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I -- 1 Minerals in History -- 2 National Mineral Policy -- 3 Environment -- 4 Mineral Economics -- 5 Energy -- 6 Exploration -- 7 Mineral Production Technology -- 8 Crystal Gazing -- II -- 9 METALS -- 10 Non-Metals -- Annotated Bibliography.
    Abstract: This volume discusses the mineral resources upon which modern civiliza­ tion is built. Take away these minerals and humanity will rapidly return to the stone age, with its greatest concern the depletion of flint (also a mineral). It would, of course, result in about a 99% reduction in population. In other words, approximately 99% of the worlds' population is dependent on minerals for its existence. That is a pretty strong statement, but how many have even seen a travois? Without minerals, pack animals, rafts, rowboats, sail boats, sledges, and the backs of man would be the only forms of transport. Sufficient food could not be transported, nor could it be grown on our tired soils without tractors and fertilizer. Even in the more fertile tropics where nearly half of the population is now suffering from malnutrition, crops are dependent on "miracle" grains that require mechanization and mineral fertilizers. Modern buildings cannot operate without electricity and, without mineral fuels, few people in the northern latitudes would survive the first winter.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789401091886
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIX, 428 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Dialogue and Cognition -- Diplomatic Communication -- Insight and Self-Observation: Their Role in the Analysis of the Etiology of Illness -- Parental Communication Deviance and Schizophrenia: A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis -- Contributions of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere in Perceiving Paralinguistic Cues of Emotion -- Towards a Computational Theory of Semantic Memory -- Two Types of Discourse in Hölderlin’s Madness -- Problems in Question Answering -- Looking for a Process Model of Dialogue: Speculations from the Perspective of Artificial Intelligence -- Jokes and the Logic of the Cognitive Unconscious -- A Logical Form Based on the Structural Descriptions of Events -- Linguistic and Situational Context in a Model of Task-Oriented Dialogue -- Some Ways of Representing Dialogues -- Towards a Logical Model of Dialogue -- Message Theory and the Semantics of Dialogue -- Rules, Utilities, and Strategies in Dialogical Games -- Focus and Dialogue Games: A Game-Theoretical Approach to the Interpretation of Intonational Focusing -- Intensional Man vs Extensional Man: A Difficult Dialogue -- Dynamic Model Selection in the Interpretation of Discourse -- Modelling the Dialogue by means of Formal Language Theory -- Precisiation of Meaning via Translation into PRUF -- Conversations between Programs -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Communication is one of the most challenging human phenomena, and the same is true of its paradigmatic verbal realization as a dialogue. Not only is communication crucial for virtually all interpersonal relations; dialogue is often seen as offering us also a paradigm for important intra-individual processes. The best known example is undoubtedly the idea of concep­ tualizing thinking as an internal dialogue, "inward dialogue carried on by the mind within itself without spoken sound", as Plato called it in the Sophist. At first, the study of communication seems to be too vaguely defmed to have much promise. It is up to us, so to speak, to decide what to say and how to say it. However, on eloser scrutiny, the process of communication is seen to be subject to various subtle constraints. They are due inter alia to the nature of the parties of the communicative act, and most importantly, to the properties of the language or other method of representation presupposed in that particuIar act of communication. It is therefore not surprising that in the study of communication as a cognitive process the critical issues revolve around the nature of the representations and the nature of the computations that create, maintain and interpret these representations. The term "repre­ sentation" as used here indicates a particular way of specifying information about a given subject.
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  • 5
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401169431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I -- Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Maps -- Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Taxonomy -- Computerized Groupings of Soils -- Projects -- Photographs -- First Exam -- II -- Engineering Applications -- Waste Disposal -- Agricultural Land Classification -- Erosion Control -- Yield Correlations -- Farm Planning -- Community Planning -- III -- Soil Potentials -- Soil Variability -- Sequential Testing -- Land Uses and Soils -- Tragedy of the Commons -- Strategic Implications -- Military Campaigns -- Research -- Predictions -- Soils Tours -- Slide Sets -- Final Exam -- Evaluation.
    Abstract: The success of the book Soils and the Environment imagination in the applications of soil surveys, illustrates the need for further, more detailed toward the end of improving productivity and information about soil survey interpretations (uses efficiency in the use of soils and the environment. of soil surveys), especially for laypersons, teachers, Although laypersons, teachers, and students are the and students. Much information about soils and primary groups addressed by this Field Guide, the environment is secluded in offices of various other people involved with using soil surveys are agencies and institutions and thus is not readily (or will be) agriculturalists, agronomists, assessors, available to the people who need it. Techniques for botanists, conservationists, contractors, ecologists, finding and using the information are also not well economists, engineers, extension workers, fores­ known, so there is great need for this Field Guide ters, geologists, groundwater experts, planners, to Soils and the Environment to provide teachers politicians, public health officials, range managers, and learners with exercises that will give them recreationists, soil scientists, wildlife specialists, and many others. This Field Guide complements practice leading to confidence in the manipulation and enhances the book Soils and the Environment and utilization of soil survey data. In a sense, all published in 1981. of us are (or should be) learners and teachers in the use of soil survey information. This Field Guide DONALD R.
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  • 6
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400955547
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 166 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Population and Community Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Predators and predation -- 2 Predation theory -- 3 Clearing the decks -- 4 Field studies -- 5 Self-limitation of prey and predator populations -- 6 Age and size structure in predator and prey populations -- 7 Prey refugia -- 8 The functional response: the influence of predatory behavior upon dynamics -- 9 Spatial structure in prey populations -- 10 Predation and population cycles -- 11 The evolution of predator-prey systems -- 12 Predation and the ecological community 140 -- Appendix of scientific names.
    Abstract: When assuming the task of preparing a book such as this, one inevitably wonders why anyone would want to read it. I have always sympathized with Charles Elton's trenchant observation in his 1927 book that 'we have to face the fact that while ecological work is fascinating to do, it is unbearably dull to read about . . . ' And yet several good reasons do exist for producing a small volume on predation. The subject is interesting in its own right; no ecologist can deny that predation is one of the basic processes in the natural world. And the logical roots for much currently published reasoning about predation are remarkably well hidden; if one must do research on the subject, it helps not to be forced to start from first principles. A student facing predator-prey interactions for the first time is confronted with an amazingly diverse and sometimes inaccessible literature, with a ratio of wheat to chaff not exceeding 1: 5. A guide to the perplexed in this field does not exist at present, and I hope the book will serve that function. But apart from these more-or-Iess academic reasons for writing the book, I am forced to it by my conviction that predators are important in the ecological scheme. They playa critical role in the biological control of insects and other pests and are therefore of immediate economic concern.
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  • 7
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957534
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 208 p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Engineering Description of Rocks -- 1.1 Rock testing -- 1.2 Uniaxial or unconfined strength -- 1.3 Empirical field and laboratory tests -- 1.4 Porosity and permeability -- 1.5 Discontinuous rock -- 2 Stress and Strain -- 2.1 Stress at a point -- 2.2 Pore pressure and effective stress -- 2.3 Strain at a point -- 2.4 Representation of stress and strain -- 2.5 Relation between stress and strain -- 2.6 Geostatic stresses -- 2.7 Measurement of in situ stress -- 3 Rock Deformation -- 3.1 Rock tests in compression -- 3.2 Rock deformation in compression -- 3.3 Mechanics of microfracture -- 3.4 Rock macrofracture -- 3.5 The complete rock deformation curve -- 4 Rock Strength and Yield -- 4.1 Rock strength criteria -- 4.2 Yield criteria -- 4.3 The critical state concept -- 4.4 Triaxial testing -- 4.5 Axial and volumetric strain data -- 4.6 The Hvorslev surface in rocks -- 5 Time Dependency -- 5.1 Creep strain -- 5.2 Phenomenological models of creep -- 5.3 Time-dependent deformation -- 5.4 Time-dependent strength reduction -- 5.5 Cyclic loading -- 5.6 Rapid loading -- 6 Discontinuities in Rock Masses -- 6.1 Discontinuity measurement -- 6.2 Discontinuity orientation data -- 6.3 Shear resistance of a rock containing a discontinuity -- 6.4 Shear resistance of a discontinuity -- 6.5 A critical state model for rock discontinuity strength -- 6.6 Measurement of discontinuity shear resistance -- 7 Behaviour of Rock Masses -- 7.1 Discontinuity frequency -- 7.2 Rock mass classification systems -- 7.3 Rock mass strength criterion -- 7.4 The relevance of rock mass strength -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: The first edition of this book was received more kindly than it deserved by some, and with some scepticism by others. It set out to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehensive introduction to some of the theoretical and empirical criteria which may be used to define rock as a structural material. The objectives - reinforced by the change in title - remain the same, but the approach has been changed considerably and only one or two sections have been retained from the first edition. The particular aim in this edition is to provide a description of the mechanical behaviour of rocks, based firmly upon experimental data, which can be used to explain how rocks deform, fracture and yield, and to show how this knowledge can be used in design. The major emphasis is on the behaviour of rocks as materials, although in the later chapters the behaviour of discontinuities in rocks, and the way in which this can affect the behaviour of rock masses, is considered. If this edition is an improvement on the first edition it reflects the debt lowe to numerous people who have attempted to explain the rudiments of the subject to me. I should like to thank Peter Attewell and Roy Scott in particular. I should also like to thank Tony Price and Mike Gilbert whose work at Newcastle I have used shamelessly.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789401576802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 231 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 73
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 73
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction: Methodology, Ideology, and Scientific Revolutions -- 2 / Epistemic Structuralism: The Limit to Radical Alternatives to Traditional Epistemology -- 3 / Problems of Structure and Growth: Towards an Interactive Model of The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- 4 / Consequences and Alternative Methodologies -- 5 / The Nature of Methodological Variance: From Commensurable Canons to Incommensurable Strategies -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Professor Pandit, working among the admirable group of philosophers at the University of Delhi, has written a fundamental criticism and a constructive re-interpretation of all that has been preserved as serious epistemological and methodological reflections on the sciences in modern Western philosoph- from the times of Galileo, Newton, Descartes and Leibniz to those of Russell and Wittgenstein, Carnap and Popper, and, we need hardly add, onward to the troubling relativisms and reconstructions of historical epistemologies in the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. His themes are intrigu­ ing, set forth as they are with masterly case studies of physics and the life sciences, and within an original conceptual framework for philosophical analysis of the processes, functions, and structures of scientific knowing. Pandit's contributions deserve thoughtful examination. For our part, we wish to point to some among them: (1) an interactive articulation of subjective and objective factors of both problems and theories in the course of scientific development; (2) a striking contrast between the explanatory power of a scientific theory and its 'resolving power', i. e.
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  • 9
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400966727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, An International Series 2
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Studies 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Engineering. ; Life sciences. ; Criminology. ; Humanities. ; Science. ; Mathematics.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I Criminal Behavior -- 2 Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts -- 3 Offending from 10 to 25 Years of Age -- 4 Genetic Influence in Criminal Behavior: Evidence from an Adoption Cohort -- 5 Social Class and Crime: Genetics and Environment -- 6 School and Family Origins of Delinquency: Comparisons by Sex -- 7 A Psychosocial Approach to Recidivism -- 8 Testing a General Theory of Deviant Behavior in Longitudinal Perspective -- 9 Delinquency among Metropolitan Boys: A Progress Report -- 10 Hyperactive Boys and Their Brothers at 21: Predictors of Aggressive and Antisocial Outcome -- II Violence and Psychopathy -- 11 Criminal Violence in a Birth Cohort -- 12 Criminal History of the Male Psychopath: Some Preliminary Data -- 13 Testosterone in the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents -- 14 Violent Crime in a Birth Cohort: Copenhagen 1953–1977 -- 15 A Longitudinal Study of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior -- 16 Aggression and Criminality in a Longitudinal Perspective -- 17 Linear Causal Modeling of Adaptation and Criminal History in Sexual Offenses -- III Noncriminal Aggressive Behavior -- 18 Early Life Experiences that Relate to Later Aggression by Women -- 19 Familial Characteristics of Adolescents Vulnerable to Subsequent Antisocial Disorders -- Author Index -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: Katherine Teilmann Van Dusen and Sarnoff A. Mednick This introduction delineates what we consider to be three of the most important impediments to the advance of knowledge in the field of criminology. The most fundamental need is for more studies of the nature and progress of criminal and delinquent careers. The second need is for more prospective, longitudinal studies of the etiology of crime and delinquency. The third need concerns the lack of interdisciplinary research toward a more integrated understanding of delinquent and criminal behavior. Criminal and Delinquent Careers The birth cohort study by Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin (1972) was heralded by many (Farrington, 1973; Erickson, 1973; Weis, 1974) as a landmark which allowed researchers to study the course of delinquency without the usual sampling biases that plagued other, cross-sectional research. For the first time, we could get a reasonable picture of when delinquency usually starts, what proportion of the population engages in delinquency, what types of delinquencies they engage in, what proportion continue, and so on. Cross sectional studies do not permit the investigation of careers because cross 1 PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2 sectional sampling includes only portions of careers for many of the individuals sampled. This is just one of the many problems that restricted researchers' ability to study the nature of criminal careers.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789401098472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 22
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Game-Theoretical Semantics: Insights and Prospects -- 2 / Semantical Games and Transcendental Arguments -- 3 / Semantical Games, Subgames, and Functional Interpretations -- 4 / Any Problems — No Problems -- 5 / Temporal Discourse and Semantical Games -- 6 / Definite Descriptions in Game-Theoretical Semantics -- 7 / “Is”, Semantical Games, and Semantical Relativity -- 8 / Semantical Games and Aristotelian Categories -- 9 / On the Any-Thesis and the Methodology of Linguistics -- 10 / Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Since the first chapter of this book presents an intro­ duction to the present state of game-theoretical semantics (GTS), there is no point in giving a briefer survey here. Instead, it may be helpful to indicate what this volume attempts to do. The first chapter gives a short intro­ duction to GTS and a survey of what is has accomplished. Chapter 2 puts the enterprise of GTS into new philo­ sophical perspective by relating its basic ideas to Kant's phi losophy of mathematics, space, and time. Chapters 3-6 are samples of GTS's accomplishments in understanding different kinds of semantical phenomena, mostly in natural languages. Beyond presenting results, some of these chapters also have other aims. Chapter 3 relates GTS to an interesting line of logical and foundational studies - the so-called functional interpretations - while chapter 4 leads to certain important methodological theses. Chapter 7 marks an application of GTS in a more philo­ sophical direction by criticizing the Frege-Russell thesis that words like "is" are multiply ambiguous. This leads in turn to a criticism of recent logical languages (logical notation), which since Frege have been based on the ambi­ guity thesis, and also to certain methodological sug­ gestions. In chapter 8, GTS is shown to have important implications for our understanding of Aristotle's doctrine of categories, while chapter 9 continues my earlier criticism of Chomsky's generative approach to linguistic theorizing.
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  • 11
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401180481
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Conditions for life -- 1.1 Radiant energy -- 1.2 The atmosphere -- 2 Radiation coupling -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Plant responses to light -- 3 Coupling through boundary layers -- 3.1 Electrical analogues -- 3.2 Coupling through resistance chains -- 3.3 Physiologically-influenced resistances -- 3.4 Micrometeorological stomatal resistance -- 4 Heat and water exchange at plant surfaces -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy balance -- 4.3 Calculations -- 5 Field observations -- 5.1 Structure of vegetation -- 5.2 Vegetation height -- 5.3 Leaf survival and design -- Appendix 1 Specific heats -- Appendix 2 Physical constants -- Appendix 3 Thermocouple data -- Appendix 5 Saturated vapour pressure and black body radiation -- Appendix 6 Useful formulae -- Appendix 7 Symbols and abbreviations -- Appendix 8 Units -- Appendix 9 Metric multiples and submultiples -- References.
    Abstract: In this small book I have tried to confine myself to the absolute necessities in a field which requires a knowledge of both biology and physics. It is meant as a primer for biological undergraduates. I hope it will lead some of them to further, more advanced, study. It has not been easy to present the subject in so few pages, and I am aware of many omissions. I hope readers will agree that it is best to concentrate on a small number of topics, which together constitute an essay on plant-atmosphere relationships. Advanced students will be able to take the subject further if they look up some of the references. Text books that I particularly recommend are those by Monteith [38] and Campbell [lOO]. If the reader intends to carry out research investigations he should also consult Fritschen and Lloyd [105] for an introduction to instrumentation in environmental biophysics.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789400969896
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One / The ‘AUX’ Hypothesis -- Da and the Category AUX in Bulgarian -- Person-Subject Marking in AUX in Egyptian Arabic -- Two / Some Elusive Categories -- Polarized Auxiliaries -- Marking Constituents -- Government and the Search for AUXes: A Case Study in Cross-linguistic Category Identification -- On Two Types of Infinitival Complementation -- The Case of German Adjectives -- Transitive Adjectives: A Case of Categorial Reanalysis.
    Abstract: VIrtually all the papers in these volumes originated in presentations at the Fourth Groningen Round Table, held in July 1980. That conference, organ­ ized by the Institute for General linguistics of Groningen University was the fourth in an irregular series of meetings devoted to issues of topical interest to linguists. Its predecessor, the Third Round Table, was held in June 1976, and dealt with the semantics of natural language. A selection of the papers was published as Syntax and Semantics 10, Selections from the Third Groningen Round Table, ed. by F. Heny and H. Schnelle, Academic Press, 1979. This fourth meeting was more narrowly focussed. The original intention was to examine the hypothesis of Akrnajian, Steele and Wasow in their paper 'The Category AUX in Universal Grammar', Linguistic Inquiry 10, 1-64. Ultimately the topic was broadened considerably to encompass not only the syntax, semantics and morphology of auxiliaries and related elements, but to tackle the problem (implicit in the original work of Akmajian, Steele and Wasow) of justifying the selection of categories for the analysis of natural language. In the summer of 1979, a workshop and short, informal conference were held at the University of Salzburg, in preparation for the Round Table. These were organized in conjunction with the Summer Institute of the linguistic Society of America. The cooperation of the LSA and of the University of Salzburg, and in particular of the Director of that Institute, Professor Gaberell Drachman, is hereby gratefully acknowledged.
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  • 13
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 160
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theory, Data, and Explanation -- 2. The Origins of the Theory -- I. Elementary Object Theory -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- 5. An Auxiliary Hypothesis -- II. Applications of the Elementary Theory -- 1. Modelling Plato’s Forms -- 2. Modelling the Round Square, etc. -- 3. The Problem of Existence 50 Appendix -- III. The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions) -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- IV. The Applications of the Modal Theory -- 1. Truth -- 2. Modelling Possible Worlds -- 3. Modelling Leibniz’s Monads -- 4. Modelling Stories and Native Characters -- 5. Modality and Descriptions -- V. The Typed Theory of Abstract Objects -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- VI. Applications of the Typed Theory -- 1. Modelling Frege’s Senses (I) -- 2. Modelling Frege’s Senses (II) -- 3. Modelling Impossible and Fictional Relations -- 4. Modelling Mathematical Myths and Entities -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Modelling the Theory Itself -- B. Modelling Notions -- Notes.
    Abstract: In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso­ phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970694
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 168
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Signs and Signalling -- I.1. Lewis on Signalling Systems -- I.2. Signs and Meaning -- I.3. Sign Systems and the Possibility of Deceit -- I.4. Generalization of Rules of Information -- I.5. ISS’s and Lewis Indicative Signalling Systems -- I.6. Conventions of Truthfulness and Trust v. Rules of Information -- II: A Formal Language -- II.1. LC: its Syntax and the General Form of its Semantics -- II.2. Action Modalities -- II.3. Normative Modalities -- II.4. The Belief Modality -- II.5. Mutual Belief -- II.6. The Modality Va -- II.7. Deontic Modalities -- II.8. Knowledge that p -- II.9. On the Alleged Circularity of Possible-World Semantics -- III: Some Features of Communication Situations -- III.1. Truthfulness and Trust -- III.2. Moore’s Paradox of Saying and Disbelieving -- III.3. Informing and Asserting -- III.4. Trust of Type No-Deceit, Communicators’ Intentions and “Saying One Thing and Meaning Another” -- III.5. Non-Deceiving Performances and the Implementation of Rules of Information -- IV: Non-Indicatives -- IV.1. Non-Indicatives and Truth Conditions -- IV.2. Performatives -- IV.3. Sketch for a Logic of Imperative Inference -- IV.4. Other Types of Non-Indicatives -- IV.5. Non-Indicative Usage of Indicatives -- V: Intention-Dependent Evidence -- V.1. Bennett’s Defence of the Gricean Theory -- V.2. The Modality Shall and the Analysis of Signalling -- VI: The Double Bind -- VI.1. General Features of a Double-Bind Situation -- VI.2. The Illustration from Clinical Data — a Formal Description -- VI.3. Bateson’s Theory of Communication -- VI.4. The Double Bind and Levels of Communication -- Concluding Remarks -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This essay contains material which will hopefully be of interest not only to philosophers, but also to those social scientists whose research concerns the analysis of communication, verbal or non-verbal. Although most of the topics taken up here are central to issues in the philosophy of language, they are, in my opinion, indistinguishable from topics in descriptive social psychology. The essay aims to provide a conceptual framework within which various key aspects of communication can be described, and it presents a formal language, using techniques from modern modal logic, in which such descriptions can themselves be formulated. It is my hope that this framework, or parts of it, might also turn out to be of value in future empirical work. There are, therefore, essentially two sides to this essay: the development of a framework of concepts, and the construction of a formal language rich enough to express the elements of which that framework is composed. The first of these two takes its point of departure in the statement quoted from Lewis (1972) on the page preceding this introduction. The distinction drawn there by Lewis is accepted as a working hypothesis, and in one sense this essay may be seen as an attempt to explore some of the consequences of that hypothesis.
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401169387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 178 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Environmental Resource Management Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Horizons -- Color -- Texture -- Structure -- Consistence -- Reaction -- Boundary -- 3 Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Fertility Tests -- Engineering Soils Tests -- Soil Classification Lab Analyses -- Soil Test Kit -- 4 Soil Classification -- Nomenclature -- Maps -- Groupings of Soils -- 5 Computerized Data Processing -- SCS Form 5 -- 6 Engineering Applications -- Community Development -- Waste Disposal -- 7 Agricultural Land Classification -- Land Capability -- Productivity Index -- Land Economics -- Land Use -- 8 Erosion Control -- Soil-Loss Equation -- Evidence of Soil Erosion -- Canadarago Computer Study -- 9 Yield Correlations -- Estimated Yields -- Soil Correlations -- National Programs -- Crop Responses -- Experiment Design -- Sequential Testing -- 10 Archeological Considerations -- New York -- Mesa Verde -- Phoenix -- Tikal -- Sardis -- Mexico City -- Negev Desert -- Rajasthan Desert -- 11 Planning for the Future -- FAO World Soil Map -- Soil Taxonomy -- CRIES -- Benchmark Project -- Soil Quantification -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 Conversion Factors for U.S. and Metric Units -- Appendix 2 Glossary -- References.
    Abstract: As we enter the last decades of the twentieth century, many persistent and perplexing problems continue to afflict humankind. Thus it is appropriate to address, in a new group of books, two of the monumental issues that haunt people throughout the world. Soils and the Environment by Professor Gerald W. Olson is the first book in this new publish­ ing program on Environment, Energy, and Society. The purpose of all these books will be to explore the many interrelated facets of these topics and to provide guidance for deal ing with problems and offering ideas for their solutions. Environment and energy are twin problems that occupy what many believe to be opposite sides of a two-headed coin. They are often viewed as being antithetical and incompatible. The various books in this program will try to place in perspective the options that are available to those who design policy and plan and manage societal matters. Typical of books being developed currently are ones on coal resources, environmental geoscience, environmental pollution, land-use planning, nuclear energy, mineral resources, and water resources. However, because soils are at the very heart of civilization and provide the building block for human sustenance, it is fitting to inaugurate this series with Dr. Olson's timely analysis of soils. Unfortu­ nately, these most vital resources seen. to have low priority in many farming enterprises, urbanization projects, deforestation schemes, and mining and developmental terrain changes.
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  • 16
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Population and Community Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Food webs -- 1.1 What and why? -- 1.2 Where? -- 1.3 How? -- 2 Models and their local stability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Stability -- 2.4 Summary -- Appendix 2A: Taylor’s expansion -- Appendix 2B: An example of calculating eigenvalues -- Appendix 2C: Jacobian matrices -- 3 Stability: other definitions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Global stability -- 3.3 Species deletion stability -- 3.4 Stability in stochastic environments -- 3.5 Other stability criteria -- 3.6 Summary: models and their stabilities — Is there a best buy? -- 4 Food web complexity I: theoretical results -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bounds on food web complexity: local stability -- 4.3 Complexity and stability under large perturbations -- 4.4 Summary of theoretical results -- 5 Food web complexity II: empirical results -- 5.1 Direct tests -- 5.2 Indirect tests -- 5.3 Summary -- 6 The length of food chains -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hypothesis A: Energy flow -- 6.3 Hypothesis B: Size and other design constraints -- 6.4 Hypothesis C: Optimal foraging; why are food chains so long? -- 6.5 Hypothesis D: Dynamical constraints -- 6.6 Summary -- Appendix 6A: Drawing inferences about food web attributes -- 7 The patterns of omnivory -- 7.1 Models of omnivory -- 7.2 Testing the hypotheses -- 7.3 Summary -- 8 Compartments -- 8.1 Reasons for a compartmented design -- 8.2 Testing the hypotheses: habitats as compartments -- 8.3 Testing the hypotheses: compartments within habitats -- 8.4 Four comments -- 8.5 Summary -- 9 Descriptive statistics -- 9.1 Predator—prey ratios -- 9.2 The number of species of prey that a species exploits and the number of species of predator it suffers -- 9.3 Interval and non-interval food webs -- 9.4 Summary -- 10 Food web design: causes and consequences -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Causes -- 10.3 Consequences -- 10.4 Summary.
    Abstract: Often the meanings of words are changed subtly for interesting reasons. The implication of the word 'community' has changed from including all the organisms in an area to only those species at a particular trophic level (and often a taxonomically restricted group), for example, 'bird-community'. If this observation is correct, its probable cause is the dramatic growth in our knowledge of the ecological patterns along trophic levels (I call these horizontal patterns) and the processes that generate them. This book deals with vertical patterns - those across trophic levels -and tries to compensate for their relative neglect. In cataloging a dozen vertical patterns I hope to convince the reader that species interactions across trophic levels are as patterned as those along trophic levels and demand explanations equally forcefully. But this is not the only objective. A limited number of processes shape the patterns of species interaction; to demonstrate their existence is an essential step in understanding why ecosystems are the way they are. To achieve these aims I must resort to both mathematical techniques to develop theories and statistical techniques to decide between rival hypotheses. The level of mathematics is likely to offend nearly everyone. Some will find any mathematics too much, while others will consider the material to be old, familiar ground and probably explained with a poor regard for rigour and generality.
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  • 17
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401170659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Electrical / Computer Science and Engineering Series
    Series Statement: Van Nostrand Reinhold Electrical/Computer Science and Engineering Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I The PN Junction -- A. The Need to Understand Low Frequency Diode Behavior -- B. Silicon — The Semiconductor -- C. The PN Depletion Zone -- D. Junction Potential -- E. Diffusion and Drift Currents -- F. Rectification and the I-V Law -- G. Depletion Zone Width Modulation — The Depletion C(V) Law -- H. Reverse Voltage Breakdown -- References -- Questions -- II PIN Diodes and the Theory of Microwave Operation -- A. The PIN Diode — An Extension of the PN Junction -- B. Microwave Equivalent Circuit -- C. High RF Power Limits -- References -- Questions -- III Practical PIN Diodes -- A. Basic Parameters — I Region Thickness and Area -- B. Table of Typically Available PIN Diodes -- C. Definition of Characteristics -- References -- Questions -- IV Binary State Transistor Drivers -- A. What The Driver Must Do -- B. The Driver as a Logic Signal — Power Supply Buffer (TTL Compatibility) -- C. Switching Speed -- D. High Power Reverse Bias (Enhanced) Leakage Current Supply -- E. Fault Detection Circuits -- F. Complementary Drivers -- References -- Questions -- V Fundamental Limits of Control Networks -- A. Introduction -- B. The Simple Loss (or Isolation) Formula -- C. The General Three-Port SPST Equivalent Circuit -- D. Switching Limits -- E. Duplexing Limits -- F. Phase Shifting Limits -- G. Summary -- References -- Questions -- VI Mathematical Techniques and Computer Aided Design (CAD) -- A. Introduction -- B. CAD Mathematical Analysis Approaches -- C. FORTRAN Computer Programming -- References -- Questions -- VII Limiters and Duplexers -- A. Introduction to Practical Circuit Designs -- B. How Limiters Function -- C. Coaxial Duplexers -- D. High Frequency, Waveguide Limiters -- E. Integrated Circuit Limiters -- F. Bulk Limiters -- References -- VIII Switches and Attenuators -- A. Broadband Coaxial Switches -- B. Coaxial High Power -- C. Switched Duplexers -- D. Waveguide Switches -- E. Stripline Switches -- F. Microstrip Switching -- G. Bulk Effect Switching -- References -- IX Phase Shifters and Time Delay Networks -- A. Introduction -- B. Switched Path Circuits -- C. Transmission Phase Shifters -- D. Reflection Phase Shifters -- E. Schiffman Phase Shifters -- F. Continuous Phase Shifters -- References -- Answers -- Appendices -- A. Constants and Formulas -- B. Material Properties -- C. Thermal Resistance Calculations -- D. Coaxial Lines -- E. Microstrip -- F. Stripline -- G. Waveguide -- H. Stripline Backward Wave Hybrid Coupler -- I. Bias Blocks and Returns -- J. The Smith Chart -- References and Bibliography.
    Abstract: Joseph F. White has studied, worked, and taught in all aspects of microwave semiconductor materials, control diodes, and circuit applications. He is thoroughly grounded in the physics and math­ ematics of the field, but has primarily the engineer's viewpoint, combining basic knowledge with experience and ingenuity to gen­ erate practical designs under constraints of required performance and costs of development and production. As a result of his teach­ ing experience and numerous technical papers and oral presenta­ tions, he has developed a clear, well-organized writing style that makes this book easy to use as a self-teaching text, a reference volume, and a design handbook. Dr. White believes that an engineer must have a good understand­ ing of semiconductor physics, a thorough knowledge of microwave circuit theory, at least an elementary acquaintance with transistor drivers, and the ability to check and refine a microwave circuit on a computer terminal to be qualified for modern, creative design of microwave semiconductor control components. These subjects are well covered in approximately the first half of the book; the second half treats the general and specific design of switches, at­ tenuators, limiters, duplexers, and phase shifters, with many ex­ amples drawn from his experience and that of others.
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  • 18
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400977020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 31
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scales of Measurement -- Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories -- Comments on ‘Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories’ by Professor Dalla Chaiara -- A Methodology without Methodological Rules -- Truth, Fallibility and the Growth of Knowledge -- Fallible Is as Fallible Does: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Knowledge in Pursuit of Knowledge — A Few Worries: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Response to Scheffler -- Response to Margalit -- Rejoinder to Levi’s Reply -- A Category-Theoric Approach to Systems in a Fuzzy World -- Natural Languages and Formal Languages and Formal Languages: A Tenable Dualism -- The Problem of Vague Predicates -- Peirce and Pearson: Pragmatism vs. Instrumentalism -- Theory of Propensity: A New Foundation of Logic -- Gödel’s Theorems and Church’s Thesis: A Prologue to mechanism -- The Non-traditional Theory of Quantifiers -- Dialogue: How Do We Know What Others Mean and Why? -- Towards a Richer Theory of Dialogue: Comments of Professor Rivetti Barbòs Paper -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Fundamental problems of the uses of formal techniques and of natural and instrumental practices have been raised again and again these past two decades, in many quarters and from varying viewpoints. We have brought a number of quite basic studies of these issues together in this volume, not linked con­ ceptually nor by any rigorously defined problematic, but rather simply some of the most interesting and even provocative of recent research accomplish­ ments. Most of these papers are derived from the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science during 1973-80, the two exceptions being those of Karel Berka (on scales of measurement) and A. A. Zinov'ev (on a non-tradi­ tional theory of quantifiers). Just how intriguing these results (or conjectures?) seem to us may be seen from some brief quotations: (1) Judson Webb: " . . . . the abstract machine concept has many of the appropriate kinds of properties for modelling living, reproducing, rule­ following, self-reflecting, accident-prone, and lucky creatures . . . the a priori logical results relevant to the abstract machine concept, above all Godel's, could not conceivably have turned out any better for the mechanist. " (2) M. L. Dalla Chiara: " . . . modal interpretation (of quantum logic) shows clearly that it possesses a logical meaning which is quite independent of quantum mechanics. " (3) Isaac Levi: (as against Peirce and Popper) " . . . infallibilism is con­ sistent with corrigibilism, and a view which respects avoidance of error is an important desideratum for science.
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  • 19
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400973527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Pollution Monitoring Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition and Use of the Term Heavy Metal -- 1.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 1.3 Biological Indicators and Monitors -- 1.4 Philosophy of Monitoring -- 1.5 Why Biological? -- 1.6 Criteria for Selecting Good Biological Materials/Species -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- 2 Biological Indicators of Natural Ore-bodies: Geobotanical and Blogeochemical Prospecting for Heavy Metal Deposits -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Geobotanical Prospecting -- 2.3 Biogeochemical Prospecting -- 2.4 Use of Herbaria in Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 The Use of Vegetation for Monitoring Airborne Heavy Metal Deposition -- 3A Background and Practical Considerations -- 3A.1 Introduction -- 3A.2 Particulate Transfer to Vegetation -- 3A.3 Vegetation as a Monitoring Agent -- 3A.4 Aerial Versus Soil Origins of Metals in Plant Samples -- 3A.5 Exposure Periods -- 3A.6 Use of Leaves -- 3A.7 Surface Characteristics of Vegetation, Especially Leaves -- 3B Examples of the Use of Vegetation Monitoring Surveys for Aerial Deposition of Metals -- 3B.1 Roadside Locations -- 3B.2 Smelters and Other Point Sources -- 3B.3 General Industrial or Urban Areas with Diffuse or Unidentified Sources -- 3B.4 Use of Tree Bark -- 3B.5 Use of Epiphytic Vascular Plants, Mosses, Lichens, Micro-organisms and Fungi -- 3B.6 Specific Use of Vegetation for Assessing Potential Hazards to Human and Domestic Animal Health . -- 4 Plants as Monitors of Soil Contamination -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Metal Distribution in Soils -- 4.3 Characteristics of Metal Uptake by Roots -- 4.4 Metal Tolerance and its Relevance to the Use of Higher Plants as Monitors of Soil Contamination . -- 4.5 Interpretation of Monitoring Results, Conclusions and Recommendations -- 5 The use of Terrestrial Animals as Monitors and Indicators of Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Invertebrates as Monitors and Indicators -- 5.3 Other Animals as Monitors -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6 The Use of Imported Biological Materials as Monitoring Agents -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Preparation, Exposure and Analysis of Moss-bags. -- 6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Moss-bags -- 6.4 Examples of the Use of Sphagnum Moss-bags in the Field -- 6.5 Wind Tunnel Studies of Moss-bag Characteristics . -- 6.6 Empirical Calibration of Moss-bags Against Air-filter Samplers, Deposit Gauges, Plant and Soil Surfaces. -- 6.7 Relationships with Other Collection Materials -- 6.8 Conclusions -- 7 Retrospective and Historical Monitoring -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tree-ring Analysis -- 7.3 Use of Tree Ring-widths as a Measure of Pollution -- 7.4 Use of Peat Samples -- 7.5 Use of Herbarium Specimens of Bryophytes and Lichens -- 7.6 Use of Preserved Higher Plant Specimens. -- 7.7 Use of Animal Specimens -- 7.8 Conclusions -- 8 Biological Monitoring in Perspective -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Related Studies -- 8.3 Selection of Material and Aims of Study -- 8.4 Sampling Standards and Cross-calibration -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Species and Subject Index.
    Abstract: In the past two decades there has been an increasing public awareness of the hazards that exist from the contamination of the environment by toxic substances. 'Heavy metals' and the terrestrial environment are but one facet of the impact of toxic substances on the natural environment, and the use of biological materials for indicating the occurrence of, and continually monitoring the presence of, these materials is a specific topic which is of considerable interest to a diverse range of individuals, organisations and disciplines. It was our intention when we first en­ visaged this book that it should contain a description of a range of circumstances in which biological monitoring techniques have been employed in the terrestrial environment and that it should be seen as a practical text which dealt with the merits, shortcomings and suitability of biological monitoring materials. Monitoring is, however, a manifold process. It serves not only to provide information on past and present concentrations of toxic materials in various components of the environ­ ment, but also to provide information on the processes of environmental release, transport, accumulation and toxicity. Indeed, this may be one of the greatest virtues of biological monitoring over other forms of monitor­ ing. According to the skill of the staff employed in the monitoring procedure, the information that is accrued can have a vastly different value.
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  • 20
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 What is a model? -- 1.1 The concept of models -- 1.2 Word models -- 1.3 Definition of model -- 1.4 Examples -- 2 Why do I need a model? -- 2.1 Reason for use of models -- 2.2 Complexity -- 2.3 Integration and testing of compatibility of information already collected about a system -- 2.4 Simulation as a synthesis of available information -- 3 How do I start? -- 3.1 Defining the problem -- 3.2 Word models -- 3.3 Diagrams -- 4 What help can I expect from mathematics? -- 4.1 Mathematical notations -- 4.2 Families of mathematical models -- 5 Do I need a computer? -- 5.1 Access to computers -- 5.2 Computer languages -- 5.3 Using the computer -- 6 How do I know when to stop? -- 6.1 Re-examination of objectives -- 6.2 Sensitivity analysis -- 6.3 Verification -- 6.4 Validation -- Appendix: Modelling checklist -- References.
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  • 21
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401095396
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Gross anatomy and physiology -- 2.1 Muscle types -- 2.2 Physiological states -- 2.3 Activation -- 2.4 Physiological performance -- 2.5 Fuel and energetics -- 3 Muscle cells -- 3.1 Striated muscle -- 3.2 Sliding filament theory -- 3.3 Membrane systems -- 3.4 Fibre preparations -- 3.5 Unstriated muscle -- 4 Protein components -- 4.1 Proteins of the myofibril -- 4.2 Actin -- 4.3 Myosin -- 4.4 Actin—myosin interactions -- 5 Mechanism of ATP hydrolysis -- 5.1 Kinetic analysis -- 5.2 Myosin ATPase -- 5.3 Actin activation -- 6 Molecular basis of contraction -- 6.1 What makes filaments slide? -- 6.2 Electron microscope studies -- 6.3 X-ray diffraction studies -- 6.4 Mechanical transients -- 6.5 Mechanochemical coupling -- 7 Molecular basis of regulation -- 7.1 Role of calcium -- 7.2 Actin-linked regulation -- 7.3 Myosin-linked regulation -- 7.4 Multiple regulatory systems -- 8 Problems and prospects -- References.
    Abstract: The student of biolo,gical science in his final years as an undergraduate and his first years as a graduate is expected to gain some familiarity with current research at the frontiers of his discipline. New research work is published in a perplexing diversity of publications and is inevitably concerned with the minutiae of the subject. The sheer number of research journals and papers also causes confusion and difficulties of assimilation. Review articles usually presuppose a background knowledge of the field and are inevitably rather restricted in scope. There is thus a need for short but authoritative introductions to those areas of modern biological research which are either not dealt with in standard introductory textbooks or are not dealt with in sufficient detail to enable the student to go on from them to read scholarly reviews with profit. This series of books is designed to satisfy this need. The authors have been asked to produce a brief outline of their subject assuming that their readers will have read and remembered much of a standard introductory textbook of biology. This outline then sets out to provide by building on this basis, the conceptual framework within which modern research work is progressing and aims to give the reader an indication of the problems, both conceptual and practical, which must be overcome if progress is to be maintained.
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  • 22
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400977075
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Linguistics ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Long Distance Agreement in Modern Icelandic -- Purpose Clauses and Control -- Binding in Wholewheat* Syntax (*unenriched with inaudibilia) -- Grammatical Relations and Montague Grammar -- Phrase Structure Grammar -- Evidence for Gaps -- A Phrase Structure Account of Scandinavian Extraction Phenomena -- Syntactic Representation, Syntactic Levels, and the Notion of Subject -- Some Arc Pair Grammar Descriptions -- A Semantic Theory of “NP-movement” Dependencies.
    Abstract: The work collected in this book represents the results of some intensive recent work on the syntax of natural languages. The authors' differing viewpoints have in common the program of revising current conceptions of syntactic representation so that the role of transformational derivations is reduced or eliminated. The fact that the papers cross-refer to each other a good deal, and that authors assuming quite different fram{:works are aware of each other's results and address themselves to shared problems, is partly the result of a conference on the nature of syntactic representation that was held at Brown University in May 1979 with the express purpose of bringing together different lines of research in syntax. The papers in this volume mostly arise out of work that was presented in preliminary form at that conference, though much rewriting and further research has been done in the interim period. Two papers are included because although they were not given even in preliminary form at the conference, it has become clear since then that they interrelate with the work of the conference so much that they cannot reasonably be left out: Gerald Gazdar's statement of his program for phrase structure description of natural language forms the theoretical basis that is assumed by Maling and Zaenen and by Sag, and David Dowty's paper represents a bridge between the relational grammar exemplified here in the papers by Perlmutter and Postal on the one hand and the Montague­.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789401712538
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 436 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Nijhoff International Philosophy Series 9
    Series Statement: Melbourne International Philosophy Series 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Abstraction operator -- Algebraic structures -- Algorithms -- Analyticity -- Antinomies -- Arithmetic -- Automata -- Automata, finite -- Categorial grammar -- Classes, theory of -- Combinatory logic -- Completeness -- Computability abstract theory -- Consequence -- Consistency -- Counterexample, the method of -- Decidability -- Deduction theorem -- Deductive method -- Definability -- Definition -- Deontic logic -- Description, definite -- Dialogic logic -- Dot notation -- Duality -- Elementary theory -- Entailment and relevance -- Extension -- Formalization -- Gödel’s theorem -- Grammar, formal -- Independence -- Intension -- Intuitionistic logic -- Lambda-operator -- Legniewski’s systems -- Logical form -- Logic, modern, history of -- Many-valued logic -- Mappings -- Meaning -- Modality -- Modal logic -- Modal semantics -- Model theory -- Name -- Natural deduction -- Normal form -- Polish notation -- Pragmatics, logical -- Predicate logic -- Probability -- Programming languages -- Quantifiers -- Questions -- Recursive functions -- Relations, theory of -- Semantics, logical -- Sentence -- Sentence logic -- Sequent calculus -- Sets, infinite -- Sets, ordered -- Set theory, axiomatizations of -- Syntax, logical -- Tense logic -- Topology -- Trees -- Truth -- Truth-table method -- Types, theory of -- General bibliography -- Subject index and glossary -- Index of symbols.
    Abstract: 1. STRUCTURE AND REFERENCES 1.1. The main part of the dictionary consists of alphabetically arranged articles concerned with basic logical theories and some other selected topics. Within each article a set of concepts is defined in their mutual relations. This way of defining concepts in the context of a theory provides better understand­ ing of ideas than that provided by isolated short defmitions. A disadvantage of this method is that it takes more time to look something up inside an extensive article. To reduce this disadvantage the following measures have been adopted. Each article is divided into numbered sections, the numbers, in boldface type, being addresses to which we refer. Those sections of larger articles which are divided at the first level, i.e. numbered with single numerals, have titles. Main sections are further subdivided, the subsections being numbered by numerals added to the main section number, e.g. I, 1.1, 1.2, ... , 1.1.1, 1.1.2, and so on. A comprehensive subject index is supplied together with a glossary. The aim of the latter is to provide, if possible, short defmitions which sometimes may prove sufficient. As to the use of the glossary, see the comment preceding it.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400958838
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 146 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular factors that modify pKa values -- 3 Methods of pKa prediction -- 4 Prediction of pKa values of substituted aliphatic acids and bases -- 5 Prediction of pKa values for phenols, aromatic carboxylic acids and aromatic amines -- 6 Further applications of Hammett and Taft equations -- 7 Some more difficult cases -- 8 Extension of the Hammett and Taft equations -- 9 Examples where prediction presents difficulties -- 10 Recapitulation of the main pKa prediction methods -- A.1 Substituent constants for the Hammett and Taft equations -- A.4 Special sigma constants for para substituents -- A.6 Sigma constants for heteroatoms in heterocyclic rings -- References.
    Abstract: Many chemists and biochemists require to know the ionization constants of organic acids and bases. This is evident from the Science Citation Index which lists The Determination of Ionization Constants by A. Albert and E. P. Serjeant (1971) as one of the most widely quoted books in the chemical literature. Although, ultimately, there is no satisfactory alternative to experimental measurement, it is not always convenient or practicable to make the necessary measure­ ments and calculations. Moreover, the massive pK. compilations currently available provide values for only a small fraction of known or possible acids or bases. For example, the compilations listed in Section 1. 3 give pK. data for some 6 000--8 000 acids, whereas if the conservative estimate is made that there are one hundred different substituent groups available to substitute in the benzene ring of benzoic acid, approximately five million tri-substituted benzoic acids are theoretically possible. Thus we have long felt that it is useful to consider methods by which a pK. value might be predicted as an interim value to within several tenths of a pH unit using arguments based on linear free energy relationships, by analogy, by extrapolation, by interpolation from existing data, or in some other way. This degree of precision may be adequate for many purposes such as the recording of spectra of pure species (as anion, neutral molecule or cation), for selection of conditions favourable to solvent extraction, and for the interpretation of pH-profiles for organic reactions.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789400983649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (417p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 66
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 66
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Semantic Problem—Sources and Themes -- II. The Concept of Semantics and Prerequisites for the Investigation of Semantic Problems -- 1. The Concepts of Object Language and Metalanguage -- 2. The Semantic Level of Analysis and its Relations to the Syntactic and Pragmatic Levels -- III. Semantic Concepts -- 1. Semantic Concepts and their Relations in Common Parlance -- 2. Semantic Concepts in Formalised Languages -- IV. The Semantics of Logical Concepts -- 1. Problems of L-Semantics -- 2. The Semantics of Logical Concepts on the Basis of the Concept of Interpretation -- V. Sense and Denotation -- 1. Frege’s Conception of Sense and Denotation -- 2. The Theory of Descriptions -- 3. The Method of Extension and Intension -- 4. The Problem of Naming -- 5. Synonymity -- VI. The Criterion of Sense -- 1. The Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Operationist Criterion of Sense -- 3. The Verifiability Criterion of Sense -- 4. The Translatability Criterion of Sense -- 5. Sense and the Empirical -- 6. ‘Theoretical Concepts’ and the Relativity of the Empirical Starting Point -- 7. Problems of Sense and Reduction Procedures -- VII. Vagueness -- 1. Vagueness and the Un-Sharpness of Boundaries -- 2. Sources of Vagueness and Ways of Analysing Vagueness -- 3. Vagueness, Ambiguity and Denotational Opacity -- VIII. Semantics and Some Problems of Ontology -- 1. Semantics and Ontic Decision -- 2. Nominalism, Platonism and Semantics -- 3. Analytical and Synthetic Aspects in the Language of Science -- IX. An Outline of the Evaluation of the Results of Scientific Activity in Terms of Semantic Information -- 1. The Scope for Evaluating Scientific Results -- 2. Brillouin’s Attempt at an Informational Evaluation of Scientific Laws -- 3. Linguistic Devices in Tasks of the Systematising Type -- 4. The Concept of ‘Decision Base’ and the Evaluation of a Decision Base -- 5. The Relevance of A Posteriori Data -- 6. Evaluation of the Goal Complex and the Concept of ‘Epistemic Gain’ -- X. The Semantics of Preference Attitudes -- 1. The Role of Preference and Preference Ordering -- 2. The Comparability Principle as a Presupposition for the Construction of a Preference System -- 3. Preferences of Things and Preferences of States of Affairs -- 4. Preference ‘Ceteris Paribus’ -- 5. The Concept of ‘Preferable States of Affairs’ as a Qualitative Concept -- 6. Preference as a Propositional Attitude -- Conclusions -- XI. The Problem of Informational Synonymity -- 1. The Traditional (Leibnizian) Criterion of Identity and the Problem of Semantic Identification -- 2. The ‘Salva Veritate’ Criterion -- 3. The Criterion of ‘Salva Relatione’ and the Concept of ‘Informational Synonymity’ -- 4. Informational Relevance and the Concept of ‘Strict Informational Synonymity’ -- XII. An Outline of the Semantic Evaluation of Graphic Communication -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Graphic Communication -- 3. The Semantics of a Picture Shape -- 4. Informational Synonymity and the Informational Evaluation of a Picture Shape -- 5. Informational Synonymity and the Time Factor -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ladislav Tondl's insightful investigations into the language of the sciences bear directly upon some decisive points of confrontation in modern philos­ ophy of science and of language itself. In the decade since his Scientific Procedures was published in English (Boston Studies 11), Dr Tondl has enlarged his original monograph of 1966 on the promise, problems and achievements of modern semantics: the main topic of his later work has been semantic information theory. A Russian translation, considerably expanded as a second edition, was published in 1975 (Moscow, Progress Publishers) with an appreciative critical commentary, in the form of a conclusion, by Professor Avenir I. Uemov of Odessa. Indeed many Soviet studies in the problems of the semantics of science show the same sort of philosophical curiosity about the relationship of meanings in scientific language to pro­ cedures in scientific epistemology that characterizes Tondl's work, as in the work of Mirislav Popovich (Kiev) and Vadirn Sadovsky (Moscow) and their colleagues. But we know that interest in these matters is world-wide, ranging from such classical topics as sense and denotation, empiricist reduction, vagueness and denotational opacity, to the new and equally exciting topics of the semantics of non-unique preference choices, the nuances of informational synonymity, and the semantics of a picture shape (so briefly but beautifully sketched in Tondl's dense and promising last chapter). We are pleased to have had Tondl's kind cooperation in producing this English edition, actually a third edition, of his research about semantics.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401173704
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Fundamentals of Naval Science Series 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The Art of Navigation -- 2 The Shipboard Navigation Department Organization -- Duties of the Navigator -- Relationship of the Navigator to the Command Structure -- The Navigator’s Staff -- 3 The Piloting Team -- The Navigator and His Plotter -- The Bearing Recorder -- The Bearing Taker -- The Radar Operator -- The Echo Sounder Operator -- The Piloting Team Routine -- Conclusion -- 4 The Nautical Chart -- The Terrestrial Coordinate System -- Chart Projections -- Chart Interpretation 26 Determination of Position, Distance, and Direction on a Mercator Chart -- Production of Nautical Charts -- The Chart Numbering System -- The Chart Correction System -- Summary -- 5 Navigational Publications -- Catalog of Nautical Charts, Publication No. 1-N -- NOS Nautical Chart Catalogs -- Coast Pilots -- Sailing Directions -- Fleet Guides -- Light List -- List of Lights -- Tide and Tidal Current Tables -- Pilot Charts -- Distance Between Ports, Publication No. 151 -- Almanacs -- Reference Texts and Manuals -- Publication Correction System -- Summary -- 6 Visual Navigation Aids -- Characteristics of Lighted Navigation Aids -- Identifying a Navigational Light -- Computing the Visibility of a Light -- Buoys and Beacons -- The U.S. Lateral System -- The IALA Combined Cardinal and Lateral System -- Use of Buoys and Beacons During Piloting -- Summary -- 7 Navigational Instruments -- The Measurement of Direction -- Measurement of Distance -- Measurement of Speed -- Measurement of Depth -- Plotting Instruments -- Miscellaneous Instruments -- Summary -- 8 Dead Reckoning -- Determining the Fix -- Principles of the Dead Reckoning Plot -- The Running Fix -- The Estimated Position -- The Track -- Summary -- 9 Shipboard Compasses -- The Magnetic Compass -- The Gyrocompass -- Summary -- 10 Radar -- Characteristics of a Surface-Search/Navigational Radar -- The Radar Output Display -- Interpretation of a Radarscope Presentation -- Use of Radar During Piloting -- Summary -- 11 Tide -- Causes of Tide -- Types of Tides -- Tidal Reference Planes -- Predicting Height of Tide -- The Bridge Problem -- The Shoal Problem -- Effect of Unusual Meteorological Conditions -- Summary -- 12 Current -- Ocean Current -- Tidal Current -- Wind-driven Currents -- Summary -- 13 Current Sailing -- The Estimated Current Triangle -- Solving the Estimated Current Triangle -- The Estimated Position Allowing for Current -- Determining an EP from a Running Fix -- The Actual Current Triangle -- Summary -- 14 Precise Piloting and Anchoring -- Ship’s Handling Characteristics -- Use of Advance and Transfer During Piloting -- Anchoring -- Summary -- 15 Voyage Planning -- Time -- The Voyage-Planning Process -- Optimum Track Ship Routing -- Miscellaneous Considerations -- Summary -- Appendix A. Chart No. 1 285 -- Appendix B. Abbreviations and Symbols Commonly Used in Piloting.
    Abstract: Throughout the history of warfare at sea, navigation has been an important basic determinant of victory. Occasionally, new members of the fraternity of the sea will look upon navigation as a chore to be tolerated only as long as it takes to find someone else to assume the responsibility. In my experience, such individuals never make good naval officers. Commander Hobbs has succeeded in bringing together the information and practical skills required for that individual who would take the first step down the road toward becoming a competent marine navigator. At the outset of this book, the author stresses the necessity for safe navigation, but there is another basic tenet of sea warfare that this book serves. The best weapons system man has ever devised cannot function effectively unless it knows where it is in relation to the real world, where it is in relation to the enemy, and where the enemy is in relation to the real world. Not all defeats can be attributed to this lack of information, but no victories have been won by those who did not know where they were.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789400983564
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: La philosophie contemporaine: Chroniques nouvelles / Contemporary philosophy: A new survey 1
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- One/Première Partie Philosophy of language/Philosophie du langage -- The place of the philosophy of language -- The theory of meaning in analytical philosophy -- Semantics: A revolt against Frege -- Wittgenstein et la philosophie du langage -- Richard Montague and the logical analysis of language -- Constructing a pragmatic foundation for semantics -- ‘Logique herméneutique’? -- Two/Deuxième Partie Philosophical logic/Logique philosophique -- Philosophical aspects of proof theory -- Modal logic, modal semantics and their applications -- Conditionals and possible worlds -- Entailment and the disjunctive syllogism -- Choice, chance, and credence -- Abbreviations used by some contributors -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: The present publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chronicles, Philosophy in the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Contemporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond KJibansky. As with the earlier series the present chronicles purport to give a survey of significant trends in contemporary philosophi­ cal discussion. The time space covered by the present series is (approximately) 1966-1978. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, particularly in philosophical logic and the philosophy of language, the convergence of interest (though not necessarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain prob­ lems, and the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems are the most important contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valuable source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be an assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own philosophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen the Socratic element of modem philosophy, the dialogue or Kommu nikationsgemeinschajt. So far, four volumes have been prepared for the new series. The present chronicles in the Philosophy of Language and Philosophi­ cal Logic (Vol. I), are followed by chronicles in the Philosophy of Science (Vol. II), and Philosophy of Action (Vol.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789400981027
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Energy from Wastes Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods of production of fuels from biomass -- Physical and physico-chemical methods -- Biological methods -- 3 The microbiology and biochemistry of anaerobic digestion -- The microbial population in general -- The breakdown of carbohydrates -- The breakdown of nitrogenous compounds -- The breakdown of fats -- Minor bacterial reactions -- Methane production -- Factors affecting the rates of growth and activities of digester bacteria and interactions amongst the bacteria -- Conclusions -- 4 Types of digesters: theoretical aspects and modelling of digester systems and deviations from theory -- Biological models -- The Engineering Model -- The Economic Model -- 5 Types of digesters being constructed and the operation of digesters -- Starting a digestion -- The single-stage stirred-tank digester -- The contact digester -- Anaerobic filters -- The upflow sludge-blanket digester -- The fluidised-bed digester -- Digesters for agricultural wastes and vegetable matter -- Gas-holders and gas handling -- Safety precautions and tests with digesters -- 6 Uses of digested sludge -- Use as fertiliser -- Use in animal feedstuffs -- 7 Biogas production—laboratory and pilot-plant experiments -- General—the apparatus -- Domestic sewage -- Domestic garbage -- Industrial wastes -- Agricultural wastes -- Conclusions -- 8 Energy production by practical-scale digesters -- Domestic and municipal sewage -- Domestic garbage with sewage sludge -- Other wastes -- Appendix 1 Photographs of full-scale working digesters -- Appendix 2 Some estimates of wastes available for biogas or other fuel production -- Appendix 3 Glossary of terms.
    Abstract: This volume in the Energy from Wastes Series covers the area of methane production from agricultural and domestic wastes. Principally this involves the conversion of excreta and other organic effluents to a valuable gaseous fuel plus, in many cases, a useful sludge for fertiliser or feedstuffs. Dr Hobson and his colleagues have written a comprehensive text on the principles of microbiological processes and the biochemistry of anaerobic digestion, embracing the design of digesters with examples of current working installations. The potential for anaerobic digestion of wastes as diverse as sewage to fruit processing effluents is also reviewed. This work should be of interest to all who have to manage organic waste treatment and disposal, as well as to a wider readership who wish to know more about methane production by anaerobic digestion. ANDREW PORTEOUS v Preface The production of methane, or more exactly, a flammable 'biogas' containing methane and carbon dioxide, by microbiological methods ('anaerobic digestion') is not new. The reactions have been in industrial use for over a hundred years, but only in sewage purification processes. In some times of national stress, such as war-time, the microbiological production of gas purely for fuel has been investigated, but with the resumption of plentiful su pplies of fossil fuels the investigations have faded awa y.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789401173391
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Pollution Monitoring Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Chemistry and Biochemistry of Trace Metals in Biological Systems -- 2 Lead: Understanding the Minimal Toxicity of Lead in Plants -- 3 Cadmium -- 4 Copper -- 5 Zinc -- 6 Nickel -- 7 Other Trace Metals -- 8 Metalloids.
    Abstract: Trace metals occur as natural constituents of the earth's crust, and are ever present constituents of soils, natural waters and living matter. The biological significance of this disparate assemblage of elements has gradually been uncovered during the twentieth century; the resultant picture is one of ever-increasing complexity. Several of these elements have been demonstrated to be essential to the functions of living organisms, others appear to only interact with living matter in a toxic manner, whilst an ever-decreasing number do not fall conveniently into either category. When the interactions between trace metals and plants are considered, one must take full account of the known chemical properties of each element. Consideration must be given to differences in chemical reactivity, solubility and to interactions with other inorganic and organic molecules. A clear understanding of the basic chemical properties of an element of interest is an essential pre-requisite to any subsequent consideration of its biological significance. Due consideration to basic chemical considerations is a theme which runs through the collection of chapters in both volumes.
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  • 30
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400981058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Developments Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Determination of Static Corrections -- 2. Vibroseis Processing -- 3. The l1 Norm in Seismic Data Processing -- 4. Predictive Deconvolution -- 5. Exploration for Geothermal Energy -- 6. Migration.
    Abstract: One facet of development in this field is that the methods of gathering and processing geophysical data, and displaying results, lead to presentations which are more and more comprehensible geologically. Expressed in another way, the work of the interpreter becomes progressively less onerous. The contributions in this collection of original papers illustrate this direction of development, especially in seismic prospecting. If one could carry out to perfection the steps of spiking deconvolution, migration and time--depth conversion, then the seismic section would be as significant geologically as a cliff-face, and as easy to understand. Perhaps this is not yet achieved, but it remains an objective, brought closer by work such as that described by the authors. The editor offers his best thanks to the contributors-busy geophysicists who have written with erudition on this range of subjects of current interest. A. A. FITCH v CONTENTS Preface v List of Contributors IX 1. Determination of Static Corrections A. W. ROGERS 2. Vibroseis Processing 37 P. KIRK The 11 Norm in Seismic Data Processing 53 3. H. L. TAYLOR 4. Predictive Deconvolution 77 E. A. ROBINSON 5. Exploration for Geothermal Energy 107 G. V. KELLER 6. Migration 151 P. HOOD Index 231 vii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS P. HOOD Geophysicist, Geophysics Research Branch, The British Petroleum Co. Ltd, Britannic House, Moor Lane, London EC2Y 9BU, UK.
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  • 31
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401164566
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 65
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 65
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction: Science in Its Social Setting -- 2. The Present State of the Philosophy of Science -- 3. Was Wittgenstein Really Necessary? -- 4. Epistemology as an Aid to Science -- 5. Externalism -- 6. The Autonomy of Science -- 7. The Legitimation of Science -- 8. Sociologism in Philosophy of Science -- 9. Revolutions in Science, Occasional or Permanent? -- 10. Cultural Lag in Science -- 11. Storage and Communication of Knowledge -- 12. The Economics of Scientific Publications -- 13. Revising the Referee System -- 14. Scientific Schools and Their Success -- 15. Genius in Science -- 16. Scientists as Sleepwalkers -- 17. The Logic of Scientific Inquiry -- 18. The Choice of Scientific Problems -- 19. Between Metaphysics and Methodology -- 20. Research Project -- 21. The Methodology of Research Projects: A Sketch -- 22. Continuity and Discontinuity in the History of Science -- 23. Three Views of the Renaissance of Science -- 24. On Explaining the Trial of Galileo -- 25. The Origins of the Royal Society -- 26. The Ideological Import of Newton -- 27. Sir John Herschel’s Philosophy of Success -- 28. What Makes for a Scientific Golden Age? -- 29. Max Weber’s Scientific Religion -- 30. On Pursuing the Unattainable -- 31. Faith Has Nothing to do With Rationality -- 32. Rationality and the Tu Quoque Argument -- 33. Technocracy and Scientific Progress -- 34. Standards to Live By -- Bibliography of Joseph Agasssi -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: "If a science has to be supported by fraudulent means, let it perish. " With these words of Kepler, Agassi plunges into the actual troubles and glories of science (321). The SOciology of science is no foreign intruder upon scientific knowledge in these essays, for we see clearly how Agassi transforms the tired internalistJexternalist debate about the causal influences in the history of science. The social character of the entire intertwined epistemological and practical natures of the sciences is intrinsic to science and itself split: the internal sociology within science, the external sociology of the social setting without. Agassi sees these social matters in the small as well as the large: from the details of scientific communication, changing publishing as he thinks to 'on-demand' centralism with less waste (Ch. 12), to the colossal tension of romanticism and rationality in the sweep of historical cultures. Agassi is a moral and political philosopher of science, defending, dis­ turbing, comprehending, criticizing. For him, science in a society requires confrontation, again and again, with issues of autonomy vs. legitimation as the central problem of democracy. And furthermore, devotion to science, pace Popper, Polanyi, and Weber, carries preoccupational dangers: Popper's elitist rooting out of 'pseudo-science', Weber's hard-working obsessive . com­ mitment to science. See Agassi's Weberian gloss on the social psychology of science in his provocative 'picture of the scientist as maniac' (437).
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  • 32
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400983779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (342p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Quantifier Phrases Are (At Least) Five Ways Ambiguous in Intensional Contexts -- On Semantic Scope -- Defensible Descriptions -- The Ortcutt Connection -- Reference and Relational Belief: On Causality and the Pragmatics of ‘Referring to’ and ‘Believing About’ -- A Pragmatic Analysis of Specificity -- Pronouns, Reference and Semantic Laziness -- Tense as a Source of Intensional Ambiguity -- On Intensionality in Programming Languages -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The essays in this book deal with a number of problems in the analysis of intensional language - more especially with the analysis of the personal modalities in natural language. Together they cover a representative spectrum of the problems of contemporary ,interest in this area, in a way that should make them of interest to linguists, logicians and philosophers concerned with natural language. The contributors are mostly more linguists than logicians or philosophers but some are more logicians or philosophers than linguists. As far as possible, we have tried to conduct the discussion in terms that will enable students from any of these fields to come to grips with the central issues. This volume will provide, I think, material for a very stimulating course. I have used it as the basis for a course at the introductory level in the philosophy of language. The essays in the book led us back to look at the classic texts­ and a good deal of the intervening literature crept in of its own accord. Out of that experience grew the introduction that follows. In contrast with the rest of the book, the introduction is frankly pedagogical. I hope and believe that many who would otherwise find the papers themselves hard to digest will ~e helped on their way by that summary.
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  • 33
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401572880
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 260 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 19
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Sources of Modern Methodology: Two Models of Change -- 3. A Revisionist Note on the Methodological Significance of Galilean Mechanics -- 4. The Clock Metaphor and Hypotheses: The Impact of Descartes on English Methodological Thought, 1650–1670 -- 5. John Locke on Hypotheses: Placing The Essay in the ‘Scientific Tradition’ -- 6. Hume (and Hacking) on Induction -- 7. Thomas Reid and the Newtonian Turn of British Methodological Thought -- 8. The Epistemology of Light: Some Methodological Issues in the Subtle Fluids Debate -- 9. Towards a Reassessment of Comte’s ‘Méthode Positive’ -- 10. William Whewell on the Consilience of Inductions -- 11. Why was the Logic of Discovery Abandoned? -- 12. A Note on Induction and Probability in the 19th Century -- 13. Ernst Mach’s Opposition to Atomism -- 14. Peirce and the Trivialization of the Self-Corrective Thesis -- Bibliographic Note -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This book consists of a collection of essays written between 1965 and 1981. Some have been published elsewhere; others appear here for the first time. Although dealing with different figures and different periods, they have a common theme: all are concerned with examining how the method of hy­ pothesis came to be the ruling orthodoxy in the philosophy of science and the quasi-official methodology of the scientific community. It might have been otherwise. Barely three centuries ago, hypothetico­ deduction was in both disfavor and disarray. Numerous rival methods for scientific inquiry - including eliminative and enumerative induction, analogy and derivation from first principles - were widely touted. The method of hypothesis, known since antiquity, found few proponents between 1700 and 1850. During the last century, of course, that ordering has been inverted and - despite an almost universal acknowledgement of its weaknesses - the method of hypothesis (usually under such descriptions as 'hypothetico­ deduction' or 'conjectures and refutations') has become the orthodoxy of the 20th century. Behind the waxing and waning of the method of hypothesis, embedded within the vicissitudes of its fortunes, there is a fascinating story to be told. It is a story that forms an integral part of modern science and its philosophy.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789400983847
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (290p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 147
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Tense Logic, Second-Order Logic and Natural Language -- Extensions of the Modal Calculi MCv and MC?. Comparison of Them with Similar Calculi Endowed with Different Semantics. Application to Probability Theory -- An Irreflexivity Lemma with Applications to Axiomatizations of Conditions on Tense Frames -- Expressive Functional Completeness in Tense Logic (Preliminary Report) -- “Locally-at” as a Topological Quantifier-Former -- Ambiguity of Pronouns: A Simple Case -- Presupposition and Context -- The Paradox of the Heap.
    Abstract: This volume constitutes the Proceedings of a workshop on formal seman­ tics of natural languages which was held in Tiibingen from the 1st to the 3rd of December 1977. Its main body consists of revised versions of most of the papers presented on that occasion. Three supplementary papers (those by Gabbay and Sma by) are included because they seem to be of particular interest in their respective fields. The area covered by the work of scholars engaged in philosophical logic and the formal analysis of natural languages testifies to the live­ liness in those disciplines. It would have been impossible to aim at a complete documentation of relevant research within the limits imposed by a short conference whereas concentration on a single topic would have conveyed the false impression of uniformity foreign to a young and active field. It is hoped that the essays collected in this volume strike a reasonable balance between the two extremes. The topics discussed here certainly belong to the most important ones enjoying the attention of linguists and philosophers alike: the analysis of tense in formal and natural languages (van Benthem, Gabbay), the quickly expanding domain of generalized quantifiers (Goldblatt), the problem of vagueness (Kamp), the connected areas of pronominal reference (Smaby) and presupposition (von Stechow) and, last but not least, modal logic as a sort of all-embracing theoretical framework (Bressan). The workshop which led to this collection formed part of the activities celebrating the 500th anniversary of Tiibingen University.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959026
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Techniques in Visible and Ultraviolet Spectometry 2
    Series Statement: Techniques in Visible and Ultraviolet Spectrometry 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 General considerations on fluorescence spectrometry -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Molecular photochemistry -- 1.3 Fluorescence instrumentation -- 1.4 Good spectroscopic practice -- 1.5 Fluorescence intensities -- 1.6 Nomenclature in fluorescence spectrometry -- 2 Monochromator wavelength calibration -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Characteristics of calibration methods -- 2.3 Use of spectral lines from the spectrometer light source -- 2.4 Use of an auxiliary light source -- 2.5 Use of narrow bandwidth fluorescence maxima of inorganic and organic solutes -- 2.6 Conclusions and recommendations -- 3 Stray light in fluorescence spectrometers -- 3.1 Origins of stray light and resultant errors -- 3.2 Stray light in grating monochromators -- 3.3 Summary and recommendations -- 4 Criteria for fluorescence spectrometer sensitivity -- 4.1 Background: inter-instrument comparisons -- 4.2 The limit of detection method -- 4.3 The signal-to-noise ratio method -- 4.4 Summary and recommendations -- 5 Inner filter effects, sample cells and their geometry in fluorescence spectrometry -- 5.1 Inner filter effects -- 5.2 Sample cells -- 5.3 Recommendations -- 6 Temperature effects and photodecomposition in fluorescence spectrometry -- 6.1 Errors caused by temperature effects -- 6.2 Countermeasures and recommendations for temperature effects -- 6.3 Errors caused by photolysis effects -- 6.4 Countermeasures and recommendations -- 7 Correction o excitation and emission spectra -- 7.1 Introduction: the need for correction procedures -- 7.2 Excitation spectra -- 7.3 Emission spectra -- 7.4 Polarization effects -- 7.5 Recommendations -- 8 The determination of quantum yields -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Primary methods of determining quantum yields -- 8.3 Secondary methods of determining quantum yields: use of fluorescence standards -- 8.4 Other methods of determining quantum yields -- 8.5 Summary and recommendations -- Appendix Corrected excitation and emission spectra.
    Abstract: The Photoelectric Spectrometry Group was formed in July 1948 in Cambridge. The Group was born out of a need for a forum of users to discuss problems and methodology associated with the new era of photoelectric spectrometers. Over the years the aims and objectives of the Group have been broadened to include many aspects of ultraviolet and visible spectrometry. In 1973, the Group renamed itself the UV Spectrometry Group (UVSG). The techniques of fluorescence, diffuse reflectance, ORD and CD were included in the Group's interest. In 1979, the UVSG became a registered charity. The present Group membership is some 200 practising spectroscopists, mostly from the UK with a small but growing overseas membership. In August 1977, the UVSG Committee set up three Working Parties: Cells for UV-Visible Spectrophotometers; Photometric and Wavelength Standards; and the Calibration of Fluorimeters. It was felt that a wealth of information and expertise in the practice of spectrometry was available within the Group and that it was appropriate for this to be gathered together in the form of a number of monographs. Initially the intention was that these should be circulated only amongst the Group membership. However, the suggestion was made that these monographs would be of interest to other scientists outside our specialist Group. The conclusions of the first two Working Parties were combined in Volume 1 of this series, and this monograph summarizes the work of the third Working Party.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789400984530
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Computational linguistics ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Harmony Processes -- The “Epistemic Dative” Construction in French and Its Relevance to Some Current Problems in Generative Grammar -- Some Rules of Regular Ellipsis in German -- Some Remarks on Scope Phenomena -- Topic, Focus, and Local Relevance -- Questions about Questions -- Questions and Attitudes -- On the Distinctions between Semantics and Pragmatics -- In Defense of a Strawsonian Approach to Presupposition -- Blurred Conditionals -- Semantics and Pragmatics in Psycho-physiological Context -- Lexical Search and Order of Mention in Sentence Production -- Negative Verbs in Children’s Speech -- Robert Frost’s ‘Out, out —’. A way in -- Bibliography of Manfred Bierwisch’s Publications -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959415
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p) , digital
    Edition: Second edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Regional cerebral metabolism -- 1.2 Cerebral requirements for glucose and oxygen -- References -- 2 Appearance of the brain -- 2.1 Gross appearance -- 2.2 Fluid compartments -- 2.3 Microscopic appearance -- References -- 3 Neurotransmission -- 3.1 The resting potential -- 3.2 The sodium pump -- 3.3 The action potential and nerve conduction -- 3.4 Chemical events at the synapse -- 3.5 Origin of synaptic vesicles -- 3.6 Post-synaptic events -- 3.7 Neurone-axonal transport -- References -- 4 Adaptive processes in the brain -- 4.1 Inducible enzymes -- 4.2 Adaptation to the environment -- 4.3 Drug tolerance and dependence -- 4.4 Learning and memory as adaptive processes? -- References.
    Abstract: The student of biological science in his final years as an undergraduate and his first years as a graduate is expected to gain some familiarity with current research at the frontiers of his discipline. New research work is published in a perplexing diversity of publications and is inevitably concerned with the minutiae of the subject. The sheer number of research journals and papers also causes confusion and difficulties of assimilation. Review articles usually presuppose a back­ ground knowledge of the field and are inevitably rather restricted in scope. There is thus a need for short but authoritative introductions to those areas of modern biological research which are either not dealt with in standard introductory textbooks or are not dealt with in suffi­ cient detail to enable the student to go on from them to read scholarly reviews with profit. This series of books is designed to satisfy this need. The authors have been asked to produce a brief outline of their subject assuming that their readers will have read and remembered much of a standard introductory textbook on biology. This outline then sets out to provide by building on this basis, the conceptual framework within which modern research work is progressing and aims to give the reader an indication of the problems, both conceptual and practical, which must be overcome if progress is to be maintained.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989641
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Semantic Structure and Illocutionary Force -- Perlocutions -- Pragmatic Entailment and Questions -- Surface Compositionality and the Semantics of Mood -- Yes-No Questions as Wh-Questions -- Syntactic Meanings -- Situational Context and Illocutionary Force -- Semantics and Pragmatics of Sentence Connectives in Natural Language -- Some Remarks on Explicit Performatives, Indirect Speech Acts, Locutionary Meaning and Truth-Value -- The Background of Meaning -- Towards a Pragmatically Based Theory of Meaning -- Illocutionary Logic and Self-Defeating Speech Acts -- Telling the Facts -- Methodological Remarks on Speech Act Theory -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In the study of language, as in any other systematic study, there is no neutral terminology. Every technical term is an expression of the assumptions and theoretical presuppositions of its users; and in this introduction, we want to clarify some of the issues that have surrounded the assumptions behind the use of the two terms "speech acts" and "pragmatics". The notion of a speech act is fairly well understood. The theory of speech acts starts with the assumption that the minimal unit of human communica­ tion is not a sentence or other expression, but rather the performance of certain kinds of acts, such as making statements, asking questions, giving orders, describing, explaining, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, etc. Characteristically, a speaker performs one or more of these acts by uttering a sentence or sentences; but the act itself is not to be confused with a sentence or other expression uttered in its performance. Such types of acts as those exemplified above are called, following Austin, illocutionary acts, and they are standardly contrasted in the literature with certain other types of acts such as perlocutionary acts and propositional acts. Perlocutionary acts have to do with those effects which our utterances have on hearers which go beyond the hearer's understanding of the utterance. Such acts as convincing, persuading, annoying, amusing, and frightening are all cases of perlocutionary acts.
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  • 39
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401092371
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 244 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Developments Series 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Copolymer Characterisation by 13C NMR -- Semi-Crystalline Polymers by Neutron Scattering -- 3. Laser Raman Spectroscopy on Synthetic Polymers -- 4. Characterisation of Polymers by ESCA -- 5. Characterisation of Polymer Solutions and Melts by Acoustic Techniques -- 6. Flow Birefringence and the Kerr Effect.
    Abstract: The policy adopted in Volume 1 of this series of including a relatively small number of topics for detailed review has been continued here. The techniques selected have received considerable attention in recent years. F or this reason and because of the significance of the characterisation data, further coverage of 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering is given in the first two chapters. In Chapter I a large part of the review describes the determination of monomer sequence distributions and configurational sequences in copolymers formed from more than one polymerisable monomer. The review on neutron scattering (Chapter 2) is directed towards the determination of the chain conformation in semi-crystaIIine polymers, which has provided important results for the interpretation of chain folding and morphology in crystaIIisable polymers. Laser Raman spectroscopy has also been used for morphological studies, and this application together with a description of the theoretical and experimental aspects of the technique is given in Chapter 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy because of its extreme sensitivity to surface characteristics has provided information on polymeric solids that could not be obtained by other techniques. The principles and practice of this ESCA technique, including its use for simple elemental analysis, structural elucidation and depth profiling, are described in Chapter 4. The final two chapters are mainly concerned with the chain conformation of polymers in dilute solution. Ultrasonic techniques (Chapter 5) show pmmise for observing the dynamics of conformational changes.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401539227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Organisms, genes and enzymes -- 2. Nucleic acids as the genetic material -- 3. The genetic code -- 4. Mutants and metabolism -- 5. The genetic control of metabolism -- 6. Gene structure -- Suggestions for further reading.
    Abstract: Writing this second edition of Biochemical Genetics proved to be more difficult than I had anticipated. The fixed format of the series meant that the addition of new material was made possible only by the dele­ tion of old. Since the book is intended for a student audience, I have retained the historical approach of the first edition and added new material only when it demonstrates a principle more effectively. At the time of writing, we are witnessing an information explosion resulting from the application of recombinant DNA technology to all manner of problems. I have added a sixth chapter indicating the impact of this work on our concepts of gene structure. I should like to thank Ed Byard, Bill Evans, Charles Schorn and Ed Ward, colleagues in the Biology Department at the University of Winnipeg, and Andrew Spence, a student in the department, for their comments on the manuscript of the second edition, and to reiterate my thanks to all those in the Department of Genetics at the University of Sheffield who commented on the first edition.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789400990128
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (165p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 143
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Humanism and the Humanities -- Grammar, Truth, and Logic -- Comments on Quine -- Theories of Truth and Learnable Languages -- Montague Grammar, Mental Representations, and Reality -- Index, Context, and Content -- Fuzzy Logic and Restricted Quantifiers -- Die semantische Struktur der syntaktischen Gebilde und die semantischen Systeme der Generativisten -- The Empirical Semantics of Key Terms, Phrases and Sentences.
    Abstract: Among the several dozens of symposia held on the occasion of the quincentennial of U ppsala University, there was included one symposium devoted to the theme of 'Philosophy and Grammar'. A selection of the most important papers delivered at this symposium have been collected in this volume. The papers need no introduction, but the inclusion of two of them in this collection requires a brief comment. First, the paper by von Wright, although not directly concerned with the central topic of the symposium, has been included because it was the terminating speech of the six parallel symposia (including the symposium on 'Philosophy and Grammar') held by the Humanities Faculty and moreover, because the raison d'etre of the Humanities is analyzed in this paper by a very prominent Swedish-speaking philosopher. Second, Professor Hintikka was unable to participate. In view of his expertise in the field, we nevertheless requested him to contribute a paper, so to speak, post factum. This he very generously did. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to all who participated and/or helped to carry the sessions through to a successful conclusion. We also wish to extend a special thanks to Professor Roman lakobson of Harvard University, who assumed the responsibility of General Chairman of the symposium.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400990654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, formerly Synthese Language Library 11
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax. ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Syntax and Semantics of Two Simple Languages -- I. The Language L0 -- II. The Language L0E -- III. A Synopsis of Truth-Conditional Semantics -- IV. The Notion of Truth Relative to a Model -- V. Validity and Entailment Defined in Terms of Possible Models -- VI. Model Theory and Deductive Systems -- Exercises -- Note -- 3. First-Order Predicate Logic -- I. The Language L1 -- II. The Language L1E -- Exercises -- Notes -- 4. A Higher-Order Type-Theoretic Language -- I. A Notational Variant of L1 -- II. The Language Ltype -- III. Lambda Abstraction and the Language L? -- Exercises -- Notes -- 5. Tense and Modal Operators -- I. Tense Operators and Their Interpretation -- II. The Other Varieties of Modal Logic; the Operators ? and ? -- III. Languages Containing Both Tense and Modal Operators: Coordinate Semantics -- Exercises -- Notes -- 6. Montague’s Intensional Logic -- I. Compositionality and the Intension-Extension Distinction -- II. The Intensional Logic of PTQ -- III. Examples of ‘Oblique Contexts’ as Represented in IL -- IV. Some Unresolved Issues with Possible Worlds Semantics and Propositional Attitudes -- Notes -- 7. The Grammar of PTQ -- I. The Overall Organization of the PTQ Grammar -- II. Subject-Predicate and Determiner-Noun Rules -- III. Conjoined Sentences, Verb Phrases, and Term Phrases -- IV. Anaphoric Pronouns as Bound Variables; Scope Ambiguities and Relative Clauses -- V. Be, Transitive Verbs, Meaning Postulates, and Non-Specific Readings -- VI. Adverbs and Infinitive Complement Verbs -- VII. De dicto Pronouns and Some Pronoun Problems -- VIII. Prepositions, Tenses, and Negation -- Exercises -- Notes -- 8. Montague’s General Semiotic Program -- 9. An Annotated Bibliography of Further Work in Montague Semantics -- Appendix I: Index of Symbols -- Appendix II: Variable Type Conventions for Chapter 7 -- Notes -- References -- Answers to Selected Problems and Exercises.
    Abstract: In this book we hope to acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of truth­ conditional model-theoretic semantics, and in particular with a version of this developed by Richard Montague in a series of papers published during the 1960's and early 1970's. In many ways the paper 'The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English' (commonly abbreviated PTQ) represents the culmination of Montague's efforts to apply the techniques developed within mathematical logic to the semantics of natural languages, and indeed it is the system outlined there that people generally have in mind when they refer to "Montague Grammar". (We prefer the term "Montague Semantics" inasmuch as a grammar, as conceived of in current linguistics, would contain at least a phonological component, a morphological component, and other subsystems which are either lacking entirely or present only in a very rudi­ mentary state in the PTQ system. ) Montague's work has attracted increasing attention in recent years among linguists and philosophers since it offers the hope that semantics can be characterized with the same formal rigor and explicitness that transformational approaches have brought to syntax. Whether this hope can be fully realized remains to be seen, but it is clear nonetheless that Montague semantics has already established itself as a productive para­ digm, leading to new areas of inquiry and suggesting new ways of conceiving of theories of natural language. Unfortunately, Montague's papers are tersely written and very difficult to follow unless one has a considerable background in logical semantics.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400959231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Chemical Physics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 The Mossbauer Effect -- 1.1 Resonant absorption and fluorescence -- 1.2 The Mossbauer effect -- 1.3 The Mossbauer spectrum -- 1.4 The Mossbauer spectrometer -- 1.5 Mossbauer isotopes -- 1.6 Computation of data -- References -- 2 Hyperfine Interactions -- 2.1 The chemical isomer shift -- 2.2 Magnetic hyperfine interactions -- 2.3 Electric quadrupole interactions -- 2.4 Combined magnetic and quadrupole interactions -- 2.5 Relative line intensities -- References -- 3 Molecular Structure -- 3.1 Iron carbonyls and derivatives -- 3.2 Geometrical isomerism in Fe and Sn compounds -- 3.3 Linkage isomerism in cyano-complexes of Fe -- 3.4 Conformations in organometallic compounds of Fe -- 3.5 Stereochemistry in tin compounds -- 3.6 Molecular iodine compounds -- Appendix Quadrupole splitting in cis- and trans-isomers -- References -- 4 Electronic Structure and Bonding: Diamagnetic Compounds -- 4.1 Formal oxidation state -- 4.2 Iodine -- 4.3 Tellurium and antimony -- 4.4 Tin -- 4.5 Covalent iron compounds -- References -- 5 Electronic Structure and Bonding:Paramagnetic Compounds -- 5.1 Quadrupole interactions -- 5.2 Magnetic hyperfine interactions -- 5.3 Spin cross-over -- 5.4 Pressure effects -- 5.5 Second and third row transition elements -- 5.6 Lanthanides and actinides -- References -- 6 Dynamic Effects -- 6.1 Second-order Doppler shift and recoilless fraction -- 6.2 The Gold an skii-Karyagin effect -- 6.3 Electron hopping and atomic diffusion -- 6.4 Paramagnetic relaxation -- 6.5 Superparamagnetism -- References -- 7 Oxides and Related Systems -- 7.1 Stoichiome tric spinels -- 7.2 Non-stoichiometric spinels -- 7.3 Exchange interactions in spinels -- 7.4 Rare-earth iron garnets -- 7.5 Transferred hyperfine interactions -- References -- 8 Alloys and Intermeiallic Compounds -- 8.1 Disordered alloys -- 8.2 Intermetallic compounds -- References -- 9 Analytical Applications -- 9.1 Chemical analysis -- 9.2 Silicate minerals -- 9.3 Surface chemistry -- References -- 10 Impurity and Decay After-effect Studies -- 10.1 Impurity doping -- 10.2 Decay after-effects -- References -- 11 Biological Systems -- 11.1 Haemoproteins -- 11.2 Ferredoxins -- References -- Observed Mossbauer Resonances.
    Abstract: The emergence of Mossbauer spectroscopy as an important experi­ mental technique for the study of solids has resulted in a wide range of applications in chemistry, physics, metallurgy and biophysics. This book is intended to summarize the elementary principles of the technique at a level appropriate to the advanced student or experienced chemist requiring a moderately comprehensive but basically non-mathematical introduction. Thus the major part of the book is concerned with the practical applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy, using carefully selected examples to illustrate the concepts. The references cited and the bibliography are intended to provide a bridge to the main literature for those who subseouent­ ly require a deeper knowledge. The text is complementary to the longer research monograph, 'Mossbauer Spectroscopy', which was written a few years ago in co-authorship with Professor N.N. Greenwood, and to whom I am deeply indebted for reading the preliminary draft of the present volume. I also wish to thank my many colleagues over the past ten years, and in particular Dr. R. Greatrex, for the many stimu­ lating discussions which we have had together. However my greatest debt is to my wife, who not only had to tolerate my eccen­ tricities during the gestation period, but being a chemist herself was also able to provide much useful criticism of the penultima te draft.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789400991170
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (355p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 15
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- A Sketch of Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Conditionals -- 2: The Classic Stalnaker-Lewis Theory of Conditionals -- A Theory of Conditionals -- Counterfactuals and Comparative Possibility -- A Defense of Conditional Excluded Middle -- 3. Conditionals and Subjective Conditional Probability (The Ramsey Test Paradigm) -- Probability and Conditionals -- Probabilities of Conditionals and Conditional Probabilities -- 4: Conditionals for Decision Making (Another Paradigm) -- Letter to David Lewis -- Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility -- 5: Indicative vs. Subjunctive Conditionals -- Indicative Conditionals -- Two Recent Theories of Conditionals -- Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probability -- Indicative Conditionals and Conditional Probability: Reply to Pollock -- 6: Chance, Time, and the Subjunctive Conditional -- The Prior Propensity Account of Subjunctive Conditionals -- A Subjectivisms Guide to Objective Chance -- A Theory of Conditionals in the Context of Branching Time -- A Temporal Framework for Conditionals and Chance.
    Abstract: With publication of the present volume, The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science enters its second phase. The first fourteen volumes in the Series were produced under the managing editorship of Professor James J. Leach, with the cooperation of a local editorial board. Many of these volumes resulted from colloguia and workshops held in con­ nection with the University of Western Ontario Graduate Programme in Philosophy of Science. Throughout its seven year history, the Series has been devoted to publication of high quality work in philosophy of science con­ sidered in its widest extent, including work in philosophy of the special sciences and history of the conceptual development of science. In future, this general editorial emphasis will be maintained, and hopefully, broadened to include important works by scholars working outside the local context. Appointment of a new managing editor, together with an expanded editorial board, brings with it the hope of an enlarged international presence for the Series. Serving the publication needs of those working in the various subfields within philosophy of science is a many-faceted operation. Thus in future the Series will continue to produce edited proceedings of worthwhile scholarly meetings and edited collections of seminal background papers. How­ ever, the publication priorities will shift emphasis to favour production of monographs in the various fields covered by the scope of the Series. THE MANAGING EDITOR vii W. L. Harper, R. Stalnaker, and G. Pearce (eds.), lIs, vii.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401094474
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Structural aspects of isoenzymes -- 3 Isoenzymes in genetics and evolution -- 4 Isoenzymes in development and differentiation -- 5 Isoenzymes in metabolic regulation -- 6 Isoenzymes in cancer -- 7 Isoenzymes in diagnosis and disease -- 8 Separation and determination of isoenzymes.
    Abstract: Isoenzymes were 'discovered' 20 years ago and were at first regarded as interesting but rare occurrences. Since then a wealth of information on enzyme heterogeneity has accrued and it now seems likely that at least half of all enzymes exist as isoenzymes. This is important in many areas of biological and medical science. Thus isoenzyme studies have provided the main experimental substance for the neutral drift controversy in genetics and evolution; they have greatly extended our understanding of metabolic regulation not only in animals but also in bacteria and plants; their existence has made available a multitude of highly sensitive markers for the study of differentiation and development, as well as providing indices of aberrant gene expression in carcinogenesis and other pathological processes. Iso­ enzymes are also being used increasingly in diagnostic clinical bio­ chemistry. It is surprising that this phenomenon which affects such a high pro­ portion of enzymes and is clearly important in biochemistry should receive such scant attention in the standard textbooks of that subject, the formal treatment of isoenzymology in these rarely exceeding one or two pages. This may be because the 'pure biochemist' has tended to regard variation in enzyme properties between tissues more as an unwanted complication than as a potential source of insight into diversity of biological function.
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